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E peoutendburk Gok Af vibadodn % plex ee (Epa oo Cap 3 do lari) , beso Encl utade an chased plrwan’ ole Pode prod ®3 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF “WG S\GNALS Lari Ss econ engineer inaintvely hin of signalin terms hth feguoney sects ad E thnk yetema a terme othe requenysecpoecs. ven teenage now shown pus bovng tanith of 20 Lt nd soo? gay loaf esters peng ap cp ont Tn uly ning Inte fequney doa ac og ager ced spectral representation of periodic signals (Fourier series). In this chapter wwe extend this spectral representation to aperiodic signals, a t 3.1 APERIODIC SIGNAL REPRESENTATION BY FOURIER INTEGRAL Applying a limiting process, we now show that an aperiodic signal can be expressed as a continuous sum (jntegral) of everlasting exponentials. To represent an aperiodic signal g(t), Sui asthe one shown in Fig 3.18 by everlasting exponential signal, let us construct a new ee periodic signal gry(t) formed by repeating the signal g(t) every Zo seconds, as shown in Fig. 3.15, The period 7) is made long enougis to avoid overlap between the repeating pulses. ‘The periodic signal gy (t) can be represented by an exponential Fourier series. If we let Ty > 00 the pulses in the periodic signal repeat after an infinite intra, and therefore tment = 20 ‘Thus, the Fourier series representing gr,(t) will also represent g() in the Limit Ty > 6. The exponential Fourier series for gr,(t) is given by an = en in which 1 ph? erin ca | tne rm de @.2a) nANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS «0, @ = ee © ~» 2 PR 4 a ete eee Figure 3.1 Construction ofa peclocic sigal by period extension of @(0)- i and 2a @ ame 2%) Te ‘Observe that integrating gx,(?) over (—To/2, 7o/2) is the same as integrating g(t) over (00, 00). Therefore, 2g, 3.24) can be expressed as Dex peer de 2) WS tecg wa It is interesting to see how the nature of the spectrum changes as Tp increases. To ‘understand this fascinating behavior let us define. G(e), a continuous function of a, a8 ote) = [” soem er 83) © He ig snce at Eqs, (3.2c) and (3.3) shows that 2. Fone) ‘This shows thatthe Fourier coefficients D, are (1/7, times) the samples of G(@) uniformly spaced at intervals ofa» rad/s, as shown in Fig. 3.22", Therefor, (1/7.)G(w) isthe envelope for the coefficients D,. We now let T, ~> oo by doubling To repeatedly. Doubling Zp halves th fundamental frequency os, so that there are now twice as many components (samples) in the spectrum, However, by doubling Ty, the envelope (1/7)G(w) is helved, 28 shown in Fig. 32. If we continue this process of doubling Tp repeatedly, the spectrum progressively becomes denser while its magnitude becomes smaller. Note, however, thatthe relative shape of the envelope remains the same [proportional to G(o) in Bq. (3.3). Inthe limit as Tp —+ 00, ‘ey > Oand D, —> 0, This means tha the spectrum is so dense thatthe spectral components %, 8 “Roce se of simplicity we acum D, and theceZre G(o) in Fig. 3.2 be cea The argoment, however lo ‘alld for complox Dy (or GC]. ppetearenam seco- 3.1. Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Int2gral 73 8 are spaced at zer0 (i esa iter, Atte seme t,he empleo each component fg ery “inf sitesimal), We have nothing of everything, yet we have something! This sounds like Alice ie ©-»cferland, but a3 we shall see, these are the classic characteristics of a very familiar phenome» : - Subs’ sion of Bq. (3.4)in Eq. (3.1) yields enO= > SOD) me e5) ‘As Ty -+ 00, & becomes infinitesimal (wp ~> 0). Because ofthis, we shall replace ay by a rote appropriate notation, Ao, In terms of this now notation, Eq. (3.26) becomes bo and Eq. (3.5) becomes < a3) Aaa ae an = > [Pager euro 6.6) ‘Equation (3.6a) shows that gq(t) can be expressed as a sum of everlasting exponentials of frequencies 0, Aw, #2Aq, 434, - (the Fourier series). The amount ofthe component of Froquency nAw is [G(nAw)Aw]/2x. Inthe limit as Zp > 00, Aw > Oand y(t) > g@). ‘Therefore, 12 : iperrti nawyetintar 4 = im gn @ = fim, 5 2% 0) Ao (3.60) ‘The sum on the right-hand side of Eq. (3.66) can be viewed as the area under the function G(w)e!™, as shown in Fig, 33. Therefore, pe = (we"*der w= [cela en Bovlope 3. Change in he Fourier spsctum when the pe mA a ke RSpangst esate ia “@ : atl Da aoe 7 elope . 79 Oy crt Tor 0 : Fr ‘You ney consider this san ixefuable proof ofthe propos tat O% ewoership of everything is bear than 10086 oiership of nothing! era jude de EI ve SnorAlernacANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS @ 74 fal! Figice3.3_The Fourier sees becomes the = Furr Intel in the limit as Zp —> 08. rea G(nanye ‘Thetntogralontheright-hand sideisalledthe Fonrierintegral. Wehsveiiow succeeded {in presenting an eperiodic signal g() by a Fourier integral” (rather than « Fouts series. ‘This integral ia bascelly a Fourler series (in the limit) with fundsmental frequency Aw —> 0, as seon from Eq, (3.6). The amount ofthe exponential 2°" is G(ndaVAqy2ar. Thus, the function G(w) given by Ba. (3.3) acts as a spectral Tanction ‘Yecall G (a) the direct Fourier transform of g(2),and g(t) the inverse Fourier transform & of G(o). The same information is conveyed by the statement that g(¢) and Ga) ate a Fouries ‘eansforin pai. Symbolcaly, this is expressed as G@)=Flel and 2 = F GON tcl rita, tis feIpful to Keep in mind tet the Fourie integral in Bg, (3.80) is of the nature of a Fourier series with fundamental frequency Aw approaching zero (Eq. (3.60). Therefore, most & ofthe discussion and properties of Fourier series apply tothe Fourier transform as well. Wo an plot the spectrum G(@) a a function of a. Since G() iscomplex, we haveboth amplitude ‘and angle (or phase) spectra: Ge) = 1G@)|e"" in which [G(@)] i tae amplitude and @, («isthe angle (or phase) of G(w), From Eq. (3.82), Gta) = [ gttel™ jonisotestrple es websvemadeitappeas! his sould not be considered asasigeoes poof ofa, 37). ssa | o 1) 4 GO) ‘To recapitulate, | ota = [* eet at 6.8) : In and i wet [* cere ae ae) i '76 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS “The amplitude spectrum {G(o)| and the phase spectrum 0, (w) exe shown in Tig, 3b. erence ane tn i noo expected. 