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UNVRTT

Fultt

LURR D LN

nl ttt ntr frt rr turt n Dlt


Dunr n pr 2000-2013

Prfr ntr
Num Prnum
lnt
Num Prnum

2015

uprn
ntrur

1
ptlul 1. tmul ntr ttt
tt turm..................................................................6
1.1 Prtulrtl lrr ntrlr murr lur t t
turt...............................................................................................................................7
1.2

ntr mrnm rtrr turmulu.......................................10

1.3

ntr rr turt......................................................................................13

1.4

ntr frt turt......................................................................................20

1.5

ntr rlt rr frt...........................................................................22

2
ptlul 2. Prntr nl ttt
ptntlulu turt l Dlt Dunr.......................................26
2.1

Prntr n...................................................................................................26

2.2

Ftr nturl.......................................................................................................27

2.3

lmnt l nm..............................................................................31

2.4

Rur turt.....................................................................................................34

2.5

Prnpll t turt...............................................................................34
2.5.1

Pur mnumnt l ntur..............................................................34

2.5.2

Rr nturl...............................................................................35

2.5.3

Tr turt ....................................................................................35

3
ptlul 3. nl ttt rr turt l
nlul Dlt Dunr n pr 2000-2013.......................37
3.1

Nt mtl.................................................................................................37

3.2

nl frt turt..........................................................................................39
3.2.1

3.3

3.4

rtrr ttt pt r n funun ...............39

nl rr turt..........................................................................................43
3.3.1

Nlul nm rlr................................................................45

3.3.2

Nlul nm nptrlr............................................................46

3.3.3

nl mprt nm rlr nnptrlr.................48

rl ntr rr frt turt................................................................48


3.4.1

ntr fn nm turmulu ......................................50

3.4.2

ntr upr fr mun.....................................................50

3.4.3

ntr lt tt turt..................................................51

nlu 53
Blrf

55

ntrur
Turmul t nmlul rl fnmn r r ult n plr jurul
prnlr n fr mlulu lr, tt tmp t jurul plr nu unt mt t
prntr- tlr prmnnt t tt lurt rr. ntt n fnl
prut, prn turm nl n nmlul t t prn r mul ptr tmpul
lr ltrn n lt lltt u r, pntru t mn lur, mnumnt
mu, pntru - m untnl nrl, pntru tr f prt, pntru
hn u trtmnt. Dmn tt prn turm fnm nutr rt pntru
tfr tuturr unurlr r lr ltt turt l lul tn, l un
nlt nl ltt n nl prt nr r rurlr turt, n pl,
mulu nnjurtr, n nrl.
Turmul rprnt un mnu r lt u un rtm t rp
pntru n pul u nl frt flt p p, nl tr u tt flul
n thn trt pntru - f unut frm rl frt. n - f
u un pul-nt rn n urr, r xplr t ur pl p r l
pr, nl tru pun l p tu frt t
fl t m mult rtf ntnt: l pht r t m trt
pn l frt prmnl xtrm prnl t. Tn n tul nt ntr-
mfr pulurlr, r pl p frt n pntru r turtul r
n nfrtrutur r - un t ur r. Pntru - flt
numtrulu lrl, tru - fr rn unu jur u, r pntru t l
n t m mult nfrm: rur, tl , plnt, frt nln,
nrtrr , lum.
D mult r, pntru tr turt ntr- numt n, lur l rr unu
rnn rnl r un un rnt, r nl pl n frt
p t tr, fnu- unut ntnl prn prtpr l tr ur turm u
frt prmnl n fun n. n ultm pr thnl ltrn tn
pr n nnutul thn.
u prut fult n untr lur u rurtt fnmnulu
turt, -u mnut n l p ltl rl r unr mpr ntrnnl
rlnt. mpun, n t n, ptr unu tm ttt untr l turmulu
ltr un trmnl mun. t t -u t ltr n

rmnrl nfrn ntrnnl upr ttt jlr turmulu n


ttw, um m n 20 n. lrfrl prpu ptt u t m lr
pt, r put f rupt p m mult plnur prntr r nnutul nun
turm frml turmulu, nptul ttr rpun tr, lul, urt
mtul ltr, nutr turt, nnutul lfr lmntlr mpnnt
lfr ttlr turt, prnn l frt, n nxun u truturl
funmntl l prulr rlr.
Lurr t truturt p tr ptl. n prmul ptl m pr ntt tmul
ntr ttt turt, utn pr prtulrttl l rr n lr
murr lur ttt turt, pr n tr mrnm
rtrr tmulu, pr ntr rr frt t ppr n tr
rlt rr frt.
n l l ptl m prntt nl t ptntlul turt l Dlt Dunr,
fn nt prntr n, m numrt r ftr nturl, m pr ntt
numt lmnt l nm, rurl turt prum prnpll t
turt.
n l tr ptl m fut nl ttt rr turt l n lul Dlt
Dunr n pr 2010 2013. n prm prt m pr ntt mt l rtr,
urmt nl frt turt, nl rr prum rlt ntr rr
frt turt Dlt Dunr.

1 ptlul 1. tmul ntr ttt t t


turm
Dtrt rt mr rlr turt, rtrulu nr l turmulu,
frtlr frm turm prtt, prum t rlr prur trf
frnt p pru nfrt, frm turm n nm, t tt n
t rmur nu tr u rtr t n punt r ttt prntr-un n ur
ntr, prntr-un tm ntr. l rr tmulu n tr t t
turt t nflunt r ftr, ntr r m mnft unt
trmn rr frt turt. Ftr nflun rr unt nturl ppul
trutur tr, rul urn r, trutur tmpulu, lu tmpulu l r, n
rl nr u tmpul mun nm ppul. Ftr trmnr
frt unt rtt ltt r lr, tul prtlr, n lul pr tr l
fr mun, lu ntlr n turm.
Turmul t nlt urmrt n nm prntr-un tm n tr
pf, t p mtl lul unfrmt p pln mn l. n tr
turt furn nfrm nr unlr mn mnt turt mrnm,
prmn lur ftlr lr mrnm unr fnmnulu
turt.
rtrl rprtl ttt l ntrrlr turt l frntr;
rprtl prmnnt l ptlr r;
rtrl frt turt p tr n, lrt utrtt Nnl
Turm;
rulttl nhtlr ftut n rnul turtlr trn ll l lul tn
turt;
rulttl nhtlr prn hltull turt l fr tr numtr;
rnmntul ppul;
Bln Pl xtrn.
F. 1.1. url nfrm nr lululu ntrlr tt turt
ntr mrnm turmulu tru fn p nnlr
ntrnnl fl, r fn untt ttt r r fn turtul:

prn r urt jurulu mnm 24 r, pntru r lt mt t l


xrt ttt rmunrt. n pun DX, turtul t prn r
prt tt turm. t tl turm unt t t u rtr rrt u
prt, ntn n prurr p j u u frt mjl trnprt unr r un
ptrt u ntrnt ntr-un numt punt r. M urr fnmnulu turt
r l un tm ntr lul p nfrmlr u pr r l:
rl/plrl l frntr, furn t Mntrul ntrn, umntl prmr
ttt ntl prn m ltl ur turtlr, furn t n
turm, tttl upr mjllr trnprt prpr u nhrt upr ltr
hpmnt tt, nht/nj p ntn pr prn. lt
ur npf, unr, t pr turm unt Bln Pl xtrn, tmul
nturlr Nnl, l nl nnl lnurl fnnr-nt l l prtrlr
turm, l nl mrnm.
ur tlr pntru lrr tmulu ntr l n l mrnm
nttu rtrl ttt pntru urmrr r ulttlr n t tt turm,
rnt N, utrtt Nnl Turm, Mntrul ntrn rprtl
ttt prmr l n turm. n nfrmtt u pu ll fl l N,
ntr lf tfl: ntr lur pt r turt,
ntr lur rul turt, ntr fnnr.

1.1

Prtulrtl lrr ntrlr murr lur


tt turt

xt r fult n murr rul turt, r mt l


murr unt mprft. n nrl ntrumntl pf utl t n murr
rul turt unt rnmntul n jl. n nrl nfrml r unt
nr l turt, f rfrr l prflul -prfnl, n lulu tfr
turtlr trutur hltullr.1

n fun mltt njr numulu turt, rul turt pt


f nrnt u p nt prpru, r nt u mr n t. Dn punt r l
1 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001, p. 68

rulu mltt l numtrulu, rul turt pt f tnrnt prn


turmul rut-rul, u r urt u turmul r r, jur, n
turtul ptr un jur ntr- tun, r nl u jur lun , lmntt turt
r u u rn ntr- lt r, r r t m mr 30 l. Dn puntul
r l prt, xt turm nr, lt nl nturl lmtr
u xtn numtr nmnt ulturl prt u turm ntnuu, um r f l n
tun lnlmtr

lu turmulu t nflunt r ftr ntr r trmnnt unt


nflun l u ltur rlt l p ftr rr turt ftr
frt turt. nl turmulu urmrr lu l rl u jutrul
unu tm ntr pf, t p mt l lul unfrm t p pln
mnl.2 u jutrul tr ntr pf turmulu pt furn untf
nfrml nr unlr plt turt, prmn tfl murr ftlr
tr un. ntr turmulu pt f rup n u mr t r num
ntr l nl mrnm ntr l n l mrnm. n tr l n l
mrnm u ur tlr rtrl ttt pntru urmrr r ulttlr n
ttt turm um r f rprtl ttt prmt l n nm r u
n prprtt u mntr unt r turt pntru t tt turm
ntrn url mntrt . 3

n ul turmulu ntrnnl ntr mprt n flul urmtr:

2 Nu, Vl, Mnmntul turt l rlr turt, Buurt, tur yl , 2002,p 45


3 nk, r, Brn, Ptr Nu, Nl, nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur xprt, 2001,
p88

F. 1.2. lsfr ntrlr turmulu ntrnnl


Prm mt murr rul turt t r lt nr trr
n pl r. r prn r , tru nr trt n untt
r numt t mnm ltr: num, prnum, nul ntr, tn,
mlu, t nttt, u r, ltl. t mt prmt lur
numrulu nnptr., numrul np ptrut n rul unt r.
Dntjul t mt t fptul turt n rut unt nr tr fr t
n hm htlul. n l l rn, n untl m, t nr trr lp. Un lt
ntj t fptul prnl flt n ur l ru prtn nu nrtr
l prn t mt. lt mt n lul t t r turt t
prn nrtrr l frntr 4. nrtr tt prnl r tr frntr,
nfrnt mjlul trnprt flt. Mt t t r pt lur turtlr
trn. Dntjul prnpl t fptul unt nrtrt prnl r prt
mul trf frntr r n rltt unt ttr m pun . Mt
nhtlr njlr n rnul turtlr t flt pntru rtr p unr
ntn ptlr lt prfrl turt, ltt r lr, uprn n t
ntfr turtlr. 5

4 tnu, Dn, trt ltr n turm, Plt, tur Prmr, 2006, p76
5 tnu, Dn, trt ltr n turm, Plt, tur Prmr, 2006, p. 81

Nu n ultmul rn mt utlr fml t mt r fr nfrm u


prr l hltull pntru turm, pnr tr n numul nturl ttl,
prtt ltrlr, fr n lr tnl turt l. Murr
fnmnulu turt prtulrtlr lu rl u jutrul unr n tr uprn
ntr rr turt ll, xtrn ntrn. p u n lul n tr
frt turt prn htlur, lt unt r, n j, lt ntrprn r n
trul turt ntr rl ntr rr frt turm.

