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Introduction
EN 1993-5 Piling
Development of Eurocode 3
EN 1993-1-2 Fire
National Annex
EN 1993-1-6 Shells
EN 1993-1-8 Joints
EN 1993-1-9 Fatigue
EN 1993-1-11 Cables
EC3 Structure
Separate sections
for different
elements types
Structure of Eurocode 3
e.g. Beams,
Plate Girders,
e.g. Tension,
Compression,
Bending, Shear
EN 1993-2 Bridges
Compression
members...
Sub-parts can be
applied to any
element
The arrangement of
the sub-parts means
less duplication of
rules
Different Axes
Informative subscripts
BS 5950
Along the
member
Major Axis
Minor Axis
Eurocode 3
Therefore:
Gamma Factors
Partial factor
M
UK NA
value
Application
M0
1.00
Cross-sections
M1
1.00
Member
Buckling
M2
1.25
Fracture
Different Wording
Action force or imposed displacement
Omissions
Verification check
Notable omissions:
Resistance capacity
Effective lengths
Use BS 5950 effective lengths
Different Symbols
BS
5950
EC3
BS
5950
EC3
BS
5950
EC3
py
fy
Wel
Mx
My
pb
LTfy
Wpl
pc
fy
Ix
Iy
Iw
Iy
Iz
It
Deflection limits
Refer to National Annex
Combination Factors
Loading
Introduction to EN 1990
ULS Checks
Action
0 1
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic/residential
areas
0.7 0.5
Category B : office areas
0.7 0.5
Category C : congregation areas 0.7 0.7
Category D : shopping areas
0.7 0.7
Category E : storage areas
1.0 0.9
Category F : traffic area, < 30kN 0.7 0.7
Category G : traffic area, 30 160 0.7 0.5
kN
0.7 0
Category H : roofs
Snow (sites up to 1000m)
0.5 0.2
Wind
0.5 0.2
Table 2: Extract from Table NA.A1.1
Combinations of Actions
Equation 6.10
Actions
result.
Equation 6.10
Qk
Equation 6.10a
Partial Factors
Unfavourable
Favourable
1.35
1.0
Q
1.5
0
Table 1: Partial Factor values from the UK NA
Equation 6.10b
jG,jGk,j + PP + Q,1Qk,1 + Q,i0,iQk,i
j is 0.925 (From NA 2.2.3.2)
2
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.3
0
0
0
Analysis Types
First-order elastic
Second-order elastic
Non-linear material
behaviour
Linear material
behaviour
Second-order elastic
First-order plastic
Deformed Geometry
Analysis Type
Initial Geometry
First-Order Analysis
A first-order analysis may be used if the
following criteria is satisfied:
cr 10 for elastic analysis
cr 15 for plastic analysis
cr =Fcr/FEd
cr
FEd
Fcr
Joints
Clause 5.1.2 deals with joint modelling
HEd
VEd
Amplifier
If 10 > cr 3.0
Action
First order Analysis
First order analysis plus amplification
10>cr >3
or effective length method
cr 3
Second order analysis
Table 2: Actions to be taken once cr has been
calculated
Summary
1) Model the Frame
Imperfections
= 0hm
= 1/200 = 0.005
Thickness
Material toughness
Tensile Stress
Steel toughness
Steel toughness is measured by Charpy V-notch
value. The Charpy test measures how much energy is
absorbed by a steel sample, at a given temperature.
S275 JR
obtained at +20C
S275 J0
obtained at 0C
S275 J2
obtained at -20C
EN 1993-1-10
The method given in the Eurocodes can be quite
complex to use, it is recommended that you use
Published Document PD 6695 instead.
The service temperature is lowered i.e. it becomes a
reference temperature. Refer to table 2.1 of the
Eurocodes so determine the steel sub grade, below is
an extract from that table.
fy(t)
fy(t) = fy,nom 0.25 (t/t0)
but t0 = 1mm, so fy(t) = fy,nom 0.25 (t) .
PD 6695-1-10
Published Document is much Simpler to use
PD 6695-1-10 Tables
Table 2 Maximum thicknesses for internal steelwork in buildings for T md = -5C
Classes
Limits
The limits between the classes depend on the factor
which is calculated using fy, the yield strength of the
steel.
