Fak Social Forestry and its Relevance ‘The Social Forestry programmes in India i ane af tha targest and mat innovative experiments in partici- patory forestry anywhere; and also cone of the largest interventions designed to improve the productivity and use of community land. Social Forestry had its formal origins in India with the report of the National Commission of Agriculture of 1976, which recommended growing trees on lands accessible to village people in order to reduce the pressures on forests set aside for production forestry brought about by mounting rural demands for fuel, grazing and other forest products. Te was then that India embarked upon a social forestry project with the aim of taking the pressure off the forests and making use of all unused and fallow land Social forestry projects and pro- grammes were initiated in most states during the first half of the 1980s, Government forestareas that are close to human settlement and have been degraded over the years due to human activities needed to be affore- sted. Trees are to be planted in and around agricultural fields. Plantation of trees along railway lines and roadsides, and river and canal banks are also carried out. They are planted in village common land, Government ‘wasteland and Panchayat land Aims and Objectives of Social Forestry ‘The basic objective of social forectey is toinersare the tre cover by utilizing the fallow land of individual farmer and the community as well so fas to make a natural resource co nomically viable. The other objectives Of social forestry are: = Ratsing plantations by the com- mon man so as to meet the growing demand for timber, fuel ‘Wood, fodder, ete hereby reduc- ing the pressure on the tradi- tional forest area. “+ Formally recognising the local communities’ rights to forest PD/July/2015/57 “Actually, 'm an overnight success, But it took twenty years.” to India “+ Encouraging rural participation in the management of # + Involving community pasticipa- iow, as pait of @ dive towards afforestation, and rehabilitating the degraded forest and common lands. ‘The need for a social forestry scheme was felt as India has a domi nant rural population that still depends largely on fuel wood and other biomass for their cooking and heating, This demand for fuel wood will not come down but the area under forest will reduce further due to the growing population and increasing human activities. Categories of Social Forestry Scheme Social forestry scheme can he categorized into following groups (Farm forestry, (i) Community forestry, (ii) Extension forestry and, (iv) Agro-forestey (i) Farm Forestry—Farm forestry is defined as : The incorporation of commercial tree growing and man agement by farmers into farming systems for the production of both wood and con wood products, increasing agricultural productivity and encouraging sustainable natural resource management. Farm forestry involves the practice of growing trees on privately owned agricultural land and wasteland, including degraded forests. It has been described by the World Bank as “the least costly and economically the most effective approach to afforestation of the rural areas” . If farm forestry can be shown to be economically viable for rural farmers with farms of varying sizes, great gains can be made in affores- tation efforts. However, itis yet to be established how the returns from farm forestry compare with incomes from other forms of land use and how the farmers’ productive capacity and access to necessary inputs affect the —0+.$.S'S.Chauhan| uration of their interest in growing trees. At present in almost all the countries where social forestry pro- grammes have been taken up, com- -rnimenaerial arm foareial ind. forestry is being promoted in one form or the other. Individual farmers are being encouraged to plant trees fon their own farmland to meet the domestic needs ofthe family. In many areas this tradition of growing trees oon the farmland already exists. Non- commercial farm forestry is the main theust of most of the social foxeslry projects in the country today. Its not always necessary that the farmer grows trees for fuel wood, bul very often they are interested in growing trees without any economic motive They may want it to provide shade for the agricultural crops; as wind shelters; soil conservation of to use wasteland. Farm Forestry Industrial plantations typically owned and managed by corpo- rations, [Native forestry on public land, Industrial plantations on farms managed by farmers may invalve lease of joint venture schemes. Woodlots, alley farm plantings and sheltesbelts with an intended ‘wood products harvest or envi- ronmental fee for service. Private native forestry on farms Enviconmental tree planting or tree regeneration with no direct ‘commercial ret, Farm forestry is increasingly promoted as a national strategy likely to deliver important benefits in assist- ing the move to more sustainable agriculture, enhancing