Murr ttt rul turt r rpt p trmn


mnunl t fr nfrm utl pntru ltr n prpt
nutr

rlr.

ntr ttt utl n mnurr rtr r fluxurlr turt unt:


numrul ttl turt, numrul ttl l-turt, numrul m u ln turt, urt
m jurulu, ntt rul turt, prfrn rlt turtlr. Numrul
ttl turt t un ntr lut rpr nt numrul prnlr r ltr
n fr lltlr n r u mlul t l, pntru pr m m 12 lun
tu l ptn npt ntr- untt r turt 6. Mtul prnpl l ltr
t ltul t l fur t tt rmunrt n lurl tt. Numrul
turtlr t un ntr nttt untfr prnlr r rl t t
turt. Numrul mu ln l turtlr t un n tr xprm ntnt t tur n
numt pr.

nnptr, rprnt fr npt pntru r prn t nr trt ntr-


untt turt. Numrul ttl l-turt t un n tr n pr u ntr
numrul turt urt t t turt xprmt n l, pr mxm lut n
lul fn un n. Numrul m u turt xprm rul turt m ntr-
numt pr.

Durt m jurulu t un ntr ltt u prr l mplr t


turt pnltt tur rmn numt pr ntr- numt n u
r. Dntt rul turt t un rprt ntr numrul turtlr numrul
ppul rnt r ntr numrul l turt numrul ppul r nt
ntrut un ntr r xprm l tur ntr fluxul turtlr ppul
6 Bn lmp, nm turmulu ntrnnl, . Unrt n r , 2006, p 49-50

rnt un n. Prfrn rlt turtlr t un ntr fr nfrm


u prr l rntr rf fluxurlr turt nfrmr plt turt n
rprt u rr.7

Untt r turt furn turtlr n m prmnnt u nl


prt r. n untl r turt unt uprn untl xtnt l
frtul nulu rpt, xlu l r -u ntrrupt t tt pntru pr
tmp. f tn ntr ptt r xtnt rprntn numrul
lur r fln turt nr n ultmul t rp, ml r,
lfr unt r turt. ptt r n funun rpr ntn
numrul lur r r pt nf turt, nn nt numrul l
t unt h untl ntr- numt pr.

1.2

ntr mrnm rtrr turmulu

ntr ftlr nm rt n tr mr ftl nm


lut rlt trt tt turt n nrl (turm ntrn ntrnnl)
prum nm lr; n t p unt lul n tr hltullr turt,
ntr prurlr, ntrul nn upr ln pl, prum n tr
rfrtr l num, nt lr u t.8

hltul turt pt f nl t n rprt u t r rr r


nr, p pln truturl, u n rprt u trtrul n r r l, p
pln rnl. D mn, prnt numt mprtn trutur ntrn
hltullr turt, rpt tru tr p t rl u nur r
hnt ( r, lmnt, trnprt, umprtur, rmnt, r) t
fpt nlu n nun num turt . hltul turt rprnt un
rpr t mprtnt pntru ftr n mnul plt turt,
r prmt nlu pr n fl nm l xtn ltr frt
turt. Prlm p r r n lulul ntrlr n rup rpt
rfr l urt nfrmlr ttt r tu l ntrur lr.
7 Nu, Vl, Mnmntul turt l rlr turt, Buurt, tur yl , 2002
8 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001, p. 67

RI
+ =1
Rt Rt

un:

R - hltul turt rr ntrn;

R - hltul turt rr xtrn;

Rt - hltul turt ttl nrtrt p un trtru.

nl lu n tmp hltullr turt:

Rti
Rt 0

- nl r hltul turt ttl n pr 0

pt lul p pntru fr t r rr: ntrn xtrn.


hltull turt l rr xtrn pt lul pntru fr p xtrn
prnn rr turt.9

nl r n tru hltullr turt ttl:


RI 0
RI

i 0 i
Rt0
Rti
Rt 0
R ti
t ntr pt lul truturt p nl turt n r
nrtr hltull turt rpt.

ntrul tru hltullr turt p t r unur r n


nrl hltull turt mtrl n hnr unur r,
um m rtt m u. nt:

9 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001

R
RH RT
+
++ altele =1
Rt R t
Rt

un: RH - hltul pntru r htlr;


RT - hltul pntru trnprt.
lulul tru mpltt prn truturr fru lmnt l hltul tu rt
p l 2 tr l rr turt: ntrn xtm, pntru tn frnl
prtpr; n ntnur, nl tr u p lmnt n um pt mplt
prn lur lu n tmp, lulnu- ntr m u n 2 mmnt frt
l pr tmp 0 - .
ntrul hltul m p turt
Rt
R=
T
- numrul ttl turt n rul unu trtru.
hltul m turt (R pt prn turtlr (T) p un trtru (r)
u (Rp) turtlr r pl (Tp) p trtrul (r) rpt. D:
R
R s = s
Ts
R - hltul ttl nrtrt n ntrrul trtrulu turt;
R
R p= p
Tp
un:
Rp - hltul ttl ftut rn trtrulu r j n x trr;
R pt f lult n mmnt frt pntru fr n rl n r prn
turt. D mn Rp pt f lult n mmnt frt pntru fr n rl
pr r j turt nnl.10

10 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001

1.3

ntr rr turt

nl mfr rr turt ll
CG i
100
CG 0
un: G- rr turt ll n nul ;

G- rr turt ll n nul 0.

nl rprt rr turt l l , ntr rr ntrn rr xtrn


CI
CE
CI CE
100 ;
100
+
=1
CG
CG
CG CG

un: - rr turt ntrn;

- rr turt xtrn.

lu mpnntlr rr ll rflt r prtulu lr u mpnnt


l frmr rr turt l l.
CI 0 CI i CE 0 CE i

CG 0 CGi CG 0 CG i
nl r n tmp rr (ntrn xtrn):
ICE0i=

CE i
CI
100 : ICI 0i= i 10
CE 0
CI 0

un: - - nl r rr xtrn;

- - nl r rr ntrn.

ntr prnn rr turt unt lul n l m pntru ml


tr rr Frmulr ttt tr n tr uprn - pntru rr
turt ntrn, n pr nn - rul u run, r pntru rr turt
xtrn - r u ntnntul.11
Rprt p n prnn rr turt pntru nu mt r, l un
mmnt t:
CEZ 1 CEZ 2
CEZ n
+
++
=1
CE
CE
CE

un: Z1 - rr turt xtrn prnn n r Z ;

Zn - rr turt xtrn prnn n r Zn;

- rr turt xtrn ttl;

CEZ1
100
CE
- rutt pf, n (%), r Z 1 n rr turt
xtrn ttl, n nul t.

nl r rr xtrn p r prnn n ntr lul 0-: 12

ICEZ i

CEZ i t i
100
CEZ i t 0

un: Z - nl r rr prnn n p Z.

ntr mfr truturl rr xtrn p r prnn:


CEZ 1 t 0 CEZ 1 t i
CEZ n t 0 CEZ n t i

CE t 0
CE ti
CE t 0
CE ti
11 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001
12 tnu, Dn, trt D Dltr n Turm, Plt, tur Prmr, 2006

nfrml nut, r u r, r rflt rl n trutur rr r


mnl rl m nm n pr p r x nl t.
fntul nntrr rf fluxurlr turt pt f lult tt
pntru rr turt ntrn r n rpt pr lt r, rr utun
(), t pntru rr turt prnn n xtrr ():

C g 0=

t=i

Z2n

su

%Z +%Z +%Z ++%Z


2
1

2
2

2
3

2
n

lul pnr fr r (Z) n xprtul, rpt mprtul turm


xtr r n n um pnrlr l ptrt pntru fr n l u tu:
rr utn ( mprt) rr nmn ( xprt). u t lr fntu lu
t m mr, u tt nmn pnn un numr m r t m mr. u
t fntul t m m, u tt t mnf pr rr,
pnn m m f un numt prtnr.
ntr trutur rr p mjl trnprt rutt pf
fru n rprt u rr turt ttl: 13
CA v CAuto
CAlte
+
+ +
=1
CT
CT
CT

un: - rr turt pntru trnprt rn;

ut - rr turt pntru trnprt u utrul;

lt - rr turt pntru lt mjl trnprt;

T - rr turt ttl.

nl r n tmp rr pntru fr mjl trn prt.


13 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001, p. 97

CAvt i
100
CAvt 0
nl r n tmp trutur rr turt p mjl trnprt
CA v CA v

CT 0 CT i
0

Prn mprr tulr n mmntul 0 pt nlu n upr


mjllr trnprt pntru r mnft rr m nm.

ntr trutur rr p prnpll mjl r, fr nfrm


ttt, u pr r l un mmnt trmnt l pr frnlr rr turt, pntru
fr mjl r:

CH CAp
CAlte

....
1
CT
CT
CT
un: H - rr turt pntru r htlr n mmntul 0;

p - rr turt pntru r n prtmnt rnl;

lt - rr turt pntru lt mjl trnprt;

T - rr turt ttl.