Factor
BS 5950
EC3
Plastic
Class 1
Compact
Class 2
Semi-compact
Class 3
Slender
Class 4
BS 5950
EC3
= (275/py)0.5
= (235/fy)0.5
235
275
355
420
460
1.00
0.92
0.81
0.75
0.71
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Image
Source: http://www.steel-insdag.org/new/pdfs/Chapter8.pdf
fy (N/mm )
nominal thickness of element,
t (mm)
16< t 40
40 < t 63
63 < t 80
Steel
Grade
t16
fy Yield Strength
S 275
275
265
255
245
S 355
355
345
335
325
EN 10025-2 (Table 7)
Class 3: Semi-compact
BS 5950
EC3
Limits
Flange
outstand
Web in
bending
Web in
compression
BS (Table 11)
b/T = < 15
c/tf = < 14
Class 4: Slender
Outstand
Flange
b = B/2
c = (b tw
2 r)/2
Internal
Compressio
n
Part
d=
D2T2r
c=
h 2 tf 2 r
Table 5.2
Reference
Cold-formed sections
EN 1993-1-3
Hot-rolled and
fabricated section
EN 1993-1-5
CHS
EN 1993-1-6
Summary
Cross-section Classification
Limits
Class 1: Plastic
Flange
outstand
Web in
bending
Web in
compression
BS (Table 11)
b/T = < 9
c/tf = < 9
d/t = < 80
d/tw = < 72
Limits
Class 1
Flange
outstand
limiting
value, c/tf
9
Class 2
10
d/tw = < 33
Class 2: Compact
Flange
outstand
Web in
bending
Web in
compression
BS (Table 11)
b/T = < 10
c/tf = < 10
d/tw = < 83
d/tw = < 38
Class 3
Class 4
Web in bending
limiting value, d/tw
72
83
14
124
If it does not meet Class 3
requirements, the section is classified
as Class 4
Section Modulus, W
Restrained Beams
Bending Moment
Resistance
In Eurocode 3:
Clause 6.2 covers the cross-sectional
resistance
o Clause 6.2.5 deals with the crosssectional resistance for bending.
EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.4 Equation 6.12 states
that the design moment (MEd) must be less than
the design cross-sectional moment resistance
(Mc,Rd)
(6.12)
(6.15)
BS
EC3
5950
Elastic modulus about the major axis
Zxx
W el,y
Elastic modulus about the minor axis
Zyy
W el,z
Plastic modulus about the major axis
Sxx
W pl,y
Plastic modulus about the minor axis
Syy
W pl,z
Table 1.0 Section modulus terminology comparison
between BS 5950 and EC3
Cross-section Classification
Summary
1. Get fy from Table 3.1
2. Get from Table 5.2
3. Substitute the value of into the class limits in
Table 5.2 to work out the class of the flange
and web
4. Take the least favourable class from the
flange outstand, web in bending and web in
compression results to get the overall section
class
Shear Resistance
In Eurocode 3:
Clause 6.2 covers the cross-sectional
resistance
o Clause 6.2.6 deals with the crosssectional resistance for shear.
EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.6 Equation 6.17 states
that the design shear force (VEd) must be less than
the design plastic shear resistance of the crosssection (Vpl,Rd)
(6.17)
(6.18)
M0 =1.0
Shear Area, Av
EC3 should provide a slightly larger shear area
compared to BS 5950 meaning that the overall
resistance will be larger as shown in Figure 1.
Serviceability
Deflection checks should be made against
unfactored permanent actions and unfactored
variable actions.
Shear Area, Av
Definition
Cross-sectional area
Overall breadth
Overall depth
Depth of web
Root radius
Flange thickness
Web thickness (taken as the minimum value
is the web is not of constant thickness)
as 1.0
Table 3.0: Shear area parameter descriptions
Deflection limit
Cantilever
Length/180
Span/360
Span/200
(6.54)
Unrestrained Beams
Beams without continuous lateral restraint are prone to
buckling about their major axis, this mode of buckling
is called lateral torsional buckling (LTB).
