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    Althusser - Ideology and Ideologic Apparatus

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    Ideology and Ideologic Apparatus - Althusser

    Enviado por

    kelly_crisitna
    Althusser - Ideology and Ideologic Apparatus

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    5 cproduce the « ind in order 10 be able top Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes towards an Investigation) Louis Althusser ‘On the Reproduction of the Conditions of Production! ¢ wenius of Ques genius of Mars, 12 o IDEOLOGY low Marx’s global’ procedure, and to study ns of the circulation of capital between chain’, itis necessary to xl to note one thing. We 6 of production ~ but not productive forces. We have therefore ignored reproduction of what distinguishes the productive forces from mm particular ng practice which le 10 obtain an predicts amortization and invest approximate idea of the existence o| rapper so, and for good reason: essentially outside the firm, How is the reproduction of labour cis ensured by giving labour-power the material means with which to reproduce itself: by wages. Wages However, that is » of the lubour-power of the wage swithal to pay for housing, food and clothing, in sl gate the nextday and every further day God grants him); and we should add: indispene sable for raising and educating the children im whorm the prolecarian reproduces himself {im n models where n = % i, 2, ete...) as labour-power. Remember that this quantity of value (wages) necessary for the reproduction of labour-power is detcrinined not by the needs of a ‘biological’ Guaranteed Minimum Wage [Selaire Mininnam interprnfess ionnel Garant alone, but by the needs 0 mun (Marx IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES 108 tthe reduction of wages}. efor abour-power th iced as bour-power must be “competent, ie. xx system of the process of ic productive forces and the type of productive forces at a gi ens edevelopmentot “They go varying dist: sad, to write and French, to ‘liandle’ the workers correcly, capitalists and their servants) (0 “order ideally) to “speak to the way, ete ‘To pucth sci Pshal s lor the futur about’ properly, ie. the reproduction of 104 Mal NG IDEOLOGY labour-power requires not and oC lubour-power But T have not yet approael relations of produc the mode of produ obliged to re-raise Infrastructure and Superstructure IDEOLOGICAL SEATE APPARATUSES. 107 106 MAPPING IDEOLOGY icisthe base which in’ that, as a the superstruccure “The greatest disudva every society by the sp Ghat itis metaphor Tenow seems jon of the structure of cis obviously the fact that metaphor self requires that we yo beyor ng beyond itin order to reject it as outwo: aitempt to think what it gives us in the form of « descr believe that itis possible and necessary to think what cl of che existence and nature of the superstructure on the Once one takes the point of view of repraductis many of the questions whose existence was indicated by the sptual superstructure), this prese nalure of the State is sill partly descripti is not possible (0 pase these questions (and ‘As | shall often have occasion to use this adjective (descriptive), a except from the point of vieusof reproduc word of explanation is necessary in order ta remove any ambiguity alysis of Law, the State and Ideology from his in speaking of the metaphor of the edifice or of the Said thar these are descriptive objects, 1 had no ulterior cry grounds o think that rough the phase of point of view. And t view of practice and if call descriptive ‘theory. This isthe first pl de ch concerns us (that of the science of social The State Formations). As such, one might — and in ray opi envisage this phase as tr alone, necessary to the least ‘Kighteenth Brun Mary's writings Reootution), the Si the Paris Com ly conceived as a repressive apparatus. es the ruling classes bourgeois class and the ‘lass lass of big ng class, thus Faas has test oa what whee lever seuueiog oor present objet: the sideippa Tha tes reste aetonly espe the narrow sense) whose existence and necessity I have recognized in When J say that the Marxis State. scory’ of the State availabie to usis still 108, MAPPING IDADLOGY partiy ‘descr that means ferst ‘theory’ is without the shadow of « doula precisely the b the cheory. Indeed, 1 is perfectly possible to ‘with which it is concerned correspond 1 the det Sund: Petrograd, atively smwalyne} interventions of a ‘censor "5 La Keligieuse or play by Gatti on Franco; it fof the masses of the peo} yn that subile everyday dor ‘And yet the dese constitution of the this phase. For itis clear that i€ the de give us the means to identify and relating them to the State, conceived 2s the repressive State ship’ gives vise to a very special kind of obviousness, itis, dua’s dehinition of rhe Stace say en advance the deli Every descriptive theory t ment of she theory “That