CH
100
CT
- nl mr mprtn rr htlr n ttlul rr
turt.

nl r n tmp rr pntru fr mjl r: 14


14 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001

CH i
100
CH 0
- n r rr r utl htlul n pr
l 0 l .
nl r n tmp trutur rr turt p unt r:
CH 0 CH i
Calte0 Caltei

CT 0 CT i
CT 0
CT i
pt prn tnnl rr pr n l m ltt mjl r n
pr xmnt.
ntrul urt jur
unt rup t ntr rfr l numrul l pr n tu rt,
tt l nlul rr turt l l, t l rr xtrn ntrn. D mn,
unt pl truturr l n l rf, rlt u trutur l rr trtft p
mjl r u ltr rtr truturr , xmplu, -nm.15
L nl ll, urt m jur t r ulttul rprtulu ntr numrul
l prn turt l numt tn numrul ttl turt prn p
trtru.

nr. de zile turistice ZT

nr. de turisti
T

lu n tmp jurulu mu ( urt m jur) lul n frm


frmul:

Si
100
S0
un: - urt m jur ntr-un numt ntr l (lun, trmtru, n) n mmntul
;

- urt m jur n mmntul 0 (lun, trmtru, n).


15 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001

D urmrt lulr jurulu m u p fr mjl r,


utl, n lul numrulu l turt, numrul nnptr nr trt n
umntl untlr r:

SH

NH
T

un: NH - numr nnptr htlr nr trt;

- numr turt ;

H - jurul mu n htl.

Vr n tmp lu ntr lul nfrm frmul:

S Hi
S H0

100

n nlt rr turt
rr turt, mnmnt nr, mprm fluxurlr turt lu
nl n tmp, u ft t mprtnt upr nm, m u lu t.
nltt pt trmnn r prn pfulu frt tun n t
t pnnt ftr nturl, r pt f n rt xlu rr, rpt
trmnn mulu n r frm rr turm. nltt rul
turt pt mpltun f rt l un n l ltul, f fl
ntpt nt u tt m mult untfr .16
ntr rprt rr p m lt r n r lt r uprn tt
trl rr turt rfr l utl r nlr j pntru r n r
ltr.
ntr trutur rr n fun m ul n jr ltr:
16 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001

CAV CNor
+
=1
CT
CT

un: T - rr turt ttl;

V - rr turt utl nl j;

Nr - rr turt nu utl nl j .

nl r n tmp mulu njr ltr:


CAV i
100
CAV 0

- rflt lu rr n utl r nlr j n pr 0-

nl r n tmp trutur rr p m lt n jr ltr:


CAV 0 CAV i
CNor 0 CNor i

CT 0
CT i
CT 0
CT i
mprn tu n mmntul 0 u n mmntul , pt lu
tnn rr - rn u nu ltr prn nl j.
ntr rprt rr p mt ltr prnt tru rr p
mt ltr, prum rutt pf u mprtn fr mt n
nmlul rr r t n tmp. t n tr pt pl l tt
trl rr turt pt lul n l tmp pntru frt n
rf.17
ntr trutur rr turt p mt ltr
CMot 1 CMot 2
CMot N
+
+
=1
Ct
Ct
Ct

17 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001

ntrul r n tmp trutur rr p mt ltr n urul


pr 0-:
CMot 1 CMot 1
CMot N CMot N

CT 0
CT i
CT 0
CT i
0

un: T - rr ttl.
ntr rprt p rtr l rr turt prmt rr
rprt lu n tmp trutur rr turt n fun rt, x, tr
l, tr prfnl n lul ntur. Tt t rtr truturr
rr unt ntt u m lur numr l 1 l n. lul tfl tr
tr ntr:18

ntr trutur rr turt p rtr l (n fun rt/tr


l/x t.):
CS 1 CS 2
CS
+
++ n =1
Ct Ct
Ct

un: -j - rr turt rprtt p rtrul l l 1 l n.

nl r n tmp trutur rr turt p rtr l:


CS 1 t 0 CS2 t i
CS t CS t

n 0 n i
CT t
CT t
CT t
CT t
0

pt nl tfl m frl n tmp l rpr ntr ruplr turt


truturt p rtr l.
ntrul fltt rr turt
nfrm upr numrulu turt r rpt jul pr numt
tn turt. p untr numrulu turt r u r nt pr
numt tn (R) u r u ntn rn n tr ().
18 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001

F=

1.4

Rd + Id
CT

ntr frt turt

lul pntru frt ntrprnrlr rflt rprt r n


tmp n trutur frt tr n m n ul, pntru fr ntr
prnr frtnt.
frt ll r uprn untl htlr, untl nhtlr,
nl, mpnurl t. Untt mur t numrul lur u numrul
mr rrr numrul unt r.
ntr trutur pt r p t r unt:
LH
+
=1
LC LC

-pnr pt htlr n ttl ptt r

un: LH - numrul lur n htlur;


L - ptt r ttl;

LH
100
LC

L - numrul lur tt unt xtrhtlr.

ntrul lu pt ttl r n pr 0
LC i
100
LC 0

ntrul r n tmp trutur frt r


LH 0 LH i

LC 0 LC i

tfl urmr mfrl n trutur frt r .

ntr frt htlr

trutur pt htlr p t r ltt (l, numr tl,t)


LH I LH n
LH N
+
++
=1
LH LH
LH

un: LH - numr lur n htl t r ;


LH- numr lur n tt t rl htlr.

ntrul Vr trutur pt htlr p tr ltt


LH Ii
- n r numrulu lur n htl tr n ntrlul
LH i 0
tmp 0-.

ntr mlr pt f ntru pntru lt tpur t r pt


r: prtmnt, unlw, mpn, l t.

1.5

ntr rl rr frt

n t tr ntr ntr r nfrm upr t t nm


nlr nm n turm, rpt frml turt. t n tr unt t
utl n prt r rflt rul utl r fr ntrprn r turt,
prum lturl ntr ntrprn r. Tru prt n nl utlr
ptlr frt n lul num prt rr turt r - mtrl t
prn num. D, pntru n tr n rup , mnf nun rr rfr
l lntl prpru- nu l rr ptnl, n ul ntrlr n rup .
xmplfr mt lr lul f pntru htlur, n frmu l putn f
pl l tt lllt tr ntrprnr turt. 19
nl lu lntl htlr n pr 0 . ntrul pt
lul pntru fr tr htlr n prt.
TH i
100
TH 0

un: TH - turt n htlur n nul ;

TH - turt n htlur n nul 0.

nl lu nnptrlr:
NH i
100
NH 0
-nnptr.
t ntr pt f lult mpu, p t r htlur u / p
tr lntl turt.
lu ntrulu urt m jur l r
lul urt m jur prntt m u. Pntru lul
nl r urt m jur n pr tmp 0 - , pl frmul:

19 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001

i
SH
100
SH 0
ntrul upr l htlurlr (rul upr)
Rflt utlr frt ntr- pr trmnt, n lul t t n
htlur n fun ptt ntlt:
G 0=

NH 100 NT S
=
100
LH Z
LH Z

un:

G - rul upr n prnt;

NH - numr nnptr;

LH - numr lur n htlur;

- numrul l l frt htlr;

NT - numrul turt;

- urt m jur,

Grul upr pt lul n mmnt frt l untt htlr


u n l mmnt pntru u u m mult unt htlr tut n run
frt, r prn mpr prn nlu pr n frnl n ttt
htlr.20
ntrul ttt mrl nlr j
t ntr pt lul n urmtrl rnt n rprt u rr turt
ft - nl prtpr nlr j l ptr rr:

20 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001

CAv 0
CAvi
100 i
100
Ct0
C ti

CAv 0
CAv i

CAv 0
CAv i

- rr ft ptt nl j n pr 0,

rpt n pr .
mprn u pr frt n nm t t nlr j.
D mn, pt f mprt u u m mult p turt pntru prn
mprtn nlr j n nl r rr, frnt l p l lt.
n rprt u utlr frt , xmplu: nl pt htl r
mrlt prn n j. t ntr rl ntr pn n ntr untl
r nl j. t lult tfl:21
LH av
100
LH

un: LH - numrul lur mrlt prn n j.


ntrul pt f lult, l pr nt, prntul, n u pr
tmp frt, pntru pr r n tmp, pntru m mult t r unt
r, pntru m mult p. n nmlu, t un n tr r rflt pn n
tt htlr t tt mrl nlr j.

21 Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001

2 ptlul 2. Prntr nl ttt ptntlulu


turt l Dlt Dunr
2.1

Prntr n

Dlt Dunr tr pl n m ul P ur N r, u rful Kn l n


Grmn, prn l u pr, Br h, l 920 m Br l 1000 m lttu n
un ln lltt Dnuhnn- Dunr r un n rp 817 m
km2, r t 3,4 r m mr t uprf Rmn, rpr ntn m 12-
prt n uprf urp (10 050 m km 2). l m tnr pmnt l r, Dlt Dunr
ptrt mnlr tn r rnl n urm u prxmt 13 000 n. n
frmr Dlt ntur frt lr m mult f tnt. Dlt Dunr fl
l un Dunr, prpnu- lul rr n Mr N r, rmf
u pl p lr mp, l r lmt n prt l pt 100 km.n
uprnul ll rlr flu ulu, nt - prt lt lur, n
mrl, rl nl. ntr l pn l rmul mr r pnt r u,
f pl nnt nt. Tt rl lt u lm n r l. ntr lt
prnt un nmlu mf u, ntn r p n r r rn ur
ru nlm uprf. L nr, Dlt mrnt u mp Buulu, l t
u mun n nr-tul Dr, l u u pul Dr, r l t u Mr
Nr. Zn rr Dunr prlunt n mr pn l tn 10-15 km
l rm , unr, hr ulul t tn.22

uln rprnt rul r r t prn xln l n t. ntr ur prnpl


rulu n nrul Dlt, hl, ur rulu n uul lt, fntul Ghr h,
tn p mr t 80 km. P n rul uln ur pr rr prn mjlul
lt, rl hl, l nr, fntul Ghrh, l u , nh uprf lt prpru. Dlt Dunr mn r u un trunh n rful nrptt tr t,
pr ntrrul r, r tr t, pr mr; nlm trun hulu mr
fr t 80 km. mprun u lt prpru- t uprfl n nt,