7 Existence of the Fourier Transform - 7 7 In Extmple 3.1 we observed that when a < 0, the Fourier integral for ¢~*'u(t) does not converge, Hence, the Fourier transform for e*i(t) does noe exist if a < 0 (growing Sxponcatil), Clearly, not all signals are Foutier transformable. The existence of the Fourier ttanaform is assured for any g(t) satisfying the Dirichlet conditions mentioned in See. 2.8. The fist of these conditions is* [ona < ex ‘To show this, recall that fe 1. Hence, from Eq. G.8a) we obtain: a iG@l< [Ceo at ‘This shows that the existence of the Fourier ‘transform is assured if condition (3.12) is satisfied, Otherise, there is no guaranice, We have seen in Example 3.1 that for an exponentially growing signal (which violates this condition) the Fourier transform does not exist. Although this condition is sufficient, it is not necessary for the existence of the Fourier transform of a sre err cng th signal (nf), voatesconiton (3-12), bu does have « ctr transform. Any signal that can be generated in practice satisfies the Dirichlet conditions and therefore has a Fourier transform, Thus, the physical existence of a signal 4s a sufficient enditon forthe existence of i transfor. Spout. ' f txcelin 2 Linearity of the Fourier. Transform ‘The Fourier transform is linear; that is, if i) 5 Gi(o) aad galt) = Gale) ae ete cmebeydo owre tx vedo ocmne | po thea argi(t) + 22g) 4 01Gi(e) + 26210) 19 ‘Te proof i tiv aad flows direc fom Bq, (3.8), This result can be extended to any By faite numberof terms. 3.1.1 Physical Appreciation of the Fourier Transform In understanding any aspect of the Fourier transform, we should remember that Fourier representation isa way of expressing a signal in terms of everlasting sinusoids, or exponentials, True ronalang Dichll conditions areas follows: tn ny fate neva, g() may have only a Sine numberof cee et kina anda Rate nuibor of fis dscntinules, Ween tase conditions ae satis, ce Foorier ee ae pigl band sof, (38) emverzs og) stall ponts where gs continous anc convexgs 1 the Secage of he ighehand and lefand ints of (0) a points Where g() is discontaaoes. coudigdes PE DIRICHLET Ew 44 endinvako fb a) a{t) cave Be pomes 8) gel olive dr relent eo) LE bpltl[dt <@ se nt rete ete matic (mit frosted Eirroaownisite ton frusten ew) « fa gelebtde ay Jstoyt= [Lo gle) eae] < [HO 07 tee ai 3.1 Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier integral 77, DB Dy Dy De >, Figure 8.5 Analogy for Fourter tansform. ‘The Fouser spectrum of a signal indicates the reletive amplitudes and phases of the sinusoids that are required to synthesize that signal. A. periodic signal Fourier spectrum hes finite trols and exis a ceo feqpncies (tnd 1 walls), Such a spot i easy to visualize, bat the spectrum of an eperiodic signal is not easy to visualize because it as a continuous spectrum that exists at every frequeacy. The continuous spectrum concept can be appreciated by considering