the viability of regions through industry develop- ment and employment, ar reducing the trade deficit in forest products. Despite its apparent potential for economic, environmental and social gains for individuals and the wider Community, viable farm forestryindustries are still developing. While some small-scale growers have deve- oped farm forestry independently of lM RET pve most choose to link with industry before harvesting. However, grower- industry links have been identified as one of the constraints to farm forestry adoption. Origin and Development ot Farm Forestry in India While farmers in India have baon practicing farm forestry for genera~ tions, concerted efforts to promote it oon a large scale have started only in the past 40-50 years. The origin of large-scale tree plantations on non- forest lands (social forestry) can be traced to the report of the National Commission on Ageiculture (NCA), 1976. Although earlier there had beet sporadic efforts in several. states, social forestry evolved as a national programme only after the publication of the NCA report, government support for plantations on non-forest lands increased substantially. Many states also formulated special projects and obtained financial assistance from international aid agencies. A large investment was made in social forestry through these internationally funded projects. Initially, the main focus was on common land plantations and farm forestry targets were kept modest: This was because the planners believed that farmers would plant only a few trees on homesteads or farm boundaries. Contrary to expecta- tions, many farmers adapted farm forestry enthusiastically. But they did not plant trees to moet their fuel wood and fodder needs, asthe planners had supposed. Instead, they planted trees on their farm lands for sale in the market, The popularity of farm fores try in the eighties can be gauged from the fact that over nine billion trees ‘were planted on private lands bet- ‘ween 1980 and 1988. The acceptance of farm forestry was not uniform throughout the country. Its popularity was largely limited to the regions characterised by commercial agriculture such as areas in north-west India. It failed to take off in the regions where agriculture was subsistence oriented such as Odisha, Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Similarly, PDiJuly/2015/S8 “Keep steadily before you the fact that all true success depends at last upon yourself.” FoCOM farmers in the semi-arid millet grow. ing regions of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka id nint take to trae planting in signi- ficant numbers, except in those parts that had commercialised and in districts Kolar, Bangalore and parts of Tumkur ‘The main motivation for farmers to take up farm forestry was to earn cash income rather than to produce fuel-wood and fodder or improve environmental conditions. Farmers planted commercial species for sale in the market. Eucalyptus and poplar were the main species in the north- western region comprising Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. In the southern states, euce- Iyptus, casuarinas and babul (Acacia nilotica) were the major species. On the whole, however, eucalyptus was by far the most popular. ‘The success of farm forestry, even in commercialised regions, was shost- lived. Farmers bogan to abandon it by the mid-eighties as they failed to get the kind of retums they had expected. Reasons for the decline of farm fowsty are “+ Inappropriate silviculture + Marketing problems : + Disabling laws and policies; “+ Loss of agricultural production (Gi) Community Forestry—Com- munity forestry is defined as, “any situation which intimately involves local people in a forestry activity. It embraces a spectrum of situations ranging from woodlots in areas which are short of wood and other forest products for local needs, through the growing of trees at the farm level to provide cash crops and the proces- sing of forest products at the house- hold, artisan or amall industry level to generate income, to the activities of forest dwelling communities.” Tt focuses on the plantation of trees on community land and not on private land as in agro forestry. Community forestry has twin objective, First, utilizing fallow land of gram pan- chayats for a common cause; second, increase the tree cover. Besides, It also puts a break on the unauthorized grabbing of community land. Thus, community forestry was perceived as encompassing activities by individual households, women and men farmers and other people. as well as those involving, a community as a whole. ‘Community forestry has follow. ing elemento: ++ ‘The provision of “fuel and other ‘goods essential to meeting basic needs at the rural household and ‘community level.” + The provision of “food and the environmental stability necessary for continued food production” and + ‘The generation of “income and employment in the rural com- munity.” The government has the respon- sibility of providing seedlings, fert- lizer but the community has to take responsibility of protecting the trees. Some communities manage the plan- tations sensibly and in a Sustainable manner so that the village continues to benefit. Some others took advant- age and sold the timber for a short- term individual profit. Common land being everyone's land is very easy’ to exploit. Over the last 40 years, large scale planting of Eucalyptus, as a fast ‘growing exotic, has occurred in India, making it a part of the drive to reforest the subcontinent, and create an adequate supply of timber for rural communities under the augur of ‘social forestry.’ ‘As programmes and_projects were put in place, a number of patterns began to emerge which were at variance with what had heen assumed or intended : > Much greater success was echicved with participation by individuals than by communal groups; © Neither individuals nor groups appeared to share the perception that priority should be accorded to planting trees to. provide fuelwood; © Individual farmers in many places pursued the planting of frees for sale and for other purposes of economic value, Such as fodder and fruit, with considerable vigour; ‘The growing of trees as cash crops” attracted considerable criticism in some countries on the grounds that it had negative impacts on food supplies, rural employment and, in some cases, on the environment, ’ PG FYPrabigogiteDanpan POF. com | epee: ASS OR es A RR Eo gL ICTS jlown around'or among crops oF pasturelané. W combines agricultural and forestry technologies to ccate more diverse, productive, profiable, heathy and sistaoable ands systems “Analy frstry sa system of planned, managed forests, primarily employed in topical or ‘ibttopicl ates. The frets are designed to mimic te Tuncton and elegy of te pe- txsting climax vegetation forthe area, and at ls designed to provide economic beets I ro tooo seta etal teenie wal sal = spread t India, Vietnam Philippines Austalia, Per, Bader, Colombia, Bae, Costa Ries, Dominican Repub Hendry, Mexico,Canad, Kenya and Zimbabwe a present Arboriulture the clivation. management. andy of individ ea shu vines. and ‘ther prenal woody plants itis bia practice and scence Close to nature forestry is theory and practice that takes the forest as an ecosystem and manage ito ach Its based on fedugedhumar intervention tht should he dined 0 fcovorate he processes that natare would do by elf more sony. rane at overcoring the divorce betweunTorstalst and scslogt management syeiems of ore. Av an important consequence, it conclides that propely applic, # wold render the agregohion of forest Inns nto productive andtserey’ or maa packs unncesay. Commit esr san evn branch of forestry whereby the local community plays a Significant role in forest management and and uss decision making hy themselves in the iseltating support of government as wel as change agents It involves the pertcipation and colabrason of varius sakeholsers cua contmariy, government and non-government ‘xgancations (NGOS) Ejresry has been defined s selection forestry of restoration forestry. The main ide of Eceforenity i to maintain or restore the forest to sandarde where te forest ray sil be harvested for products on a sustainable basis. Ecoforesty is forestry thal emphasizes helistic practices which veto protet and restore ecosytens rather thn masini econo imi productty ney forestry form of forestry in which a fast growing species of tre or woody shel is frou spcticaly to provide biomass or bua fo eating power enertion. {Ther form energy forestry sre dor rotation coppice and short tation frcty Shr stain epee tmp of El LEE pron Sie? yas te hare {Short rotation frety oe rope of Ader, Ash Birdy Eucalyptus, Pepa and Sycamore, grown for 10.20 year belore harvest. _Mgeafortry sa ecological forest management sytem implemented to enhance forest eco: ‘yf afl pln cotamunitice igh ue Intaducom of nycoren lan apro- Sophie fang Mlycforestry considered type of permaculre and can be implemented a4 felicia ormponent of an agroforestry eystem. Mlycforstry can enhance the ye of tee crops and produce edible mushrooms, an economically vluable product. Mycoforsty is an altemative to the practice of clear citing which removes dead wood Irom forests, Tereby Giminishing nue avalbty nd reducing sl apt Persist is an approach tthe wil-eniting and harvesting of the forest biomass that then Culuvaduut Maprove Ue nutussl hutnunlous syste, it a feauuiship ‘finerdependence between humans and the natal jem which the amount of Boman fvalabe om the forest incraues wth he esl natural sytem $Xplntation a inrge pice of lon (or ester usualy ropa or serstopial aoa where ane crop. epeciically planted for widespread commercl sale and wal tended! by ‘sient tourer. The cops grown include fast rowing tes (ten confers) caton, cole, tahscco, suger cane, set oil seeds (e.oll paling) rubber tose, and’ various Fl Protectonist policies