22 Gln V., Grf turmulu, tur Fun Rmn Mn, Buurt, 2005, p. 132

um unt l upt lurl l nrul rulu hl m l l u ul


rulu fntul Ghrh, uprf un pl Dunr rr n tmpul turlr.23

Dlt Dunr t lmtt l u - t p ul D r , l nr frm


rn u Urn, r n t r n Mr N r. Dlt Dunr t tr rt
prll 45 lttun N mrnul 29, lntu n . Dlt up, mprun
u mplxul lunr Rm - n 5050 km, n r 732 km pr n Urn, Dlt
rmnt rnnu- uprf 2540 km. Dtrt lr 67 mln tn luun
u Dunr, Dlt Dunr rt nul u prx. 40 m. Trtrul Dlt Dunr
mprt n u urun rf num: Dlt prpru- up uprf
4.250 km2, flt ntr rl fluulu, n mplxulu R m, u uprf 990
km2. Dn punt r f -rf Dlt mprt trn rl p r l flu ulu
n u mr urun nturl: lt flul lt mrtm. Dlt flu l up
pt 65% n uprf ttl lt ntn l tlul ml, pr l, pn l
rnurl Lt rrmn, p ln Prpr (p rul hl) r n (p r ul
uln) n (p rul f. Ghr h) rnl Pr r. t u r un
Dlt Dunr t mprt n m mult unt nturl um r f: Dprun r,
Dprun nt-Furtun, Dprun Prn, Dprun Mt -Mrh, Grn ul
hl, Grnul tp, trul Ttru, trul Bn, trul rn , Dprun
Lt, Dprun rnu, Dprun R-Buh , Lun Tul-Mur hl
Dprun Drn-Dun, t. Dlt mrtm up m pu n 35% n uprf
Dlt Dunr, l rrt ln Prpr -r n- n-rnl-Prr. n t
urun, n ul lt flul, ntlnm n u rlf p t n t r, pr
r prm urun, funul prunlr t u n lul mr n l m
mult ur.24

2.2 Ftr nturl

Rlful Dlt Dunr uprn u mr frmtun: prunl lt, u


t m u un mtru, r up m mr uprft n lt fl ntr-un
23 Brn P., nk ., Nu N., nm turmulu, tur xprt, Buurt, 2001, p. 468
24 Brn P., nk ., Nu N., nm turmulu, tur xprt, Buurt, 2001

ntnuu pr lmtr lunr u r n rn url r u t 0,31


m ft nlul Mr Nr. n m u, pl pr r l r utul lt,
up um l n mr u untn r. uuntl rf mpunn lt unt
prt lmnt mrf-hrrf, fn ptr tt lmnt mrfl
( frm l rlfulu) trt p lr n ntrrul utulu, t h rl
(r prn frtlr p p), urmr tu p r u n mnul
plr. n Dlt unt u t r lmnt mrf-h r r : pt , r u
nlm m mr t nlul mr, nttun uprf l utulu u, um l
pun uturl lt n t , r u n lul mr, nttun
lurl j u p.25

lmntl mrf- rf pt unt: rturl utulu pr lt, rn url


flutl rnurl mrtm r ntln p mr n lt, n lun ul rlr u
n prprr mr. n tr utulu pr lt tr u ntr u n prmul rn ,
rnurl ntnntl, hl tp, flt n nr ul lt. Tt n t r utulu
prlt ntr null Ppn, Grt Bru n lul R m. n Dlt Dunr
xt lm tmprt ntnntl, u nflun mrn, rtr t prntr-
tmprtur m nul 11, u r mrt, nflunt frl pl
mr n ntt unn lurlr llr n ntrr. tunl turt
pf lt nt ptm prtr prxmt 5 lun p n, n lun
m pn n lun tmr, pr rtr t prntr- tmprtur m 19 ,
prn ntttl ru prptt (u 200 mm) prn numrul m l llr pl,
nultt ru, urt mr trlur rlu.D prtulrttl lm
nflunt tttl turt prum urt lr furr. Prm r ntr
u nflun frulu p r mr l- umult n nurl plr l n tmpul rn.
Vr, p ln htrlr npr p ut, r ntulu, rt r f l , mt
n lpl p p ln mlur, un pr u un l u l u. n lunl r,
ml lunr l tmprtur rulu l l tmprtur p l rl 13 r n
mul urmtr: n lun un 22 rpt 20,2; n lun ul 24,4 rpt
22,4, r n lun uut 25 rpt 21,8. n tmpul r, uprfl mr p
n lt, tut n ntt nlr tp npr nr, n tmprtur m

25 Dnu Mhl, Grf turmulu, . Dt P, Buurt, 2002

ntnt t utul, trmn pr n trturl rulu unr mr n nt.


Nr trm, r nttt prpt mr . 26

nul r 300-400 mm p pl p, nttt rtrt


runlr t p l, u t tp. frm rlt rr. Dlt
Dunr t nrt run u r nn n ul tt ut. Prn mpr,
rl unt rr.Tmn, rm mnn l ur mult tmp. n lun
ptmr, ml lunr l tmprtur rulu l l tmprtur p l rl 13
unt 21 rpt 18. Num tr frtul tmn, rm rt. rn
pr nturl nr, nr-t nr-t rultt l ntlnlr ntnntl.
Un fnmn t mprtnt pntru fluulu lt t n hr plr.
Vnturl mnnt unt l n trul nr , r unt m fr nt rn, r
nturl n u ufl u fr n prt num n ntrrul lt pr mn ur
r. 27

Ru hrrf t unt f - rf t nttut n


rl Dunr, rprntn prnpl ftr u un mprtnt prmnnt n
furr prlr mrfhrrf. n trn l tur u t fl rll,
hll, nll, lurl, mltnl.Tt t mpnnt u unut numr
mfr, m l n prnt, prn nur nlr rn urlr, prum r
lt lmnt rulrr (trr unr n nl, r t.), nt m n
hrrf Dlt Dunr - mft prmnnt. Brl hl Tul unt
prml u mr rtr p rultt n furr Dunr l tlu hl. Dup
t prm prr, m n l, Brul Tul u , l tlu fntul
Ghrh, n rl uln fntul Ghrh r r prt n mr. Brul
hl, l m mr ntr l tr r l Dunr, n n r tul, lun m
(117 km) lm (60-700 m) rmf n unl lur n r un r (l,
Ttrn, Bn-rn), r, l rn ul lr, n ul tr , prun (1
M, Prpr ..). pl prnt p Brul hl nm p 30 m. Brul
Tul t lmtt ntr l u tl(um unt numt rmfl rlr)
hl f. Ghrh, n lun m r 19 km, lun mtr, r lm
26 n Pmp, Vlnu Ghrh, Nu B, Grf nrl turmulu, tur Mtr Pr,
Buurt 2005

27 n Pmp, Vlnu Ghrh, Nu B, Grf nrl turmulu, tur Mtr Pr,


Buurt 2005

rulu prxmt 300 m. nml jun l 40 m. Brul fntul Ghr h


pt n lunm 100 km. Prnt m ntut n tt r lun t mult
urul r mpun rtfr lu n tr.

nll unt numr, ntr t l m mprtnt unt: M ru r


prn n hul r l uln r lunm prxmt 8 km jun n n
mpul Lt;nlul Ltu-Puul-Puu-Ru r prnt n Brul fntul Ghr h
jun l Mr N r, furnu- p lunm 13 km; nlul Buur u
lunm r 4 km n l ptrunnu- n mplxul lurlr Ru Puu; nll
Uln, murl u lunm pt 3 km; nlul Dun , l m h n lt,
prn l lmntnu- u p ul Lul R m. Lurl m mprtnt unt:ntr
rl fntul Ghrh uln-Ru, Lumn, Puu, Gr t t., r ntr rl
uln hl-Mt, Furtun, Ttnr.

Vt up uprf r 3 000 km 2, prxmt 68% n uprf


lt; purl, 2%; punl nturl, r 9% tufrl prp 57%. lmntul
mnnt n t lt l nttu tufrl, n uprf 2 530 km 2, frmt n
tuf mn tuf n mt u lt plnt lt um r f: ppur, fr lt,
rul t. n n uprn ntr rul tuf prl frt nun r p
r, ppr, lulu, rn lt t. mpr plr t n m mr prt
prt u t t, frnt n fun n lul p, l t. V t
umr, r lt n pl tttr, r, n l m mult ur, r nl
nfpt n ml, uprf p fn tr tut r nl flrl. lr rpn r r
mlur l rul, p rr, rmul, um plr, u n n n m
mult r n urp ntrl. L n xt num plnt fml, nmulr fn u-
r tt.M prp ml lt plntl u frun pluttr, u trutur
uturlr r l prmt mnnr p uprf p, t plnt fn fxt u nu
prn rn. Dn prm rup, nufrul l nufrul ln u nt t rllr
n lt. n t n pln t, lt pr nfrt ntn r r ltut
n tuf trt, ntrrupt nnumrt f u hur p, mr nt ,
u plp u l l prt rul frun lr pluttr l nufrlr, ltr
plnt t, l rr flr l ln u n pj nt n . Grn url
lunr nnunt u prl nlt upt rur r ltu pun; pt pr
p rtnt l t: n. Rtul utulu t upt l,

rht, l tn. P rnurl flu-mrtm, u un np r tn nlml


l m mr n lt (r 7 m) unl uprf trn lpt t,
r ltl fr n nlulu tl, fn prt tp r ,
pur, u ltr luxurnt, um unt l p rnurl Lt
rrmn.28
Fun t ltut ntr- mr rtt p. tfl, ntlnm nml
trtr r unt lt p prn m ul lr , nml r ut hrn n p
u p ut, nml r unt trn l t n nun l, nml t ltl.
Dntr pl mmfr ut numrm: r ul, purl, ulp, hrul tp,
hrul ptt, uruul, r lt plr mmfr p nlu prntr ltl: r,
nur, hrmn, ntu, mtrul, p l t nl nt. xt p r
pt f nrt rrt pntru Dlt Dunr: nutr r nr n mr u
rut l n f num n pt tt, f lnt n l rtt n n llt rrmn
n nul 1971.

r tpn lt unt prl. n tufrur, p rn ur, n


trt ppul nrpt frmt n 327 p, n r u r n lt 218 p
unt n trr pr lt nutur 109 p. r n frt prlr: tp
mtrnn, mnl, rn, urpn, hn, rt, f Dlt Dunr f
nrt un ntr l m ntrnt lt l lum. Dltfl, l 327 p
pr r ur u tr n pj, rpr nt 80,5% n fun Rmn r
uprn un numr 401 p r l 141 p t rpr nt 82% n
fun t urpn.29