is why 1 into theory as such, Le. of the State in something tot The Essentials of the Marsist Pheory of the State (Gand its existence in 1 of State pouer. The By-which Let ane first Jas apparatus) leas no mé whole of the p T mean around AL STATE APPARATUSES 109 nce beween classes or class gush beeween State ‘of State power), the 1 han, anid the State power by ace fractions. This first power {conser objective of the px apparatus We know that the State apparat s, as is proved by ice (1830, 1848), by 1958), by collapses of the State (th 1940), oF by the pol Ie is possibi and ‘Stave apparatus us part of the "Marxist dieory’ of she State, explicitly present sincc Marx's “Highteenth Brumaire’ and Class Siruggtes m France Tosusuinatize dhe Marxis, sai that the Marist classies h claimed that (1) fe State's the repressive State apparatus, ©) Slate power ang State apparatus must bbe distingwishid, (3) the objective of the class struggle concerns State sequence the use ste apparatusby theclasses 1g State power asa must seize State tate apparates anc, State that of apparatus, the destruct State apparatus). what 1 would propose to add to the So many words. But it ‘be understood wid development. i 20 be added to the ‘Marxist theory’ of the State is 0 MAPPING 1DFOLOGY In fact, State as x more « y did wot expressit hould like to aitenspt a very sehen: ing theory. To that end, I propose the Tn order to advance the tteo! into account not only the d the ideological State apparatuses (ISAs ‘They must not be confused with the (repressive Remember st theory, the State Appa the Govern the Prisons, etc., which constitute T shall Repressive State Apparatus. Repressive suggests that the State Appar aatus in question ‘functions by violence’ — at least ultimnately (si repression, ¢.g, adininistrative repression, may take _non-pleysics forms) T shall call Ideological State Apparatuses a certain number of realities which present dhetuscives to the immediate ubserver ia the forun of distinct and specialized institutions. [propose Of these which will obviously have to be examined in detail tested, corrected and re0rg, as Ideological State Apparatuses has no particular significance): 9 the religions ISA © the educational ISA “Sdioel 4 the family ISA;” the legal ISA;> the political ISA (the political systen Parties); the trade-union ISA; including the different IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES mn # the communications ISA (press, radio and television, ete); @ the cultural ISA (Literature, the Aris, sports, ete) the (Repressive) there is one (Repressive) State al Slate Apparatuses. Even ISAsasa hod is not As a second moment pressive) State Apparatus belongs entirely co the public domai the Larger part of the Ideological State Apparatuses (in their apparent mn) ae part, on the contrary ofthe priowte donsain. Churches den Trace Unions, laniles, some schools, mos newspapers, cul tural ventures, ete, ete neis 1 regard as the most part do. (Repressive) State Apparatus is the follow pressive State Apparatus functions by violence’. wher reusthe ldeologi- ‘al State Apparatuses function ‘oy ideslosy fe Apparacuses with the (Repressive) State Apparatus. “This isthe fact that che (Repressive) Stare Apparatus functions mass- ively and predominantly by represion dinchiding, physical repression), 2 MAPPING IDLOLOGY same way, but inversely, iis esse! the Ideological State Appar nantly 4 rdeoiogy, but they also ifultimatel ively and predomi- unction secondarily by repression, even, The same is true of the cultural IS Apparatus (censor other things), etc 15 it necessary to add that this detes double functioning’ (predominantly, sccondarily) by repression and by i ogy, according 1 whether ‘of the Apparatus or the Ideological Stat very subtle ex om sation, Apparatuses? Everyday life provides us with innumerable ex. this, but they must be studied in detail if weare t mere observation. Nevertheless, this remark leads us what constitutes the unity of the: Ifthe ISAs‘ ie i 80 far as the ogy by which they function is always in fact unified, despite its diversity and its contradictions, beneath the ruling ideology, wh ideology of “the ruling class. fact that the ‘ruling class’ ive) State Apparatus, we can accept the fact dhat active in the Ideological State A pparatuses in so course, (Repres: imo the details of this differe not mask the F profound identity. To my knowledge, no class can hold State power over a long perind without atthe same time exercising its hegemurs over and in the State Heclogical Apparuiuses, 1 need only one eximple and proof af strong p long also because the resistance of the exploited classes is able to nd meats and occasions w express itsel! there, either by the utilization o| or by conquering combi Letme sun through my comments. case, the tollowing question is bound to be asked, ie of my suggestions: what exactly s the c Ideotogical State Apparatuses? Wlaat is hei portsewce based on? In other words: o what does the function! of lo not fonet these Ideological Suite Apparatuse pressi Dy ideology, corresp ‘On the Reproduction of the Relations of Production iswer the central quest many long pages: how i the rep hE ave left in n of the relations of m4 MAPPING IDEOLOGY (Repressive) State Apparatus, on the other Apparatuses. just said musta 1. All the State Apparatuses Function both by repression and by ideology, with the difference that the (Repressive) State Apparatus massively and predominantly by repression, whereas al State Apparatuses Function massively and predomina by ideology. 