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    Applied Mechanics of Solid

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    7 visualizações19 páginas

    Applied Mechanics of Solid

    Enviado por

    Nico Cunningham
    Applied Mechanics of Solid

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
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    sore015 ‘Aaplied Mechanics of Slits (AF. Bower) Chaotr 8: Theory of FEA -8.6 Special Elements Rabel Mechanics of Solids Pune oe * Quick navigation © 1 Objectives and Applications = L1 Defining a Problem > = L11 Deciding what to saleulate De eometry 113 Defining loading 1.1.4 Choosing physies 1.15 Defining material = LL6A representative problem = 117 Choosing a method of alysis © 2. Governing Equations > = 2.1 Deformation measures > gradient 2.15 Lagrange strain 2.19 Volumetric and Deviatarie stain + 2.110 Infinitesimal rotation = 2.1.12 Cauchy-Green deformation tensors = 2.1.13 Rotation tensor, Stretch 2.1.14 Principal stretches 2.1.15 Generalized strain measures 2.1.16 Velocity gradient 2.117 Stretch rate and spin Infinitesimal straivrotation = 2.119 Other deformation rates = 2.1.20 Strain equations of compatibility = 224 Kirchhoff Nominal, Material stress = 2.25 Stress for infinitesimal motions hipusoldmecharics.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ Shim ne sore015 ‘Aaplied Mechanics of Slits (AF. Bower) Chaotr 8: Theory of FEA -8.6 Special Elements = 2.26 Principal stresses = 22.7 Hydrostatic, Deviatorie, Von Mises stress = 2.2.8 Stresses at a boundary = 2.3 Equations of motion > = 23.1 Linear momentum balance = 2.3.2 Angular momentum balan = 2.3.3 Equations using other stresses = 2.4 Work and Virtual Work > = 2.41 Work done by Cauchy sites = 242 Work done by other stresses, motions = 2.4.4 Principle of vistual work = 2.45 Virtual work with other = 2.466 Virtual work for small © 3 Constitutive Equations > = 3.1 General requirement = 3.2 Linear elasticity > = 321 Isotropic elastic behavior 3.2;3 Plane stress & strain 2.4 Isotropic material data 25 Lame, Shear. & Bulk modulus 3.2.6 Interpreting clastic constants 3.2.7 Strain energy density isotropic = 32.8 Anisotropic stress-strain laws = 3.29 Interpreting anisotropic constants, = 32.10 Anisotropic strain energy density 3.2.11 Basis change formulas 2.12 Effect of material symmetry 2.13 Orthotropic materials 3.2.14 Transversely isotropic 3.2.15 Transversely isotropic data 3.216 Cubic materials = 3217 Cubic material data E rotations = 3.5 lyperelasticity > 5.1 Deformation measures 3 Strain energy density 3.5.4 Incompressible . Energy density functions = 3.5.6 Calibrating material hipusoldmecharics.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ Shim ang sore015 ‘Applied Mechanics of Slds (AF. Bower) Chastr 8: Theory of FEA -86 Special Elements = 3.5.7 Representative properties = 3.6 Viscoelasticity > = 36.1 Polymer behavior + 362 General constitutive equations = 3.63 Spring-damper approximations = 3.64 Prony series = 3.72 Elastic/plastic strain smposition| eld criteria 3.7.4 Graphical vield surfaces 3.7.5 Hardening laws 3.76 Plastic flow law 3.7.7 Unloading condition 8 Summary of stress-strain relations = 3.79 Representative properties = 37.10 Principle of max. plastic resistance 7.11 Drucker's postulate 3.7.12 Microscopic perspectives = 3.8 Viscoplasticity > = 3.8.1 Creep behavior = 3.82 High strain rate behavior = 3.83 Constitutive equations = 3.84 Representative creep = 3.85 Representative high 1 = 3.9 Large strain plasticity > 9.1 Deformation measures tress measures = 393 Ela lation = 35.4 Plastic stress relations = 3.10 Large strain viscoelasticity > = 3.10.1 Deformation measures = 3102 Stress measures = 3.103 Stress-strain ener relation 10.4 Strain relaxation = 3.10.5 Representative properties 3.11 Crit = 3.112 Constitutive laws (Cam-clay hipusoldmecharics.