2.3 lmnt l nm

Ppult Dlt r un m t nhm t l. mplntr umn


rt prm uprtur umtrlr tm n Dlt. ntn r mr p
xpl numrul m l lutrlr (n jur 22000 lutr), u tt prul nturl
t mult pt m tr (7-8%). M ltt trtrl unt plr fnt
28 n Pmp, Vlnu Ghrh, Nu B, Grf nrl turmulu, tur Mtr Pr,
Buurt 2005

29 Nl l., P Turt, Buurt, tur Dt P , 2003

plr tmprr pntru luru, tu t. Ppult Dlt t rupt n 15 lltt


rurl u r: Tul uln. Tul: prt ntrr n Dlt, r u putn u
100 000 lutr, ntrut p lul r t- yu, tt um 2 600
n, mntnt u tulul num n1595 p hrt lu Pl Gr . t un r u funt
nl, nutrl turt. uln: l m t r l tr, tut l ur rtulu
uln, rul rmn u m m lttu n (3.5m), prt ntrr lr
mrtm p Dunr. nm Dlt Dunr t u nut n mr prt t ttl
rl turt

n lt, uprfl r r put r xlu trn rl, um unt l l


rnurlr nlt l unr tr rt. Trnurl r urm f flt
pntru rultur unt prt prn ur umrl r numrl. t trnur
nu rul n trul n mnt l tr ulu prum n lurl j, p
un -r put r nlul p. uprfl unt n ut unt lt p, f prn
rt, n Dunr r un nl ut, f prn pmpr, n unt r rr.
tmul nur numrl pl num n tr l n r ur n
prmnn pruttt nm rt.

Grnurl pt ur mnj pntru ultur rllr. ult n


prum m pun ru r.30

Rmurl thn unt n rpr ntt, n pl ultur, xmplu


rtr rlr tlr. D mn, t xtn rtr lr. tuful tnr t
mnt u plr tr t r um l - lun ul mr n rnurlr.Pultur
t rmur nm pl r, n lt, nl l n, t l
m un n ltr, prn mnjr n rtr pl, n prnpl
n rm furjt, ltnu- ttt ppnrl put pntru ppulr u put
rp u p ftf plntnf pr u n ppnr prpr rut n
rm furjt u nfurjt.

lultur up u plntl rr, um unt rtl p l,


plp pn u lt ur rr l pr n l m ulu f l lt r r f
rntl n ul n r r f ultt. Flnt l r n r uprftl
30 Gln V., Grf turmulu, tur Fun Rmn Mn, Buurt, 2005

xtnt, prum mpurr unr n uprft u p rp rtr (plp


mrn l ltnt), mp urr n ml u pr l frtr
prtt urlr, n pl u l, rr pr l frtr prtt
ulturlr n nntl mnjt rl, prum p rr prtt fn ulu
nt. lultur pt tr u 20 000 h, r rprt p mr nl nu pr
nlt l rnurlr flutl n lunul rlr fluulu p tt urul rn urlr
mrtm. P rnurl Lt rturl xprmnt nfnr un plnt
pm pur: nru, m mur u frm unr ultur frtr, pntru
n l l frutl pur r r put r mtr prm n n utr
nrlr.31

Dn l m h tmpur, putul nttut prnpl up lutrlr


n Dlt Dunr. D t rur pl unut un r r, putul t n
ntnur prnpl prupr. Lltl un putul rpr nt prnpl
ttt lutrlr unt: rn, Ml 23, Gr fntu Ghr h. - u
up prnpl lutrlr Dlt nttu rtr nmllr, r ntr-
ttt tmprr (trnhumn) nt prupr prmnnt l frtul
lulu XX. Llt u tr n rtr nmllr unt:Lt, Prpr ,
..Rtt, ftf rrmn rultur tr nl ft prtt m l n
nl u uprf mr trn rl: hl, Prn, Plur, ln, tlh
Ptln, frmt n lur lul p rnurl flu tl u r m nun r.
Dn u lurlr r (np), rultur unut m m ltr p
rnurl mrn Lt rrmn. Dup 1960 32, putul rultur u unut
mfr prn ntnfr xpltr tufulu (m tr u n nt), mnjr
pl, mr nnt rl l.

Dntr trl thn- ltr l n Dlt Dunr nr rturmulu


numrm r unt rft ptmt n n m mult numrm Trnur
pntru prtr frtlr prtur, xtn utlt lr pntru f urr t t lr
turt rturt n n t m un ( p urnt, , nl r), unr
t r nu unt rt ntt un tr tur t, t utn tt m mult
ttt pr nturl fr mprnt ntr n thnl nt
31 Nu, N., Turmul Dltr Durl, Buurt, tur xprt, 2000
32 Turu D., W J., nm Turmulu, tur urtmp, Tmr, 2008

utmtrlr, tr un funnr rumurlr, Funnr rft


trnprturlr ( frt, rutr, n l ..), ltt lr tt n mnul
turt, t n lt mn), r pntru prtr numulu turt, lt
rnr ltrlr, pultt, nfrmr lntl, l rr prrmlr
ltr p frt tnrr, tr hurlr hrlr turt, r r r r lr
p tnrrl ltt, prurr umntlr ltr, nr lr turt
t. 33

2.4

Rur turt

Dlt Dunr u r plr, rt t mpr llr tufulu,


rnurlr rnlr ltrl, mprtt n 3 r: hl, uln fntul
Ghrh. Dlt Dunr trt n mnt tlul lu m nu pmnt l r, l un
ntur prmt, frmt n plnt l un lt un, ltut n nml, tt
rtt un ntn p, prt u m tuf ntrrupt rn ur n prtt,
p r r pur l plp. t lul prfrt l prlr lt l lr
rptr, r mprt u pr mulm ptlr u l ur r nt. Frmul
turt l frm rtrtl trnulu: trmurl nu t n p, nll
rputr lurl lptr ppult n nul lr u l m frt ur pt.
D- lunul unu n nfr lt hm up ntmp. Prm r t xpl
, tt t u rlmnu- rptul tr. Dup trr rn,
tptr ntur rlt n tlr, unl up ltl, tr pt hrn.
Vr t luxurnt nt n pnjnul nl pr lurl u p n
lmp. ln plr tttr pr u flr nufr.

Tmn ntr rt mfn ulrlr: frun l pt frt nun


ru, prtlu, ln r; lurl mplt plt u l tru, n
lt. 34

P rnur utu prfumt l nt. rn n rm r


p h un luru nuu n r plurl l frun t
33 Gln V., Grf turmulu, tur Fun Rmn Mn, Buurt, 2005
34 Brn P., nk ., Nu N., nm turmulu, tur xprt, Buurt, 2001, p. 472

mprtt l prtr n prn mr. Mmfrl rtr n r ur un pntru


hn m mult u m pun prfun hrnr, ntrrupt num n mln t
rm. nll hlurl u lurl mptrt tuful rulu. 35

2.5

Prnpll t turt

2.5.1 Pur mnumnt l ntur

P uprft utt Dlt rmr tt nlt, mjrtr l, plpul)


p rr n nl lrt r r t. Lt t p ur-mnumnt flt l 7 km
u mun Prpr (rtul hl). - ltt p rnul u l num, n f
(hmur); prnt plnt trtr r n m trnn, u frm lnlr, ntr
rr pf - tjr rumr (ulr pt 25 m nltm), rnt, ulm, rn, plp
l nru, l, frn puf (rrtt tn). ptt ultur l , rp
pr.

rrmn, pur-mnumnt llt n tul rnulu u l num ntr


rtl uln f. Ghrh, t frmt r rt n plur. Flr fun unt
mntr lr m u. rnu, tut n xtrmtt u lulu mnm,
t nur pur nturl rn n Dlt. urt ulturul l.

2.5.2 Rr nturl

R - Buh - Lt, punt rpr l prmtrulu lr 12.000 htr


llt n prun Mtt n nrul Mrlu M ( rtul uln). Lul R,
Mrh mnr hlur, mltn tufl, plur u mr ln
pln, rt, tr, t nu, lptr. ln - Ztn ntn n u ul mun
fntu Ghrh p 21.000 htr lmtrf ltrlulu.
35 n Mr, nm rlr.Tr prt, -, turUrnu, Buurt 2003, p. 157

t uun rnur u lur lt, n mltn, p flu l


lmtr, lt npt, tuf, tr t un prll. Lurl Ztn, n pl, unt
lur pj, pp lt pntru l l mut, tr l , r l n,
tnu,-lptr. Prt - Brut - Gur Prtt ntnu pr u r r t
prnt, u pt 4.000 htr. n ul prn rn ur ut l t
pl mr r l lulu R m, prln m u m xtnt prlr trm u
rtur lr n pj. n ttl unt nmnlt 18 n trt prtjt.

36

2.5.3 Tr turt 37

Tul - nlul Ml 35 - rll r, nt - nlul l ut Dunr Vh - tul Ml 23 - rn - Mlu - Tul


Tul - Vtr - nll Lt, rn - rrmn - rn Mlu - Tul
Tul - Mlu - rn - nlul rn - rrmn - nlul
rrmn - lurl Puu, Ru, Rult - nlul Ru mputt - nlul Buru - uln - Tul
Murhl - nll Dunt, Drn - lful Hln - lul
Rm - Gur Prtt

Jurl - Gur Prtt

rn - Dunr Vh - nlul rl - rl Lptn - nlul


Lptn - Tr r
rn - Dunr Vh - nlul Mru - Dunr Vh - rtul
uln - rn

36 Brn P., nk ., Nu N., nm turmulu, tur xprt, Buurt, 2001


37 tnu, Dn, trt D Dltr n Turm, Plt, tur Prmr, 2006

3 ptlul 3. nl ttt rr turt l n lul


Dlt Dunr n pr 2000-2013
3.1

Nt mtl

Prntr ntr m rpr ntt pntru rtr r rul turt


fl: numrul turtlr, numrul m u turt, numrul l-turt; urt m
jurulu, nrl n turm, ntt rul turt, prfrn rlt turtlr
t. prt n t ntr (numrul turt, numr l-turt, nrl n turm)
n rt n nfrml furnt url mntt. n trul numr turt
n n umulr nfrmlr uprn n frt umnt ttt, luln u-
ft l frtul nulu lnrt, r p pr m m, n fun n l
utltrulu. t ntr pt trmn p ttl rul turt u p tpur
un, n turt t. ntrul numr m u turt n prn punr n
rl numrulu turt u un pt nm, putm n tfl: numr m u
turt p , lun u p ltrl, l munt t. t n tr rt ntntt rul
turt ntr-un numt ntrl (lnrt u n turt): 38
r= T
N
n
un: T um tur tlr nrtr ntr- pr t n numrul llr n
pr rpt
Numrul nnptr u numrul l-turt n n nr trrl n pl
r, prn numr numrulu l r l fru turt; pt trmn
p tpur unt r, p tpur un, p n pr nn turtlr t.
Durt m jurulu lul rprt ntr ttl l-turt ( NZT) numrul
turt (T):
s= NZT
D
T