an enelogous, more tangible phenomenon. One familiar example of @ continous distribution is the loading of a bean. Consider a beatn loaded with weights Dy, Da, Ds,+-+, Dy units atthe uniformly spaced points x), 22, «+, x4, a8shown in Fig.3.5a. ‘The total load Wr on the beam is given by the sum of these loads at each of the » point madd a Consider now the case of's continuously loaded beam, as shown in Fig. 3.5b. In this case, although there appears to be a load at every point, the load at any one point is zero. This does. not man thet there is no load on the beam. A meaningfal measure of load inthis siaation is not the load at @ point, bt rather the loading density per unt length at that point. Let G(x) be the loading density per unit length of beara, Tis means thatthe load over a beam length Ax (Ax > 0) at some poine x is G(z)Ax. To find the total lozd on tho beam, we divide the ‘beam into-segments of interval Ax (Ax — 0), The load over the nth such segment of length Axis [G(nd2)] Ox. The total load Wr is given by Wr = lim, 1 G(ndz) Ax reat [row ax Inthe case of discrete loading (Fig. 3.5), the load exists only at the m disevete points. At other points there is no load. On the other hard, in the continuously loaded case, the load exists at every point, but at any specific point x the Toad is zero, The load over 8 small interval Ax, however, is (G(nAx)] Ax Fig. 3.5b). Thus, even though the load at a point x is zero, the relative load et that pointis G(x), ‘An exactly analogous situation exists in the case of a signal spectrum. When g( is periodic, the spectrum is discrete, and g(t) can be expressed asa sum of discrete exponentials ‘wit finite amplitudes: = Dae78, ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS 3.2 TRANSFORMS OF SOME USEFUL FUNCTIONS & For ai aperiodic signal, the spectrum becomes continuous; that is, the spectrum exists for. _every value of , but the amplitude ofeach component in the spectram is zoro, The meaningful Tessie here is not the amplitade of a componest of some frequency but the spectral density __per unit bandwidth From Bq, (3.60) itis clear that g(¢) is synthesized by adding exponentials Cf the form e!"4%, in which the contribution by axy one exponential component is zero. But the contsbution by exponentials in'an infinitesimal band Ae focated at @ = nAw is (1/22)G6rA0) An, and the addition of all these components yiefas g(t) in the ibtegral forma: a LS Ginpeyetin™, om ‘wyel™ da sO = fim oe de aye dom se] Geral a ‘The contsibution by components within the band dois (1/22)G(e) de = Go) df, in which fis thebandwidth in her. Clearly G(o) isthespectral density per unit bandwidth (in hertz). ‘This also means that even if the amplitude of any one component is zero, the relative amount of a component of frequency w is G(v). Although G(o) is a spectral density, in practice i is ~Rustomarily called the spectrum of g(?) rather thai the spectral density of g(#). Deferring to THEE Convention, ve shall cll Go) the Fousir spectrum (or Fourier transform of g(0. sles rin