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ Shim ane sore015 ‘Applied Mechanics of Slds (AF. Bower) Chastr 8: Theory of FEA -86 Special Elements = 3.113 Response to 2D loading = 3.114 Representative roperties = 3.12 Crystal plasticity > = 3.12.1 Basic crystallography + 3122 Features of crystal lasticitv = 3.12.3 Deformation measures = 3.13.2 Contact and frietion © 4, Solutions to simple problems = 4,1 Axial/Spherical linear elasticity > = 4.11 Elastic governing equations = 4.12 Spherically symmetric equations 4.13 General spherical solution 4.14 Pressurized spher 4.15 Gravitating sphere 4.1.6 Heated spherical shell 4.1.7 Axially symmetric ‘equations = 4.1.8 General axisymmetric solution = 4.19 Pressurized cylinder = 4.110 Spinning circular disk = 4111 Interference fit = 4.2 Axial/Spherical ‘lastoplasticity > = 4212 I wv s = 4.2.2 Spherically symmetric ‘equations = 4.2.3 Pressurized sphere = 4.2.4 Cyclically pressurized spher = 4.25 Axisymmetric equations = 426 Pressurized cylinder = 4.3 Spherical hyperelasticity > = 43.1 Governing equations = 432 Spherically symmetric equations = 43.3 Pressurized sphere 1D elastodyna 441 subjected to pressure = 4.4.2 Surface under tangential loading = 443 LD bar = 4.44 Plane waves = 445 Wave in isotropic hipusoldmecharics.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ Shim ang sore015 ‘Aaplied Mechanics of Slits (AF. Bower) Chaotr 8: Theory of FEA -8.6 Special Elements id = 4.46 Reflection at a surface = 4.47 Reflection at an interface = 448 Plate impact experiment © 5 Solutions for elastic solids > = 5.1 General Princi = 5.1.1 Governing equations = 5.1.2 Navier equation = 5.13 Superposition & linearity = 5.14 Uniqueness & = S15 Sain principle = 5.2.2D Airy fimetion solutions = $2.1 Airy solution in rectangular soords = 5.2.2 Demonstration of Airy sol = 5.23 Airy solution in polar coords = 5.24 End loaded nis 5.26 Line load parallel to surface = 447 Pressure on a surfs = 448 Uniform pressure on astrip = 448 Stress near a crack tip, solution ©5331 = 5.34 Edge dislocation = 5.35 Circular hole in infinite solid = 5.3.6 Slit erack = 5.3.7 Bimaterial interface on = 5.3.8 Rigid flat punch ona = 5.3.9 Parabolic punch on a = 5.3.10 General line contact, = 43111 Frictional sliding ntact = 43.12 Dislocation near a surface = 5.4 3D static problems > = Sd] Papkovich-Neuber potentials = 5.4.2 Demonstration of PN potentials = 5.4.3 Point force in infinite solid = 5.4.4 Point force normal to surface = 5.45 Point force tangent to surface hipusoldmecharics.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ Shim ste sore015 ‘Applied Mechanics of Slds (AF. Bower) Chastr 8: Theory of FEA -86 Special Elements = 5.46 Eshelby inclusion problem = 5.47 Inclusion in an elastic solid = 5.4.8 Spherical cavity in infinite solid = 5.49 Flat evlindrical punch on surface = 5.4.10 Contact between spheres = 4.4.11 Relations for general = 5.5.2D Anisotropic elasticity > © 5.5.1 Governing equations = 552 Stroh + 5.53 Demonstration of Stroh lution = 5.54 Stroh matrices for eubie materials = 5.5.5 Degenerate materials = 5.5.6 Fundamental el = 5.5.7 Orthogonality of Stroh matr = 5.5.8 Bamett/Lothe & Impedance fensors 5.5.9 Properties of matrices 55 10 Basis change formulas 55.11 Bamett-Lothe integrals 5.5.12 Uniform stress state ‘5.5.13 Line load/dislocati infinite solid = 5.5.14 Line load/dislocation near a surface = 5.6 Dynamic problems > = 5.6.1 Love potentials = 5.62 Pressurized spherical vity = 5.63 Rayleigh waves = 5.64 Love waves = 5.65 Elastic waves in waveguides = 5.1 Energy methods > = 5.7.1 Definition of potential energy = 5.72Minimum enerey theorem = 5.73 Simple example of energy minimization = 5.7.4 Variational approach to beam theory. = 5.7.5 Estimating stiffness = 5.8 Reciprocal theorem > = 5.8.1 Statement and proof of relations = 5.8.4 3D dislocation loops + 5.9 Enorgetics of dislocations > + 5.9 | Potential energy of isolated loop + 5.92 Nonsingular dislocation heary hipusoldmecharics.