38 Gu ., ttt n turm mr, tur r Prnt, 2009

t ntr rt tmpul m u (l) rmnr turtlr n pl


r rflt tfl pltt frt rn turtul ntr- numt n, r un
t. Dntt rul turt pun n l tur rt rul turt u ppul
rnt r (n, run) rptr. t ntr lul rprt ntr
numrul turtlr n n X (T) ppul r nt n X (P): 39

D=

T
P

D rul, t ntr r lr uuntr, r xt n (ju. ntn,


n pr n turt t l tn nlul 2,12 l ntt rul turt)
u r (pn, utr) n r lr t upruntr. Prfrn rlt turtlr
fr nfrm prn rntr rf fluxurlr turt m un n
rr (n, r t.); lul rprt ntr numrul turt ntr- r Y r
nrpt pr r X (T1) ppul rnt r rn Y (P): 40

Pr =

T1
P

lt mt nr prfrn rlt turtlr rpr nt punr n


rl numrulu turt ntr- r r t r B ( T1) ttlul mun
turt r rpt (T). t mt t n m pun prt trt
fptulu nu tt rl urmr fluxul turt (m turt):

Fr =

T1
T

Dntr ntr lr, m utl unt: lumul ttl l nrlr n


turm, r urmrt p n turt, p tpur un, p t mrl t.
nr m p -turt (turt), r lul rprt ntr lumul nrlr
numrul l-turt (turt). tttl ntrn l fr r pt r n pntru
lulr ltr ntr, nnutul lr lr nfrmnl fn xpr
urt mtlr utlt. ntr f lr rul turt fl

39 Brn P., nk ., Nu N., nm turmulu, tur xprt, Buurt, 2001


40 Gu ., ttt n turm mr, tur r Prnt, 2009

n prt ntrn ntrnnl f tul rlr m ttt l


rnmlr ntrnnl.41

3.2 nl frt turt


3.2.1 rtrr ttt pt r n funun
ntr lur pt r uprn truturl prmr
turt u funun r turt, ptt r xtnt n funun,
n utlr nt pt r turt n funun. trutur prmr
turt u funun r turt rprnt r ntru u mnjr r
furn n m prmnnt u nr rul r lt r pf
pntru turt (l turt, un lur, pnun turt, untt tp u, pnun
rturt). ptt mnm r ntlt pntru trutur prmr
turt t n lur pt, pntru f n rt trutur u funun r
turt. ptt r xtnt (ntlt) rpr nt numrul lur r
fln turt nr n ultmul t rp, ml r, lfr unt
r turt, xlu pturl uplmntr pt ntl n ntt.
ptt r n funun (pn l) rpr nt numrul lur r
r pt nf turt, nn nt numrul l t unt h truturl ntr-
numt pr, xprm n lur/ l. ptt r ft utl t t
fpt numrul turt/l.
ntr pt r, xprm n mrm lut, unt: numr
mr, numr lur, ptt r n funun (m/lur/ l), ptt
xtnt, prmnnt nr, p trutur unt r, t r nfrt,
frm prprtt, prum n nm. nl utl r pt n funun
xprm rprtul ntr ptt r pn l (lur frt) utl r
ft t tr turt ntr- pr trmnt.
P turt t prt ntrnt p, n nrl, p r lr, n
prtulr, r r trtur mun u l tr, r um
rtrt prpr. tfl, p turt pt f fnt fn nm lul trn lr
(tlr nr-umprr) l rr t l nttu pr ul turt, pr t n

41 nu, ., Turmul Fnmn l nm ulturl, Buurt, tur r Prnt, 2000

nxun u rll p r

p r l nr pul

rf n r

fr.
mn p rmn n nmplt, fr lur n n rr lr u
tr rlt l l rr frt. Dn t punt r, p turt
rprnt fr nm ntrfrn frt turt, mtrl t prn pr u
turt, u rr turt, mtrl t prn numul turt.
Dn t fn rult prtulrtl p turt, tr ut l lr
u tr: rr frt turt. prm prtulrtt p turt r ult
n rlul trmnnt l frt turt. frt t prput tr rr u frm
un mn, ntrut prn umulr ntt r tuturr nfrmlr prmt
umult fr turt ptnl. tfl, num turt pt pt
num n rprt u mn frt. M mult, nttul rt u frt turt
tlt - n tmpul numulu.
Rult tfl, lt prtulrtt p turt num lul frt
n u lul numulu, r nu u lul frmr rr. xt ltfl,
numr tu n r nu numtrul t l r upr h nr
unu pru turt. frt turt t r , nlt n tmp pu, nu pt f
tt u trnfrmt, t nnumt, pr , n hm rr turt
t frt lt upu unr prmnnt flutu trmnt nflun un
multtun ftr. t rtrt l frt rr turt mpl
nttun un lj ptnl ntr l, nfr t t turt un r
rt. rtrul frt l lr u mpnnt l p f m fl jutr
lr pt nu l pr unr mn, pl : frt t rr m;
rr mr frt nrpuntr; frt prt rr nntrt t.
P turt, mpnnt p r lr, prupun m ltt rr
(turtul tru pl), ltfl p nu r xt, n n l nfruntr rr
u frt turt.

nnutul p turt, xmnt t r nm

nm, nu pt f lmtt l um prlr nm r u l n m ft ,


tru xtn upr lr ptnl rpt upr lr r r put l.
ntrn tfl r lmnt (n fr rr frt rl) prum: rr
ntfut, rr n frmr, frt nnumt, frt p t. pr
pltt xtn n m rtul p turt, fr pr n nmtnt lr

u lmnt l l, rpt p turt fr frt u fr rr. Nun


p turt nt n t n pun prt um unt: p turt rl
(ft), p turt ptnl p turt trt. P turt rl t
frmt n nmlul rrlr r -u ntlnt n m ft , numrul tlr
nr-umprr fnlt. t tp p pt f xprmt prn n tr nr:
numr turt, numr l-turt, lumul nrlr n turm t. P turt
ptnl rprnt mnunl p r l-r f putut p turt n lt n
t l xtnt (lt frt, lt rr mnftt t.) Dfrn ntr p turt
ptnl rl t t mntul nnnumtrlr rlt . D n lt
n pl: utul rr turt pun lt mjl nt u ltfl
trut n tmp, u frt f m rft t., nnnumtr rlt pt
trnfrm n numtr ft . Nnr n n tmp pu rr turt
frt trmn f frt nnumt, f rr ntfut.
frt turt n pun l fnt mlr u frt r
fnl. frt turt t nttut n ptnlul turt nturl ntrp,
thn-mtrl, fr mun , up un utr, n l mrl r
pht uplmntr r. Ttltt r lr prtt prtr turm
rprnt pru turt, nmlul r m l rurl
mtrl ntr- frt ft r turt num ft.
P turt trt t t mnunl l l p r l-r put
p n r t mmr t r f prtpn l t tt turt. Dfrn ntr
p turt trt p ptnl rpr nt mntul nnnumtrlr
lu. r mfr -r pru n rul lmntlr p rmn nnnumtr
lu.
Prn trutur prmr turt u fun un r turt n l r
ntru u mnjr, r furn n m prmnnt u nr r ul
r lt r pf pntru turt. Nu uprn n truturl prmr
turt u funun r turt: truturl prmr flt n xlu tt
pr u hr, p urt m mr un n, n frnt lfr tr;
lunl unr l ppul, utlt n pur turt n m xlu
pr tr; mnl, ntrntl lr p pr nulu lr, unt l
ptlt, ltl.

Tl 3.1. lu pt r turt n funun

ptt
n
funun

ptt
n
funun
(m
lurl)

Mfrl
lut

t/1

t/t-1

n
nm %

t/1

t/t-1

Rtmul
nm %

R t/1

R
t/t-1

200
0

474,218

474

200
1

543,734

544

70

69.516

115%

115%

15%

15%

200
2

473,079

473

(1)

-70.655

87%

100%

-13%

0%

200
3

362,675

363

(112)

110.404

77%

76%

-23%

24%

200
4

491,243

491

17

128.568

135%

104%

35%

4%

200
5

563,460

563

89

72.217

115%

119%

15%

19%

200
6

578,270

578

104

14.81

103%

122%

3%

22%

200
7

571,274

571

97

-6.996

99%

120%

-1%

20%

200
8

556,074

556

82

-15.2

97%

117%

-3%

17%

200
9

542,696

543

68

-13.378

98%

114%

-2%

14%

201
0

542,696

543

68

100%

114%

0%

14%

201
1

566,486

566

92

23.79

104%

119%

4%

19%

201
2

643,173

643

169

76.687

114%

136%

14%

36%

201
3

658,921

659

185

15.748

102%

139%

2%

39%

Pntru tm ptt r n funun n urmtr tr n, m fl


fun jutr y = 340.81x + 2402.3, nut prn mt rf.

Tl 3.2. stmr ptt r

t (x)

Vlr jutt
up fun
Y=543.734+14(t
-1)

Vlr
jutt
up
fun y
=12x+603

2014

15

754

783

2015

16

768

795

2016

17

782

807

rm mt mn nu n lul fptul nul 2009 t unul pl


n punt r l pt n funun. tfl, ptt t mult m m

n n ntrr, mt mn plu m mult prn ultm n. tfl, jun m


tmm pt 782 lur- l prn t mt n 2016, f 807 lur- l
nfrm lr jutt.