2. Whereas the (Repressive} State Appar ized whole whose different parts are ce us constitutes an organ ct, ‘relatively auto: 4 to contradictions which express, in farms which the lashes between the capil class struggle, as well 3. Whereas the unity of the (Repressive) State Appat by its unified and centr: representatives of th struggle of the classes in power, State Apparatuses is secured, usually in contradictory ruling ideology, the ideology of the culing chiss. ‘Taking these features into account, it is possible to represent the does the State apparatus contribute generously to its own reprod (the capitalist is the latter which largely secure the reproduction specifically ofthe relations of production, behind. ‘shield!’ provided by the Repressive State Apparatus. It is liere that the role of the ruling ideology is heavily concentrated, the ideology of the ruling class, whieh apparatus, the ¢ ode of production character- tudal mode of production ngle Repressive Stale Apparatus Ancient States, the family Mleological State Apparatus, which played a considerable part, incommensurable with nd the whole political system of re Ville. Ther is absolutely clear that there iad State Apparatus, only religious 16. are oGy ideological struggle, from the six ideological hegemony relations of production ideological class struggle against Apparatus, isthe educational ideological apparatus. and the classes i ex State Apparatus politica However, hhas been an State Apparatuses: something for -geoisic was able to ‘compromise’ with the cer aud the use of the State apparatus of goodwill in the ruling classes!). In is the educational apparatus in fact the dominans Wdeolagical fe Apparatus in capitalist social formations, and how does it fune- tion? For the moment it must suffice to say: te Apparatnses, whatever they are, contribute the reproduction of the relations igious apparatus by rec nies of Birth, Marriage 18 MaApPINs he loves his neighbour to the extent of trai whoever goon. 3. This concest is do years, the years ii 120 MAPPING IDEOLOGY that the unprecedentedly nw shaking the education system of so many States across the festa hak the School Tecologial Sate Apparatus the Apparatus playing determina in the reproduction of the relations of production of « mode of production direatened in its existence by the world class struggle On Ideology When I put forward the concept of an Ideological State Ap when E said that the ISAs ‘function by ideology’, I invoked sehich needs a litle discussion: ideology. It is well known that the expression 1gy” was invented by Cabanis, Destutt de Tracy and their friends, who assigned to object the (genetic) theory of ideas. W! years Jater, he gave it a quite different me. Works. Here, ideology is the system of the i which dominate the mind of a man or a social group, The ideologico- political struggle conducted by Marx us early as his articles in the Rheinische Zeitung inevitably ansl quickly brought hint Face to face with reality, and forced him to take is earliest intuitions further, However, here we come upon a rather asioi Everything seems to lead Mar fact, The German ldeotogy does explicit theory of ideology, but moment). As for Capital, lth theory of ideologies (most ¥ jsts) it does not contain th parton a theory of ideo! bout to put forward cuff, but they cannot be sustained and tested rejected, except by much thorough study and analysis Tzology has no History necessary to proceed towards a the respects [ have just suggested. It will thea be clei zy of ilealogies depe ¢ double respect suggested sehosedeters lowing terms: sdeoiogy has we know, this formulation appears in so many words in a passage The German Ideology. Max utters it wth respect ( metaphysics, re history tam ethies (meaning also the ot pears ina plainly positivist 4 pure dream altoit. Ideology isthus thou Gorman Hevtoes, y negative 122 MA 1G InEOLOGY ly does not mean that contrary, for itis merely the pale, empty ) ut that it has no history of its 2. ideology has no I there is no history in it (on d and inverted reflection of veal hist different from the positivist and historicist Hdeology. For ontheon istry of Heir our (although itis dete: class struggle) Wideologirs haved by the to hold that s history is J inc on the other, 1 think itis poss is sense is positive on is