Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Bibliographic Reference:
Oldfield, P., Trabucco, D. & Wood, A. (eds.) (2014) Roadmap on the Future Research Needs of Tall Buildings.
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat: Chicago.
Editors: Philip Oldfield, Dario Trabucco & Antony Wood
Layout & Design: Marty Carver & Steven Henry
Copy Editor: Daniel Safarik
First published 2014 by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
Editors
Philip Oldfield, University of Nottingham
Dario Trabucco, CTBUH & Iuav University of Venice
Antony Wood, CTBUH & Illinois Institute of Technology
Steering Group
Abbas Aminmansour, University of Illinois
Wim Bakens, CIB
Jordi Morato, UNESCO Chair of Sustainability
Philip Oldfield, University of Nottingham
Dario Trabucco, CTBUH & Iuav University of Venice
Fahim Sadek, NIST
Antony Wood, CTBUH & Illinois Institute of Technology
Research Support
Daria Petucco, Iuav University of Venice
Contents
6
7
9
Executive Summary
11
17
17
18
18
21
21
23
24
Research Sections
1. Urban Design, City Planning and Social Issues
2. Architecture and Interior Design
3. Economics and Cost
4. Structural Performance, Multi-Hazard Design
and Geotechnics
5. Circulation: Vertical Transportation
and Evacuation
6. Fire and Life Safety
7. Cladding and Skin
8. Building Materials and Products
9. Sustainable Design, Construction and Operation
10. Construction and Project Management
11. Energy: Performance, Metrics and Generation
Conclusion: Emergent Research Priorities
Next Steps
27
33
39
45
53
61
69
75
81
89
95
101
103
|5
About CTBUH
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat is the worlds leading resource for professionals focused on
the design, construction and operation of tall buildings and future cities. A not-for-profit organization based
at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, the group facilitates the exchange of the latest knowledge
available on tall buildings around the world through events, publications, research, working groups, web
resources and its extensive network of international representatives. At the same time, the Councils research
department is spearheading the investigation of the next generation of tall buildings by aiding original
research on sustainability and key development issues. Its free database on tall buildings, The Skyscraper
Center, is updated daily with detailed information, images, data and news. The CTBUH also developed the
international standards for measuring tall building height and is recognized as the arbiter for bestowing such
designations as The Worlds Tallest Building.
About CIB
CIB (International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction) was established in 1953
as an Association whose objectives were to stimulate and facilitate international cooperation and information
exchange between governmental research institutes in the building and construction sector, with an
emphasis on those institutes engaged in technical fields of research. CIB has since developed into a world
wide network of over 5,000 experts from about 500 member organization with a research, university, industry
or government background, who collectively are active in all aspects of research and innovation for building
and construction.
About UNESCO
Chair on Sustainability
The UNESCO Chair on Sustainability (UNESCOSOST) was the second UNESCO Chair to be established,
reflecting a long tradition in teaching, excellence in research, innovation and training activities. Since its
creation in 1996, UNESCOSOSTs mission has been to contribute to sustainable development, in an integrated
and holistic way. Research and innovation are essential tools for navigating through all societal challenges.
Many adaptations are likely to require deep transformations of culture, values and technology, which can only
be identified and justified by research. Urban societies transformation to a more sustainable condition should
take into consideration the entire range of human interactions with the Earths ecosystems. Development of
new technologies must be accompanied by a robust change in behavioral patterns, a key aspect to achieving
higher social and environmental resilience and a more sustainable human development.
Dr. Philip Oldfield is a Lecturer at the Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University
of Nottingham. His role at Nottingham includes Co-Directing the Masters Course in Sustainable Tall
Buildings. Oldfield also leads the Departments high-rise architecture design studios and seminars.
Philip is Co-Chair of the CTBUH Research, Academic and Postgraduate Working Group and a
member of the Student Competitions Committee, Research Seed Funding Review Committee and
CTBUH Journal Editorial Board. He has written peer-reviewed papers for the Journal of Architecture,
the CTBUH Journal, Urbanism and Architecture, and Architectural Science Review. In addition he has
written articles for the Guardian (UK), Structure Magazine (USA), BbICOTHbIE (Russia) and The Big
Project (UAE), among others.
Dario Trabucco
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat & Iuav University of Venice, Italy
Antony Wood
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat & Illinois Institute of Technology, USA
Dr. Antony Wood has been Executive Director of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
since 2006. Based at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Antony is also a Studio Associate Professor
in the College of Architecture, where he convenes various tall building design studios. A UK
architect by training, his field of specialism is the design, and in particular the sustainable design,
of tall buildings. He is also chair of the CTBUH Tall Buildings and Sustainability Working Group. Prior
to becoming an academic, Antony worked as an architect in practice in Hong Kong, Bangkok,
Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta and London. He is the author and editor of numerous books and papers
in the field, including the 2013 title The Tall Buildings Reference Book. His PhD explored the multidisciplinary aspects of skybridge connections between tall buildings.
About the Editors |7
Research funding, in most regions of the world, has declined year-on-year for most of the
last several decades putting in jeopardy the very act of research to better our existence.
Against the backdrop of the planets urban population increasing by a million or more
people every week, research into making cities more efficient and sustainable is vitally
needed, now more than ever. Urban density is a key factor in this and, while tall buildings
are not the only solution for achieving greater density, they are being embraced as a key
element of that solution in many cities around the world. This Research Roadmap is thus
timely in its suggestion of a hierarchy of research priorities for the industry to consider in
the coming years.
Timothy Johnson, Chairman, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat & Design Partner, NBBJ
Tall buildings represent the most challenging building typology from many points of
view and they will influence, for better or worse, the future of cities worldwide. It is in
our possibilities to turn tall buildings into nice, affordable and sustainable places to
live in, and academic and industry research is the way forward. This Research Roadmap
prioritizes the topics that require more research efforts in the near future, so as to reach
such goals as soon as possible. The cooperation between CIB and CTBUH created a strong
platform for the development of this Roadmap and it is our hope that we will profit from
this platform in its implementation.
Wim Bakens, Secretary General, CIB
The Roadmap can be used as a mechanism to increase double way technology transfer, to
facilitate the interchange of new concepts, processes and technologies, and to select the
successful solutions for rethinking the transformation of cities.
Jordi Morato, Coordinator of UNESCO Chair on Sustainability
Executive Summary
Aims and Objectives
Approach
Highlighted Findings
This Roadmap has been initiated as a joint venture between the Council
on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), the International Council
for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) and
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO).
There is a clear trend across the two fields, suggesting that a significant
group of responders believe research to improve the social impact of tall
buildings on both surrounding communities, and on those who live and
work at height, is a significant research priority.
2. Energy performance of tall buildings
Energy: Performance, Metrics and Generation has the highest mean priority
value of all sections (7.6) denoting that research in this broad area is a
priority to evolve the typology of tall buildings. This is also reflected by
the highest average immaturity score in all sections (3.6), showing that
even though a lot has been written on the subject in recent years, topics
of this category still need to be developed .
Executive Summary |11
12 | Executive Summary
90
80
70
60
The text Tall Building in
abstract, title, keywords
50
The text High-Rise Building in
abstract, title, keywords
40
30
20
10
2
20
1
0
20
1
8
20
0
6
20
0
4
20
0
2
20
0
0
20
0
8
19
9
6
19
9
4
19
9
2
19
9
19
9
Figure 1: Tall building-related papers published in peer review journals available on ScienceDirect, 2013. Source: Compiled by Roadmap editors
Methodology
The Roadmap was first initiated as a necessary project at the inaugural
meeting of the CTBUH Research, Academic and Postgraduate Working
Group in Venice, June 1718, 2010 (see Figure 2). This meeting and
workshop was attended by over 80 researchers representing 60
institutions and 18 countries from around the world.
1. The commencement of the CTBUH Research, Academic and Postgraduate Working Group in 2010 aimed to fill this gap by promoting networking and collaboration between those
involved in the research of tall buildings at both an academic and industrial level. The group is involved with a number of activities including summer schools, annual meetings and
networking events, student competitions and the development of strategies to support and coordinate research in the field, including the development of this Roadmap.
31 topics
31 topics
26 topics
54 topics
38 topics
43 topics
32 topics
26 topics
36 topics
22 topics
19 topics
358 topics
2. Slightly important
3. Moderately important
4. Very important
5. Extremely important
2. Slightly immature
3. Moderately immature
4. Very immature
5. Extremely immature
Again, following pilot tests with the peer review panels, the
questionnaire was released in March 2013 and publicized through the
following avenues:
Dedicated invitation emails to those who answered the
first questionnaire.
A general email blast to all those on the CTBUH database
(approximately 20,000 addresses), asking for experts to answer the
questionnaire.
An article in the March edition of the CTBUH newsletter.
Dedicated emails to experts in fields that returned low responses
(e.g., Economics and Cost; Construction and Project Management).
Following this approach, 252 responders completed the second
questionnaire. As with the first questionnaire, responders were allowed to
complete multiple fields, so in total 347 questionnaires over the 11 fields
were completed as outlined below:
Field
38
76
9
62
22
33
32
16
28
12
19
347
2. The actual questionnaire asked for maturity rather than immaturity, with a higher score meaning a more developed (mature) topic. It was later decided to reverse the results to indicate immaturity, to
show a higher score as a higher priority, making the term and scale consistent with the importance scale. Original scores of maturity were thus inversed to achieve their current immaturity ranking.
100
90
80
Priority index scores were used to define the ranking of topics in each of
the 11 fields; thus, the topic ranked number one in each field is that with
the highest priority index.
70
60
The final results and scores were collated, and presented as part of
the research trees, as found in the following pages of the Roadmap.
Additional commentary is provided in each field to identify trends and
provide comments from the peer review panels.
50
2. Research Immaturity
Those involved in the design, construction and operation of tall
buildings believe research on tall buildings is broadly immature and
underdeveloped.
As a typology, the tall building itself is somewhat immature. It has
been less than 130 years since skyscrapers first emerged in Chicago
and New York, and in some regions, a matter of mere years since
high-rises appeared on the scene. So, perhaps not surprisingly, those
who completed the questionnaire feel that research in the field of
tall buildings is relatively immature and underdeveloped. Of the 358
topics ranked and evaluated by responders, 293 (82%) received a mean
immaturity score of 3.0 or greater (moderately immature), suggesting the
majority of topics require clear and pressing research in order to improve
existing knowledge and understanding.
In some fields, thisThe
trendtext
is more
apparent
than inin
others. In particular in
Tall
Building
Economics and Cost and Energy: Performance, Metrics and Generation, all
abstract, title, keywords
topics received immaturity scores of 3.0 or greater.
40
30
General Observations
Research Limitations
20
What this suggests is simply that experts in the field of tall buildings
believe that research is an important and necessary tool for developing
the typology over the next decade.
1. Responder samples
Significant efforts were made to circulate and promote the Roadmap
questionnaires to such an extent that a broad and reasonable distribution
of the tall building expert population responded. In many ways, this
process was successful. For example, the vast majority of responders to
both questionnaires had completed significant outputs related to tall
buildings (completed projects, journal papers, etc.) (see Figure 4) and as
such they were in an ideal position to comment on tall building priority
research. Likewise, the location of building/research projects with which
responders are involved show a good geographical spread (see Figure 5),
with the majority doing work in Asia or North America. However, very few
responders do work in Africa, Central or South America, and it would be
fair to say that the list of priority research topics identified here may not
match research priorities in these regions.
12
20
10
08
20
06
20
20
04
20
02
20
00
20
98
19
96
19
19
19
19
94
1. Research Importance
Those involved in the design, construction and operation of tall buildings
believe that research on many tall building topics is very important. While
this is perhaps an obvious statement to make, it is telling that of the 358
individual topics that responders ranked and evaluated, 186 received a
mean importance score of 4.0 (very important) or greater. This equates to
52% of all topics being considered very important. Only five topics, just
over 1% of the total, received mean importance scores lower than 3.0
(moderately important).
90
92
10
In terms of responders background (see Figure 6), the majority were from
engineering, academic and architectural/urban design realms, with these
three groups representing more than 80% of completed questionnaires.
Lowest possible
priority
10
Highest possible
priority
Lowest priority
given to any topic
in the Roadmap = 5.0
Highest priority
given to any topic
in the Roadmap = 8.3
Figure 3: Scale of priority used in the eleven sections, as a result of the second questionnaire.
3. Importance ranges from one to five, and immaturity ranges from one to five, also. So the priority index ranges from two to 10, as shown in Figure 3.
Book contributions
Conference papers/presentations
50
100
150
200
250
300
Number of Responders
Figure 4: Areas to which responders have applied knowledge in tall buildings.
Africa
Industry: Developer/
Owner/Manager 3%
Asia
Academ
Research
Australasia
Industry:
Other 15%
Central America
Industry:
Engineering30%
Architec
Planning
Engineer
Europe
Middle East
Develop
Manager
Industry: Architectural/
Urban Planning 24%
North America
Consulta
South America
Academia/University/
Research27%
Worldwide
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Number of Responders
Figure 5: Geographic location of building or research projects with which responders are
connected.
Other
The main driver behind this decision was the need to create manageable
questionnaires that could be completed by responders in a relatively
short duration of time, rather than a single questionnaire with more than
300 topics, which would deter responders.
400 Language
500 Natural science and mathematics
600 Technology
700 The arts, fine and decorative arts
800 Literature and rhetoric
900 Geography, history, and auxiliary disciplines
Each class is then subdivided ten times. Each of these subdivisions is
divided into an additional 10 sections. The Dewey is then formed by 10
classes, 100 divisions and 1,000 sections, wherein the first digit-number
represents the class, the second the division, and the third the section.
XXX : DDC number
X : main class
X : division
X : section
720 : Architecture
7 : The arts, Fine and decorative arts
2 : Architecture
0 : Architecture
Africa
Middle East
Asia
Australasia
Europe
First questionnaire
Second questionnaire
North America
Central America
South America
Worldwide
0%
Has your knowledge in the field of Urban Design, City Planning and Social Issues been applied to any of the following outputs,
specific to tall buildings?
Book contributions
Second questionnaire
Conference papers/presentations
Funded research projects
None of the above
0%
Please note: The percentages above may total greater than 100% due to responders option to choose multiple answers
The Research Tree presented here outlines the various topics identified in questionnaire 1 as deserving priority research in the
field of Urban Design, City Planning and Social Issues. These have been grouped together by commonality, and were later ranked
by importance and immaturity in questionnaire 2, to determine the final results (see Evaluation and Ranking of Topics on the
following page). Here topics are organized by broad categories and subcategories, with the numbers in parentheses denoting
each fields Dewey Decimal Classification, which can be used for further enquiry or research in each area. For a more in-depth
explanation of this system, along with a key, please refer to pages 2325.
Field
Category
Subcategory
Priority Ranking
Topic No.
1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social Issues
(307.76)
Social Issues
(307.76)
Public Acceptance/Criticism of
Tall Buildings
(720.483)
2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
City Planning and Zoning
(711; 711.4; 711.42; 720.47)
Density
(307.2; 711.42)
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Urban Design
(711.4)
Skyline
(307.1)
27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and
Infrastructure Implications
(711.7)
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Performance
at the Urban Scale
(711.42; 551.525)
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Immaturity
responders to rank and score all topics based on their importance (1 = not at all important, 5 = extremely important)
and immaturity (1 = not at all immature, 5 = extremely immature). These scores have been combined to create a
Priority index, which in turn leads to a Priority Ranking (listed on the left). The ranking highlights the topics which are
most deserving of priority research in the field in the coming years. The top five scores are highlighted in yellow for
easy reference. For a more in-depth explanation of these definitions, please refer to page 18.