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ Shim sore015 ‘Applied Mechanics of Slds (AF. Bower) Chastr 8: Theory of FEA -86 Special Elements = 5.93Di bounded solid = 5.94 Energy of interacting loops = 5.95 Peach-Koehler formula = 5.10 Ravleigh Ritz method = 5.10.1 Mode shapes. nat. frequencies, Ravleigh's principle = 5.10.2 Natural frequency of a beam © 6, Solutions for plastic solids > tion = 6,1 Slip-line fields > = 6.11 Interpreting slip-line fields = 6.12 Derivation of slip-line fields = 6.13 Examples of solutions + 62 Bounding theorem © = 621 Definition of plastic dissipation = 6.2.2 Principle of min plastic dissipation + 6.23 Upper bound collapse theorem = 6.24 Lower bound collapse theorem = 625 Examples of bounding theorems = 6.26 Lower bound shakedown theorem = 6.2.7 Examples of lower bound shakedown theorem = 6.2.8 Upper bound shakedown theorem = 6.2.9 Examples of upper bound shakedown theorem ‘oduction to FI = 11 Guide to FEA > = LLLEE mesh 71.2. Nodes and elements 113 Special elements 7.1.4 Material behavior 7.15 Boundary conditions 7.1.6 Constraints 7.1.7 Contacting surfacesinterfaces 7.18 Initial conditions/external fields = 1.19 Soln procedures / time increments 11.10 Outps 1-11 Units in FEA caleulation ‘7.112 Using dimensional analysis Si wv 7.1.14 Remarks on dimensional analysis = 12 Simple FEA program > = 121 EE mest = 12.2 Global displacement vector = 7.23 Interpolation functions = 72-4 Element strains & enerey. hipusoldmecharics.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ Shim me sore015 ‘Aaplied Mechanics of Slits (AF. Bower) Chaotr 8: Theory of FEA -8.6 Special Elements density L sment stiffhess matrix 1.2.6 Global stiffness matrix 27 Boundary loadin, 72.10 Eliminating prescribed displacements = 72.11 Solution = 811 Review of virtual work Ww wv equns 8.13 Interpolating displacements 8.1.4 Finite element equations 8.15 Simple 1D implementation 8.1.6 Summary of 1D procedure 8.17 Example 1D code 8.1. 8 Extension to 2D/3D. 8.1.9 2D interpolation functions 8.1.10 3D interpolation functions 1-11 Volume integral 8.1122D/3D integration chemes = 81.13 Summary of element matrices = 81.14 Sample 2D/3D code = 8.2 Dynamic elasticity > = 82.1 Governing equations = 82.2 Weak form of governing eqns = 8.23 Finite element equations = 82.4 Newmark time integration = 825 Simple LD implementation = 826Fxample 1D code 8.2.8 Example 2D/3D code 8.2.9 Modal time integration 8.2.10 Natural frequenciesmode shapes = 82.1] Example 1D modal dynamic ode = 82.12 Example 2D/3D modal dynamic code 3.2 Wi wv 8.3.3 Finite element equations Newton-Raphson iteration 8.3.5 Tangent moduli for hypoelastic solid = 83.6 Summary of Newton-Raphson od = 83.7 Convergence problems = 83.8 Variations on Newton- Raphson hipusoldmecharics.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ Shim ang sore015 ‘Applied Mechanics of Slds (AF. Bower) Chastr 8: Theory of FEA -86 Special Elements = 839 Example code = 84 Hyperelasticity > = 84.1 Governing equations = 842 Weak form of governiny eqns = 843 Finite element equations = 8.4.4 Newton-Raphson iteration Jookean tangent integrals = 8.47 Convergence problems = 848 Example code = 85 Viscoplasticity > = 85:1 Governin ion: = 85.2 Weak form of governing sans = 8.5.3 Finite element equations = 85.4 Integrating the stress-strain law = 85.5 Material tangent = 85.6 Newton-Raphson solution = 857 Example code = 86 Advanced elements > = 86 | Shear locking/incompatibl. modes = 862 Volumetric lacking/Reduced integration = 8.63 Incompressible materials/Hvbrid elements © 9. Modeling Material Failure > = 9.1 Mechanisms of failure > = 9.1.1 Monotonic loading = 9112 Cyclic loading = 9.2 Stressistrain hased criteria 9.2.2 Probabilistic methods 92.3 Static fatigue criterion 9.2.4 Models of crushing, failure criteria localization 9.2.7 High cycle fatigue 9.2.8 Low eyele fatigue 9.2.9 Variable amplitude loading = 9.3 Blastic fracture mechanics = 93.4 Using FEA = 93.5 Measuring toughness = 93.6 Values of fracture joughness hipusoldmecharics.