2.

4 Proteins
Essential Idea: Proteins have a very wide range of functions in living
organisms.

-Proteins come from DNA

-They are organic compound that contain C, H, O, and N
-Have numerous roles in body
-eg: antibodies, transport, enzymes, and hormonal proteins

-Polymers are molecules made from joining together many small molecules
called monomers
-Monomers are molecules that may bind chemically to other molecules to
form a polymer
-Polymerization is the process of forming a polymer
-Proteins are polymers of amino acids

Amino Acids
-Organic compounds, combines to form proteins
-General structure:

-Amino acids have similar chemical structure, but differ in R group

-There are 20 different amino acids, each of which contains a different R
group

-R group can be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic

-Not all amino acids can be made from scratch; some must be supplied in the
diet
-eg: essential amino acids

Peptides
-Peptide bond is a covalent bond that joins 2 amino acids
-Dehydration synthesis (condensation) happens when a peptide bond is
formed

-Amino acids can be linked in any sequence due to their general structure,
giving large range of possible polypeptides

Protein Structure
-Amino acids sequence is coded for by genes
-Through transcription and translation, a segment of DNA is decoded to
produce a specific amino acid sequence
-Amino acid sequence determines the 3D conformation of a protein

-Structures are distinguished from one another by degree of complexity in

the polypeptide chain

4 Levels of Protein Structure

Primary Structure:
-Basic order of amino acids on polypeptide chain
-No folding/bonding
-Proteins are usually non-functional at the primary level, and all proteins
have a primary structure

Secondary Structure:
-Repeated regular structure due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids
-Alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet

Tertiary Structure:
-Complex 3D shape resulting from folding due to different types of bonds
between amino acids
-eg: Hydrogen bonds, S-S linkages, Van der Waals

Quaternary Structure:
-One or more peptide chains bonded together
-Functional form of many proteins
-eg: hemoglobin
-A combination of multiple tertiary structures

Denaturation
-Involves the breaking of bonds with a protein molecule
-eg: heating, physical stress
-Proteins may be returned to native state upon removal of denaturing agent

Proteome
-Entire set of proteins produced by an organism
-May vary with time, conditions
-Combination of protein and genome