Importance
* Priority Index: Following the identification of priority topics in questionnaire 1, a second questionnaire asked
Priority index *
Topic
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining the social sustainability of tall buildings at an urban/city scale (including impact on social behavior, community and lifestyle,
societal needs for tall buildings, ghettoization, social impact in different geographical locations, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to determine optimum height, density and massing of tall buildings to provide appropriate social interaction and
communities at an urban/city scale
. . . . . . . . . . . Research exploring the formation of ghost towns and their relationship with rapid urban growth and high-density construction
. . . . . . . . . . . Research exploring public acceptance and pride related to tall buildings (including in different contexts, NIMBYism, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to examine and improve the pedestrian realm at ground-floor level in and around tall building developments (including
public amenities, social spaces, development of regulations, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on tall building city planning and regulatory policies (including local city plans, planning for changing demographics, political and financial
policies, urban design standards, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on horizontal connectivity and skybridges in tall buildings, and their ability to create alternative layers of public realm at
height in the city
. . . . . . . . . . . Research exploring appropriate tall building heights for urban development (including how high is too high?, existing height restriction zones, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining the appropriate context for tall building zoning/development (including suburban opportunities)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the development of tools and software to model cities and precincts to test the impact of tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining the impact of tall building development on the surrounding realm (e.g., impact on character, circulation, property values)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research exploring the possibilities for outdated, vacant high-rise housing developments (e.g., demolish, refurbish, renovate, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining the safety of land used to construct tall buildings (including impact of former uses, remediation strategies, hazardous operations
and substances, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining the impact of density and the creation of tall buildings on the availability of public open spaces
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to establish what densities are achievable in tall buildings and cities
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the relationship between density, sustainability and tall buildings (including urban versus suburban development,
analysis of case studies, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to establish alternative models to high-density urban living
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the impact of tall buildings on city skylines (visual impact, public satisfaction, skyline identity, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design and integration of tall buildings in or near historic urban districts (including UNESCO designated areas, regulatory systems, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . . Research on the integration of tall buildings into the European urban context
. . . . . . . . . . . . Research on tall building integration with mass transit systems (including impact of high-rise on the economics of mass transit, construction
implications, capital expenditure needed by public agencies, architectural implications, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . . Research on the impact of tall buildings on urban mobility (including impact on existing transportation infrastructure, access to tall building areas,
overcrowding, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . . Research examining the impact of tall building development on local infrastructure services (water supply, electricity, gas, sewage capacity, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the environmental impact of tall buildings on the surrounding urban realm (including rights of light, rights of wind, wind downdraft on the
pedestrian realm, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on ground-level ecology and landscaping in and around tall building developments
. . . . . . . . . . . Research exploring the impact tall buildings, and tall building clusters, have on the urban heat island effect
Priority Index
1 Research examining the social sustainability of tall buildings at an urban/city scale (including impact on social
behavior, community and lifestyle, societal needs for tall buildings, ghettoization, social impact in different
geographical locations, etc.)
7.8
2 Research to determine optimum height, density and massing of tall buildings to provide appropriate social
interaction and communities at an urban/city scale
7.6
3 Research to examine and improve the pedestrian realm at ground-floor level in and around tall building developments
(including public amenities, social spaces, development of regulations, etc.)
7.6
4 Research on the design and integration of tall buildings in or near historic urban districts (including UNESCO
designated areas, regulatory systems, etc.)
7.5
5 Research on tall building city planning and regulatory policies (including local city plans, planning for changing
demographics, political and financial policies, urban design standards, etc.)
7.4
Highlighted Findings
In the field of Urban Design, City Planning and Social Issues, 31 individual topics of relative importance and/or immaturity were recognized. Questionnaire
responders in this field gave high importance scores overall, with most topics receiving an average importance score greater than 4 (very important).
No topic received a score below 3.5. In addition, the topic Research examining the social sustainability of tall buildings at an urban/city scale received
the joint-highest average importance score (4.7) in any section of the Roadmap. This underlines the perceived importance of the broad research field
as a whole, and suggests that tall buildings may still be widely considered to be disconnected from the urban realm in the physical and social sense.
Immaturity scores in the field ranged from 2.63.4, with over 60% of topics receiving a score of 3.0 (moderately immature) or higher. These scores
are somewhat lower than other fields, but still suggest knowledge related to Urban Design, City Planning and Social Issues is perceived as somewhat
underdeveloped.
I think in headline terms what the results show in the area of Urban Design, City Planning
and Social Issues, is that the integration of tall buildings within urban systems remain an
important and under-researched area in the field. It would seem that the social
implications of tall buildings are particularly relevant to the discipline and I think this is the
area that would concur with my own view of research gaps.
While research has been developing in this area, it is clear that social sustainability is still a significant research gap and priority in the field of tall
buildings, with a need for examples of socially-successful vertical communities published as example case studies to educate those unfamiliar
to this style of living.
30 | Urban Design, City Planning and Social Issues
Some of the more specific research statements grouped under the topic Research examining the social sustainability of tall buildings at an urban-city
scale suggested by responders in the first open-ended questionnaire include:
How do megatall buildings impact human behavior within and around them?
Research on the correlation between plot ratio and social behavior in urban habitats.
Are tall buildings socially sustainable, and do they add significant benefit to cities vitality and the lifestyle of people living and working in cities?
Studies on whether tall buildings are a development for a limited, wealthy elite or whether the typology provides assets for a wider range of
social groups within the city. Such studies should include the displacement of residents that may occur to make way for the tall building and
could also include public resources (like green spaces or subway access) within the development.
Studies related to urban density, in particular vertical density as a positive factor in the quality of urban life.
Two additional topics received high importance scores from the questionnaire responders. Research on tall building city planning and regulatory
policies received an importance score of 4.5, although it is suggested by the peer review panel that such research can be tricky as some cities may
not provide data relating to regulatory policies, and success stories do not necessarily mean that other city governments will follow suit. Research on
tall building integration with mass transit systems also received an importance score of 4.5, with high-rise communities that prosper from efficient,
accessible and affordable transportation considered worthy of significant focus.
Some aspects of research related to the impact of tall buildings on the physical urban realm were considered a lower priority by responders, with
Research on the role of the tall building as a city/regional icon, Research on the impact of tall buildings on strategic urban views, Research on the
impact of tall buildings on city skylines and Research examining the impact of tall building development on the surrounding realm all receiving lower
scores overall. This may be due to the maturity of such studies, with significant work on zoning and skylines already undertaken. The main exception
here is Research on the design and integration of tall buildings near historic urban districts, which achieved the fourth-highest priority index score
in this section. This is likely due to recent and widely publicized debate regarding the placement of tall buildings in sensitive historic areas, such as
controversies with regard to high-rises in UNESCO World Heritage Zones in London and St Petersburg.
Academia/University/Research43%
Industry: Architectural/Urban Planning 43%
Industry: Other 14%
Research examining the impact density and the creation of tall buildings has on the availability of public open spaces (7.8)
Research to examine and improve the pedestrian realm at ground-floor level in and around tall building developments (7.5)
The results show that both groups consider research on the social sustainability of tall buildings to be the greatest priority. However, those in industry
gave more emphasis to research on the pedestrian realm and planning and regulatory policies, no doubt due to these being among the primary issues
architects face in the realization of high-rises.
Research on the design and integration of tall buildings in or near historic urban districts (7.4)
Australasia
Research to establish alternative models to high-density urban living (8.0)
Research to determine optimum height, density and massing of tall buildings to provide appropriate social interaction and communities at an
urban/city scale (8.0)
Research on horizontal connectivity and skybridges in tall buildings, and their ability to create alternative layers of public realm at height
in the city (7.9)
Europe
Research on tall building city planning and regulatory policies (7.8)
Research examining the impact density and the creation of tall buildings have on the availability of public open spaces (7.8)
Research on the design and integration of tall buildings in or near historic urban districts (7.8)
North America
Research examining the social sustainability of tall buildings at an urban/city scale (9.2)
Research examining the impact density and the creation of tall buildings have on the availability of public open spaces (8.6)
Research to determine optimum height, density and massing of tall buildings to provide appropriate social interaction and communities at an
urban/city scale (8.5)
Here, results show that while social sustainability of tall buildings at an urban/city scale is the top research priority in North America and Asia, in Europe
responders gave greater priority to regulatory policies and the integration of tall buildings in historic environments, likely due to the more complex/
onerous planning laws and challenges facing high-rise construction in that continent.
Africa
Middle East
Asia
Australasia
Europe
First questionnaire
Second questionnaire
North America
Central America
South America
Worldwide
0%
Has your knowledge in the field of Architecture and Interior Design been applied to any of the following outputs, specific to tall
buildings?
Book contributions
Second questionnaire
Conference papers/presentations
Funded research projects
None of the above
0%
Please note: The percentages above may total greater than 100% due to responders option to choose multiple answers
The Research Tree presented here outlines the various topics identified in questionnaire 1 as deserving priority research in the
field of Architecture and Interior Design. These have been grouped together by commonality, and were later ranked by importance
and immaturity in questionnaire 2, to determine the final results (see Evaluation and Ranking of Topics on the following page).
Here topics are organized by broad categories and subcategories, with the numbers in parentheses denoting each fields Dewey
Decimal Classification, which can be used for further enquiry or research in each area. For a more in-depth explanation of this
system, along with a key, please refer to pages 2325.
Field
Category
Architectural Design
(720.48)
Subcategory
Priority Ranking
Topic No.
Architectural Concepts
(720.483)
8.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship with
Climate and Context
(720.47)
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architecture and
Interior Design
(720; 729; 747)
7.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Occupant
Experience and
Needs (155.94)
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Planning and
Interior Design
(747)
23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Visual/Acoustic Quality of
Internal Space (729.28; 729.29)
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Immaturity
responders to rank and score all topics based on their importance (1 = not at all important, 5 = extremely important)
and immaturity (1 = not at all immature, 5 = extremely immature). These scores have been combined to create a
Priority index, which in turn leads to a Priority Ranking (listed on the left). The ranking highlights the topics which are
most deserving of priority research in the field in the coming years. The top five scores are highlighted in yellow for
easy reference. For a more in-depth explanation of these definitions, please refer to page 18.
Importance
* Priority Index: Following the identification of priority topics in questionnaire 1, a second questionnaire asked
Priority index *
Topic
4.0 3.2 7.3
4.4 2.6 7.0
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to develop new architectural concepts for tall building design (including biomimicry, adaptive forms, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and development of tall building architectural concepts informed by structural behavior
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on architectural strategies to improve tall buildings integration and relationship with the surrounding urban context
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on architectural strategies to improve tall buildings relationship with the local climate (including orientation, form, impact on shading, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the possibilities for vernacular architecture to inspire and inform the design of high-rise buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to develop tools and software to assist architects in designing, controlling and managing complex tall building forms
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to explore and develop tall building forms that maximize functionality and efficiency
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to explore the shape and form of tall building podiums, shafts and crowns and the relationship between these three elements and the
surrounding context
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of complex, asymmetric and free-form architectural forms in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to develop and improve coordination and interaction between the different disciplines involved in the design of tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to explore the challenges and solutions to international consultants expertise being curtailed at the design development stage in the design
of tall buildings in China (including impact on building performance, quality, design compliance, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research exploring the opportunities and challenges for alternative functions and programs in tall buildings (e.g., beyond office, residential and hotel)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining mixed-use tall buildings (including optimization of functions, benefits and challenges of mixed-use high-rise, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and development of databases containing tall building information (including built and unbuilt projects)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining the history of tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the impact living in tall buildings has on families with children, and strategies to make high-rise living more appropriate for
families with children
4.3 3.6
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the experience, happiness and satisfaction of those who live and work in tall buildings
4.3 3.4
7.6
4.0 3.6 7.6
4.2 3.3 7.5
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the needs of the elderly and disabled with respect to high-rise living
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to improve the social-communal experience of occupants in tall buildings (including appropriate mix of functions, humanizing tall building
environments, strategies to foster community, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the impact sky gardens and sky courts have on occupants social behavior in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the services and functions that would satisfy tenants in mixed-use tall building
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the impact smart-building technologies have on the planning, interior design and tenant experience of tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design of plant/technical spaces and floors in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to establish best-practice tall building floor plate metrics for different heights and functions (e.g., column spacing, lease span, ceiling heights,
core size, MEP spaces, toilets)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to improve the flexibility and adaptability of tall building office interiors (including technological advances, adaptable partitions, M&E
implications, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to improve the functionality and efficiency of tall building internal layouts
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on service-core design in tall buildings (including improving space efficiency, alternatives for location, development of design metrics, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on public accessibility of tall buildings (including street-level spaces and spaces at height such as high level restaurants, viewing galleries, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the integration of vehicular parking into tall building design and operation
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of atria in tall buildings for visual communication, natural ventilation, social interaction, daylighting, etc.
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the effective use and planning of the perimeter zone of tall building floor plates (including light, glare, thermal and acoustic performance, etc.)
Priority Index
1 Research on the impact living in tall buildings has on families with children, and strategies to make high-rise living more
appropriate for families with children
7.9
2 Research on the experience, happiness and satisfaction of those who live and work in tall buildings
7.6
3 Research on the needs of the elderly and disabled with respect to high-rise living
7.6
4 Research to improve the social-communal experience of occupants in tall buildings (including appropriate mix of
functions, humanizing tall building environments, strategies to foster community, etc.)
7.5
5 Research on architectural strategies to improve tall buildings integration and relationship with the surrounding urban
context
7.4
Highlighted Findings
In the field of Architecture and Interior Design, 31 individual topics of relative importance and/or immaturity were recognized. By nature this is a broad
and holistic field, encompassing a wide range of research topics related to the other ten fields found in the Roadmap. It also received the greatest
number of responders with 22% of all responders answering the second questionnaire.
Responders generally gave high importance scores overall, with 15 of the 31 topics receiving an average importance score of greater than 4 (very
important). The average immaturity score for all topics fell within the 2.63.6 range, with over 60% of topics scoring 3.0 (moderately immature) or
greater, suggesting a perceived need for future research development.
Given the worlds aging population, the most relevant area could be Research on the
needs of the elderly and disabled with respect to high-rise living. This can be researched
with regard to measurable criteria relating to physical limitations that the elderly and
disabled face. Research into issues related to loss of memory, confusion and other mental
instabilities would also be worthwhile.
Moira Moser, FAIA, M Moser Associates, Hong Kong, China
This perceived research priority concerned with social sustainability and occupants experience is reflected and strengthened by similar results
found at an urban-city scale in Section 1 of the Roadmap, Urban Design, City Planning and Social Issues (see page 27).
The highest average importance score in this section (4.6) was given to Research on architectural strategies to improve tall buildings integration and
relationship with the surrounding urban context. However, in this instance, this conflicts with some results from the Urban Design, City Planning and
Social Issues field, with topics such as Research on the role of the tall building as a city/regional icon, Research on the impact of tall buildings on
strategic urban views and Research on the impact of tall buildings on city skylines perceived as being lower priorities in that field. However, Research
on the design and integration of tall buildings near historic urban districts was highly ranked in the Urban Design, City Planning and Social Issues field.