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ Shim ang sore015 ‘Applied Mechanics of Slds (AF. Bower) Chastr 8: Theory of FEA -86 Special Elements 9.3.7 Stable tearing 9.3.8 Mixed mos = 93.9 Static fatigue fracture 93.10 Cyclic fatigue 93.11 Finding cracks = 9.4.1 Definition of energy release rate = 9.4.2 Energy based fracture 3 G-K relations = 9.44 G-compliance relation = 9.45 Calculating K with compliance = 9.46 Integral expression for G © 947 The J integral = 948 Calculating 1 9.5 Plastie fracture mechanies = 9.5.1 Dugdale-Barenblatt mod = 9.52 HRR rack tip fields = 953 J based fracture = 9.6 Interface fracture mechanies > = 96 | Interface crack tip fields = 962 Interface facture mechanies = 9.6.3 Stress intensity factors = 9.6.4 Crack path selection © 10, Rods, Beams, Plates & Shells > 101 Dyadic notation = 102 Deformable rods - ‘general > = 10.2.1 Characterizing the x- section = 10.2.3 Kinematic relations = 10.2.4 Displacement, velocity and accelei 10.2.5 Deformation gradient 10.2.6 Strain measur 10.2.7 Kinematics of bent rods 10.2.8 Internal forces and ‘moments 10.2.9 Equations of motion 10.2 10 Constitutive equations 10.3.1 Stretched string 10.3.2 Straight beam (small deflections) = 10,33 Axially loa = 10.4 Solutions for rods > 10.4.1 Vibration of a straight beam = 10.4.2 Buckling under gravitational loading hipusoldmecharics.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ Shim sane sore015 ‘Applied Mechanics of Slds (AF. Bower) Chastr 8: Theory of FEA -86 Special Elements = 10.4.3 Post buckled shape of a rod = 10.4.4 Rod bent into a helix = 10.4.5 Helical spring = 10.5 Shelis~ general > = 10.5.1 Coordinate system: bases = 10.5.3 Deformation measures = 10.5.4 Displacement and = 10.5.5 Deformation gradient = 105.6 Other = 10.5.7 inter ‘moments = 105 ions of m: = 10.5.9 Constitutive relations = 10.6.1 Flat plates (small strain) = 10.6.2 Flat plates with in-plane loading = 10.6.3 Plates with large displacements = 10.6.4 Membranes = 10.6.5 Membranes in polar coordinates = 107 Solutions for shells> = 10.7.1 Circular plate bent by pressure = 107.2 Vibrating circular membrane = 10.7.3 Natural frequency of rectangular plate = 10.7.4 Thin film on a substrate foney eqs) = 10.7.5 Buckling of heated plate = 10.76 Cylindrical shell under axial load = 10.1.7 Twisted open walled cylinder Using polar coordinates © E: Mise derivations * Problems © 1 Objectives and Applications = L1 Defining a Problem © 2. Governing Equations > = 2.LDeformation = 2.3 Equations of motion = 24 Work and Virtual Work © 3. Constitutive Equations > = 3.1 General requirements = 3.2 Linear elasticity hipusoldmecharics.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ Shim ame sore015 ‘Aaplied Mechanics of Slits (AF. Bower) Chaotr 8: Theory of FEA -8.6 Special Elements = 3.3 Hypoclasticity. = 3.4 Flasticity w/ large rotations = 3.5 Hyperelasticity = 3.6 Viscoelastici = 3.7 Rate independer plasticity = 3.8 Viscoplasticity = 3.9 Large strain plasticity = 3.10 Large strain viscoelasticity = 3.11 Critical state soils = 3.12 Crystal plasticity = 3.13 Surfaces and interfaces © 4. Solutions to simple problems = 4.1 Axial/Spherical linear slasticity = 4.2 Axial/Spherical elastoplasticity, = 43 Spherical hyperelasticity = 5.22D Airy fimetion solutions = 53.2D Complex variabl solutions, 5.4 3D static problems 5.6 Dynamic problems 5.7 Energy methods 5.8 Reciprocal theorem 5.9 Energetics of dislocations # 5.10 Rayleigh Ritz method 6. Solutions for plastic solids > = 6,1 Slip-line fields = 6.2 Bounding theorems © 7 Introduction to FEA > = 11 Guide to FEA + DSi program © 8 Theory & Implementation of FEA> 8.1 Static linear elasticity 8.2 Dynamic elasticity 8.3 Hypoclasticity. 8.4 Hyperelasticity 8.5 Viscoplasticity 8.6 Advanced elements © 9. Modeling Material Failure > 10 Shells > = 10.1 Dyadie notation hipusoldmecharics.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ Shim sane sore015 ‘Aaplied Mechanics of Slits (AF. Bower) Chaotr 8: Theory of FEA -8.6 Special Elements = 102 Defi ‘general = 103 String /beam theory = 104 Solutions for rods = 10.5 Shells - general Je rods - 4106 Plates and membranes 107 Solutions for shells D. Using polar coordinates E: Mise derivations » FEA codes © Maple © Matlab + Report an error Chapter 8 Theory and Implementation of the Finite Element Method 8.6 Advanced element formulations — Incompatible modes; reduced integration; and hybrid elements Techniques for interpolating the displacement field within 2D and 3D finite elements were discussed in Section 8.1.9 and 8 1-10. In addition, methods