= GED YG CLDGaN ear a THINK & TALK” JAPANESE STUDY GUIDE BOOK 1 BERLITZ PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK, NYCopyright© 1992 by Berlitz Publishing Company, Inc. 400 Alexander Park, Princeton, NJ 08540 Al rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Berlitz Publishing Company, Inc. and its affiliates are the sole proprietors for the name Berlitz in con- nection with language instruction, language textbooks, language tapes and cassettes, and language schools throughout the world. The use of the name Berlitz in such connection is hereby specifically pro- hibited unless formally authorized by contract with Berlitz. The purchase or repurchase of this book or any other Berlitz publication in no way entitles the purchaser or any other person to the use of the name Berlitz in connection with the teaching of languages. Berlitz Trademark Reg. U.S. Patent Office and other countries Marca Registrada ISBN 2-8315-1669-2 Printed in USA ‘Second Printing - February 1997PREFACE The general perception in Western culture is that the language and cultures of the Far East are inaccessible mysteries. Japan is often perceived as an enigma by Westerners. Clearly, an understanding of the Japanese language is a key to unlocking the mysteries of Japanese culture. Because Japanese is a non-Indo- European language, students will gain insights into a very different world view. ‘Today Japan plays a principal role in world affairs, not only in the Pacific Rim but throughout the world. Therefore, understanding the Japanese and their culture has assumed a new importance. Whether you are a diplomat assigned to Tokyo, a tourist on a two-week vacation in Kyoto, or an employee of a Japanese bank in New York, the effort invested in studying Japanese will pay rich dividends in terms of cross-cultural understanding, knowledge, and friendship. The study of Japanese makes certain linguistic demands on speakers of Western languages that would not occur if they were studying another Western language. This is not to say that the Japanese language is any more difficult than Western ones. In fact, a good case could be made for its being easier in many ways. The first concept you must come to grips with is the complete lack of articles and the almost total lack of plurals. To a Western person, a sentence that isn’t specific in these areas may seem fraught with possibilities for misunderstanding, but Japan's well-oiled social machinery has successfully run on just such a concept for centuries. Take the perfectly ordinary, if somewhat terse, Japanese sentence pen desu. This could, theoretically at least, be rendered in English as: 1.Apen. 2. It'sa pen. 3, They are pens. 4. This is a pen. 5. These are pens. 6. This is the pen (about which we've been speaking). 7. These are the pens (about which we've been speaking). While this may be stretching things a bit since there are, of course, other (more specific) ways to form examples four through seven, as a rule pen desu would suffice. In Chapter 1, you will encounter the first of a group of one- or two-syllable words known as particles. These are used to show the relationship between the different components in a sentence and always follow the word they modify.In German, case endings clearly serve the same purpose, while English mainly uses word order and tonal stress to achieve the same ends. There is a popular myth that Japanese is pronounced with equal stress on all syllables. Native speakers, particularly in nonformal speech, indeed tend to accent certain syllables. Because of particles, however, this kind of tonal stress is never used for grammatical emphasis as it would be in English (‘well, I think..”; “it’s his problem”; “you did what?”). A student, though, is safer in sticking to equal stress on all syllables until he can learn to accurately imitate the intonation of native speakers. Another area where Japanese differs radically from Western languages is in the frequent omission of personal and possessive pronouns. There are several reasons for this. As you will learn, Japanese has more or less two sets of words for many things: one group (“humble” words) designates the speaker's actions or possessions; the other group (“honorific” words) is used when referring to those of the listener (or a respected third party). ‘The word for my house is uchi. The word for your house is otaku. As soon as the listener hears the one or the other of these words, he knows without a doubt which house is the subject of the sentence. A student of Japanese should be wary of falling into the trap of using pronouns to excess — as if he were speaking English. In addition to humble and honorific nouns, there are also humble and polite verbs. These, too, signal who is doing or saying what about whom since one never uses an honorific in relation to oneself or one’s family and friends. The dynamics of politeness also deserve some attention. Democratic principles notwithstanding, a hierarchical bias is built into the Japanese language. To a native Japanese, there are approximately five levels of politeness (which do occasionally overlap to a slight degree), ranging from: 1) rough/casval (used by children or men of the same age among themselves) through 2) civil (customer to retailer or adult strangers meeting on “neutral” ground), 3) medium-polite (business and social among equals), 4) very polite (business and social among barely acquainted equals or subordinate to superior), and 5) extremely polite (formal occasions and when speaking to very distinguished people). The level of politeness is formed partly by the use of humble and honorific forms, but also by the use or omission of polite endings. The verb for “to eat” is taberu. In rough/casual speech, it would be used as is — in the so-called “plain form.” When using medium-Wery polite speech, however, it would become tabemasu —this is known as the “-masu form” and is, for the most part, the level used throughout this book. What all this means to the student is that, in general, you must deprecate everything that is connected with you. You must also (linguistically) laud everything in the listener's sphere — this can sometimes even extend to his pets. As you might guess, the detailed mechanics of this are a bit more complex than can be explained within the scope of this book (if you are a 40-year-old company executive you would not, for example, use humble language whentalking to the local noodle vendor), but since the level of language used throughout most of this book is of the medium-polite to very polite level, it will get you acceptably through almost any business or social situation you may reasonably expect to encounter. It also pays to remember that for non-Japanese, it’s always better to err on the side of over-politeness. There are also certain words and expressions which are used exclusively by either men or women. If you happen to think that such feudalistic nonsense should be done away with, don’t act on your principles: at best you will seem ridiculous; perhaps even someone to be shunned. Expressions belonging exclusively or primarily to only one gender will be commented on in the notes and word lists. Unlike English, Japanese word order puts the verb at the end of a sentence. In compound sentences this means that the speaker has options to modify the thrust of the sentence almost up to its last word. It also means that the level of politeness is established by the final verb. To get a feel for how Japanese express themselves, let's compare a few examples of literal translations with more idiomatic ones. Watashi wa Amerika-jin desu 1 subject particle] America-person is. Tam an American. Watashi wa kuruma o motte imasu. 