This demonstrates how perhaps some aspects of tall buildings relationship with the surrounding urban context are perceived as being of greater
research priority than others, and the additional specificity presented in Section 1 sheds light onto this.
Research to explore and develop tall building forms that maximize functionality and
efficiency is probably the biggest topic of them all, even if it is a mature one.
Javier Quintana de Ua, IE School of Architecture, Madrid, Spain
Architectural Urban
Design
Academia
Engineering
Academia/University/Research
Consultants
Industry:
25%
Other
Research on the experience, happiness and satisfaction of those who live and work in tall buildings (8.3)
Research on the needs of the elderly and disabled with respect to high-rise living (8.0)
Academia/University/Research
Research on the impact living in tall buildings has on families with children, and strategies to make high-rise living more appropriate for
families with children (7.6)
Research on the experience, happiness and satisfaction of those who live and work in tall buildings (7.3)
Research on the needs of the elderly and disabled with respect to high-rise living (7.3)
Research on the needs of the elderly and disabled with respect to high-rise living (7.8)
Architecture and Interior Design |37
This highlights the consistency of the results, with all groups giving priority to research on occupant experience and lifestyle, with specific focus on
families, children, the elderly and disabled.
Research on the needs of the elderly and disabled with respect to high-rise living (7.5)
Research on the experience, happiness and satisfaction of those who live and work in tall buildings (7.4)
Europe
Research on architectural strategies to improve tall buildings relationship with the local climate (7.8)
Research on the impact living in tall buildings has on families with children, and strategies to make high-rise living more appropriate for
families with children (7.7)
Research to develop and improve coordination and interaction between the different disciplines involved in the design of tall buildings (7.6)
North America
Research on the impact living in tall buildings has on families with children, and strategies to make high-rise living more appropriate for
families with children (8.7)
Research on the experience, happiness and satisfaction of those who live and work in tall buildings (8.6)
Middle East
Research on the impact living in tall buildings has on families with children, and strategies to make high-rise living more appropriate for
families with children (7.7)
Research on the needs of the elderly and disabled with respect to high-rise living (7.6)
Research on the experience, happiness and satisfaction of those who live and work in tall buildings (7.5)
Again, this shows a consistency in terms of the perceived need for priority research related to occupant lifestyle in tall buildings, families, children, the
elderly and disabled, across multiple geographic areas.
Africa
Middle East
Asia
Australasia
Europe
First questionnaire
Second questionnaire
North America
Central America
South America
Worldwide
0%
Has your knowledge in the field of Economics and Cost been applied to any of the following outputs, specific to
tall buildings?
Book contributions
Second questionnaire
Conference papers/presentations
Funded research projects
None of the above
0%
Please note: The percentages above may total greater than 100% due to responders option to choose multiple answers
The Research Tree presented here outlines the various topics identified in questionnaire 1 as deserving priority research in the
field of Economics and Cost. These have been grouped together by commonality, and were later ranked by importance and
immaturity in questionnaire 2, to determine the final results (see Evaluation and Ranking of Topics on the following page). Here
topics are organized by broad categories and subcategories, with the numbers in parentheses denoting each fields Dewey
Decimal Classification, which can be used for further enquiry or research in each area. For a more in-depth explanation of this
system, along with a key, please refer to pages 2325.
Field
Category
Large Scale Economic
Dynamics
(333)
Economics
Related to the
Country/City
(333.337; 338.9)
Topic No.
1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Risk Assessment
(338.54)
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Economic Context
(333.337)
9.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Land Acquisition
(333.332)
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Public-Private Partnerships
(338.73)
22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Economics Related
to the Building and
Occupier
(692.5)
Economics Related
to Materials and
Components
(692.5)
Subcategory
Priority Ranking
Building Cost
(692.5)
5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Layout
(333.338)
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Immaturity
responders to rank and score all topics based on their importance (1 = not at all important, 5 = extremely important)
and immaturity (1 = not at all immature, 5 = extremely immature). These scores have been combined to create a
Priority index, which in turn leads to a Priority Ranking (listed on the left). The ranking highlights the topics which are
most deserving of priority research in the field in the coming years. The top five scores are highlighted in yellow for
easy reference. For a more in-depth explanation of these definitions, please refer to page 18.
Importance
* Priority Index: Following the identification of priority topics in questionnaire 1, a second questionnaire asked
Priority index *
Topic
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on tall buildings financial relationship with global economic cycles and conditions
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the cost of land versus the market value of tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on public-private partnerships in the development of tall buildings, and their role in future cities
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to determine the holistic economic benefits and costs of tall building construction on the city/surrounding urban area (including direct tax
benefits and indirect employment tax/spending benefits, impact of creating recognizable icons on the city, value of surrounding area, externalities, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to establish cost metrics for key architectural decisions and different building types (including location, height, land-use, footprint,
floor-to-floor, structural systems, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the life-cycle cost analysis of tall buildings (including development of methodologies, creation of a database of results, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of BIM and its impact on the life-cycle cost of tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the relationship between quality of space and architecture (including iconic buildings) and cost
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on occupant comfort in tall buildings and its relationship to productivity
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the economic implications of flexibility and adaptability of mixed-use high-rise developments
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the economic impact (cost and revenue) of different tall building office layouts
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the economic comparison of tall building renovation versus demolition and rebuild
. . . . . . . . . . . Research exploring the economic implications of tall building maintenance and inspection (including when to undertake inspections, who pays for
maintenance if there are multiple owners, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on rental trends and vacancy rates in tall buildings (including to what level governments / the private sector should control construction of tall
buildings that are destined to remain vacant due to market conditions)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the life-cycle costs of different structural framing systems in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the life-cycle costs related to the vertical transportation of people and goods within tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the life-cycle costs related to fire safety and structural fire protection in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies for alternative materials to be considered during the design process in order to adapt to the volatility of material costs
Priority Index
1 Research on tall buildings financial relationship with global economic cycles and conditions
7.9
2 Research to determine the holistic economic benefits and costs of tall building construction on the city/surrounding
urban area (including direct tax benefits and indirect employment tax/spending benefits, impact of creating recognizable
icons on the city, value of surrounding area, externalities, etc.)
7.9
3 Research to establish cost metrics for key architectural decisions and different building types (including location, height,
land-use, footprint, floor-to-floor, structural systems, etc.)
7.9
4 Research on the life-cycle cost analysis of tall buildings (including development of methodologies, creation of a database
of results, etc.)
7.8
7.7
Highlighted Findings
In the field of Economics and Cost, 26 individual topics of relative importance and/or immaturity were recognized. This section of the Roadmap received
the lowest number of questionnaire responses among all categories, despite specific efforts from the authors to reach out to experts in field (for details
on the methodology see page 18). This is surprising, considering recent global economic instabilities and the role of economics and cost as key drivers
in the design and construction of high-rise buildings.
This lack of responders is also reflected in the high immaturity scores given to topics in the field, with none of the 26 topics receiving an average
score lower than 3.0 (moderately immature). This suggests either a lack of knowledge in the field, or more probably, a lack of available published
data and studies in a discipline led predominately by consultants/professionals who may not be able to disseminate certain information due to
confidentiality issues.
The lack of research on the subjects outlined in Economics and Cost is caused by the
absence of building-specific data, mainly due to owner confidentiality issues. The absence
of a large number of buildings disclosing data regarding their cost, sustainability indicators
and other quantitative elements leads researchers to examine only case studies of certain
buildings or a very limited number of buildings with available data.
Sofia Dermisi, Roosevelt University & Jon DeVries, Marshall Bennett Institute of Real Estate, Chicago, USA
Knowledge in the field can be expanded by exploring avenues for the release of such information, or through the development of other
strategies to overcome this hurdle (e.g., development of appropriate methodologies, assumptions, etc.). Similar trends in terms of research
immaturity and lack of available data were also found in the Energy: Performance, Metrics and Generation field on page 95.
Determination of the true economic benefits (if any) of using tall buildings to create identifiable iconic landmarks in developing countries.
Studies on the socio-economic impact of tall buildings on the urban environment and the financial returns of tall buildings on the social
fabric of city planning and urbanization.
Residential development does it help or hinder the scale and value of nearby or contiguous commercial/office development?
The other two highest-ranked topics are Research to establish cost metrics for key architectural decisions and different building types and Research
on tall buildings financial relationship with global economic cycles and conditions. The latter also scored the joint highest average importance score
in the entire Roadmap (4.7) likely fueled by current global economic instabilities and well-publicized suggestions of links between the construction of
the worlds tallest buildings and business cycles.
Research on the life-cycle cost analysis of tall buildings also scored highly with responders, having the fourth-highest priority index score. Related
topics dealing with the life-cycle cost of specific tall building elements were also included in this field, with the life-cycle cost of faades, structural
framing, vertical transportation systems and fire safety and structural fire protection all individually ranked (6th, 14th, 17th and 18th respectively). In
this instance, Research on the life-cycle costs of different faade solutions in tall buildings was ranked by far the highest, with greater importance and
higher immaturity scores than the other topics. As such, it can be considered a priority area for further research in the field of life-cycle costing.
First questionnaire
Second questionnaire
North America
Central America
South America
Worldwide
0%
Has your knowledge in the field of Structural Performance, Multi-Hazard Design and Geotechnics been applied to any of the
following outputs, specific to tall buildings?
Book contributions
Second questionnaire
Conference papers/presentations
Funded research projects
None of the above
0%
Please note: The percentages above may total greater than 100% due to responders option to choose multiple answers
The Research Tree presented here outlines the various topics identified in questionnaire 1 as deserving priority research in the
field of Structural Performance, Multi-Hazard Design and Geotechnics. These have been grouped together by commonality, and
were later ranked by importance and immaturity in questionnaire 2, to determine the final results (see Evaluation and Ranking
of Topics on the following page). Here topics are organized by broad categories and subcategories, with the numbers in
parentheses denoting each fields Dewey Decimal Classification, which can be used for further enquiry or research in each area.
For a more in-depth explanation of this system, along with a key, please refer to pages 2325.
Field
Category
Building
Foundations and
Geotechnics
(624.15)
Subcategory
39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structural Systems
and Design
(624.17)
Topic No.
In General
(624.15)
Structural Performance,
Multi-Hazard Design
and Geotechnics
(624)
Priority Ranking
48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Code Issues
(624)
42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structural Behavior
(624.17)
Wind Engineering
(620.11243; 620.11248; 624.175)
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Immaturity
responders to rank and score all topics based on their importance (1 = not at all important, 5 = extremely important)
and immaturity (1 = not at all immature, 5 = extremely immature). These scores have been combined to create a
Priority index, which in turn leads to a Priority Ranking (listed on the left). The ranking highlights the topics which are
most deserving of priority research in the field in the coming years. The top five scores are highlighted in yellow for
easy reference. For a more in-depth explanation of these definitions, please refer to page 18.
Importance
* Priority Index: Following the identification of priority topics in questionnaire 1, a second questionnaire asked
Priority index *
Topic
. . . . . . . . . . . Development of techniques for the assessment of geotechnical parameters in tall building foundation design
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design and performance of tall building foundations under wind and seismic loads
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the structural design and performance of alternative patterns for perimeter grid-structures (e.g. triangular, hexagonal,
mixed triangular-hexagonal)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design and performance of stiffened and un-stiffened steel shear wall structural systems
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on structural floor systems in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design and performance of structural systems for complex tall building forms and geometries
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on structural optimization opportunities to increase efficiency and reduce embodied energy, material resources and cost (including
lighter/stronger structural systems, material advancements, optimization of form, reduction of deadweight, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to determine life-cycle analysis data for tall building structural systems
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of sustainable construction materials and components in tall building structural systems
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the impact of foundation and soil-structure interaction on drift simulations of tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on sustainability opportunities for tall building foundation design (including reuse of old foundations, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on structural connections/joints to enable greater reuse and recycling of structural elements
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design and performance of structural connections in tall buildings (including impact on speed of construction, gravity shear
connections, three-dimensional behavior, mega-steel-concrete interfaces, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on structural connection ductility in tall buildings (including impact on alternative load paths, code implications, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the structural implications of planning and building permit procedures for tall building construction
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the sequential analysis of tall building structures with different structural systems
. . . . . . . . . . . Development of approximate tools for optimization in the early stages of high-rise design for wind (including aerodynamic databases and other
approximate tools and rules based on shape, height, slenderness, exposure, structural system, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to improve wind engineering education for tall building design professionals
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on performance-based wind engineering methods in tall buildings (including time domain analysis, non-linear effects, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Development of wind statistics for use in tall building design and analysis (including directionality, storm types, geographic variations, impact
of climate change, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on appropriate criteria for tall building motions and deflections under wind action
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the impact of architectural form (including micro-features such as balconies) on tall building response to wind loads
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic Design
(620.11243; 620.11248; 624.172; 693.852)
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structural Behavior
(624.17)
Damping and Damping Systems
(620.3)
25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structural Performance,
Multi-Hazard Design
and Geotechnics
(624)
Structural Failure
(363.34; 620.112)
27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multi-Hazard Design and Mitigation
(624.171)
5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structural Monitoring
and Simulation
(620.110287)
Structural Simulation and Software
(624.17)
1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies and methodologies to determine appropriate tall building seismic performance (considering uncertainties in earthquake
magnitude, needs of users and communities, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the assessment of seismic hazards (including vulnerability of existing tall buildings, impact on existing developed areas, seismic mapping of
under-mapped areas, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on increasing the resilience and structural reliability of high-rise buildings subject to seismic loading
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the performance-based seismic design of tall buildings (including practical and simplified methods, scale-up method, non-linear time
history analysis, serviceability analysis, impact in different regions of seismicity, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the seismic design of prestressed, precast concrete tall buildings with residential function
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of supplemental damping materials as a strategy to control building and substructure responses
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design and behavior of passive damping systems in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining the opportunities for the multi-functional use of heavy or large building systems or elements to form part of a tall building
damping strategy
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design and behavior of active damping systems in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Development of construction technologies and strategies to compensate for axial shortening and shrinkage in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on progressive collapse in tall buildings (including behavior of different structural systems, tying forces, mitigation strategies, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to improve tall building protection from multi-hazard events such as seismic and wind events, blast, plane impact, tornadoes, etc. (including
robustness, structural optimization, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . The development of design criteria to determine the appropriate level of safety for tall buildings in extreme events (such as seismic and wind events,
blast, plane impact, tornadoes, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the development of holistic performance-based multi-hazard design and analysis of tall buildings across multiple disciplines
. . . . . . . . . . . Development of methodologies for evaluating risk to, and reliability of, new and existing tall buildings in extreme event scenarios (such as seismic and
wind events, blast, plane impact, tornadoes, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on tall building facility management strategies in extreme event scenarios (including contingency plans for unintended overloading of
structural elements, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on tall building structural behavior in extreme events and under unconventional loads such as blasts, large displacements, airplane impacts, etc. 3.6 3.6 7.2
7.9
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the development and implementation of real-time structural monitoring of completed tall buildings (including the creation of a database
of results, comparison with design assumptions, determining actual performance such as in-situ natural frequency, damping, vertical shortening,
acceleration, creep, etc.)