for evaluating the volume or area integrals in the principle of virtual work were discussed in Section 8.1.11, ‘These procedures work well for most applications, but there are situations where the simple element formulations can give very inaccurate results. In this section 1. We illustrate some of the unexpected difficulties that can arise in apparently perfectly well designed finite element solutions to boundary value problems; 2. We describe a few more sophisticated elements that have been developed to solve these problems. We focus in particular on ‘Locking’ phenomena. Finite elements are said to ‘lock’ if they exhibit an ‘unphysically stiff response to deformation. Locking can occur for many different reasons. The most common causes ate (i) the governing equations you are trying to solve are poorly conditioned, which leads to an ill conditioned system of finite element equations, (ii) the element interpolation functions are unable (0 approximate accurately the strain distribution in the solid, so the solution converges very slowly as the mesh size is reduced; (ii) in certain element formulations (especially beam, plate and shell elements) displacements and their derivatives are interpolated separately. Locking can occ in these elements if the interpolation funetions for displacements and their derivatives are not consistent, 8.6.1 Shear locking and incompatible mode elements Shear locking can be illustrated by attempting to find a finite clement solution to the simple boundary value problem illustrated in the picture, Consider a cantilever beam, with Tenath L, height 2a and out-of-plane thickness 8, as shown in the figure. “The top and bottom of the beam x3 =a ate traction fiee, the left hand end is subjected to a resultant foree P, and the right hand end is clamped, Assume that < where N°(E;)ate the shape functions listed in Sections 8 1.9 or 81.10, & set of local coordinates inthe element, 1?x? denote the displacement values and coordinates ofthe nodes on the element, and W, i the number of nodes on the element 2. The Jacobian matrix for the interpolation functions, ts determina, end is inverse re defined inthe sul way 0g; (2g, Jy sradient in the element is replaced by 3. ‘The nl erento fo dpicom Hy (NO SIO Ws. 2 \oSw Sear St ia | Sm where p=2 for a 2D problem and p~3 for a 3D problem, a"Iare a set of unknown displacement szadients in the element, which must be determined as part of the solution 4. ‘Simian, the vial displacement radii writen as ONE) 5 a 6, [EEO oe EAB where dia isa variation inthe internal displacement gradient field for the element 5. These expressions are then substituted into the virtual work equation, which must now be satisfied for 2%, 6 all possible values of virtual nodal displacements vf and virtual displacement gradients Jaf") At first sight this procedure appears to greatly increase the size of the global stiffness matrix, because @ set of unknown displacement gradient components must be calculated for each element. However, the unknown af) Jiminated waile computing the element stiffness matrix. The procedure to do this can be shown most clearly in a sample code. are Iocal to each element, and can be hipisoidmecharis.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ tim san sore015 ‘Aaplied Mechanics of Slits (AF. Bower) Chaotr 8: Theory of FEA -8.6 Special Elements A sample small-strain, linear elastic code with incompatible mode clements is provided in Femlinelast_incompatible_modes.mws. When run with the input file shear_locking demo txt it produces. the results shown in the figure. The incompatible modes clearly give a spectacular improvement in the performance of the element, HEALTH WARNINGS: (i) The procedure outlined here only works for small-strain problems. Finite strain versions exist but are somewhat more complicated. (ii) Adding strain variables to elements can dramatically improve their performance, but this procedure must be used with great care to ensure that the strain and displacement degrees of freedom are independent variables, For further details see Simo, J. C,, and M.S Rifai, Int J. Num, Meth in Eng. 29, pp. 1595-1638, 1990. Simo, J. C., and F. Armero, Int J. Num. Meth in Eng., 33, pp. 1413-1449, 1992. 