Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
o Introduction
o What is diabetes
o Types
o Type 1
o Type 2
o Gestational
o Main
o Pathophysiology
o Whos at risk
o Tests/symptoms
o Causes of diabetes
o Age
o Heredity
o Race
o Obesity
o Diet
o Other comorbidities
o Treatment
o Prevention
o Conclusion
What is Diabetes?
Marked by high
levels of blood
glucose
Disorder of
metabolis
m
Glucose, main
source of
energy
Defects in insulin
production, action, or
both
Insulin is a
hormone
Created by pancreas
Converts into energy
Type 1
Previously called IDDM/
juvenile
Body destroys pancreatic
beta cells
Cells that create insulin
Type 2
Previously called NIDDM
Accounts for 90-95%
cases
Usually begins with insulin resistance
Cells dont properly use insulin
Gestational
Glucose intolerance during pregnancy
More common among obese women
Requires treatment to optimize
maternal blood glucose levels to lessen
the risk of complications in the infant
Pathophysiology
Insulin is a hormone produced by the
pancreas
O
R
The cells ignore it
Your eyes
Your heart
Whos at Risk??
Age- 65 or older
Obesity
Family history
Race
History of gestational
diabetes
Physical activity level
High Cholesterol
High Blood Pressure
High Glucose
Unhealthy Eating Habits
Smoking
Symptoms
Frequent Urination
Hunger and thirst
Extreme fatigue
Blurry Vision
Slow Healing
Tingling, pain, or
numbness in hands/
feet
Diagnostics
A1C
Measures your average
blood glucose levels
over past 2-3 months
Normal: less than 5.7%
Prediabetes: 5.7%-6.4%
Diabetes: 6.5% or higher
Treatment Options
Diet Modification
Fitness Regimen
Coping
Strategies
Medication
Diet Modification
Counting Carbs
Complex Carbs
Go Brown with grains
Clear out fat
Lean the protein
Alcohol-put a cork on it
Small, Frequent meals
Glycemic index vs
Glycemic load
Fats
Saturated
Trans fat
Cholesterol
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated
Omega-3 Fatty
Acids
Alcohol
Diet Modification
V
S
Fitness Regimen
Exercise increases uptake of glucose by
muscles without increasing insulin needs
Improves insulin sensitivity to cells
Decreases body fat
Increases endorphins
Improves cardiovascular health
Weight control
Decreases risk for complications
Coping Mechanisms
Medications
Sulfonylureas
Biguanides
Meglitinides
Thiazolidinediones
DPP-4 inhibitors
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Alpha-glucosidase
inhibitors
Bile Acid Sequestrants
Oral combination therapy
Insulin
Prevention
Obesity- control
Healthy Eating
Physical Activity
COSTS
The total estimated cost of diagnosed
diabetes in 2012 is $245 billion, including
$176 billion in direct medial costs and $69
billion in reduced productivity.
The largest components of medical
expenditures are:
Hospital inpatient care (43% of total cost)
Prescription medications (18%)
Anti-diabetic agents and diabetes supplies
(12%)
Physician office visits (9%)
Conclusion
Diabetes type 2 is a lifestyle disease
that is strongly associated with high
blood pressure, high cholesterol and
weight gain mainly around the waist. It
may be prevented and treated, but it
cannot be cured.
References
Braun, C.A., Andeson, C.m.(2011) Pathophysiology: A Clinical
Approach(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Diabetes (2014, March 13). In Center for disease control and
prevention. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from
http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes.htm
Diabetes Overview. (2014, April 2). In National Diabetes Information
Clearinghouse
(NDIC). Retrieved April 15, 2014
Glycemic Index and Diabetes(2014). Retrieved April 16,2014, from
http://www.diabetes.org/food-and-fitness/food/what-can-ieat/understanding-carbohydrates/glycemic-index-anddiabetes.html#sthash.5jcKtyVQ.dpuf
Insulin- from secretion to action (n.d.). In Beta Cell Biology Consortium
.Retrieved
April 9, 2014
National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. (2011, February). The
National Institute of Health, 11(3892). Retrieved April 9, 2014