4.2 3.7
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the validation of modelling assumptions for wind and seismic loading
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of computational fluid dynamic tools and models in the structural/wind design of tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Development of tools and models to adequately capture tall building response to seismic loads
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of parametric modeling in the design and verification of tall building structural systems (including development of form, structural
dimensioning and geometry, simulation of wind loads, provision of instant feedback, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . The use of software to assess and visualize serviceability issues in tall buildings, such as lateral acceleration and long-term deformation
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies and tools to allow for the automated design and construction of tall buildings and their structural systems
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the application of BIM tools for the integrated planning of tall buildings and their structural systems
. . . . . . . . . . . Development of strategies and methodologies for establishing accurate estimates of wind loads on tall buildings by using wind tunnel testing
Priority Index
1 Research on the development and implementation of real-time structural monitoring of completed tall buildings
(including the creation of a database of results, comparison with design assumptions, determining actual performance
such as in-situ natural frequency, damping, vertical shortening, acceleration, creep, etc.)
7.9
2 Research on the validation of modelling assumptions for wind and seismic loading
7.5
3 Research to improve tall building protection from multi-hazard events such as seismic and wind events, blast, plane
impact, tornadoes, etc. (including robustness, structural optimization, etc.)
7.5
4 The development of design criteria to determine the appropriate level of safety for tall buildings in extreme events (such
as seismic and wind events, blast, plane impact, tornadoes, etc.)
7.4
5 Research on the development of holistic performance-based multi-hazard design and analysis of tall buildings across
multiple disciplines
7.4
Highlighted Findings
In the field of Structural Performance, Multi-Hazard Design and Geotechnics, 54 individual topics of relative importance and/or immaturity were
recognized, giving this section the largest number of topics available for responders to rank. Some of these topics are interlinked, with broader
research areas spread over a number of statements that were individually scored by responders. This section received the second-greatest number of
responders to questionnaire 2, behind only Architecture and Interior Design.
Due to the number of topics and specialities covered in the questionnaire (e.g., wind engineering, seismic design, geotechnics) this field returned
a higher number of unanswered responses than any of the other ten research areas. However, blank responses made up less than 11% of the total
number of responses available.
In keeping with common themes throughout the Roadmap, responders considered many of the topics important, with 43% scoring an importance
value of 4.0 or greater (very important). Likewise, it was felt that many topics also had room for significant development, with 81% receiving an
immaturity score of 3.0 or greater (moderately immature).
The survey results state loud and clear that instrumentation of tall buildings can offer very
valuable data to verify design assumptions and may lead to new knowledge. However,
to accomplish this, more building owners should be willing to share such information for
the benefit of advancing knowledge. That is a challenge, particularly in some parts of the
world.
Abbas Aminmansour, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA
Beyond this, a number of research topics related to the broader concept of performance-based design are highly ranked by responders. These include:
Research on the validation of modeling assumptions for wind and seismic loading (priority rank 2)
The development of design criteria to determine the appropriate level of safety for tall buildings in extreme events (priority rank 4)
Research on the development of holistic performance-based multi-hazard design and analysis of tall buildings across multiple
disciplines (priority rank 5)
Research on strategies and methodologies to determine appropriate tall building seismic performance (priority rank 6)
Development of methodologies for evaluating risk to, and reliability of, new and existing tall buildings in extreme event scenarios (priority rank 9)
Research on performance-based wind engineering methods in tall buildings (priority rank 14)
Research on the performance-based seismic design of tall buildings (priority rank 21)
Performance-based seismic design is a common strategy used in tall buildings in some countries, which perhaps explains why the last of these topics
listed above was ranked lower (Research on performance-based seismic design of tall buildings received a high importance score of 4.3, but also a
low immaturity score of 2.9, suggesting the topic is relatively well developed). Results here suggest the need for priority research on performancebased design in other fields too, such as wind engineering and multi-hazard design, in order to determine the level of performance needed for tall
buildings in terms of both safety and serviceability.
There is currently a lot of discussion (in North America) about performance-based design
for wind, similar to the way performance-based design has entered into the seismic field.
Peter Irwin, Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin, Guelph, Canada
A related trend, suggesting priority research identifying specific design-level fire scenarios for which tall buildings are expected to meet some
level of safety performance, is also recognized in the Fire and Life Safety field (see page 61).
The trend of priority research on material sustainability and embodied energy is a common theme throughout the Roadmap (see Building Materials
and Products, page 75). However, within this field, topics such as structural optimization opportunities to increase efficiency and reduce embodied
energy, life-cycle analysis data for tall building structural systems and the use of sustainable construction materials and components are ranked slightly
lower, being 13th, 15th and 18th respectively. It is suggested, however, that this is to be expected:
I found that tall building foundations are undermined in the survey, especially Research on
the impact of foundation and soil-structure interaction on drift simulations of tall buildings.
Hi Sun Choi, Thornton Tomasetti, New York, USA
Results Broken Down by Questionnaire Responders
Responders that completed the questionnaire in this section have a professional background in the following disciplines:
Academia
Engineering
Academia/University/Research
Other
21%
Research on the validation of modeling assumptions for wind and seismic loading (7.7)
Research on strategies and methodologies to determine appropriate tall building seismic performance (7.6)
Academia/University/Research
Research on the development of holistic performance-based multi-hazard design and analysis of tall buildings across multiple disciplines (8.0)
Research on the development and implementation of real-time structural monitoring of completed tall buildings (7.8)
Research on the use of computational fluid dynamic tools and models in the structural/wind design of tall buildings (7.6)
Research on the validation of modeling assumptions for wind and seismic loading (8.3)
Research to determine life-cycle analysis data for tall building structural systems (7.8)
Asia
Research on the development of holistic performance-based multi-hazard design and analysis of tall buildings across multiple disciplines (7.7)
Research to improve tall building protection from multi-hazard events, such as seismic and wind events, blast, plane impact, tornadoes, etc. (7.7)
Development of tools and models to adequately capture tall building response to seismic loads (7.6)
Europe
Research to determine life-cycle analysis data for tall building structural systems (7.4)
The development of design criteria to determine the appropriate level of safety for tall buildings in extreme events (7.4)
Trends that emerge from these results include: prioritizing multi-hazard and seismic design and performance in Asia, and greater consideration of lifecycle analysis of structural systems in the European and North American contexts.
First questionnaire
Second questionnaire
North America
Central America
South America
Worldwide
0%
Has your knowledge in the field of Circulation: Vertical Transportation and Evacuation been applied to any of the following
outputs, specific to tall buildings?
Book contributions
Second questionnaire
Conference papers/presentations
Funded research projects
None of the above
0%
Please note: The percentages above may total greater than 100% due to responders option to choose multiple answers
The Research Tree presented here outlines the various topics identified in questionnaire 1 as deserving priority research in the
field of Circulation: Vertical Transportation and Evacuation. These have been grouped together by commonality, and were later
ranked by importance and immaturity in questionnaire 2, to determine the final results (see Evaluation and Ranking of Topics on
the following page). Here topics are organized by broad categories and subcategories, with the numbers in parentheses denoting
each fields Dewey Decimal Classification, which can be used for further enquiry or research in each area. For a more in-depth
explanation of this system, along with a key, please refer to pages 2325.
Field
Category
Subcategory
Evacuation Procedures,
Design and Best Practice
(363.37; 620.86)
Priority Ranking
Topic No.
5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Circulation:
Vertical Transportation
and Evacuation
(150.1; 628.92; 721.83)
Evacuation
(620.86; 628.92; 363.34)
Evacuation by Stairs
(721.832)
34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Human Behavior
(155.93)
Human Behavior in
Emergency Scenarios
(155.93)
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Immaturity
responders to rank and score all topics based on their importance (1 = not at all important, 5 = extremely important)
and immaturity (1 = not at all immature, 5 = extremely immature). These scores have been combined to create a
Priority index, which in turn leads to a Priority Ranking (listed on the left). The ranking highlights the topics which are
most deserving of priority research in the field in the coming years. The top five scores are highlighted in yellow for
easy reference. For a more in-depth explanation of these definitions, please refer to page 18.
Importance
* Priority Index: Following the identification of priority topics in questionnaire 1, a second questionnaire asked
Priority index *
Topic
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on real-time tall building evacuation management strategies and technologies
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on evacuation and life safety strategies for occupants in supertall buildings, i.e., those over 300 meters in height
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on appropriate occupant protection strategies (defend-in-place, relocate or evacuate) in tall buildings, their planning, design and implications
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on alternative evacuation systems that allow for evacuation through the faade in emergency scenarios (including chutes, parachutes,
slides, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the planning, design and implications of using elevators for evacuation in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of elevators for evacuation in extreme events, e.g., after an earthquake
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining the code requirements and standards associated with the use of elevators in evacuation scenarios internationally (including
comparison and development of existing codes, development of new codes and recommendations, etc.)
3.5
8.0
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on appropriate evacuation and egress strategies for the disabled (including emergency planning, the use of safe zones, etc.)
4.5
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on fire brigade access and operations during fire/other emergency scenarios in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies and technologies to deliver information to occupants in evacuation/emergency scenarios (including dynamic route guidance
systems, integrated audio and video technology, wireless systems, occupants attitude toward such systems and conformance to legislation)
4.0
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on what information needs to be delivered to occupants in evacuation / emergency scenarios (including best practice, issues of language, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on human behavior in evacuation scenarios and risk perception associated with different evacuation strategies in tall buildings (including impact
of 9/11, attitudes to evacuation in different buildings of different heights, impact of human behavior on design, etc.)
3.8 7.8
Vertical Traffic
(721.83)
20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Escalators
(621.8676)
36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elevator Traffic Design
(hardware solutions)
(621.877; 721.833)
Circulation:
Vertical Transportation
and Evacuation
(150.1; 628.92; 721.83)
Vertical
Transportation
Systems and
Technologies
(721.83)
26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monitoring and Acquisition of Data
(n/a)
31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Modeling/Calculation of Egress
Routes and Ancillary Areas (721.83)
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation and
Maintenance of Elevators
(621.877)
24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sustainability Issues
(621.877; 721.833; 720.47)
25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on escalators and moving sidewalks and their application in tall building design
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on alternative ropeless traction systems such as linear induction, magnetic levitation, non-use of counter-weights, infinite screws,
horizontal/vertical movement systems, etc.
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design and application of multiple elevator cars in a single hoistway and the impact on building design
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of sky lobby systems in tall building vertical transportation
. . . . . . . . . . Research on the application of modern technologies to improve traditional elevator systems (such as disk brakes, strategies to reduce car weight, shaft
area, energy consumption and life-cycle costs)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on elevator destination control systems, user interfaces and usability (including integrated security turnstiles, remote input devices such as
smart phones, individual GPS in building tracking locators, face recognition security and floor assignments, design and performance implications, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to collect passenger demographics and occupant characteristics (elderly, disabled, families, obesity, average walking speeds, social distances,
etc.) in tall buildings of different functions and in different locations and examination of the impact this will have on egress and evacuation systems
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to collect vertical transportation data in real tall buildings in different regions (including energy usage, comparison of theoretical and actual
waiting times and destination times, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Development of metrics for evaluation of tall building vertical transportation systems, including peak usage times, determination of service quality and
regional differences?
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to examine the effects of high-speed vertical transportation on the human ear, and to develop strategies to mitigate ear discomfort due to
rapid pressure changes in elevators
. . . . . . . . . . . Modeling of people flow to validate tall building egress and evacuation data
. . . . . . . . . . . Development of models and tools to assist in the calculation of the number of egress routes and their key dimensions (stair widths, lobby sizes, elevator 3.8 2.7 6.5
systems, etc.) based on fundamental building data
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design of elevator cars (including affordability, functionality, standardization, architectural features, use of glass, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on obsolescence factors and loss of vertical transportation performance in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to develop calculations, models and metrics to determine the environmental life-cycle impacts of tall building vertical transportation systems
(including embodied and operational emissions)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design and development of sustainable and energy-efficient vertical transportation systems and technologies (including
regeneration drives, etc.)
Priority Index
1 Research on the planning, design and implications of using elevators for evacuation in tall buildings
2 Research on appropriate evacuation and egress strategies for the disabled (including emergency planning, the use of
safe zones, etc.)
8.3
8.0
7.8
4 Research on the use of elevators for evacuation in extreme events, e.g., after an earthquake
7.8
7.8
Highlighted Findings
In the field of Circulation: Vertical Transportation and Evacuation, 38 individual topics of relative importance and/or immaturity were recognized. This
field show the greatest range of scores across the whole Roadmap, with topics receiving priority index scores ranging from 5.08.3, and importance
scores of 2.84.6. As such, the data presents a clear hierarchy of research in terms of priority in the field of tall buildings.
Like many other fields, immaturity scores in this field are relatively high, with 73% of topics scoring a value of 3.0 (moderately immature) or higher. This
suggests a perceived need for increased research in the field, to advance the typology in the coming years.
[Emergency evacuation] has received much specific attention, and yet there remains
great opportunity to improve in this area, specifically regarding how and when elevators
can be used.
George von Klan, GVK Consulting, San Francisco, USA
In terms of research related to non-emergency egress, the highest ranked topics are Research to collect passenger demographics and occupant
characteristics in tall buildings of different functions and in different locations and examination of the impact this will have on egress and evacuation
systems and Research on alternative ropeless traction systems, such as linear induction, magnetic levitation, non-use of counter weights, infinite
screws, horizontal/vertical movement systems, etc.
The energy efficiency, and the larger category of total life-cycle cost and carbon footprint,
of both elevators and their related impacts on the building (such as core and building
systems impacts), remains an enormous opportunity. The calculations, models and metrics
of the ways to optimize this have not been widely developed, disseminated or understood
in a way that they can be applied consistently as a discipline in building design, or learned
from operating buildings.
George von Klan, GVK Consulting, San Francisco, USA
Results Broken Down by Questionnaire Responders
Responders that completed the second questionnaire in this section have a professional background in the following disciplines:
Research on evacuation and life safety strategies for occupants in supertall buildings, i.e., those over 300 meters in height (8.2)
Research on the planning, design and implications of using elevators for evacuation in tall buildings (8.2)
Industry: Engineering
Research on the planning, design and implications of using elevators for evacuation in tall buildings (8.4)
Research on the use of elevators for evacuation in extreme events, e.g., after an earthquake (8.2)
Research on real-time tall building evacuation management strategies and technologies (7.8)
These results show that all professional groups have in general prioritized tall building evacuation research over everyday egress-related topics, again,
with an emphasis on research on elevator evacuation planning, design and implications.
Research on the planning, design and implications of using elevators for evacuation in tall buildings (8.1)
Research on real-time tall building evacuation management strategies and technologies (7.8)
Research on strategies and technologies to deliver information to occupants in evacuation/emergency scenarios (8.1)
Research on appropriate evacuation and egress strategies for the disabled (8.0)
These results demonstrate that research on elevators for evacuation is perceived as a significant research priority in all the geographic areas
represented.
Africa
Middle East
Asia
Australasia
Europe
First questionnaire
Second questionnaire
North America
Central America
South America
Worldwide
0%
Has your knowledge in the field of Fire and Life Safety been applied to any of the following outputs, specific to tall buildings?
Book contributions
Second questionnaire
Conference papers/presentations
Funded research projects
None of the above
0%
Please note: The percentages above may total greater than 100% due to responders option to choose multiple answers
The Research Tree presented here outlines the various topics identified in questionnaire 1 as deserving priority research in
the field of Fire and Life Safety. These have been grouped together by commonality, and were later ranked by importance and
immaturity in questionnaire 2, to determine the final results (see Evaluation and Ranking of Topics on the following page). Here
topics are organized by broad categories and subcategories, with the numbers in parentheses denoting each fields Dewey
Decimal Classification, which can be used for further enquiry or research in each area. For a more in-depth explanation of this
system, along with a key, please refer to pages 2325.
