.

1913

.
:

( )ngstrm,A.

1862

1
.
2 .
.
3
. .
.
.
4 ( )
. .
5
( ) ( )
.

(1962)1885

6
.

.
n
n=1.

.

18

7 .

.
7 . 8

() =
=7
=6
=5
=4

n
n
n
n
n

n =3

n =2

)= (n

.



.
.


.

( ) n =1

()nm

410

434

486

656

(

)

. .
.
.
.
.
.
.

.

.




.




.



.

.

.
19

 .
.
. ()
.
.

1926
.


()n

1,2, 3,.

.
(
)
. l n ml
.
n
.
n n = 1 .
n .
.

. .

.
IE1 kJ.mol-1

X+(g) + e-

)X(g

( )X
.
20



.
)IE2( kJ.mol-1

IE

Ionization Energy.

X2+(g) + e-

)X+(g

.
Mg .

)
) .
)
.
) .

5/5
5/0

4/0
3/5

4/5

3/0

12

11

10

2/5
0

. n .
. n =
. ( )l .

l 0 n -1 .
(l = 2) d (l =1)p (l =0)s (l =3)f .
) (n =2 s p . l
. 9
s p .

21

3s

2s

) 2s1s3s

px

pz

) p
.

py

( )m l
ml . -l +l
n = 1,2,3,...
)l = 0,1,...,(n-1

ml = -l,...,0,...,+l

. l = 1 ml 0 -1 +1 .

2
.
2l + 1 . p l = 1
(2 1 + 1) = 3 . 9
p py px .
pz .
2

( )

1
2

p
d

ml

( )ml

-1,0,+1

-1,0,+1
-2,-1,0,+1,+2

()n2
1
4

l
22

 n .
:

( )

nlml

( )

2p
p .

l n ml
.
.
.

( ) (
) . 10
.
.

10 . 10

( )
.

SS

N
N

)

()

)


1
1
= m m
= + 1
m = -1
m
= +11

N
N

10

m ss = - 22
s
2

1
2

ms =

SS

m ss = + 22

1
ms = +
2

N
N

SS

( )

23


( )ms.
1
( +
2
1

2
) .
1925
:
.
.
:
( mll n )ms .
.
()
1
1
( ms = + ) ms =
2
2

:

()n

()l

ml

()s

()s

1
2

()s

0
()s

1
2

0
()s

0
()s

1
2

ms

He

1s1

1
2

1s1

s2

* .

24



.
.11

5f

4f

6d

5d

4d

3d

7p

6p

5p

4p

3p

2p

7s

6s

5s

4s

3s

2s

1s

11

.
.
3

2p
s11s 1

2p

2s
2s

1s
1s

1H

1H

s21s

2 He

He

2 11
2s
s21s2s

3 Li

Li

2 2 22
1s1s
2s2s

4Be

Be

1
2 22
s21s2s
2s 2p
2p1

5B

6C

7N

N
7

8O

9F

10Ne

2 22
2s 2p
2p22
1s21s2s

3
4

5
6

. p

d
.

Ne

10

25

( p

)d

.
. .

( )Aufbau

.
.

26

. .
.

[Ar]4s1

19

s1

[Ar]4s2

20

Ca

He

[Ar]3d4s2

21

Sc

[He]2s1

Li

22

Ti

[He]2s2

Be

23

[He]2s22p1

[Ar]3d4s

24

Cr

[He]2s22p2

[Ar]3d4s2

25

Mn

[Ar]3d4s2

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

10

Ne

[Ar]3d104s1

29

Cu

[Ne]3s1

11

Na

[Ar]3d104s2

30

Zn

[Ne]3s2

12

Mg

31

Ga

[Ne]3s23p1

13

Al

32

Ge

[Ne]3s23p2

14

Si

33

As

[Ne]3s23p3

15

34

Se

16

35

Br

17

Cl

36

Kr

18

Ar

.
)
. :
.
)
.
) ( )n
1
.
: d
s d
. p
10 .
)
.
.
) s s
. .
) p
p . .
) d
. .
4
27

 5
.
6 Cr 29Cu .

1960

. 1964

.
.
.

28