thatitis endowed with a structure an fe, present in the the sense in which Lory of class struggles, the history of To give a theoretical reference point here, 1 might say that ~ to returi W our exammple of the dream, in its Freudian conception this ideology has na history sothing arbitrary about (wemporal) history, but refore immutable in form throughout the extent of history, I shalladopt Freud’s expression word il write: ideology iseternal, exactly like the unconscious. And, jarison theoretical IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES 123, social classes). For the moment [ shall restrict myself wo ‘class societies" and their history) Edeciogy ws a 'Repsrsenta Individuals to their Real Conditions of Existence In order to approach my central thesis on the structure and funetion- ng of ideology, I shall frst present 2wo theses, one negative, the positive, The first concerns the object which is ‘represented’ ‘outlooks’. OF course, ideclogies us the truth (eg, assuming chat “wel Gok are discus imaginary vepresemation of Imerpretdion, inaugurated by thee: revived by Feucrbich and descends from him, 7 example, God isthe essence of Untortunately, this interpre settled: why do inet ful Lies so chat, in the belief that they were obeying God, men would ia fc ted by th e essence imaginary and must be but material existence of deed necessary if we are to ture of ideolo jive in an ideological ideology to ideas endowed derives (for everyor representation of ideology, im_as a subject with contains the ideas of absolutely ideolo; uestion behaves in such and su such and such a practical attitude, aod, what is more, does penance (once it was pate even protest when they ae vi IDEOLOGICAL SAT ses. ig7 ‘consciousness’ inspires in him and freely accepts, must ‘uet according \erelore inscribe his own ideas as a free subject iu ‘active. If hedoes not do so, it is wicked! ight todoasa function 0} is hecause he does something else, whi sume idealist scheme, as those hee proclaims, ideas, asa man who is incon Tn every case, the ideology of ideology thus recognizes, tlespite its imaginary distortion, that the of a lnuman subject exist in i oF OUghE Loexist in hisctions, and if that is not the case, it lends ‘actions: I shall talk of actions it that these practices are hese practices arcinscribed, with materiatexistence of an ideological apparatus, be it only a small art of that apparatus: a small Mass in a small church, a funeral, a minor match at a sports chib, a school day, a political party meeti Besides, we are indebted to Pascal’s dee wonderfal formula which will enable us 10 invert notional schema of ideology. Pascal says, more or tess: ‘Knet lieve.’ He thus scancalousty fe Christ, not peace but strife, jan (for woe to him who brings nfo the world!) ~ scandal itself. A Fortunate scandal whieh ick with Jansenist defiance co language that directly names the reality. logicat isday. And, mt vocabulary, if that is therefore say that, where only a single subject (s tan individual) is concerned, the existence of the ideas of ‘material in that is ideas are his material actions inserted into material Practires governed by material rituals which ure thensselves defincd by the ‘material idpological apparatus from which derive the ideas of thal subject. ‘Naturally, the four inscriptions of the adjective material in my propo” sition must be affected by different modalities: the materiaities of a displacement for going to Mass, of kneeling down, of the gesture of the sign of the cross, or of the mea culpa, of a sentence, ofa of contrition, of u penitence, of a gaze, of a handshal verbal discourse or an ‘internal’ verbal discourse (consciousness), are 18. MAPPIN ippeared: che term ideas the terms subject, consciousness, belief, actions \s practices, rituats, ideological apparatus orovertu ie might say « government reshutile (of a non-ministerial ‘we obtain the following rest Ideas have disappeared a ideal or spiri ideology existing practices governed by a mai the material actions of a subject acting his belief, But this very. presentat ing notions: subje mm reveals that we have retained the consciousness, belief, actions. From this ‘on which there is no ideology except by for subjects, Lean now come to my: This there is no ideology exce} there is no ideology except category ofthe subject and is f By this | mean that, evenif i appears under this ‘only with the rise of bourgeois ideology, above all with the rise of legal In order to grasp what f who is writing these themselves subject nesses are always ethical, ete, ...). Like word ‘name 3 we recognize 130 MAPPING Lowy IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES 13 that ‘itis him’, or ‘her’. We open the door, and “i's true, it really was she ies of the most commonplace who was there’. To tke another example: when we recognize somebody of our (previous) acquaintance: [(re)-

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