and natural comparative advantage have sometimes contibuted 0 Aterining wher plantations were ected Soca frsry means the management and protection of forests and aforestation on barren lands wh te puspse of help the enconmesal sal nd sural development Sutaable fest nagenent SEM the management of forests according to the principles ‘of astainable developmen, Sustainable fret anagement esos vey boat sical, econcic snd environmental gals A range of forestry Inctuions nov practice various forme of ‘Stun foe management etl broad range of methods ond ols are avilable tat have been ested overtime a pace Urban frestry isthe eateful care and. management of wrx forests, i, tree popu tigns in urban stings forthe purpose of improving the urban envionment. Urtan Forest Avocent sole of tres aso cial pat of te urban inate Unban foresters plank and maintain trees, sport sppropriate ree and forest preservation, conduct reseich and Promote the many beneds tees provide. Urban forestry ie practiced by municipal snd ee ae eee acl one eerie ea cee Planners, consultant educator researchers and eommurity activins. Sitvicutre edhe practice ofcantling the establishment, gouth composition, health and ‘Quality of forests fo mest diverse needs and values. The name comes from the Latin si Tore) culture (an in growing). The study of foresta and woods i teed slvelogy Sivicutre as focuses on making se thatthe teatments) of forest sands are ed Yo reserve and to beter ther product. S.No. TypeofForestry 1) Agpotorestiy 2. Analog Forestry 3. Arboriculture 4. Close toNature Forestry 5. Community Forestry 6. Reoforestry 7. Energy Forestry 8.) Mycoforestry 9. | Permaforestry 10. Plantation Forestey 11, | Social Forestry 12, Sustainable Forestry 13, Urban Forestry 14, Silviculture PD/July/2015/59 “Success isthe sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” v Orde eamCommunity forestry was there. fore soon confronted with the need to reassess what was being done and to respond to the lessons being learned, (iii) Extension Forestry—Planting of trees on both sides of roads, canals and railways, along with planting on wastelands is known as ‘extension’ forestry, increasing the boundaries of forests. Under Extension Forestry, road side parks and recreation centres have been created to improve the quality of life of the people. Under this project there has been creation of a woodllts in the village common lands, government wastelands and panchayat lands, Schemes for afforest- ing degraded government forests that are close to villages are being carried ut all over the country. Rond side plantation has been @ key feature of road development from the time immemorial. India’s one of the oldest national highway in true sense—The Grand Trunk Road from Peshawar to Kolkata-constructed by Sher Shalt Suri hasa very rich treasure of large trees of mangoes, jamun, sheesham, pakar. In earlier times, the trees were planted on either side of theroad to provide shade and shelters to road uses-mainly the pedestria or slow moving vehicles such as bullock carts. With the introduction of motorized vehicles the importance of road side plantation has increased many fold to neutralize the adverse impact of air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel by thes vehicles. Road side plantation also increases the appearance of highway by adding varieties and aesthetic appeal of surrounclings because of their foliage, flowers, and shape. Vegetation along the roads and canals also protects the slops against the terosion by rain and winds and checks the advancement of desert, which is one of the important factors in arid and semi-arid zones. Planting of trees and shrubs along roads follows variety of schemes, such as, avenue plantation ina single or multiple rows along the road side, group plantation on the plots of land adjoining the ational highways, or mixed planta tion involving varieties of species. Although, the strip plantation has been given preference over other forms of plantation along road side, the group plantation is considered far PD/July/2015/60 “Some people dream of success. ia Danpan POF. com superior for compensatory forestation. as it requires less cost to grow and maintain, besides providing better enviennment Camipplantation i alan suited commercially as it involves less cast and easier to manage. (iii) Agro-forestry—Agro-fores- try is defined as a land use system which integrate trees and shrubs on farmlands and rural landscapes to enhance productivity, profitability, diversity and ecosystem sustain- ability. It is a dynamic, ecologically ‘based, natural resource management system that, through integration of woody perennials on farms and in the agricultural landscape, diversifies and sustains production and builds social institutions. Agre-tornatey apetions inetd both traditional and modern land-use systems where trees are managed together with crope and or/ animal production systems in agricultural settings. Agro-forestry is practiced in both irrigated and rain fed conditions where it produces food, fuel, fodder, timber, fertilizer and fiber, contributes Ww fond, wuteitivnl ail evo security, sustains livelihoods, alle- viates poverty and promotes produc- tive and resilient erupping, unl farm ing environments. Agro-forestry also has the potential to enhance eco- system services through carbon storage, prevention of deforestation, biodiversity conservation, and soil and water conservation. In addition, States/UTs-wise Tree Green Cover under Agroforestry (Area in Sq. Km) StatesUTS Geographical | Tree Green [Tree Gieen Cover ‘Area(Sg-km) | Cover Sq-km)| a8 St0GA “Andis Pradesh 27508) 224 299 “Arunachal Pradesh 3783 210 a2 ‘Assam 7538 32. 