ge elles pens, ‘A Marvelous Balancing Act~ ““**: bondi ‘Aniimportant point to rememberhere is thatg(¢) isrepresented (orsyathesized) by exponentials ‘or sinusbids that aze everlasting (aot causal). This leads to a rather fascinating picture when ‘we try to visualize the synthesis of time-limited pulse signal g() (Fig, 3.6) according to the sinugotdal components in its Fourier spectrum, The signal g(¢) exists only over an interval (Gq; b) and is zezo outside this interval. The spectrum of g(@) contains én infinite nomber of exponentials (oe sinusoids) which stat at ¢ = oo and continue forever. The amplitudes and phases of these components are such that they add up exactly to g(¢) over the finite interval (a, B) end add up to zero everywhere outside this interval. Juggling with such a perfect ‘and delicate balance of amplitudes and phases of an infinite nffmber of components boggles ‘the fuiman imagination. Yet, the Fourier transform accomplishes it routinely, without much | ‘thinking on our part. Indeed, we become so involved in matYematical manipulations that we fail to notice this marvel. \ugivdlo wolabantoneen For convenience, we now introduce a compact notation for some useful functions such as gate, triangle, end interpolation functions. 7 ‘Unit Gate Function ‘We define a unit gat function zct (x) ag a gate pilse of unt height and unit width, centered atthe origin, as shown ia Fig. 3.70: im Figure 3.6 A timetrted pulse. 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Gi wor Lever a, ofrmnda gus covdigso ole pireeungirionve ABOWTH 2 CONDO yuo wea 6 mn condcgio wntconbaure a SUF) CF ENTE ous o tniBuwa, bor FCfE)]. 2) Tetnsromaana ve Fourier 3 eld) [nie) ] Fla] f° tetae. ple = ete: 4 .ile te oii ee w Coonporetalia tou tsdo syncho fgEXEec{cio: Detter ya as ex fretted : (PRS ea dele £ [Pode des hop ae fies [wvtds C8 wR HSU, Extadar, os problbmas 62 € Teausroennon ge reverse os ME ~) - } By get). [° tried att] ae t= bo — lvls pute trbodl at-t) aad Fegan een B&B TCL IAGO £ comeNnrqhio Sots 0 ESPECTRO ae Wt-to) en peng ho | 40 Esrecrao 96 S(t) ” (Prb-tne@)J) TRmusrornaon DE TOURER Oe ht Lia fla. Eta fangs vudio paliafys codigo sca auhialiledad abestedle , uo eibouBs , priv Liouapronada de. Fourie, wo Gul , Consider Mon pub pla gator Py aie liA e durciis B 2 ma Prous prude 1Pt)] ptt) ¢ as A S | [| “% eeenued ve due t Pap eee Ae 2 2 6 BS oa ; a ple) | A, Ely Pl) = AB sa(Ew ae 2d, [Ll> Bm 7 Sse) = wuel-) pl » fl=a pw) > Fler) = fm 4B (@~)- Go. “ E> om > 2 wr & zs (a, = arr hei {lel Fe) an (wo) panne nee ay [ane at : roe $ ——, eeeeereae . ( | EHSFLA] = erase) ; Fl 4] = arse) - Brenetelo. Toga mur pacveluic seten Tove pobre 0 Ukuuls , tha gyugh conti, volun Pome pee Cony eve «Ca ne he % fiptee | Bt ou Lt feeds, weo pa, Bernafrvsrctr. pb intl nite Com pond toe Wed. 4) Trennsrornnra ae FourieR Be Fm () : oi bo ifbod pinimver®) INTEGRAVEL Vey a — Pe agu (E} = bw es aro30 = bun a atten Cw | Af). -2fe aso | Attu? we” aT 2 F [sol] > B w(t} ve ae a 7 ce Ei % 0 Hh 1* y y, x“ Fla) = Flown Me) ~ Hen He) Xe = 0790's 0", pfwso " weo » Fu)e 2 =f 4-4 aylyy 8 lag golt) = Guu [ett - a @ 2 Ggelt ale) | o Gye ale], me [ [erbcttse [ote] Ils coe [fr at. fe é 1] nad [LS £ 7 / =o | : » uw [ogee ef |. age aro ae ru ar-(ju)* at eu ee vant@ 5) TRANSFORMADA A FuNgfo Desear vninteio c(t ) alt} ‘ TS edo, inde a Coutliyhs ole, apiwevrmetcre ITEC RAVEL Sign le) e ; : fe + = e7. | 2 —% é | ult)= tgnll+Z . Z {4-4xle | ‘ et Flule)]= f { Flt] + Plante] f= 4) 27 Se) + a = TSa)* f weg iy fee da Ire] ale} re _— Tse) <4 Fe US 0 é # | Dw L'} Ltesctivarnsot ? Z TS vite desenaleneuvte te Coun portnds cl, hilverin 4. ~ 0 Aipatsa levatlo ae Jesh ty tt pow £0 4 63 -aTHi. cea / ‘4 (wrrieo [eernnie)prenleh2 6) TRRMSPORHADS YE Foreiee oe cout e pbount [dain uo atavals Co, 2) id, + Noo pols pogo DL tondkiyls he INTEERA Ga DAC AEALUTA | wihtlouts poteowe Pranaprneada te Foun ¢ podemy Aw biden owedeonle sane JHowre ole S . yy jy eee] oe at ars BS Fo a art grows? pone haf f ® cout ws wh dl 7? 2 0| ® x “SR oss “age oe seme fib salt TH BEL HO | fea copeda = fee HelOp)e 4 Ata lathe | zap) ela+p) for cou viud Encia oe (+ alt « colwavot | » bw [2 [* mgt o opt tf ae aa at Sa “M. CroG>00 ‘Wu-wa)ez) (tur fez A Zz (elute) pica bpd gd AE ) Haley : ded fort!) =~ fee eee het > Hee ees Pano opliear 9 conceit cb, Gunile apr comannele f eee ao Laupubrs, pape «more do fe = TI Bia é zB i Bee t few Chae ‘adn ctve ) aes tek, a inetd fee)( cosets, aa Geelt | | 7 jf \ / /© eee cD Flenunt]= Gt) iw | 5 en sa(Z (o-u»)) +25 Su Glow) ' ty L Leer t J - Flw)< [5 -we) i duatue)] Fw) Tdlwrpw0) Se TS(a-we) — wa ba cS OL fir ch toiSene> pot ao proteite te Gul -g] tbl} ner 8 rT fed-w39), + ardor) st 3 as a pw a yatta, oi. emengin. (ton cuilinyso obo t (fie a og 64 bre) ( a 4 53 wine > 4) [f= ant | | oe i SF [ra wot J =f 7 [sluews) cs §fw-we) | Sj Fl) « rr U dlu-ws) ~ Slaw) ] as i ey i sats flu) : a) ssf hai ve sabo 4 cutee we a2 “\ P Wo ub go at mera > ween SEAS Aptos) mi) RES | g| es Sa Feed de tolinde » ak hE & aie 3 s - I il 73 piled > dette snpetlin etree 6 KAS ifle) = Court alt), Dewiouiin-c gee eles a8 F [coo unt, a(t) J-x [ dlu-we) Aww), ew) Hs call sewn) fle) b fasle ptr deneoviites. lo aploarastonne a prop, ga. wodulages @ d) f(b] - pucwot al) Davacustin- le qe FE [Mat ul) | xz [klu-w)- )_ Morwe)] +_We rc “f we 7 ae Wa bw w20 2 I 1 NAL a Wo Ww 2 we be Ob (uct ew), %) Trausronnaan og Fovice bh ©" efe® woruné es Pe a SLleivt J. S [cout Jog Fl meted,Pett]. ¢[as ute p teint). @, Plant) 7 Flan b] « 2 [Aw we) d(wse) 47. ff [ Slut wo) Slu-v)] = = i Slur) +Mu-w) ] = bit-d(w-we f Flu) st ear ue DBSERUAG HO | Flu) potted a powar ame ie Speed yew, A fangio abe ig af mia, fy eM 20 Meruho. 1 be QUTEN MANEIRR DS perLOLVER ¢ GL flO 1 = Flu)s [0 $0 00 oll. gl fle). ]. pods e tet fhe 2 B pode fe fo ape a parse ce snnocluslagfle Be £ feo) felt Ye. eww) ae en! 42s a2mrs(w) £2f ae af d(w-we),3,3 Some Properties of the Fourier Transform | Cony ine Table 24 why | feof qoe! NO | | Short Tale of Fourier Transforms | w cw Se EEEEE ETT EET PEEP CPAa HERE CPR PREP eee 1 eran a20 | I 2 aan ao 2 oem soo 4 eta a>0 ; sett aro 6 0 ' | po meses so este =a 9 ‘cos ont [Stor — an) + Slaw + wi ; rd jnta-t a) = 8 on) L we st | / iB | 2m 7 a To : | coo alo Zeteon stot i snort Ea mesons gs ] is eM sin ane at wen aro | t Gti te o are i 7 Ee 1 EEE “ i ® i » £ | = | a Ean = oak i j \ eat i 236 OLE a |4) Simerein ‘Se fit) —~ Flu), aidio Ht)