3.3

nl rr turt

rr turt rprnt, r, ttltt rnlr mnftt u


nmnftt n, pntru prpr pr ul turt, p n numul turt t
frm mtrlr rr.
pr, tfl, u mlt xprmr rr turt:
) rr turt mnftt rr r - mnftt (xtrr t) ntr numt pr tmp, ntlnt u numr rr turt rl;
) rr turt nmnftt (nnrtt), r r xt ptnl n
np unu numtr r r put f lut untft p unu tu u
l lu rnlr; pt ntln u numr rr turt prumt.
rr turt rl rr turt pr umt frm rr turt
ptnl. Dr ntr rr turt num turt pt f nt n
punt r l lulu mmntulu frmr tr. rr turt frm
l lul rn l turtulu un ntur nul rr, fnt prn
rtrtl nm, l, plt, tn l turmulu ru prn.
numul turt, n hm, rl n rul nulu frt turt, n m
mult tp, furt n tmp pu:
nnt plr pr lul tn turt, r lt t (
xmplu, prurr hpmntulu mpr, lu prt t.)
n tmpul plr pr lul tn ( xmplu, trnprtul)
l lul tn (r, m, rmnt t.)
F. 3.1. tpl nsumulu turst
rr turt t frt lt upu prmnnt unr flutu, fln u
u nn un multtun ftr, ntur frt (nm, m rf,
phl, plt, njunturl t.).

rr turt rtr prntr-un r mr mplxtt


trntt, tur prupunn mntr p up r rtr :
rt, tr -prfnl, url num t.;
rr turt prupun un r mr mltt turtulu, urmr
rtrulu r l frt;
rr turt r un putrn rtr nr, urmr tr u n l
rtrulu nt l l frt turt, r trt pn n

rul

turt nl nturl.
Tt t prtulrt mprm p turt rtrul p p,
ru untft nflunt. L rnul u, numul turt prnt l r
rtrt, prntr r mntm, n prmul rn , n n n tmp pu
numulu turt pru turt. Vlumul numulu turt t trmnt
nlul prurlr ft ntul pnl l numtrlr. P ltt
numulu turt m f truturl, - pt prpr multpllr
l mpnnt n fun mfr r llr pr, nt, nfr lumulu
ll l numulu turt nt tltt. L rn ul lr, r lll pr nt
fl u nflun un multtun ftr r pt n n l tmp n l
n upr mlr, u lt n tmp num upr un ntr l. Un utr
rup t ftr n u mr tr:
trmnn nm-l;
trmnn mtnl.
F. 3.2. mprr p tr ftrlr r nflun rlll pr nt
Dtrmnn nm-l rprntt ntur, prur, tmp l r,
mnunl trutur ppul u rl tmult u rtrt , mprm rr
numt lttt lu.
rr turt, numul turt mnft putrn nntrr n tmp
pu, r n mt ; n pr t mt , l un mmnt t pt
prmn mt hn, rrr, u pt mn ntrul pntru fr, ntt
t.
P turt t prt ntrnt p r lr, n nrl p
rlr num, n prtulr. rr frt turt unt u ltur l p

rlr turm fn pful prtulrtl t n rprt u lt


r num.
rr pt f nlt : rr p turt, rpr ntn numrul
ttr rpuntr, rf t, n urul un pr prt, n n l
trmnt mu rpunn unu prrm mrktn pf; rr
ptnl rpun lmt tr r tn rr p, frturl mrktn
l trulu turt r l mxm. tfl, n l nm m un r
ptnlul p turt; pr un rr turt n , pntru pr tr
trmnt, r f nlul rr n fun frturl mrktn l nlr
nm. rr turt nt ntr- ntt pf trnfrm ntr-un
num pf. Pntru rr trnfrm ntr-un t num, tr u
nplnt tr n: tmp lr, nt pnl, mt.
run u lr turt nturl t prt rr lntr,
prlut lntr, ltt tr turt phntr
ln n tr runlr turt n u, up r nl p p
p prn ntrmul turtlr phntr. n prt, m mr prt turtlr
r un mprtmnt mntr. D mn, tr u mnnt fptul , n tmp, p
mur pt m mult xprn n mtr ltr, turt phntr pt
trnfrm, n prn punlr pntru tnl n, n turt lntr. D
pt nlun rr numul turt rtr prn l ltt n
mt

3.3.1 Nlul nm rlr


Tl 3.3. lu ssrlr

200
0

3589
9

Mfrl
lut

(m
r
)

t/1

36

t/t-1

n nm %

t/1

t/t-1

Rtmul
nm %
R t/1

R t/t1

200
1

4651
6

47

(428)

10.617

10%

130%

-90%

30%

200
2

3630
0

36

(438)

10.216

78%

8%

-22%

-92%

200
3

3739
3

37

(437)

1.093

103%

8%

3%

-92%

200
4

7324
1

73

(401)

35.848

196%

15%

96%

-85%

200
5

7757
6

78

(397)

4.335

106%

16%

6%

-84%

200
6

5516
2

55

(419)

22.414

71%

12%

-29%

-88%

200
7

7407
5

74

(400)

18.913

134%

16%

34%

-84%

200
8

9633
4

96

(378)

22.259

130%

20%

30%

-80%

200
9

7047
9

70

(404)

25.855

73%

15%

-27%

-85%

201
0

6841
4

68

(406)

-2.065

97%

14%

-3%

-86%

201
1

8156
7

82

(393)

13.153

119%

17%

19%

-83%

201
2

8800
6

88

(386)

6.439

108%

19%

8%

-81%

201
3

8099
2

81

(393)

-7.014

92%

17%

-8%

-83%

Pntru tm nm rlr n funun n urmtr tr n, m fl


fun jutr y = 35.628x + 228.51, nut prn mt rf.

Tl 3.4. stmr nm ssrlr

t (x)

Vlr jutt
up fun
Y=46.516+3(t1)

Vlr
jutt
up fun
y =3x+80

Vlr jutt
up fun
Y=+(t-1)

Vlr
jutt
up
fun y
=x+

2014

15

92

125

2015

16

95

128

2016

17

98

131

rm pl rtr lrt rlr n n Dlt Dun r n


urmtr 3 n. tfl, n 2016, -r put jun hr l pt 131 m r, n
u r n nul 2013.

3.3.2 Nlul nm nptrlr


Tl 3.5. lu nptrlr

nptr

nptr

(m)

200
0

108295

108

Mfrl
lut

t/1

t/t-1

n nm %

t/1

t/t-1

Rtmul
nm %
R t/1

R t/t1

200
1

101364

101

(373)

-6.931

21%

94%

-79%

-6%

200
2

79735

80

(394)

-21.629

79%

17%

-21%

-83%

200
3

75556

76

(399)

-4.179

95%

16%

-5%

-84%

200
4

130562

131

(344)

55.006

173%

28%

73%

-72%

200
5

154065

154

(320)

23.503

118%

32%

18%

-68%

200
6

141333

141

(333)

-12.732

92%

30%

-8%

-70%

200
7

146733

147

(327)

5.4

104%

31%

4%

-69%

200
8

175000

175

(299)

28.267

119%

37%

19%

-63%

200
9

124341

124

(350)

-50.659

71%

26%

-29%

-74%

201
0

108705

109

(366)

-15.636

87%

23%

-13%

-77%

201
1

130519

131

(344)

21.814

120%

28%

20%

-72%

201
2

133767

134

(340)

3.248

102%

28%

2%

-72%

201
3

191700

192

(283)

57.933

143%

40%

43%

-60%

Pntru tm nm nptrlr n funun n urmtr tr n, m fl


fun jutr y = 56.445x + 683.74, nut prn mt rf.
Tl 3.6. stmr nm nptrlr

t (x)

Vlr jutt
up fun
Y=101.364+6(t
-1)

Vlr
jutt
up fun
y =5x+141

Vlr jutt
up fun
Y=+(t-1)

Vlr
jutt
up
fun y
=x+

2014

15

191

216

2015

16

197

221

2016

17

203

226

Mt lrlr jutt rl r nptrlr n nul 2014 n Dlt


Dunr. tfl, t pl trt lp n tlr n nfrtrutur u trt
nurn turt n prt ltr n, Dt Dunr prt un numr m
m turt u turt r ptr m pun np n tml mnjt r.
Ttu lrl jutt prn ml mt pr rtr rlt mr pntru nul
2016.

3.3.3 nl mprt nm rlr nnptrlr


Tl 3.7. mpr prn nm rlr nnptrlr

Ttl
r
(m
prn
)

Ttl
nnptr
(m
l)

Mfr lut
f 2000
r

nnptr

Dnm f 2000

nnptr

200
0

35.899

108.295

200
1

46.516

101.364

10.617

-6.931

130%

94%

200
2

36.3

79.735

0.401

-28.56

101%

74%

200
3

37.393

75.556

1.494

-32.739

104%

70%

200
4

73.241

130.562

37.342

22.267

204%

121%

200
5

77.576

154.065

41.677

45.77

216%

142%

200
6

55.162

141.333

19.263

33.038

154%

131%

200
7

74.075

146.733

38.176

38.438

206%

135%

200
8

96.334

175

60.435

66.705

268%

162%

200
9

70.479

124.341

34.58

16.046

196%

115%

201
0

68.414

108.705

32.515

0.41

191%

100%

201
1

81.567

130.519

45.668

22.224

227%

121%

201
2

88.006

133.767

52.107

25.472

245%

124%

201
3

80.992

191.7

45.093

83.405

226%

177%

Dn 2012 pn n 2013, nptrl u rut n punt r lut m mult


t rl, pn n 2013 n putm r t u rtr prntul m
mr rlr t nptrlr, rr lut ft pt. D rmrt unt
n 2002 2006 n n t putm r tt rl t nptrl u ut.