This handout is a continuation of the Restrained
Beams one and covers the design of unrestrained
beams that are prone to lateral torsional buckling.
(6.55)
where M1 =1.0 (from UK NA)
Section Modulus Wy
For Class 1 and 2 cross-sections:
W y = W pl,y
Eurocode 3 Approach
There are three methods for calculating the LTB
resistance of a member in Eurocode 3:
1. Primary method (Clauses 6.3.2.2 and Clauses
6.3.2.3)
2. Simplified assessment method (Clause
6.3.2.4)
3. General method (Clause 6.3.4)
Note: This handout will only deal with the primary
method.
Yield Strength, fy
The UK National Annex says that we should obtain the
value of the yield strength from the product standards.
Extract from EN 10025-2 - fy (yield strength) values for
hot rolled steel:
fy (N/mm2)
nominal thickness of element,
t (mm)
Steel
Grade
63 < t 80
W y = W el,y
40 < t 63
16< t 40
t16
S 275
275
265
255
245
S 355
355
345
335
325
Reduction Factor, LT
General Case:
(6.56)
The methods for both cases are very similar with the
addition of a few extra parameters in the Special Case.
This small amount of extra work for the Special Case
is worthwhile as it provides greater resistance of the
section.
LTB Resistance
EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.3.2.1 Equation 6.54 states that
the design moment (MEd) must be less than the design
buckling resistance moment (Mb,Rd)
where
Buckling
curve
LT
(6.58)
f= 1- 0.5(1 - kc)[1-2.0(
Limits
Buckling
Curve
h/b 2
a
h/b >2
s
h/b 2
c
h/b >2
d
d
EN 1993-1-1 Table 6.4
a
- 0.8)2]
but f 1.0
kc can be obtained from Table 6.6 in the
Eurocodes:
where
= 0.4
Limits
Buckling
Curve
Rolled bi-symmetric I
h/b 2
and H sections and hot2.0 < h/b 3.1
finished hollow sections
Angles (for moments in
the major principal
plane) and other hotrolled sections
Welded bi-symmetric
h/b 2
sections and coldh/b > 2
formed hollow sections
Table from NA.2.17 Clause 6.3.2.3(1)
Buckling
curve
LT
b
c
(6.56)
Mcr
Refer to SN003 document (NCCI) for detailed
description of how to get Mcr
c
d
where
L is the distance between points of lateral restraint (Lcr)
E is the Youngs Modulus = 210000 N/mm2
G is the shear modulus = 80770 N/mm2
Iz is the second moment of area about the weak axis
It is the torsion constant
Iw is the warping constant
Summary
Figure 1 (from SN003 document)
C1 and C2 are coefficients.
For transverse loading, C1 and C2 are obtained from
Table 5.2 in SN003:
M0 =1.0
Figure 1 Behaviour of columns is determined by their
slenderness
Eurocode 3 Approach
To take into account the various imperfections
which the Euler formula does not allow for, the
Eurocode uses the Perry-Robertson approach. This
is approach is the similar to that used in BS 5950.
Table 1 shows the checks required for both slender
and stocky columns:
Slender
column
> 0.2
Stocky
Column
< 0.2
Cross-Section Resistance
EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.4 Equation 6.9 states that
the design value of the Compression force (NEd)
Cross-section
Summary
Resistance
Check
Non-dimensional Slenderness
For sections with Classes 1, 2 and 3:
(6.50)
or
or
where
(6.47)
Imperfection Factor,
M1 =1.0
Buckling Curves
Buckling Curve
Imperfection
Factor
a0
0.13
0.21
0.34
0.49
0.76
Reduction Factor,
(6.49)
where
Alternatively, may be read from Figure 6.4 in the
Eurocodes by using and the required buckling
curve.
Pinned Pinned
Fixed - Fixed
Fixed - Pinned
1.
2.
3.
4.