Field
Category
Subcategory
Building Management
(628.922; 658.477)
Legislation
(628.92)
Priority Ranking
Topic No.
2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fire Scenarios
and Mitigation
(628.92)
Fire Modeling
(628.92)
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3
3.9
4.4 3.7
8.2
8.1
Importance
responders to rank and score all topics based on their importance (1 = not at all important, 5 = extremely important)
and immaturity (1 = not at all immature, 5 = extremely immature). These scores have been combined to create a
Priority index, which in turn leads to a Priority Ranking (listed on the left). The ranking highlights the topics which are
most deserving of priority research in the field in the coming years. The top five scores are highlighted in yellow for
easy reference. For a more in-depth explanation of these definitions, please refer to page 18.
Immaturity
* Priority Index: Following the identification of priority topics in questionnaire 1, a second questionnaire asked
Topic
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to establish the impact of new sustainable materials, technologies and design strategies in tall buildings on fire and life safety performance
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to develop better collaborations between architects, fire-engineers and the fire-fighting community
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining disaster risk management and reduction planning in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the performance based fire and life-safety design of tall buildings and alternative means of legislative compliance
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and development of new construction materials suitable for tall buildings with increased fire resistance and to improve overall fire safety
. . . . . . . . . . . Research focussing on fire and life safety issues in tall buildings in developing and the least developed countries
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to establish and examine what are the appropriate levels of fire and life safety required in tall buildings as compared to other typologies
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on fire and life safety in tall buildings during disasters and extreme events
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining case studies of previous tall building life safety disasters, such as the collapse of the WTC Towers
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the validation and comparison between computational models and behavior in real tall building fire scenarios (including connection
response, shear failure modes, concrete spalling, pre-loading, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and development of computational models, data and technologies to enhance automated building management operations and emergency
response decision-making support (e.g. real-time monitoring of interior environment for fire, response of systems, response of structure, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to develop and collate fire protection, egress and communication system reliability and resiliency data
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and development of tools and computational models for the design and analysis of tall buildings in fire scenarios
. . . . . . . . . . . Testing and development of standards for fire/smoke penetration in tall buildings, and in particular floor-to-floor transmissions
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to determine the level of fire hazard posed by emergency generator fuel supply systems in tall buildings, and the necessary fire
resistance they require
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the behavior and mitigation of fire scenarios occurring during the construction period
Structural
Behavior in
Fire Scenarios
(624.176; 693.82)
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Priority Index
8.3
2 Research to establish the impact of new sustainable materials, technologies and design strategies in tall buildings on fire
and life safety performance
8.2
3 Research to develop better collaborations between architects, fire-engineers and the fire-fighting community
8.1
4 Research and development of realistic fire scenarios for the design of tall building structural fire protection
8.0
5 Research focussing on fire and life safety issues in tall buildings in developing and the least developed countries
8.0
Highlighted Findings
In the field of Fire and Life Safety, 43 individual topics of relative importance and/or immaturity were recognized. Research across a number of areas
related to the fire and life safety of tall buildings is clearly considered a priority by the questionnaire responders, with five topics in this field receiving a
priority index score greater than 8.0. To put this into perspective, only nine topics in the entire Roadmap received such high scores. Such priority is no
doubt linked to fire and life safetys intrinsic relationship to occupant protection and wellbeing in hazardous and life-threatening scenarios.
The perceived need for priority research in this field is also reflected in the high immaturity scores received by many topics, with 93% scoring 3.0 or
higher, and several topics receiving scores closer to 4.0 (very immature). Research in this field then is in need of notable further development in order
to progress the fire and life safety knowledge base in future years.
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on opportunities for the integration of structural and fire safety design in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the behavior of high and ultra-high strength structural concrete in fire scenarios
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the behavior of plastic polymers and composites used in tall building structure in fire scenarios
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining how structural performance in fire scenarios can impact evacuation and means of escape in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the behavior and appropriate protection of tall building structural nodes and connections in fire scenarios
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining the redundancy of high-rise structures in fire scenarios
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the behavior of structural transfer systems in fire scenarios
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the behavior of concrete filled composite columns in fire scenarios
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the behavior of composite floor systems in fire scenarios
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the behavior of tall building structures in multiple ignition fire scenarios
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on structural fire protection systems and materials in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the application of the hydrocarbon time temperature curve in the structural design of tall buildings
The issue of specific design level fire scenario standards for tall buildings has been raised
by regulators in several countries utilizing performance-based regulatory systemsTo
meet the normal rigors of regulatory control, these regulators need agreed sets of design
level events that are applied to every building of similar use (risk) with the provision for
additional scenarios that reflect unique risks associated with a particular building or
tenant.
Richard Bukowski, Rolf Jensen and Associates, Washington D.C., USA
Interestingly, similar priority research topics related to establishing the level of structural performance in tall buildings in multi-hazard scenarios
was also identified in the Structural Performance, Multi-Hazard Design and Geotechnics field (see page 45). However, many consider the fire control/
suppression system to play the most important role in preventing fires from becoming a threat to a tall building structure:
We need to think more about actively managing fires with high reliability fire suppression
systems, so that the likelihood of fires threatening the structure becomes very low in the future.
Of course, a proper degree of fire resistive capability in the structural frame is always needed.
A further trend among highly ranked topics is that of collaboration between multiple disciplines (ranked 3rd priority), with calls for strategies to
promote closer collaborations between architects, fire-engineers and the fire-fighting community and, in addition, more specific teams such as those
involved in building sustainability: Research to establish the impact of new sustainable materials, technologies and design strategies in tall buildings
on fire and life safety performance (ranked 2nd priority), and structural engineering: Research on opportunities for the integration of structural and fire
safety design in tall buildings (ranked 6th priority). These concerns are driven by the complexity of high-rise and the recognition that design decisions
affect multiple disciplines, and a lack of understanding and communication among consultants could cause challenges to high-rise development.
It is interesting to note that this concept of collaboration is a common theme in a number of sections in the Roadmap. In the Architecture and Interior
Design field the topic Research to develop and improve coordination and interaction between the different disciplines involved in the design of tall
buildings is the 7th highest ranked topic, with a score of 7.3. However, the links between sustainability and fire and life safety are considered less of a
priority by responders in the field of Sustainable Design, Construction and Operation. Here the topics Research on strategies for the integrated analysis
of energy conservation and safety and Research on the impact of, and balance between sustainable initiatives and tall building fire and life safety
were ranked lower, being 21st and 23rd in the list respectively (although with scores of 7.3 and 7.2, which are similar to the collaboration topic in
the Architecture and Interior Design field see pages 33 and 81). These differences of opinion may be caused by such research only having a minimal
impact on building sustainable performance, but at the same time having a potentially much greater impact on fire and life safety. It is recognized that
sustainability drives designs to employ materials and strategies whose fire performance is not well documented, which is also reflected in a high mean
immaturity score of 3.9 (very immature) for the topic Research to establish the impact of new sustainable materials, technologies and design strategies
in tall buildings on fire and life safety performance.
An additional topic highly ranked, with a score of 8.0, is that of Research focusing on fire and life safety issues in tall buildings in developing and least
developed countries.
based on the observation that an increasing number of developing countries are the sites of
tall (but not record height) buildings, fire and life safety issues for tall buildings in developing
countries is an important topic to be addressed. Further, even in developed countries tall
buildings are increasingly being built in smaller cities that have never had to deal with the
unique needs of tall buildings.
This also received the joint highest immaturity score in this field (3.9) and can thus be considered a significant gap in the knowledge base.
Research on the risk associated with fire resistance reductions as a trade-off against automatic sprinkler protection in high-rise (7.9)
Research and development of realistic fire scenarios for the design of tall building structural fire protection (7.9)
Industry: Other
Research to establish the impact of new sustainable materials, technologies and design strategies in tall buildings on fire and life
safety performance (9.2)
Research to develop better collaborations between architects, fire-engineers and the fire-fighting community (9.0)
Research on the probabilistic approach to tall building design in fire scenario (8.8)
Academia/University/Research
Research to determine credible worst-case design fires for tall buildings (9.2)
Research to develop better collaborations between architects, fire-engineers and the fire-fighting community (8.7)
Research and development of realistic fire scenarios for the design of tall building structural fire protection (8.6)
Research focusing on fire and life safety issues in tall buildings in developing and the least developed countries (7.9)
Research to develop and collate fire protection, egress and communication system reliability and resiliency data (7.8)
Europe
Research to determine credible worst-case design fires for tall buildings (9.4)
Research to develop better collaborations between architects, fire-engineers and the fire-fighting community (9.4)
Research and development of realistic fire scenarios for the design of tall building structural fire protection (9.1)
Other
Research to establish the impact of new sustainable materials, technologies and design strategies in tall buildings on fire and life safety
performance(8.8)
Research on the probabilistic approach to tall building design in fire scenarios (8.3)
Research to develop better collaborations between architects, fire-engineers and the fire-fighting community (8.2)
These results firstly highlight that responders who mostly work in the European context give very high priority to some of the topics in this field,
with scores greater than 9.0 suggesting topics are considered both extremely important, and very or extremely immature. Secondly, while there is
commonality between some of the results (e.g., research to develop better collaborations, research to determine credible worst-case design fires) the
variability beyond this is perhaps a consequence of different regulations and prescriptions in terms of fire and life safety that are present in different
regions internationally.
Africa
Middle East
Asia
Australasia
Europe
First questionnaire
Second questionnaire
North America
Central America
South America
Worldwide
0%
Has your knowledge in the field of Cladding and Skin been applied to any of the following outputs, specific to tall buildings?
Book contributions
Second questionnaire
Conference papers/presentations
Funded research projects
None of the above
0%
Please note: The percentages above may total greater than 100% due to responders option to choose multiple answers
The Research Tree presented here outlines the various topics identified in questionnaire 1 as deserving priority research in
the field of Cladding and Skin. These have been grouped together by commonality, and were later ranked by importance and
immaturity in questionnaire 2, to determine the final results (see Evaluation and Ranking of Topics on the following page). Here
topics are organized by broad categories and subcategories, with the numbers in parentheses denoting each fields Dewey
Decimal Classification, which can be used for further enquiry or research in each area. For a more in-depth explanation of this
system, along with a key, please refer to pages 2325.
Field
Category
Subcategory
Design, Construction and
Installation of Faade
(729.1)
Priority Ranking
Topic No.
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design and Integration of
Non-Standard Faade Systems
and Materials
(729.1; 721.0449; 720.48)
4.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cladding and
Skin
(721.2; 729.1)
24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Performance of Faade
(729.1)
2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Immaturity
responders to rank and score all topics based on their importance (1 = not at all important, 5 = extremely important)
and immaturity (1 = not at all immature, 5 = extremely immature). These scores have been combined to create a
Priority index, which in turn leads to a Priority Ranking (listed on the left). The ranking highlights the topics which are
most deserving of priority research in the field in the coming years. The top five scores are highlighted in yellow for
easy reference. For a more in-depth explanation of these definitions, please refer to page 18.
Importance
* Priority Index: Following the identification of priority topics in questionnaire 1, a second questionnaire asked
Priority index *
Topic
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the constructability of tall building faades (including minimizing worker risks during construction, prefabrication opportunities, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and development of tools and modeling software for the design of high-rise faades (including parametric modeling, optimization tools,
software to develop complex faades, etc.)
4.2
3.0
7.2
3.9 3.1 7.0
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the factors affecting faade aesthetics in tall buildings (including examination of architectural languages, impact of color, reflectivity,
transparency and scale of patterns on the visual impact of the city, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of innovative/advanced materials and cladding systems in tall building faades (including composite materials, photochromatic
glazing, aerogel, application of aerospace/shipbuilding technologies, etc.)
4.3
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design, construction and performance of dynamic/active faade systems in tall buildings (including user control, development of
standards and regulations, impact on energy performance and indoor climate, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on faade-integrated energy generation and collection systems in tall buildings (including building-integrated photovoltaics, wind energy
systems, water collection, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on manufacturing techniques and systems for the production of free-form and complex faade panels and their fixings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on tall building faade cleaning, access and maintenance (including systems and strategies, automation, reducing worker risk, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on design strategies, practices and guidelines for the recladding/retrofit of tall building faades (including data benefits of retrofit,
minimization of disruption to ongoing building operations, provision of easy change-out glass panels, etc.)
4.2 3.5
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of sustainable, recycled and reused materials in tall building faades (including reuse and recyclability attributes of materials
commonly used in faades, strategies to promote greater reuse and recycling, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to establish the embodied energy of tall building faades (including the development of reliable, quickly-sourced metrics)
4.0
3.7
7.8
4.3 3.2 7.5
4.3 3.0 7.3
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the interactions between, and the integration of, tall building faades with space conditioning and HVAC systems
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the optimization of transparent elements in tall building faades, and strategies to balance the factors they regulate (e.g., balancing glare,
thermal performance, daylighting performance, etc.)
3.6
7.9
7.7
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on tall building faade design and performance in different climates and the impact climate has on high-rise envelopes (including
performance, efficiency, cost and durability in hot, tropical, arid, temperate climates etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design and performance of faade-integrated greenery in tall buildings (including impact on interior comfort in different climates,
impact on thermal performance of faade and U-values, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the optimization of tall building faades based on function, room usage and meteorological climate changes with height
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to develop strategies and products to improve the thermal performance of tall building faades (including development of new products such
as vacuum insulation panels, highly insulating but thin cladding products, improved thermal performance of framing components, etc.)
4.4
3.3
7.8
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the testing and improvement of air-and-water tightness performance in tall building faades (including factors affecting seal material
deterioration, air and vapor barrier design, interaction of setting blocks with metallic coatings in standing water, appropriate pressure in glazing
units, etc.)
3.9
2.8
6.7
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the impact of wind on faade design (including impact of appendages such as balcony guards and solar shading, wind tunnel testing,
impact of neighboring buildings on envelope peak loads, etc.)
4.1
3.0
7.1
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on appropriate tall building faade shading strategies and technologies (including active and passive systems, impact of solar analysis on
design, appropriate location and orientation of shading systems, etc.)
4.3 3.1
7.4
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to develop guidelines, tools and techniques for the consideration of interior and exterior glare in highly glazed tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the modeling and assessment of daylighting benefits in tall buildings (economic impact, occupant benefits, environmental quality, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to improve the performance of glass in tall building faades (including development of coatings, self-cleaning glazing, manufacturing
techniques to minimize distortion, improved thermal performance, safety and greater visual light transmission, etc.)
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cladding and
Skin
(721.2; 729.1)
Performance of Faade
(693.8; 729.1)
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multi-Hazard Resistance
(693.85)
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Priority Index
1 Research on the use of innovative/advanced materials and cladding systems in tall building faades (including composite
materials, photochromatic glazing, aerogel, application of aerospace/shipbuilding technologies, etc.)
7.9
2 Research to develop strategies and products to improve the thermal performance of tall building faades (including
development of new products such as vacuum insulation panels, highly insulating but thin cladding products, improved
thermal performance of framing components, etc.)
7.8
3 Research to establish the embodied energy of tall building faades (including the development of reliable,
quickly-sourced metrics)
7.8
4 Research on the design, construction and performance of dynamic/active faade systems in tall buildings (including user
control, development of standards and regulations, impact on energy performance and indoor climate, etc.)