3.4

rl ntr rr frt turt

Tl 3.8. rl ntr numrul nnptr ptt r

pt
t n
funun

2000

47
4,218

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

54
3,734

Ttl
nnpt
r

108,29
5

ptt
n
funun

4
74

101,36
4

44

47
3,079

79,735

73

36
2,675

75,556

63

130,56
2

91

154,06
5

63

49
1,243

56
3,460

Ttl
nnpt
r

x2

xy

108

224,883

51,355

101

295,647

55,115

80

223,804

37,721

76

131,533

27,402

131

241,320

64,138

154

317,487

86,809

Yx
0.1637X
295.6

=
+

373

385

373

355

376

388

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

57
8,270

57
1,274

55
6,074

54
2,696

54
2,696

56
6,486

64
3,173

65
8,921

141,33
3

78

146,73
3

71

175,00
0

5
56

124,34
1

43

108,70
5

43

130,51
9

66

133,76
7

43

191,70
0

6
59

Ttl

7,5
68

141

334,396

81,729

147

326,354

83,825

175

309,218

97,313

124

294,519

67,479

109

294,519

58,994

131

320,906

73,937

134

413,672

86,035

192

434,177

26,315

1,802

4,162,43
4

998,168

390

389

387

384

384

388

401

403

5,377

pt r rlt tul l ntr numrul nnptr ptt


r. fntul t n t fn r 0.16, rl m mfr frt
turt u 100 ntr-un n u lllt, u l m fr rrr r u 16.
ttt nlr nm n turm pt f nl t prn t
tr ntr, t utl n prt, r prmt lur nxun

ntr rr frt. n lulul tr ntr n n rr num prt


rr turt r - mtrl t prn num; nun rr rfr l rr
prpru- nu l rr ptnl:
fntul utlr ptlr r lult rprt ntr numrul
nnptr numrul lur-l l frt trutur prmr turt;
nl lu nnptrlr, ntr pt f lult p t r unt
turt u p tr lntl turt, n nul;
ntr rflt ttt mrl nlr j, lul n fun
rr ft u utlr frt.

3.4.1 ntr fn nm turmulu


Dtrt ftlr nm rt multpl frturlr rft t
fl lr un nur ntr ntt, fl m mul
ntr, fr ntrun prn fun untr l nr n lulu
nm tr, prum ntru frlr ftr. Prnn l fn
fn nm, ntt t n rprtul ntr ftul nm nut p urm
un tt prut frtul u hltull fut pntru nr unr ft
utl, ttt r rn trmn, prn mt l l pf, n tr r
mnur tt ftul, t frtul. ftul nm l n lul prtrulu
turm pt f prt prn urmtr n tr: lumul frlr mrfur, lumul
nrlr n prt, lumul nrlr lutr, pru nt, ntul nt,
umulrl nt, prftul t. frtul u hltull fut pntru nr unr
ft utl mr prn n tr: lr m nul fn urlr fx p
ntrprnr p t t turt, lr m nul mjllr rulnt,
ttlul hltullr rt n rt ftut pntru prtl turt, numrul m u
l lurtrlr prt p ntrprnr p t t turt, numrul m-r,
hltul u lrl lurtrlr prt p prtr turm p t t t.
Rulttl fnl l turmulu unt nflunt un mplx ftr ntrn u
xtrn, r u n r, l l u prl, r r ntr- mur m mr
u m m n rtr lumulu r prtt, h l u rtr
nrlr , mplt, ntulu nt.

3.4.2 ntr upr fr mun


Dtrt mprtn ftrulu trmnnt l t t nm, fr mun
n turm, t prnt r trtur pf, m pun ntlnt n lt tr
ttt. tfl, n mnul turmulu, pntru rl r t lr prpu
fn ntt, t nr n m n prmnn t l fnnr
mrl, t p r l r prtrul turm. ltl prnlulu n turm unt n
un mur trmnt ntur rlr prtt. n turm, n nul l m lr
l untulu, tn urmtrl flur t t: r prmr r;
rnr lmnt turtlr; r tr rmnt; r n r r
trnprt; prtr r uplmntr lt pful frtlr frm
turm. nl fr mun upt n trul turt pt rl prntr-un
tm ntr ttt, pt f trutur tfl:

ntr trutur fr mun p t r: prfnl, x, rt,


prum ntr nm;
ntr utlr tmpulu luru;
ntr prutt mun
ntr rprt, lu nm nrulu fr mun n turm:
pnr lurlr mun pnl p unt r turt n ttl
lur;
n mr lu n tmp lurlr mun;
ntrul mprtn turmulu furn r lur mun.
F. 3.3. Strutur ntrlr stt

3.4.3 ntr lt tt turt


t ntr pt f nr un nmlu mpnnt pf r,
ltur ntr pr nt n prrfl ntrr, ntr u l rtr r
mplt tt turt. t xprm lturl ltt l frt, ftl
l, ulturl-ut plt l n utr turt. Dfultl ntln n
mnurr lturlr ltt l turmulu pun mprnt upr m ulu
trmnr ntrlr pf. Dn t u , ftl lturlr ltt l
tt turt lu nrt. xmplu, n tr lt frt pt f
lu prn rtr/r rr urmr muntr/nrutr
rfr/nrfr rlr turt. Pntru t, u n lul: n lul
lt prtlr rfr r lr, r ul nfrt tr l untlr
turt, ntr mptt tt, ntr ptrr hl rulu l l
mulu nnjurtr. ftl l pt f prt prn ntrm ul n trlr
pf rtr rfr frtfr fr mun, prum ftl
ulturl-ut.
ntr l lt tt turt pt f utlt numrul turt r
t n prm t turt r rpt t ( u-tr r, ptru-n r,
m mult n r). T t n tr u rpt p nfrmr ftrulu nt
upr tr tmulu l un mmnt t u lu lu n tmp p lr pt lu
prn tnur nlt prn: mfr fluxurlr turt n f r
lr ntrnnl; nr unu lum m mr nr; prftur rnt ltt
uprr, p lr rur mtrl umn; rfr m r ;
ptmr trutur frt; rur hltullr; rtr pr ut t mun.
ltt rlr n turm tr u tfut prntr-un prnl rpun tr n
tt puntl r, pntru ur un turm m rn, mptt , fnt r
prtj mul.

nlu

Turmul rprnt un mnu r lt u un rtm t rp


pntru n pul u nl frt flt p p, nl tr u tt flul
n thn trt pntru - f unut frm rl frt. n - f
u un pul-nt rn n urr, r xplr t ur pl p r l
pr, nl tru pun l p tu frt t
fl t m mult rtf ntnt: l pht r t m trt
pn l frt prmnl xtrm prnlt.

Tnn tul nt ntr- mfr pulurlr, r pl p


frt n pntru r turtul r n nfrtrutur r - un
turr. Pntru - flt numtrulu l rl, tr u - fr rn unu
jur u, r pntru t l n t m mult nfrm: rur,
tl, plnt, frt nln, nrtrr , lum.

D mult r, pntru tr turt ntr- numt n, lur l rr unu


rnn rnl r un un rnt, r nl pl n frt
p t tr, fnu- unut ntnl prn prtpr l tr ur turm u
frt prmnl n fun n.

lu turmulu t nflunt r ftr ntr r trmnnt unt


nflun l u ltur rlt l p ftr rr turt ftr
frt turt. nl turmulu urmrr lu l rl u jutrul
unu tm ntr pf, t p mt l lul unfrm t p pln
mnl.

u jutrul tr ntr pf turmulu pt furn untf


nfrml nr unlr plt turt, prmn tfl murr ftlr
tr un. ntr turmulu pt f rup n u mr t r num
ntr l nl mrnm ntr l n l mrnm. n tr l n l
mrnm u ur tlr rtrl ttt pntru urmrr r ulttlr n

ttt turm um r f rprtl ttt prmt l n nm r u


n prprtt u mntr unt r turt pntru t tt turm
ntrn url mntrt

Prnplul t l rr t t turt t nrr ur nt.


Prnn l t prm, rlul trulu prt t nl. nnl nm
rultt n prmr turmulu, p rulttl tn l l frlr.
Dltr turmulu nr rtlr ll trulu pr t, prm
trutrlr, frmlr trn, htlurlr t. t pt ft upr
trulu tt prn rl r n nutr, tr n n urmr rr un
mn prp n.

ptr nfrtrutur, rnr lrlr, muntr m n n t.


un ft mt upr muntr n lulu tr l r nlr. tfl, frtul
r f fut n t n mntr ll tru nl n t p trmn
lun trt nflr nrl nut prn nmr turmulu, r
nt p trmn urt u nf mt pntru tn , tfl, pntru tt.

muntr mulu nnjurtr, runtr xtrn rl t prn


ttrlr l Dlt Dunr tn turt r nu l rtr
mnr ntrr ntt rnlr.

n nlu, nr fn t rt nnt mul n r unt


numt rurl, r numul t nflunt ltl mn rl. urr
unu mnmnt mptnt, pl munt ttt prtrlr turm
pntru rtr prftlt n n nurn n n m r , rpr nt
prlm fl, r rlr pn n mr mur uul u flmntul
prtrulu turm.

Blrf

1. Blur V., tu ., Vh ., Mrktn turst, . Urnus, 2005

2. Bn lmp, nm Turmulu ntrnnl, . Unrt Dn r,


2006

3. Brn P., Snk ., Nu N., nm tursmulu, tur xprt, Buurt,


2001

4. Brn, F., mn, T., Ntrnu, P. turm, Buurt, tur nm, 2000

5. n Pmp, Vlnu Ghrh, Nu B, Grf nrl


turmulu, tur Mtr Pr, Buurt, 2005

6. pr, ., Flthr, J., Glrt, D., Wnhll, ., Turm, Prnpl n Prt,


Fnnl Tms Mnmnt, 2008

7.

rtnu rtn, nm mtrlulu: trn tl ntrnnl u r ,


tur ll Bk, Buurt 2000

8. Dnu Mhl, Grf tursmulu, . Dt P, Buurt, 2002

9. Gln V., Grf turmulu, tur Fun Rmn Mn, Buurt,


2005

10. Gu ., ttt n turm mr, tur r Prnt, 2009

11. Hpnu V. ., rtr sttt n turm, tur D t P ,


2003

12. nu, ., Turmul Fnmn l nm ulturl, Buurt, tur


r Prnt, 2000

13. n Mr, nm rlr.Tr prt, -, turUrnu,


Buurt 2003

14. Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001

15. Nu, N., Turmul Dltr Durl, Buurt, tur xprt, 2000

16. Nu, Vl, Mnmntul Turt l rlr Turt, Buurt,


tur yl, 2002

17. Nl l., P Turt, Buurt, tur Dt P, 2003

18. tnu, Dn, trt D Dltr n Turm, Plt, tur Prmr,


2006

19. Turu D., Ws J., nm Tursmulu, tur urstmp, Tmr, 2008

20. http://www.ltunr.r/

21. http://www.turstnf.r/n-lt_unr/r-htlur-l-pnsun- nlt_unr.html

22. http://rt.r/r-lt-unr/
23. http://www.nftrlrmn.r/rul.html
24. http://www.nss.r/ms/r/ntnt/tursm
25. http://mkt.unwt.r/pultn/unwt-tursm-hhlhts-2014-tn

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