500 Bihar 94163 450 485 Chhattisgarh 16191 as8 aa Delhi 1483 B 17 Goa 3702 230 736 Cujaeat seca nse el Haryana 4212 133 3m Himachal Pradesh 55673 238 5 Jammu de Kashmie a2 278 123 Jharkhand rons 3358, 421 Kamataka wir 080 318 Keven 9960 000 37 ‘Madhya Pradesh 208245 6785 219 Maharashtra ans 1806 384 Manipur zur eo an Meghalaya mmo 1876 836 Mizorem 21.081 464 20 Nagaland 16379 7 020 Odisha 155707 3196 330 Panjab 50.362 185 325 Ksjasthan 32239 833 245 ski 7036 12s 10 Tamil Nadu 130058 4390 333 Tripuca 10.86 776 549 Uttar Pradesh 240928 7082 295 Utaralchand 53485 11566 368 ‘West Bengal a5732 4018 453 A&Nilands 8219 ° 039 Chanigarh is ° 000 Dada & Nagar Havel, 1 6 1136 Daman & Dit uz ° a9 Lakshadweep 2 16 5000 Paduche 380 16 339 Toval 3287285 nist 339 hile others wake up and work hard at it"Ah com when strategically applied on a large = Village Woodlots : Naturally = Setting up a National Agro- scale, with appropriate mix of species, growing trees/planted trees on forestry ‘Mission or an Agro- agro-forestry enablesagricultural land community land , forestry Board to implement the to withstand extreme weather events, > Block plantations : Patches cover National Policy by bringing, co such as floods and droughts, and ing an area of more than 0.1 _—_ ordination, convergence and climate change. hectare and not falling in any of SYReFaY among, various elements Agroforestry has significant the above, of agro-forestry scattered in potential to provide employment to © Road side plantations, various existing, missions, pro- rural and urban population through = Pond side plantations, grammes, schemes and agencies Pertaining to agriculture, envi Fonment, forestry, and ruzal development sectors of the production, industrial application and = Railway li value addition ventures, Current esti mates show that about 65% of the ide plantations, = Canal side plantations, = Homestead country’s timber requirement is met Governine from the wees grown on farms. Agro: Tees appearing in the house & mproving, the productivity forestry also generates significant Premises and not covered in employment, income and liveli- employment opportunities. Itis also __ above three categories, and hood opportunities of rural recognized that agro-forestry is per. = Others: Trees not falling in any of households, especially of the haps the only alternative to meeting _the above categories smallholder farmers through agro-forestry. = Meeting the ever increasing demand of timber, food, fuel the target of increasing forest or tree cover to 33 per cent from the present level of less than 25 per cont, as devel of Jess than 25 per cent, 2 Keeping in view the importance fodder, fertilizer, fibre, and othet Policy (1988) of agto-forestry inenvironmental sus-_agro-forestry products; conserv’ : tainability, employment and income ing the natural resources and Important parameters for AgtO- soneration; supply of food, fodder forest; protecting the environ- forestry—The most important para- Fa) moter for agro-forestry is ‘category of yy plantation / tree’ and recorded as : ment & providing environmental Ministry of Agriculture and Coopera-SECUNEY, and increasing | the tion, has announced the National fg. increase the. availability. of = Farm Forestry : Trees in small Agro-forestry Policy, 2014 with these from outside the. natural patches up to hectare in area, following goal forests, timber, fertilizers and fiber Gr IPKAR'S FOOD CORPORATION OF INDIA, management |Esnn TE TRAINEE Clerk RECRUITMENT EXAM. Recruitment Exam. (Paper-I) (including Previous Year's Solved Paper) (For General/Depot/Movement/Accounts/ ah ‘Technical/Civil Engg./Mechanical Engg./ code No. 1059, ¢ 240 Electrical Engg.) | WI Ty: De Tal & Jain Cove No 1405 Ena z Gonoral Knowlodge Current Affairs fae Buen © General Awareness \ anne aeent General Science * General Science "TRAINEE wy, Logical Reasoning © Current Affairs ore Computer Knowledge * Reasoning Quantitative Aptitude * Data Analysis General English renee ereny General Hindi ‘© Computer Awareness —— PKAR PRAKASHAN 211A, Sean Sa oghragre iz m7 UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA -2 u SN eS a Baa Femail :care@upkarin Website : www.upkar.in PD/July/2015/61FoCOM