7.7
5 Research on faade-integrated energy generation and collection systems in tall buildings (including building-integrated
photovoltaics, wind energy systems, water collection, etc.)
7.7
Highlighted Findings
In the field of Cladding and Skin, 32 individual topics of relative importance and/or immaturity were recognized. Like many fields in the Roadmap,
responders in this field of consider research in this area as being both highly important and somewhat immature.
In terms of importance, only five of the 32 topics (16%) received an importance score lower than 3.9 (which is just below very important). In terms
of immaturity, more than 90% of topics received an immaturity score of 3.0 (moderately immature) or greater.
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on faade design strategies and technologies to allow for natural ventilation in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design and performance of double-skin and multi-layer faades in tall buildings (including performance in different climates,
examination of case studies, life-cycle cost implications, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the performance of the faade in fire scenarios (including testing, impact on faade brackets, use of fire protection, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on fire performance and smoke control of double-skin assemblies in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the performance and design of compartmentation junctions between floors and faades in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and testing of faade performance in earthquake and building motion scenarios
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on blast and projectile impact on tall building faades (including mitigation, resistant constructions, etc.)
4.3 3.3
7.6
4.1 3.0 7.2
4.3
3.3 7.6
4.2 3.4 7.6
3.9 3.2 7.1
4.0 2.9 7.0
3.7 3.2 6.8
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining safety and failure modes of tall building faade materials and systems (including glazing failure/falling, reliability of heattreated products, etc.)
4.2 3.2
7.3
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the durability of faade materials and components in tall buildings (including establishing material/component life-spans, impact of
geographical location and local weather/atmospheric conditions, etc.)
It is important to note that these topics related to the research and development of innovative and non-standard products and systems are primarily
concerned with improving the environmental performance of tall building faades, and this is reflected in the second-highest ranked topic Research
to develop strategies and products to improve the thermal performance of tall building faades. This includes specific calls for research on the
development of new materials and products, including vacuum-insulation panels, highly insulating but thin cladding products, improved thermal
performance of framing components, etc.
What I read from the responses in Cladding and Skin is that the over-riding concern expressed
was for improvements to faade performance, which I interpret to mean environmental
performance. The application of non-standard systems and materials was one way to potentially
accomplish this goal.
Peter Weismantle, AS+GG Architecture, Chicago, USA
A further trend apparent in the results is the desire for research on tall building faades beyond their day-to-day performance, encompassing
sustainability across the entirety of their life-cycle. This is a theme that is repeated in multiple fields across the Roadmap (and specifically in Building
Materials and Products, and Sustainable Design, Construction and Operation see pages 75 and 81), and gives significant priority to topics such as
establishing the embodied energy of tall building faades, retrofitting and recladding of tall building faades, and using sustainable, recycled and
reused materials. These topics also received the highest immaturity scores in the field, denoting the need for development in order to improve
knowledge, understanding and information in these realms.
Research related to the multi-hazard resistance of tall building faades was scattered throughout the rankings, with Research on the performance of
the faade in fire scenarios and Research on fire performance and smoke control of double-skin assemblies in tall buildings receiving the highest
priority scores in this subcategory. Topics related to faade performance in earthquake, blast and projectile impact scenarios were considered a much
lower priority by those who responded to the questionnaire.
Research on the use of innovative/advanced materials and cladding systems in tall building faades (8.2)
Research on faade-integrated energy generation and collection systems in tall buildings (8.2)
Academia/University/Research
Research to establish the embodied energy of tall building faades (8.4)
Research on the design, construction and performance of dynamic/active faade systems in tall buildings (8.3)
Research on the use of sustainable, recycled and reused materials in tall building faades (8.3)
Research on the optimization of transparent elements in tall building faades, and strategies to balance the factors they regulate (8.1)
Across all professional backgrounds, there was a general prioritization of research concerned with the sustainability performance of tall building
faades. However, it is notable that while those in the academic realm gave higher priority to life-cycle sustainability issues (such as embodied energy
and the use of sustainable and recycled materials), those in the other consultancy realm gave priority to innovative materials and systems such as
dynamic and energy-generating envelopes. Responders from an engineering background gave greater priority to research on the performance of the
faade in fire scenarios, as compared to the other groups.
Research on the performance and design of compartmentation junctions between floors and faades in tall buildings (7.7)
Research to develop strategies and products to improve the thermal performance of tall building faades (7.6)
North America
Research on faade-integrated energy generation and collection systems in tall buildings (8.5)
Research on the interactions between, and the integration of, tall building faades with space conditioning and HVAC systems (7.9)
Research on the use of innovative/advanced materials and cladding systems in tall building faades (7.9)
Asia
Research on the use of sustainable, recycled and reused materials in tall building faades (8.7)
Research on faade integrated energy generation and collection systems in tall buildings (8.6)
Research on the use of innovative/advanced materials and cladding systems in tall building faades (8.5)
Of note here is the perceived need for research on fire performance and smoke control of double-skin assemblies in the European context, likely
due to the prominence of this faade technology in the region. In North America there seems to be a preference for research on innovative faade
materials and systems, which is also mirrored in the responses from those whose work is predominantly in the Asian region.
Africa
Middle East
Asia
Australasia
Europe
First questionnaire
Second questionnaire
North America
Central America
South America
Worldwide
0%
Has your knowledge in the field of Building Materials and Products been applied to any of the following outputs, specific to tall
buildings?
Book contributions
Second questionnaire
Conference papers/presentations
Funded research projects
None of the above
0%
Please note: The percentages above may total greater than 100% due to responders option to choose multiple answers
The Research Tree presented here outlines the various topics identified in questionnaire 1 as deserving priority research in the
field of Building Materials and Products. These have been grouped together by commonality, and were later ranked by importance
and immaturity in questionnaire 2, to determine the final results (see Evaluation and Ranking of Topics on the following page).
Here topics are organized by broad categories and subcategories, with the numbers in parentheses denoting each fields Dewey
Decimal Classification, which can be used for further enquiry or research in each area. For a more in-depth explanation of this
system, along with a key, please refer to pages 2325.
Field
Category
General Aspects:
Selection, Preservation,
Construction Properties
(691)
Building Materials
and Products
(691)
Hazardous Materials
Technology
(604.7)
Life-cycle Analysis
of Materials
(658.4083; 658.5)
Subcategory
Priority Ranking
Topic No.
Performance of Traditional
Materials
(691.2; 691.3; 691.4; 691.5;
691.6; 691.7; 691.8)
1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Timber
(691.1)
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quality Control
(658.562)
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Resistance to Decay,
Decomposition, Deterioration
(620.1122)
2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Immaturity
responders to rank and score all topics based on their importance (1 = not at all important, 5 = extremely important)
and immaturity (1 = not at all immature, 5 = extremely immature). These scores have been combined to create a
Priority index, which in turn leads to a Priority Ranking (listed on the left). The ranking highlights the topics which are
most deserving of priority research in the field in the coming years. The top five scores are highlighted in yellow for
easy reference. For a more in-depth explanation of these definitions, please refer to page 18.
Importance
* Priority Index: Following the identification of priority topics in questionnaire 1, a second questionnaire asked
Priority index *
Topic
4.3 3.3 7.5
3.7 3.1 6.8
3.7 2.9 6.6
3.9 2.7 6.6
3.6 2.8 6.4
3.5 2.9 6.4
3.5 2.6 6.1
3.5 3.8
7.3
2.8 3.5 6.3
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the application and performance of fiber-reinforced polymers in tall buildings (e.g., carbon, glass)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of elastic materials such as render, plaster, etc. and their application in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design and performance of timber as a structural material in tall buildings (including in a hybrid capacity, such as cross-laminated
timber floor plates)
3.0 3.7
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on non-structural applications of timber (cladding, shading systems, etc.) in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on opportunities for manufacturers to partner up to provide greater product compatibility in tall building design
4.1
3.1
7.2
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of toxin-free and low VOC materials in tall building interiors
3.6
3.1
6.7
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use, impact and removal of asbestos from tall buildings (including regulations, practices, remediation, effect on productivity
and occupation, etc.)
3.4
2.4
5.8
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the development and use of sustainable and low-energy materials, products and components in tall buildings
4.4
2.9
7.3
3.8 3.3 7.1
4.2 2.7 6.9
. . . . . . . . . . . The development of embodied energy/carbon data for tall building-specific materials and components
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of sustainable concrete and cement products in tall buildings
6.7
4.3
3.2
7.5
4.3 3.1 7.4
3.8 3.1 6.9
3.6 3.1 6.7
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on designing for easy repair and replacement of materials and products in tall buildings
3.9
3.4
7.3
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on recyclability and reusability of tall building materials and components (including demountable systems, environmental impact of recycling
as compared to landfill, etc.)
3.7 3.3
7.0
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the responsible procurement of materials and components in tall buildings (e.g., in areas that do not have strict controls on
processing-plant emissions and toxic waste disposal)
3.7 3.7
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the local procurement of materials and components in tall buildings (including economic issues, environmental issues, etc.)
7.4
Priority Index
7.5
7.5
3 Research on the responsible procurement of materials and components in tall buildings (e.g., in areas that do not have
strict controls on processing-plant emissions and toxic waste disposal)
7.4
7.4
5 Research on the application and performance of fiber-reinforced polymers in tall buildings (e.g., carbon, glass)
7.3
Highlighted Findings
In the field of Building Materials and Products, 26 individual topics of relative importance and/or immaturity were recognized. The index of priority
scores in this field are slightly lower than in the other areas of the Roadmap, with values ranging from 5.87.5. Similarly, only six of the 26 topics in
the field scored a mean importance value of 4.0 or greater (very important), which again is the lowest return in the Roadmap. This suggests that
responders perceive that research on building materials and products merits a lower priority when compared to other fields, or alternatively, that
research on tall building materials and products is outside of the realm of the tall building researcher, instead being more applicable to general
material scientists, product designers, etc.
In terms of immaturity, trends are consistent with responses across the Roadmap, with only 31% of topics in this section scoring mean immaturity values
lower than 3.0 (moderately immature), suggesting a perceived need for increased research in the field, to advance the typology in the coming years.
products and components is widely supported as a priority research topic. There are, however, exceptions. In the Circulation: Vertical Transportation and
Evacuation field, the topic Research to develop calculations, models and metrics to determine the environmental life-cycle impacts of tall building
vertical transportation systems is ranked only 25th, with a lower priority index of 6.5 (see page 53). Likewise, in Structural Performance, Multi-Hazard
Design and Geotechnics, topics dealing specifically with material sustainability are again ranked as a lower priority. However, here it is suggested that
this is due to structural engineers intrinsically connecting structural efficiency with material sustainability, and so dedicated research in the latter is
encompassed by broader topics related to the former (see page 45).
Research on the use of composite materials and systems in tall buildings (7.5)
Academia/University/Research
Research on the responsible procurement of materials and components in tall buildings (8.2)
Research on the design and performance of timber as a structural material in tall buildings (8.0)
These results show a clear difference in research priorities between those in the engineering realm and those in academia. Responders in the former
group have prioritized more traditional tall building materials and systems such as concrete and composite systems, most probably due to their common application in real tall building projects all over the world. Those in the academic realm prioritized more alternative materials, in particular the use
of timber in a structural and non-structural capacity. While those in the academic realm ranked Research on the design and performance of timber
as a structural material in tall buildings as their second-highest-priority topic, with a score of 8.0, those in the engineering realm ranked it as their
second-lowest priority topic, with an index of importance and maturity score of just 5.9, and an average importance score of 2.3 (just above slightly
important). In fact, 50% of responders with an engineering background ranked this topic as not important at all.
Research on the use of sustainable concrete and cement products in tall buildings (7.2)
The development of embodied energy/carbon data for tall building-specific materials and components (7.2)
North America
Research on the application and performance of fiber-reinforced polymers in tall buildings (9.0)
Research on the use of composite materials and systems in tall buildings (8.3)
The difference in research priorities by professional background is reflected in a similar manner when breaking down the results by geographical area.
Responders whose work is in Europe suggest greatest research priority for topics related to material and product sustainability, while those in North
America have focused priority on composite and advanced materials and durability. Again, there is an interesting polarization of scores in these two
regions, with Research on the application and performance of fiber-reinforced polymers in tall buildings receiving a priority index of 9.0 in North
America, but only 6.3 in Europe. Likewise, Research on recyclability and reusability of tall building materials and components received the highest
score of 7.4 in Europe, but only 5.8 in North America. Such differences in magnitude suggest very different attitudes and research priorities, and the
potential need for technology and knowledge transfer between the regions.
Africa
Middle East
Asia
Australasia
Europe
First questionnaire
Second questionnaire
North America
Central America
South America
Worldwide
0%
Has your knowledge in the field of Sustainable Design, Construction and Operation been applied to any of the following
outputs, specific to tall buildings?
Book contributions
Second questionnaire
Conference papers/presentations
Funded research projects
None of the above
0%
Please note: The percentages above may total greater than 100% due to responders option to choose multiple answers
The Research Tree presented here outlines the various topics identified in questionnaire 1 as deserving priority research in the
field of Sustainable Design, Construction and Operation. These have been grouped together by commonality, and were later ranked
by importance and immaturity in questionnaire 2, to determine the final results (see Evaluation and Ranking of Topics on the
following page). Here topics are organized by broad categories and subcategories, with the numbers in parentheses denoting
each fields Dewey Decimal Classification, which can be used for further enquiry or research in each area. For a more in-depth
explanation of this system, along with a key, please refer to pages 2325.
Field
Category
Subcategory
Priority Ranking
Topic No.
3.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sustainable Design
Principles and Processes
(720.47)
Sustainable Design
Principles and Processes
(720.47)
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sustainable Design,
Construction and
Operation
(644.6; 720.47)
1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reducing Operating Energy
(720.472)
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Waste/Usage
(363.7284; 628.1; 644.6)
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Immaturity
responders to rank and score all topics based on their importance (1 = not at all important, 5 = extremely important)
and immaturity (1 = not at all immature, 5 = extremely immature). These scores have been combined to create a
Priority index, which in turn leads to a Priority Ranking (listed on the left). The ranking highlights the topics which are
most deserving of priority research in the field in the coming years. The top five scores are highlighted in yellow for
easy reference. For a more in-depth explanation of these definitions, please refer to page 18.