Flu): 0 Fil) + Oy Bld)s | Paova + | Fila) [fleet dpe | | | @ i i Fal) ~ [> fale) ott } Stee i | Fla)» (fle) cds [0 Ja fllla aa fll) ] city, | | = [pl Tbs asf filets... r “a hy File) + ay Falw) wo cog al | @ | 3) Escacowanesro_ | Se fll) «> Flu) | i | ! tuléo para uma conta ak ow d | at})«a» A Fr fw). fe ) i lay ( a ) i Sieviricnvos Tana art | nw fungio flat) wl. f(t) i tomlninusta, ma. sacabe. do fae k de fe ele an | a fungio F (4) Apres 0. fangs Fhe) sapandeda. oo eacabe, de fegiemen polo omtime folic a . Corprrmin ima farnygoi © no dowwimin do two fy conn que & furigds Vor main Aapidavnrnk, , em comrqiircia a4 eonrpontatea ee fre gicéwera que conttilirton oti. farugis (Huck) osemeitone proprecomod. reuse ao fale. oplrcate ma Unapratiio 800s (8 cosa) ; £) Se a 2 uma conilete sak peiliva. (os0) FU fO4)]. [% flateivt de . Iyudorga de vanidwnl : weak hea dt tt. 1 de wits mdo pe olfranr . FL flt)]. 4 i {O) 1°E be - EL wet as tr(2) oy. 2) Sea € wma covilat pal ongotva. (a<0) Tat). ["fletyett ae [pnt ode: adt » dt. + de fiwity: £+ 0 4 x20 ” (co) fl flt)]. Lf fin ot) ke = =i fl” fle) lle} de < -t F(z) ope Bouintidant v4 dis cit: fad) me ot, (2) -Excaoiere + & F1fle)J=Flw) ancilin Gest rlflt)]- F(-w). 6 gue Jr fies spo forme % U pleco a prop: clo ESCMLONAMENTO ; fat) oo + Gre ) No axtueleca, as -! vi fed). + F (2). Fw) [-4 A fangs fet) nt ga ft) grad tu Jpelagdo ao tino vertical . Da. mntinaa forme, Flaw) x La j engéo F(w) ainda som kage a2 kx0 vuatceok Exemeio + (pa5-une) Aye cswo hare oft pdocod’wco saivienaieti ~ 9 Ageuceio pete| i @ y 4) Destocnmenro wo Tempo (reanseacio vo renro ) yw) =) ( Xe, Se ft)» Fw) , « = OO aitite flb-B) a Phe) cdw te oreo) « tewra Paova : ia al [ats Le rows (et te? PL flt-b)]. [- f{ld-4) ct ate Awning, de vorcayel : se [ = tenth + dbede @ ™~ (pit leunitesr war wundowy LPs ow FUflt-t)]- (° £6) ot CeO sti Peet [” fe) et eel dices I ACs Flu) COSI N 5 he). ci? *® © ela) LEO). 4 eee = 1F&)]. lel) - tw i slo { h van’ , SigNivicass + Rao wm cbalecirmntusb cla, fngdn me N ayo ee bance do Hino de te prgsondes Attyrnck qos rs iy / Mio dé atrragéo 10 mubdule co Laptetivo 1F(0)], prin, © saprcttao ole 5, wae, Boer ole valew ae el he i WAAASO Lo = - AWW) duos W s) Moouiggao (remus raga MA ae0tncin) Se {) — F(w), wdio ft) de Flw-w.) Prova : FU fl). of?) « f Leet ®® tag. aah {@®) plo) et yp F(w- we), BS | Si¢niFicae + Nabbiplivon £(e) pelo fobir tet | Frouwlada. todo 0 cepuctis de fragistineca Flid) ee | ema queandidoct, We . ApLicagao: bw whe wat pattern de Communiiagses of | fees “saterraco Tedadax 6 Lapettia de feqpetncca co | | ; L Aoki gas mwabliphicoarde At 0 fruok fit) por | &@ wad, ; | mw pevol wntneidol WU rowns chara re | Modu ag flo . | LEP Reseuracho 30 PROCESSO | wuttiricasoa f(t) ( Lt) cot uy te col unt vas: Ma zee wmaliplia.ne © JO) pou poor t % estivavon ; (etan A cossendive)ai 4 [fo aint + fl) cit | Aplcceondo LIVEARI ONDE @ moduLAgAD + Se. flt) +. Flu) ttio flit) ett mf [Flosds)s eloen)] G1) fmt. fey, fhe ge | ae 4 ) £ [- f(t) ef fe) ate | : Jew {)powt o> £[-7-»-)+ Flo ova) z é | Flies un) Flu) Pela nee tides VE-M Gee 0 Plorcesto Je naninsie o Lapectio at Prqiitnecs oe ama queuttidada, zw, ExEMPW epifeieco + (me K Tina ean cay a) she ft o HO caw t [ [elses] Flo-ua)] —_— Ale a wea fit) + Ht), ¢ ie ae tsr0, tuléo ie — fv Flu) . CCA oes: Mao & i a witlineca dow SE tla KUL hho ¢ dada jer fore). Paove + ®@ Galea gu ff [ ele) Eds . [Fb] Paclauc’ , “ éf oa (" af uty, e | © | 6) Dénivnaa wo 20minio vo Tempo i | | i Tarcando a ndrw det ee 4 i I du, Mia 2 (” dle dates [ jo fled de | boar jy de “a7 Jo \ oie see eee eee x’ Lye Fw) ] Sh , Af gu Fle) © pwubtido pee pw liudida pou deirdre de. rion, we, bw fg; df) 2. (jus) Fle) dt DASERNHOES ; 41) fila, ppojracda de ped sil, wo. dltaneiraagia do. faréo ae unuaits Hlw)= oF AB portsned, aplicarndorre be papicdiate ur 4g. difincuccal a gee dsctite. & coveuils,i © fs deve (ato gb See re Ve fs es Lee but cuidodes et ptec aia ovine Fonuadtrt 7 7) Dei vasa ‘NO pOMiNio >a Feeavencia oft) ~~ Fle), witio -jt{O— Lee, : feovn.: Flu) - [.. fort at see Bias, apg [ramen Trocaudo 0 Rdbwe oles ppraadon £2 [. tt, 7 ju o jut! ap. [Pg (goo lar [jth 7L-jt f0] ~ jt fl) > 472 . 0 ruutlade pote fw eslendica joes deiadaa tt dud, OH pf (jt “10 ae i“) : dogo® ® 2) Gouvorvgio yo TEMG fit) —» Fle) « fall) a> le), Lido fx Ld) «> Falu). F(a) phovat Fl fle) fl]. [° [fl)x Rw] tae = er Lilt) ie ae ©. 2 [Cf fy flea oO" dtr. EEA fo) [° Lilt-s) ) lt at dd rs ae ieee OL cf Fale) (srop, m9 vstocrnenro. 10 Tex?) SC joe ne) ae ney [pica oH ilu) = Fila) . Fe (w) ; fogo } Ls fe (t) a» Flu). Felw) . oaservagRo s Exlov pnomniedade of mull cuaprBute quavido cada, wr wtb Filtenaa . e (ch Yampa: alt) perplex lt) hit) founcet “cy ere) Via) = x(w).Wlan) —> Mle) = iY.@ ‘ Convowvero ny Facadenern fl) = th) 2 fat) — Fle), ad fp@). fe) 2+ Zé [Blas Aled) Prova: Soe pe rte Peete L Erde] al ifs fan ). Fa (w- wu) da of" oft oe. cae Flu) 4 éf aler-a) af Ay du ~® fapndo ramstoruea, ol voredvel : wm = W we Wee = dwidW Lian mda pe obfrare . o > j (wea) = @= £f Fe(u) ae Fw) e aw din = eee jot 1 [® qe i & [ le) aly Me dw de a) = fal) £ [Pela de fie). fall) 16) : 088: Els. pojpiedade f Ce) abilegada, sve Fibcowmunaea ge,Sa fle) —» Fle), 4) Ivrecwagho vo Teneo ; | , ft cari | ais [fled — ji Te) FH) Peova: i | wo ve’ w(t-8) = a ase, | AEE 4 me Bot, 1. | afbet) toa Ohya o esedent : | & buds peudecte 2% 4 | | | | fae uk fl) xult) « [Ofl)alt-s)s of file i ——~ an(-b+8) Dx toraiznave oa ecu NO TEMPO, fegast, get fe x ult) + Fw). Vw) = Bnet . = Flu) (75 +74)] - | F(w) + T Flu) sw) = | 7 Flu) + Fle) d (ws). Ww ay Perla, rn : _ jG : a fle) do <> je Flu) + THe) ) \ 1 Le d. Be es: Cuando Flo)=0 a SZ, &(0)= Fle), olga 2 Ht | 7 a aoe °, udio, f He)42 bell, :