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and Kurtosis
Absolute dispersion
Same unit as the observations
Relative dispersion
No unit
Absolute Dispersion
=
=
Disadvantages
Description of data is not
comprehensive
Affected by outliers
Smaller for small samples;
larger for large samples
Cannot be computed when
there is an open-ended class
interval
Advantages
Simple
Easy to compute
Easy to understand
Population Variance
Denoted by 2
N elements
Parameter
Cannot be computed using
sample data
Sample Variance
Denoted by s2
n elements
Statistic
Estimate value of the
population variance
Relative Dispersion
Scores
Freq.
<CFD
LCB
UCB
59 62
58.5
62.5
63 66
12
14
62.5
66.5
67 70
24
38
66.5
70.5
71 74
46
84
70.5
74.5
75 78
62
146
74.5
78.5
79 82
36
182
78.5
82.5
83 86
16
198
82.5
86.5
87 90
200
86.5
90.5
Positively Skewed
Skewed to the right
Values concentrated at the
left
Upper tail stretches out more
than the lower tail
Negatively Skewed
Skewed to the left
Values concentrated to the
right
Lower tail stretches out more
than the upper tail
Symmetric
Sk > 0
Positively skewed
Sk < 0
Negatively skewed
Graph
Displays the following
Location
Spread
Symmetry
Extremes
Outliers
1. Construct a rectangle with one end at the first quartile and the
other end at the third quartile.
2. Put a vertical line at the median, across the interior of the
rectangle.
3. Compute for the inter-quartile range, lower fence, and upper
fence.
4. Locate smallest and largest values within the intervals [FL , Q1]
and [Q3, FU], respectively. Draw a line from these values to
the quartiles.
5. Values falling outside the fences are considered outliers,
denoted by x.
15
21
22
24
10
18
22
23
25
14
20
22
24
28
Definition
Population Variance
2 =
=1(
)2
Sample Variance
2 =
=1(
)2
1
Computational Formula
Population Variance
2 =
=1
(
2
=1
Sample Variance
2 =
=1
( =1 )2
( 1)
Definition
Population Variance
=1 (
Computational Formula
Population Variance
)2
)
1
=1
(
2
=1
Sample Variance
Sample Variance
=1 (
2 =
2 =
=1
( =1 )2
( 1)
Population CV
Sample CV
= 100%
Where
is the population standard deviation
is the population mean
= 100%
Where
s is the sample standard deviation
is the sample mean
1 =
3( )
2 =
3 ( 1 ) 1 + 3 2
4 =
=
3 1
3 1