Importance
* Priority Index: Following the identification of priority topics in questionnaire 1, a second questionnaire asked
Priority index *
Topic
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on environmental optimization strategies and methodologies for tall building form
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the impact of meteorological changes with height on the sustainable design and performance of tall buildings (e.g., changes in air
temperature, pressure and density, stack effect)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies for high-rise design to take inspiration from nature and biomimetic concepts (including in the architecture,
mechanical systems, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and strategies to improve design team fluency and education in tall building sustainable practices and principles
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the influence of microclimate on sustainable tall building design (e.g., local wind behavior, surrounding context)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use and development of software and modeling tools to improve tall building sustainability (including daylight, wind,
stack effect, HVAC and energy modeling, use of modeling to inform early design stage energy performance, parametric models,
development of modeling criteria, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the application of Passivhaus design principles and performance in tall building design
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design and opportunities for vertical farming and agriculture (including determining if such solutions actually provide more
sustainable agricultural production)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the design, performance and integration of greenery and planting on tall buildings (including green roofs, sky gardens,
green plot ratio, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies and technologies to develop carbon-neutral, net-zero-energy, zero-carbon and self-sustaining tall buildings (including
evaluations of whether such concepts are technically viable)
4.4 3.5
7.8
4.1
7.8
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the integration of passive design strategies and technologies into tall buildings to reduce energy requirements and
improve occupant comfort
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies and technologies to allow for natural/mixed-mode ventilation in tall buildings (including impact of form, faade and internal
organization, determining economic and environmental advantages of natural/mixed-mode ventilation, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use and development of low-energy air conditioning and climate management systems in tall buildings (including technologies such
as absorption chillers, desiccant cooling, solar thermal cooling systems, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the stack effect in tall buildings (including utilization where useful, and mitigation where unwanted)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the use of energy recovery systems in tall buildings (e.g., mechanical ventilation and heat recovery systems)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to enhance air-conditioning and MEP system performance and efficiency in tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on energy management control systems and strategies to achieve energy efficiency in operations
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to mitigate internal thermal loads due to computer operation in tall buildings (including removal of heat strategies, dephasing day-to-night
operations, etc.)
3.6
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies and technologies to reduce the use of water in tall buildings (including treatment of sewage, low plumbing fixture flow-rates,
water recycling, rainwater harvesting, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research examining the opportunities and strategies to allow for disassembly/deconstruction at the end of a tall buildings life (and, as such, re-use of
components, materials, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies to assess and extend the life-cycle of tall buildings to the exclusion of large-scale retrofits (for example, reducing building
maintenance, examining the needs of the occupants in terms of building obsolescence, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies for adaptive reuse and change of function in tall buildings to extend their life-cycle
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on retrofitting tall buildings for improved energy performance and extended life-cycle
Sustainable
Management
(720.47)
Sustainable Design,
Construction and
Operation
(644.6; 720.47)
21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interaction of Sustainability
and Safety
(n/a)
23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MEP Systems
and Design
(621.8; 696)
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Occupant Comfort
(152.1; 629.2772)
31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Priority Index
1 Research on strategies and technologies to develop carbon-neutral, net-zero-energy, zero-carbon and self-sustaining tall
buildings (including evaluations of whether such concepts are technically viable)
7.8
7.8
3 Research on environmental optimization strategies and methodologies for tall building form
7.7
4 Research on the integration of passive design strategies and technologies into tall buildings to reduce energy
requirements and improve occupant comfort
7.6
5 Research examining the opportunities and strategies to allow for disassembly/deconstruction at the end of a tall
buildings life (and, as such, re-use of components, materials, etc.)
7.6
Highlighted Findings
In the field of Sustainable Design, Construction and Operation, 36 individual topics of relative importance and/or immaturity were recognized.
Sustainability is a holistic and interdisciplinary field, especially in tall buildings. As such, many research topics related to sustainability are found
throughout the Roadmap, beyond this individual section. Where possible, this section pulls together the research most commonly related to
sustainability, although some topics that sit more comfortably in other fields are located accordingly (e.g., topics directly concerned with faade
sustainability are found in Cladding and Skin).
Like many fields in the Roadmap, immaturity scores of the topics in Sustainable Design, Construction and Operation are relatively high, with 89%
scoring 3.0 or higher (moderately immature). This suggests a perceived need for increased research in the field, to advance the typology in the
coming years.
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies for integrating analysis of energy conservation and safety (including the introduction of safety metrics into
sustainability criteria)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the impact of, and balance between sustainable initiatives and tall building fire and life safety (for example, the impact of sustainable new
materials and design strategies on fire load assumptions, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the impact of climate on alternative mechanical systems (for example the use of chilled beams and chilled ceilings in tropical climates
without the risk of condensation occurring, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies to integrate structure and MEP systems (for example, hollow-core slabs for air-conditioning conduits, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies to reduce the amount of space taken up by MEP systems in tall buildings (including air supply systems, plant rooms, ceiling voids,
service risers, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to establish appropriate MEP loads and systems sizing (including ventilation needs according to real CO2 content of microclimate, impact of
occupancy rates on loads and HVAC sizing, examination of whether air-conditioning systems in tall buildings are regularly over-sized, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies to enhance MEP system flexibility
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the provision for current and future IT connectivity in and between tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . . Research to define occupant comfort and psychological well-being in tall buildings (including in different climates, impact of different
conditioning systems, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies to promote reduced occupant energy use in tall buildings (for example, tenants competing on a floor-by-floor basis in an
office building, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on user operation and education of MEP systems in tall buildings (including building management systems, impact of improper use of systems on
HVAC energy/efficiencies, etc.)
[Research] focus should be sharper on how to use the height of tall buildings and
integration with the urban environment to get to net-zero on all resources (including new
and existing buildings).
Luke Leung, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Chicago, USA
Throughout the Roadmap there is a perceived need for more research on topics related to the broader life-cycle of tall building sustainability,
beyond day-to-day operations and including construction and end-of-life scenarios. Themes such as reducing high-rise embodied energy/carbon,
disassembly/deconstruction, extending tall buildings life-cycle, adaptive reuse and retrofitting are all ranked within the top ten topics in this field.
This is reflected in many areas of the Roadmap, and outlined in more detail in the Building Materials and Products field (see page 75). This trend is also
apparent in the wider built environment, beyond tall buildings, with increasing consideration for embodied energy/carbon in both professional and
academic realms.
The highest average importance score (4.5) was given to Research on the integration of passive design strategies and technologies into tall buildings
to reduce energy requirements and improve occupant comfort, which again is a broad topic covering a number of themes. In this area, the more
specific Research on strategies and technologies to allow for natural/mixed-mode ventilation in tall buildings also scored highly.
Tall buildings have a significant sustainability impact when considering their role in the
urban/suburban context. This impact needs to be quantified for better understanding of the
sustainability contributions of tall buildings.
Industry (Architectural /
Other
UrbanIndustry:
Planning)
Academia / University /
Academia/University/Research
Research
Industry (Other mostly
Engineers
and OtherArchitectural/Urban
Industry:
Consultants)
43%
Planning 11%
Research on environmental optimization strategies and methodologies for tall building form (7.6)
Academia/University/Research
Research on strategies and techniques to reduce embodied energy/carbon in tall buildings (8.4)
Research examining the opportunities and strategies to allow for disassembly/deconstruction at the end of a tall buildings life (8.3)
Research on strategies for adaptive reuse and change of function in tall buildings to extend their life-cycle (8.0)
It is interesting to note here that the topics ranked highest by industry tend to focus on building operations (e.g., carbon neutrality, passive design
strategies) while those ranked highest by academics were focused on the broader life-cycle of tall building sustainability, including topics such as
embodied energy, disassembly/deconstruction and adaptive reuse.
Asia
Research on the integration of passive design strategies and technologies into tall buildings to reduce energy requirements and improve
occupant comfort (7.8)
Research on the impact of meteorological changes with height on the sustainable design and performance of tall buildings (7.8)
Research to define occupant comfort and psychological well-being in tall buildings (7.7)
North America
Research on strategies and technologies to develop carbon-neutral, net-zero-energy, zero-carbon and self-sustaining tall buildings (8.3)
Research on environmental optimization strategies and methodologies for tall building form (8.1)
Research on strategies to assess and extend the life-cycle of tall buildings, to the exclusion of large-scale retrofits (8.1)
Of interest here may be the fact that topics related to a buildings end of life (e.g., retrofitting, adaptive reuse, life-cycle extension, disassembly/
deconstruction, etc.) all scored higher in terms of importance from responders in North America than in Asia. This is likely due to the fact that many
high-rises constructed from the 1950s through1970s in North America are approaching the end of their service lives, whereas those in Asia are
typically more recent, and as such, are still in their early- or mid-lifecycles.
Africa
Middle East
Asia
Australasia
Europe
First questionnaire
Second questionnaire
North America
Central America
South America
Worldwide
0%
Has your knowledge in the field of Construction and Project Management been applied to any of the following outputs, specific
to tall buildings?
Book contributions
Second questionnaire
Conference papers/presentations
Funded research projects
None of the above
0%
Please note: The percentages above may total greater than 100% due to responders option to choose multiple answers
The Research Tree presented here outlines the various topics identified in questionnaire 1 as deserving priority research in
the field of Construction and Project Management. These have been grouped together by commonality, and were later ranked
by importance and immaturity in questionnaire 2, to determine the final results (see Evaluation and Ranking of Topics on the
following page). Here topics are organized by broad categories and subcategories, with the numbers in parentheses denoting
each fields Dewey Decimal Classification, which can be used for further enquiry or research in each area. For a more in-depth
explanation of this system, along with a key, please refer to pages 2325.
Field
Category
Subcategory
5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data Management
(004)
15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction
Techniques
(692)
Construction
Management
(658.2; 658.5)
Prefabrication
(721.04497; 693.97)
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction Sustainability
(658.2; 720.47; 658.5)
4.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time Management
(692.5)
Construction Logistics
(692.5; 692.3)
Topic No.
Construction Software
(005)
Construction Techniques
(692)
Construction and
Project Management
(658.404; 658.5; 659;
692)
Priority Ranking
3.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Immaturity
responders to rank and score all topics based on their importance (1 = not at all important, 5 = extremely important)
and immaturity (1 = not at all immature, 5 = extremely immature). These scores have been combined to create a
Priority index, which in turn leads to a Priority Ranking (listed on the left). The ranking highlights the topics which are
most deserving of priority research in the field in the coming years. The top five scores are highlighted in yellow for
easy reference. For a more in-depth explanation of these definitions, please refer to page 18.
Importance
* Priority Index: Following the identification of priority topics in questionnaire 1, a second questionnaire asked
Priority index *
Topic
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and development of integrated software and tools, such as BIM, and their impact on tall building design, construction and logistics
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and development of software and technologies to allow for the automated construction of tall building components using 3D printing
4.2 3.1
7.3
3.5 3.8 7.2
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and development of data management systems on tall building construction materials (e.g. to allow for the evaluation and
comparison of options)
3.8
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and development of new construction methods and systems for complex tall building projects
4.3 3.3
7.6
4.3 2.9 7.3
4.3 2.8 7.0
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and development of strategies, technologies and techniques to improve tall building construction efficiency
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the appropriate selection and operation of major construction equipment (cranes, forming systems, concrete pumps) and their impact on
construction economics
3.2
7.0
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on regional methods of tall building construction and how these influence design, efficiency and sustainability
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies and technologies that allow for greater tolerances in tall building construction
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on tall building prefabrication construction techniques (including customization opportunities, impact on cost, environment, schedule,
opportunities in different geographical locations, etc)
4.0 3.2
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the benefits and limitations of integrated project delivery (IPD) of tall building design, construction and operation
3.5 3.3
6.8
3.7 3.1 6.8
. . . . . . . . . . . Research comparing conventional construction procurement and Design/Build procurement in tall building scenarios (advantages and disadvantages,
impact on schedule, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to improve site and construction safety in tall buildings (including cocoon systems, safe multi-level simultaneous work, etc.)
4.4
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to develop strategies and practices to reduce waste and waste water during tall building construction
3.8 3.5
7.3
3.9 3.2 7.1
3.8 3.1 6.9
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to determine the total environmental impacts associated with the construction phase of tall buildings life-cycle
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to develop strategies and technologies to reduce energy use during tall building construction
2.9
7.2
7.3
4.2 3.2
7.4
3.8 3.5 7.3
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the dissemination of construction logistics best practices and lessons learned from tall building project and team leaders internationally
4.5 3.3
7.8
4.0 3.1 7.1
3.9 2.8 6.8
. . . . . . . . . . . Research and development of strategies to increase the speed of tall building construction (including Lean Building Principles, etc.)
Priority Index
1 Research on the dissemination of construction logistics best practices and lessons learned from tall building project and
team leaders internationally
7.8
2 Research and development of new construction methods and systems for complex tall building projects
7.6
3 Research and development of strategies to increase the speed of tall building construction (including Lean Building
Principles, etc.)
7.4
4 Research to develop strategies and practices to reduce waste and waste water during tall building construction
7.3
5 Research and development of integrated software and tools, such as BIM, and their impact on tall building design,
construction and logistics
7.3
Highlighted Findings
In the field of Construction and Project Management, 22 individual topics of relative importance and/or immaturity were recognized. This field was
(together with Economics and Cost) the section of the Roadmap that received the lowest number of responses in both questionnaires, despite specific
attempts from the authors to reach out to experts in the field (for details on the methodology see page 18). This is surprising, considering the breadth
and relevance of the field, with topics ranging from selection and operation of equipment to waste and water usage, and from procurement to worker
safety. This lack of responders is also reflected in the generally high immaturity scores, with only five of the 22 topics receiving a mean immaturity score
lower than 3.0 (moderately immature). This suggests many topics across construction and project management require significant development or
dissemination in order to progress research in this area.
I was disappointed to see generally high scores on mean immaturity for all topics in the
Construction and Project Management field. This demonstrates that our industry as a whole
does not embrace the opportunities from structured learning from things like research.
The construction industry as a whole really lags behind many other industries when it
comes to productivity, or more importantly, wasted or down time. It has been stagnant for
decades, and is one place where great improvements still need to be made.
was the fifth-highest-ranked topic in the field of Sustainable Design, Construction and Operation (with a priority index of 7.6 see page 81). However,
here it is ranked last, with a priority index of only 6.7, showing that those involved in the actual construction logistics of tall buildings do not consider
this a valuable research area, despite its significantly under-developed status, with an immaturity score of 3.5.
Research on strategies to promote better collaboration between the consultants in tall building construction teams ranked as the second to last topic
in Construction and Project Management with a priority score of 6.8. This conflicts with similar topics in other sections, such as Research to develop and
improve coordination and interaction between the different disciplines involved in the design of tall buildings that ranked seventh in Architecture and
Interior Design (see page 33) and the participation of consultants in highly specific disciplines as in Fire and Life Safety where Research to develop better
collaborations between architects, fire-engineers and the fire-fighting community comes as the third highest priority research topic in that field (see
page 61).
While all these can be seen as potential research gaps, it is the focus on phased occupancy which might be most valuable in the near future. The
growing trend for mixed-use high-rise programs means that phased occupancy will become an increasingly important factor for developers (who can
start generating income sooner) and buildings (giving them a competitive edge).
Africa
Middle East
Asia
Australasia
Europe
First questionnaire
Second questionnaire
North America
Central America
South America
Worldwide
0%
Has your knowledge in the field of Energy: Performance, Metrics and Generation been applied to any of the following outputs,
specific to tall buildings?
Book contributions
Second questionnaire
Conference papers/presentations
Funded research projects
None of the above
0%
Please note: The percentages above may total greater than 100% due to responders option to choose multiple answers
The Research Tree presented here outlines the various topics identified in questionnaire 1 as deserving priority research in the
field of Energy: Performance, Metrics and Generation. These have been grouped together by commonality, and were later ranked
by importance and immaturity in questionnaire 2, to determine the final results (see Evaluation and Ranking of Topics on the
following page). Here topics are organized by broad categories and subcategories, with the numbers in parentheses denoting
each fields Dewey Decimal Classification, which can be used for further enquiry or research in each area. For a more in-depth
explanation of this system, along with a key, please refer to pages 2325.
Field
Category
Energy Generation
(621.042)
Energy: Performance,
Metrics and Generation
(697; 720.47)
Subcategory
Priority Ranking
Topic No.