8.6.2 Volumetric locking and reduced integration elements, Volumetric locking can be illustrated using a simple boundary value problem, Consider a long hollow cylinder with internal radivs a and external radius & as shown in the figure. The solid is made from a linear elastic material with ‘Young's modulus F and Poisson’s ratio ¥. The cylinder is loaded by an internal pressure and deforms in plane strain, ‘The analytical solution to this problem is given in Section 4.1.9. ‘The figures below compare the analytical solution to a finite element solution with standard 4 noded plane strain quadrilateral elements. Results are shown for two values of Poisson’s ratio v. The dashed lines show the analytical solution, while the solid line shows the FEA solution, The two solutions agree well for v-=0.3 but the finite element solution grossly underestimates the displacements as Poisson’s ratio is increased towards 0.5 (recall that the material is incompressible in the limit, v=0.5), Inthis limit, the finite element displacements tend to zer0 this ss known as “volumetric locking” ‘The error in the finite clement solution occurs because the finite clement interpolation functions are unable to properly approximate a volume preserving strain field, In the incompressible limit, a nonzero volumetric strain at any of the integration points gives rise to a very large contribution to the virtual power, The interpolation funetions can make the volumetrie strain vanish at some, but not al, the integration points in the element. Volumetric locking is a much more serious problem than shear locking, because it cannot be avoided by refining the mesh, In addition, all the standatd fully integrated Finite elements will lock in the incompressible limit, and some elements show very poor performance even for Poisson’s ratios as small as 0.45. Fortunately, ‘most materials have Poisson's ratios around 0.3 or less, so the standard elements can be used for most linear elasticity and small-strain plasticity problems. To model rubbers, or to solve problems involving large plastic strains, the elements must be redesigned to avoid locking Reduced Integration is the simplest way to avoid locking The basic idea is simple: since the fully integrated elements cannot make the strain field volume preserving at all the integration points, itis tempting to reduce the number of integration points so that the constraint can be met. “Reduced integration’ usually means that the element stiffness is integrated using an integration scheme that is one order less accurate than the standard scheme. The number of reduced integration points for various element types is listed in the table hipisoidmecharis.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ tim 119 sore015 ‘Aaplied Mechanics of Slits (AF. Bower) Chaotr 8: Theory of FEA -8.6 Special Elements below, ‘The coordinates of the integration points are listed inthe tables in Section 8.1.12, Number of integration points for reduced integration schemes Tinear angle (3 nodes) 1 point Linear tetrahedron (4 nodes): T point Quadratic triangle (6 nodes): 3 points | Quadratic tetrahedron (10 nodes): 4 points Linear quadrilateral (4 nodes) 1 point | Linear briek (8 nodes): 1 point Quadratic quadrilateral (8 nodes): 4 points | Quadratic brick (20 nodes): 8 points HEALTH WARNING: Notice that the integration order cannot be reduced for the linear triangular and tetrahedral elements ~ these elements should not be used to model near incompressible material, although in desperation you can a few such elements in regions where the solid cannot be meshed using quadrilaterals Remarkably, reduced integration completely resolves locking in some elements (the quadratic quadrilateral and brick), and even improves the accuracy of the element As an example, the figure below shows the solution to the pressurized eylinder problem, using both full and reduced integration for 8 noded quadrilaterals. With reduced integration, the analytical and