Objectives af National Agra- Forestry Policy, 2014 ‘The basic objectives of National Agro-forestry Folicy are: (i) Encourage and expand tree plantation in complementarity and integrated manner with crops and livestock to improve productivity, employment, income and livelihoods of rural households, especially the small holder farmers Protect and stabilize ecosystems, and promote resilient cropping and farming, systems to mini- mize the risk during extreme climatic events ‘Meet the raw material require- ‘ments of wood based industries and reduce import of wood and wood products Io save foreign exchange. Supplement the availability of agro-forestry products (AFPS), such as the fuel-wood, fodder, 3, non-timber forest produce and small timber of the rural and tribal populations, thereby reducing the pressure on exist- ing forests Complement achieving the target of increasing forest/tree cover to promote ecological stability, especially in the vul- nerable regions. Develop capacity and streng- then research in agro-fo utd Ueate «massive people's movement for achieving these objectives and to minimize pressure on existing forests. the Gi) Git wv) w wi) Bioproducts Derived from Biomass Bioproducts derived from biomass ‘rented through permaforestry include: honey, maple syrup and other tree saps, gourmet foods, functional foods, berries, wild mushrooms, ginseng, wild ice, herbs, fiddleheads, fish, frogs and crustaceans, pharmaceuticals, natural health products, essential ols, educa tional products, arts and crafts, deco rative products, floral and greenery, garden horticultural products, wood eee eee ade ind bioen. Strategy and Pathway |. A Mission or Board should be established for implementing the PDiJuly/2015/62 “For true success ask yourself these four questions: Why? Why not? Why not me? Why not now ®" agro-forestry policy. It will pro- vide the platform for the multi- stakeholders to jointly plan and identify the prinritiee and ctra- tegies, for inter-ministerial co- ordination, programmatic con- vergence, financial resources mobilization and leveraging, capacity building facilitation, and technical and management support, Such an. institutional arrangement will ensure that agierforeslty gelsequal Lealaient with other agriculture enter prises, because at present whether in the sphere of markets, institutional finance, or research and extension, agro- forestry is ata sub-optimal level Agroforestry Mission/Board should be located in the Depart- ‘ment of Agriculture and Coope- ration (DAC) in the Ministry of Agriculture (Mo). ‘The actual implementation may involve convergence and dove- tailing with a number of pro- grammes. They may include, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Pro- (MGNREGA), Inte- grated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP), National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRIND, National Bamboo Mission, Kisan Mahila Sashaktikaran —_Pariyojana, Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB), Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH), National Green India Mission, Warehouse Development and Regulation Act 9007 (WNRA), CAMPA fund. State Government may identify a Nodal Department for implementing the Agro-forestry Mission /Board. At the district level, nodal agency may be Agriculture Technology Manage- ment Agency (ATMA) or any other department in he identified by the State, with other partners such as the Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), Van Chetna Kendiras, Farmer's Associations, NGOs, private sector, Self Help- gramme Groups, Farmers! Canperatives, Farm Producer Organizations, ‘and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIS) exe, 4. Simplify regulatory mechanism, 5. Decentralized institutions of local governance, such as the PRI, Gram Sabhas, Joint Forest Man- agement Committees (IMCs). Eco-Development Committees oF other similar people's institu- ema, auich as three dor the Forest Rights Act (FRA), Pancha- yats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 (PESA) ete. may be considered for playing a role in the regulatory mechanisms, 6. Develop a sound database and information system. 7. Investing in research, extension and capacity building and related services. 8 Improving farmers’ access to quality planting material 9. Providing institutional credit and insurance cover for agro-forestry. Facilitating increased _participa- tion of industries dealing with agro-forestry produce. 11, Strengthening farmer access to markets for tree products, Incentives to farmers for adopting agro-forestry. 13, Promoting agro- forestry for renewable biomass based energy. 10. R. sustainable Gurkar's asuiTarueseerTon OFFICER Preliminary Exam. By : Dr. M.B. Lal, Abhinav Misr] & Dr. Shatrughan Tripathi Code No. 1599 7299). Main Features 2 Geol trowtge Ore ts Gene once Peon Pane Code 18 “Po Cod of Croco, 1073 2th doe Ac 1672 ta Praexh Pola eg ers oe Pica Bc, 186) Code 1056 e240. Pay qe q iS