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wind Energy
(621.45)
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solar Energy
(621.47)
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other
(621.4)
5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sustainability Performance
(621.042; 621.4; 690)
Building Performance
and Metrics
(621.042; 621.4; 690; 697)
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Post Occupancy Evaluation and
Monitoring
(621.042; 697)
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Importance
Immaturity
Priority index *
* Priority Index: Following the identification of priority topics in questionnaire 1, a second questionnaire asked
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the maintenance costs of generating on-site renewable energy in tall buildings
4.0
3.6
7.5
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies and technologies for on-site energy generation from the wind in tall buildings (including optimization of form for wind energy,
development of technologies, examination of where to locate turbines, etc.)
3.5
3.6
7.1
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies and technologies for on-site energy generation from the sun in tall buildings (including optimization of form for solar energy,
development of technologies, building integrated photovoltaic systems, etc.)
4.2
3.3
7.4
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies and technologies for heat storage and sharing in tall buildings (including waste energy harvesting in mixed-use tall
buildings, etc.)
4.3 3.7
8.0
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on strategies and technologies for energy sharing between tall buildings such that excess energy generated in one, may coincide with a peak
demand in another
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the opportunities for renewable energy and emergency generation systems to be combined for improved reliability
responders to rank and score all topics based on their importance (1 = not at all important, 5 = extremely important)
and immaturity (1 = not at all immature, 5 = extremely immature). These scores have been combined to create a
Priority index, which in turn leads to a Priority Ranking (listed on the left). The ranking highlights the topics which are
most deserving of priority research in the field in the coming years. The top five scores are highlighted in yellow for
easy reference. For a more in-depth explanation of these definitions, please refer to page 18.
Topic
4.3
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to determine and calculate the whole life-cycle environmental impacts of tall buildings (including Life-cycle Assessment, development of
methodologies, etc.)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to determine and calculate the maximum sustainable height of tall buildings (e.g., at which point are environmental benefits such as density
balanced out by environmental negatives such as increased embodied energy?)
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to determine and calculate the embodied energy/carbon of tall buildings and their key components
3.9
8.3
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to determine and calculate the holistic and integrated sustainable performance of tall buildings (including environmental, economic and
social sustainability, integrated cost, carbon and energy analyses, etc.)
4.6
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the post-occupancy evaluation of tall buildings to monitor user behavior, satisfaction and comfort
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to establish the actual performance of tall building integrated renewable energy systems
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to establish occupant expectations in terms of tall building performance
. . . . . . . . . . . Research to identify/develop appropriate environmental performance metrics specific to tall buildings
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the applicability and development of tall building-specific assessment and rating systems (including evaluation of existing rating
frameworks and possibilities for their modification to make them specific to tall buildings, etc.)
3.4
7.9
. . . . . . . . . . . Research on the post-occupancy evaluation of tall buildings to monitor real energy performance and water requirements in operation (including use of
monitoring systems, energy use in different geographical locations, verification of computer simulations, comparison with design loads, creation of an
inventory of data, etc.)
4.1 3.4
7.5
3.8 3.4 7.2
Priority Index
1 Research to determine and calculate the holistic and integrated sustainable performance of tall buildings (including
environmental, economic and social sustainability, integrated cost, carbon and energy analyses, etc.)
8.3
2 Research on strategies and technologies for heat storage and sharing in tall buildings (including waste energy harvesting
in mixed-use tall buildings, etc.)
8.0
3 Research on the post-occupancy evaluation of tall buildings to monitor real energy performance and water requirements
in operation (including use of monitoring systems, energy use in different geographical locations, verification of
computer simulations, comparison with design loads, creation of an inventory of data, etc.)
7.9
4 Research to determine and calculate the whole life-cycle environmental impacts of tall buildings (including Life-cycle
Assessment, development of methodologies, etc.)
7.8
5 Research on strategies and technologies for energy sharing between tall buildings such that excess energy generated in
one, may coincide with a peak demand in another
7.8
Highlighted Findings
In the field of Energy: Performance, Metrics and Generation, 19 individual topics of relative importance and/or immaturity were recognized. This
field received the highest overall priority index scores as compared to other fields in the Roadmap, with values in the range of 7.08.3. This is
driven predominantly by all topics receiving mean immaturity scores greater than 3.0 (moderately immature) and almost half greater than 3.5,
demonstrating the most significant level of perceived research underdevelopment in any field. This is not surprising given that research related to
energy performance, measurement, post-occupancy evaluation and renewable energy systems is relatively immature and still evolving in the wider
built environment, beyond just the tall building typology.
Topics related to the broader environmental performance of tall buildings beyond energy use, including life-cycle issues and embodied energy/
carbon are common in several fields in the Roadmap, and noted as priority research in Cladding and Skin, Building Materials and Products and
Sustainable Design, Construction and Operation (see pages 69, 75 and 81). In this field, the topics Research to determine and calculate the whole lifecycle environmental impacts of tall buildings and Research to determine and calculate the embodied energy/carbon of tall buildings and their key
components are ranked relatively highly (4th and 9th respectively), with priority index scores comparable with, or even higher than, related topics in
these other fields.
Topics related to the broader category of Energy Generation were generally considered a lower priority by responders, with the exception of Research
on strategies and technologies for heat storage and sharing in tall buildings and Research to establish the actual performance of tall building
integrated renewable energy systems. The latter of these offers particularly valuable opportunities for research, given the increasing application of
renewable energy systems to high-rise, but the lack of published details regarding their actual performance.
Regarding the issue of energy generation in tall buildingsI personally think very little
has actually been confirmed or achieved in this field of research. It would be important
to know more, especially related to wind, as almost all the few buildings which have this
technology, do not work well (or at all!)
Joana Carla Soares Gonalves, University of So Paulo, Brazil
Results Broken Down by Questionnaire Responders
Responders that completed the second questionnaire in this section have a professional background in the following disciplines:
Research to determine and calculate whole life-cycle environmental impacts of tall buildings (8.1)
Research on the post-occupancy evaluation of tall buildings to monitor real energy performance and water requirements in operation (7.9)
Academia/University/Research
Research on strategies and technologies for heat storage and sharing in tall buildings (8.4)
Research on the maintenance costs of generating on-site renewable energy in tall buildings (8.4)
Research to determine and calculate the holistic and integrated sustainable performance of tall buildings (8.3)
Of interest here is the fact that Research on the maintenance costs of generating on-site renewable energy in tall buildings received the joint highest
priority index score from academics (8.4), but the lowest from those in consultancy (6.7). Beyond this, scores were generally consistent from both
groups.
Highlighted Findings
1. The social sustainability of tall buildings
A clear trend for priority research identified in the Roadmap is a focus on
the social sustainability of tall buildings, at both an urban and a building
scale. In the field of Urban Design, City Planning and Social Issues, the two
highest scoring topics are:
1. Research examining the social sustainability of tall buildings at
an urban/city scale (7.8)
2. Research to determine optimum height, density and massing
of tall buildings to provide appropriate social interaction and
communities at an urban/city scale (7.6)
In the field of Architecture and Interior Design, the four highest-scoring
topics are related to livability, and occupant social experience:
1. Research on the impact living in tall buildings has on families
with children, and strategies to make high-rise living more
appropriate for families with children (7.9)
2. Research on the experience, happiness and satisfaction of
those who live and work in tall buildings (7.6)
3. Research on the needs of the elderly and disabled, with
respect to high-rise living (7.6)
4. Research to improve the social-communal experience of
occupants in tall buildings (7.5)
This is a clear trend across the two fields, suggesting that a significant
group of responders believe research to improve the social impact of
tall buildings on both surrounding communities, and on those who live
and work at height, is a significant research priority. This is supported by
external literature, which suggests that high-rises are less satisfactory
than other housing forms for most people, that they are not optimal for
children, that social relations are more impersonal, and helpful behavior is
less than in other residential typologies.
2. Energy: Performance, Metrics and Generation
Energy: Performance, Metrics and Generation has the highest mean priority
value of all sections (7.6) denoting that research in this broad area is a
priority to evolve the typology of tall buildings. This is also reflected by
the highest average immaturity score in all sections (3.6), showing that
even though a lot has been written on the subject in recent years, topics
of this category still need to be developed.
3. Safety in tall buildings
Four out of the five topics that scored highest research priority across
the entire Roadmap deal with safety and security in tall buildings, as a
combined effect of extremely high importance and relevant immaturity.
These are:
Research on the planning, design and implications of using
elevators for evacuation in tall buildings (8.3)
Research to determine credible worst-case design fires for tall
buildings(8.3)
Research to establish the impact of sustainable materials,
technologies and design strategies in tall buildings on fire and life
safety performance (8.2)
Research to develop better collaborations between architects,
fire-engineers and the fire-fighting community (8.1)
This shows that tall buildings are still seen as a vulnerable typology,
especially under fire scenarios.
4. Defining appropriate levels of safety performance in tall buildings
A second broad trend in the domain of safety that is apparent from the
Roadmap results is the need for research to establish appropriate levels
of safety performance in tall buildings. In particular, this is evident from
the scores in two fields: Structural Performance, Multi-Hazard Design and
Geotechnics, and Fire and Life Safety. In the former, research topics such
as The development of design criteria to determine the appropriate
level of safety for tall buildings in extreme events, Research on the
development of holistic performance-based multi-hazard design and
analysis of tall buildings across multiple disciplines, Research on
strategies and methodologies to determine appropriate tall building
seismic performance and Development of methodologies for evaluating
risk to, and reliability of new and existing tall buildings in extreme event
scenarios are all ranked in the ten highest priority topics.
Likewise, in Fire and Life Safety Research to determine credible worst-case
design fires for tall buildings, Research and development of realistic fire
scenarios for the design of tall building structural-fire protection and
Research on the validation and comparison between computational
models and behavior in real tall building fire scenarios are again ranked
highly by responders.
As such, studies and projects to determine the appropriate level of safety
required in tall buildings in both fire and other multi-hazard scenarios
(seismic, wind, blast, etc.) is consistently regarded as an area of priority
research.
5. The embodied energy of tall buildings and their components
Improving buildings environmental performance has historically focused
on reducing energy use and emissions from day-to-day uses: lighting,
heating, ventilation, conditioning, etc. However, current emphasis has
shifted to also include the environmental impact of building materials
and components also known as embodied energy/carbon within
a broader consideration of environmental performance. Research has
suggested that, due to their greater structural requirements, tall buildings
use more embodied energy than low-rise buildings, and the results of the
of the World Trade Center Towers, New York). This is less than one quarter
of the height of the tallest building recently constructed, and with many
tall buildings approaching the end of their service life, this topic (and its
extension to demolition strategies, costs and consequences) is likely to
become a dominant research field for the future of cities re-development.
8. The Economic impact of tall buildings
The joint-highest score in the Roadmap, in terms of importance, is
Research on tall buildings financial relationship with global economic
cycles and conditions. This topic can perhaps be considered a subset
of the larger scale of life-cycle sustainability, from an economic
perspective. Tall buildings are often assessed in terms of their impact
on the local real estate market but, in an ever-increasing competition
among cities at a global scale, the role of tall buildings (as individual
buildings, or their booming construction in a single city) must be
carefully assessed to prevent the bursting of real estate bubbles and in
relation to larger scale economic conditions.
9. The use and performance of new and innovative materials in
tall buildings
A trend in priority research, apparent across multiple fields, is the use
and performance of new and innovative materials in tall buildings. This is
perhaps clearest in the Cladding and Skin field, where research on the use
of innovative/advanced materials including composites, photochromatic
glazing, aerogel, application of aerospace/shipbuilding technologies,
new products such as vacuum insulation panels, highly insulating
but thin cladding products, and faade-integrated energy generation
systems are all ranked highly by responders. However, the development
and application of such materials will have a significant impact on other
disciplines as well, as recognized by the fact that the second-highestpriority topic in the field of Fire and Life Safety is Research to establish the
impact of new sustainable materials, technologies and design strategies
in tall buildings on fire and life safety performance. In the field of Building
Materials and Products, topics related to the development of new
sustainable and low-energy materials, and fiber-reinforced polymers, are
also highly ranked.
10. Highlighted high-scoring research gaps
Only four topics across the whole Roadmap received a score of
immaturity higher than 4 (extremely immature), implying that research is
still needed to discover new potentialities. These four topics are:
Research on alternative evacuation systems that allow for
evacuation through the faade in emergency scenarios
(immaturity 4.2)
Research on strategies and technologies for energy sharing
between tall buildings such that excess energy generated in one,
may coincide with a peak demand in another (immaturity 4.1)
Research examining the opportunities and strategies to allow
for disassembly/deconstruction at the end of a tall buildings life
(immaturity 4.0)
Research to determine and calculate the maximum sustainable
height of tall buildings (immaturity 4.0)
These four topics have not ranked particularly high in their categories
in terms of priority as a consequence of the low or average perceived
importance as research fields. However, further research can show
unexpected potentialities that might result in significant findings and
benefits for the future of tall buildings.
Next Steps
Identifying Research Projects and Programs
The overarching aim of this Roadmap has been to identify priority
research topics and research gaps in the field of tall buildings, in order to
provide a clear direction for future research in this area.
The Roadmap presents 358 research topics spread over 11 broad
categories, ordered and ranked by how important and how immature
those in the tall building community perceive each topic to be. What
is established then is a series of priority research topics that those
involved in the ownership, development, design, planning, construction,
consultancy, operation, maintenance and research of tall buildings feel
deserve priority research focus and development in order to advance the
typology over the coming years.
It is clear from these findings that those in the industry perceive
tall building research to be of significant importance to its future
development, and also believe that notable gaps in the research
and understanding of tall buildings currently exist. It will require
a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary program of research and
development to fill these gaps, and progress tall building design and
performance across the multitude of fields the typology impacts.
Selected universities
If you would like to suggest a party who you believe would find benefit
in receiving a physical copy of this publication, or if you would like tor be
involved in the next steps of this initiative, please contact:
research@ctbuh.org
The next steps of the Roadmap will be developed through the CTBUH
Research Academic and Postgraduate Working Group, with the ongoing
activities of the group published regularly on the CTBUH website:
www.ctbuh.org/research-academic
While this Roadmap clearly establishes a hierarchy for future tall building
research, what it does not do is identify the specific research programs
and projects necessary to develop these priority areas. Any of the 358
research topics identified in the Roadmap may require several, if not
more, individual research projects or programs developed by different
teams (and perhaps across different disciplines) in order to advance
knowledge in the topic area, and as such, improve tall buildings and close
the research gaps that exist in the field.
The next stage of the Roadmap will identify the key research streams
required to progress the topics identified as needing greatest priority
attention within this document. This will involve identifying the specific
projects and research questions, costs, teams, funding streams and
timescales necessary within each priority topic. As part of this, the CTBUH
will develop activities to facilitate the development of research on the
topics ranked higher in terms of priority, and ideally all research topics
included in this Roadmap.
It is hoped that Researchers and Research Teams will use this document
to promote and progress the need for research in their respective fields. It
is also hoped that the document will be useful in supporting the leverage
of research funds from both public and private research funding bodies.
In order to facilitate the dissemination of the Roadmap findings and
to promote the opportunities for research for both individuals and
companies, this document is available for free download on the CTBUH
website at: www.ctbuh.org/roadmap
In addition, a physical copy of the Roadmap will be mailed to the
following:
ISBN 978-0-939493-36-4