Partial Factors M
M
M0
S 275
275
265
255
245
S 355
355
345
335
325
3 < t 100
Steel
grade
fu (N/mm2)
t<3
fy (N/mm2)
430580
510680
410560
470630
(6.5)
1.25
Tensile Resistance
EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.3(1) Equation 6.5 states
that the design tensile force (Nt,Ed) must be less
than the design tensile resistance moment (Nt,Rd)
UK N.A. Value
1.0
40 < t 63
M2
16 < t 40
t 16
Tension Members
Resistance of cross-sections
Resistance of cross-sections
in tension to fracture
63 < t 80
(6.6)
(6.7)
b)
where:
t is the thickness of the plate
2. Choose a section
Refer to EN 1993-1-8.
For 1 bolt:
(3.11)
For 2 bolts:
For 1 bolt:
(3.12)
(3.11)
For 2 bolts:
(3.12)
(3.13)
EN 1993-1-8Table 3.8
(6.5)
Clause 6.3.3(4)
Members which are subjected to combined
bending and axial compression should satisfy
both:
Equation 6.61
Uniform members in bending and axial
compression demonstrate complex structural
behaviour
Interaction Method
Equation 6.62
Clause 6.3.3(1)
When checking uniform members in bending and
axial compression, a distinction is made for:
members not susceptible to torsional
deformation (e.g. SHS, CHS, fully restrained
members)
NEd
My,Ed
Mz,Ed
respectively
My,Rd
Mz,Rk
Clause 6.3.3(2)
The resistance of the cross-sections at each end
of the member should also satisfy the
requirements given in Clause 6.2
Clause 6.3.3(3)
For members of structural systems the resistance
check may be carried out on the basis of the
individual single span members regarded as cut
out of the system.
Second-order effects of the sway system (P-
effects) have to be taken into account, whether by
the end moments of the member or by means of
appropriate buckling lengths respectively.
LT
kyy,
kyz,
kzy,
kzz
Mi,Rk = fyW i
Class
AI
Aeff
Wy
Wpl,y
Wpl,y
W el,y
W eff,y
Wz
Wpl,z
Wpl,z
W el,z
W eff,z
MY,Ed
eN,yNEd
Mz,Ed
eN,zNEd
Annex A (Method 1)
Annex B (Method 2)
Annex A
Table A.1 Interaction factors kij for interaction formula in clause 6.3.3 (4)
Annex B
Table B.1 - Interaction factors kij for members not susceptible to torsional deformations
Table B.2 - Interaction factors kij for members susceptible to torsional deformations
Joints
Joint Types
CL 5.2.2.2 Nominally pinned joints are capable of
transmitting internal forces without developing
significant moments, and capable of accepting the
resulting rotations under the design loads.
CL 5.2.2.3 Rigid and full strength joints have
sufficient rotational stiffness to justify analysis based
on full continuity.
Eurocode 3
Bearing Resistance
Tension Resistance
Bolt Strength
These values should be adopted as characteristic
values in design calculations :
Bolt classes
4.6
5.6
8.8
10.9
fyb (N/mm2)
240
300
640
900
fub (N/mm2)
400
500
800
1000
Steel Strength
2
fy (N/mm )
Steel
grade
S 275
S 355
fu (N/mm )
16 < t
40
40 < t
63
63 < t
80
275
265
255
245
355
345
335
325
Nominal
thickness of
element t
(mm)
3t
t<3
100
430
410
to
to
580
560
510
470
to
to
680
630
where:
M2 = 1.25
where:
M2 = 1.25
Bolt classes
4.6
4.8
5.6
5.8
6.8
8.8
10.9
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
Welded Joints
Simplified method for design resistance of fillet
weld (CL 4.5.3.3 and Table 4.1 EN 1993-1-8)
Fw,Ed Fw,Rd
where:
A is the gross cross-section of the bolt
fub is the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt
M2 = 1.25
Fw,Ed
Fw,Rd
(4.2)
length
is the design resistance per unit length
Fw,Rd = fvw,da
where:
d
t
M2
fu
fvw,d
(4.4)
fu
M2 = 1.25
Image Source: ESDEP
Minimum distance
Steel grade
Correlation factor w
End distance e1
1.2d0
S275
0.85
Edge distance e2
1.2d0
S355
0.90
Spacing p1
2.2d0
Spacing p2
2.4d0