finite clement results are indistinguishable Reduced integration does not work in 4 noded quadrilateral clements or 8 noded brick elements. For example, the figure on the right shows the solution to the pressure vessel problem with linear (4 noded) quadrilateral clements with reduced integration. The solution is clearly a disaster. The error occurs because the stiffness matrix is nearly singular — the system ‘of equations ineludes a weakly constrained deformation mode, This phenomenon is known as ‘hourglassing’ because of the characteristic shape of the spurious deformation mode. Selectively Reduced Integration can be used to cure hourglassing, The procedure fs illustrated most clearly by modilying the formulation for static linear elasticity. To implement the method: 1. The volume integral in the virtual work principle is separated into a deviatoric and volumetric part by writing (ey 2th 5, dy « fd, Josey a = [obey Ede dV =| Begg A Here, the first integral onthe righthand side vanishes for ahydvesaic sess. 2. Substituting the linear clastic consitative equation und the finite element interpolation functions ito the virtual wok principle, we find that the element stiffness matrix canbe reduced to 8) Le AVIAN) iy, fle ANA) ANE) 9, Cit Re aa 3 Co MO wy te, aNreran Ko Gin 3 i | CMe, ay 3. When selectively reduced integration is used, the first volume integral is evaluated using integration scheme; the second integral is evaluated using reduced integration points Selective reduced integration has been implemented in the sample program fem selective reduced integration mws, When this code is run with the input file volumetric_locking_demo.txt it produces the results shown in the figure. ‘The analytical and finite element solutions agree, and there are no signs of hourglassing In many commercial codes, the ‘fully integrated’ elements actually use selective reduced integration. hipisoidmecharis.orgtextChapter8_6/Chaper8_ tim 1819 sore015 ‘Aaplied Mechanics of Slits (AF. Bower) Chaotr 8: Theory of FEA -8.6 Special Elements ‘The ‘Bebar* method Lik selective reduced integration the Bebar method wwerks by deatng the volumetric and deviatoric parts ofthe stiffness math Separately Instead of sepatating the volume itera ino. two prs however, the Bebar method modes the definition of the stain in te Clement Is main advantage ita the concept can easly be generalized to fintesuain problems Here, we will uate the method by applying fmallstain Tinea elastiy, The procedure Marte wih the ual viral work rine footeyiu ried = fosvar~ { i6y0 R Rk Inthe Bebar method 1 We intolce pew variable to characterize the volumetric stain inthe elements. Define Lave \ fecaenes aed ons feudl Meat a av ‘where the integral is taken over the volume of the element 2. The strain variation in each element is replaced by the approximation 8 = +(o~ £4, /3)6) iy + (Boo — Begg 13) ‘This means that the volumetric strain in the element is everywhere equal to its mean value. ‘The virtual work principle is then written in terms of &;, and d,s 3. Similarly, the virtual strain in each element is replaced by 6, Joule nesyar —fasuar fon =o of linear finite element equations, but with a modified element stiffness matrix given by Hee [Cdr — Bets «(fe 12 Ha fe 5 ag |S! i) This expression ean be integrated using a standard, full integration scheme ‘The B-bar method has been implemented in the sample code FEM_Bbar.mws. The code can be run with the input file volumetric locking demo.tt, Run the code for yourself to verify that the analytical and finite clement solutions agree, and there are no signs of hourglassing, Tiourgiass base vet Reduced integration with hourglass control: | Tinear quadrilateral Houralassing in 4 noded quadrilateral and 8 noded brick elements can also be cured by adding an arificial stiffness to the element that acts to constrain the hourglass mode. The stiffness must | 1 inear briek be carefully chosen so as to influence only the hourglass mode. Only the final result will be a) given here ~ for details see D.P. Flanagan and re)

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