1 [subject particle] car [object particle] having. Thave a car. Anata wa densha de kaisha e tkimasu ka? You (subject particle] train by office to go [question particle] Do you go to the office by train? A certain awareness of the Japanese writing system will also give you some insight into the language. Japanese words are composed of fixed syllables rather than combinations of isolated vowels and consonants. This concept becomes vital to proper pronunciation — particularly that of the many foreign loanwords contained in Japanese. Words such as hamba ga (hamburger) are invariably unintelligible to Japanese if pronounced in their original form. The vowels a, i, u, e, and o are syllables in themselves. Every other syllable except for 7 is composed of one or (more rarely) two consonants followed by a final vowel. Thus a word like karuma (a cat) consists not of six letters but of three syllables: keu ru and ma. When learning new words, try to recognize the syllables they are composed of. This will aid in proper emphasis and pronunciation as well as memorization itself, Study the chart of hiragana (cursive script for native words) and katakana (block script for foreign words and names) in Chapter 12 tofamiliarize yourself with the Japanese syllabaries. All sounds are pronounced except for a w in certain cases — found in such words as dest, imasu, or suki pronounced respectively des, imas, and s'ki. There are also numerous words that have either a double consonant (zutto) or along vowel (6kié). These must be scrupulously observed or the meaning will be distorted. Compare the following: chizu (a map) ...chiizu (cheese) sekai (the world)...sekkai ({chemical] lime) tate (length) ...tatte (stand up!) shujin (my husband) ... shijin (a prisoner) hoshi (@ star) ... hoshii ({1] want) Ifall the above sounds intimidating, it isn’t. In the course of things, it will all fall into place and come to seem perfectly natural. By systematically following the progression of this course, doing the exercises, and listening to the tapes, you will be well on the way to fluency in Japanese. When M.D. Berlitz founded the Berlitz schools in 1878, he soon drew some practical conclusions about language teaching that remain the backbone of the Berlitz Method today. They include the following: 1. The teaching aim of the Berlitz Method is, primarily, comprehension and speaking. Reading and writing were considered to be secondary objectives: language is taught as speech rather than as literature. 2. Berlitz teaches languages as a practical skill rather than merely as theoretical knowledge. Students are taught to use the language rather than to merely describe it. 3. Berlitz courses are based on a careful selection of high frequency words and structures, which are incorporated into practical teachable programs. 4. The sequence in which vocabulary and grammatical points are introduced and practiced is determined by the need to explain each element of the language without resorting to translation. 5. Increasingly complex concepts and situations are arranged in order of difficulty, always with a view to what has preceded. 6. Simplicity of design remains a primary objective; the ability of the student to learn effectively is directly affected by the ability of the instructor to under- stand and implement Berlitz guides and materials in the classroom.READ THIS BEFORE PLAYING TAPES ‘The main problem with most home-study courses is vocabulary overload, which inhibits the student's speaking progress. Such overload stimulates the mind to translate continually rather than participate spontaneously in communication with foreigners. Our Think and Talk program steers away from standard lessons. Indeed, there are no empirical lessons! Instead, there are exercises based on scenes, yes, live scenes that will begin to form your Think and Talk experience. In addition, all exercises involve your personal instructor (the male voice) to guide you as you participate. The control guide (the female voice) provides the correct responses as our stage/scene presentation unfolds. Step One: Whenever you start working on a new exercise listen to Listening it first without the Student Book. In this way you meet Language is sound. what is new to you in its original medium: sound. Get accustomed to intonation and sentence melody, to the up and downs and rhythms of voices. Don’t worry at this point about vocabulary and meaning, about spelling and grammar! Reactivate your sense of hearing so that it will work for you. By carefully listening you prepare yourself for talking. Get tuned in and listen, relaxed and receptive, as if you heard one of your favorite pieces of music. Step Two: Listen again to the same exercise (mondai), although Listening and you may have come quite close to understanding it Understanding already. Keep you book open now, so that you can Language has meaning. glance at the column of pictures alongside the printed text. Sound effects, the step-by-step progression, the inner logic of dialogues, the art of the speakers, and the illustrations make it easy to comprehend. Try to visualize what is going on, but do not yet read the text. When someone is counting, for instance, visualize the numbers. When you hear a clock and you are told the word for it, accept that word as the new label for the object in question. When people greet each other, add those phrases to your memory bank, but don’t bother to translate. Translation is an art and skill by itself; switching back and forth between two languages can be confusing and time consuming, and it certainly imperils any conversational ease. Nor should you use the book as a crutch to achieve quicker and better understanding; it may be easier sometimes to comprehend a word when you see it—but this wouldStep Three: Repeating Language is speech. —follow this step of our instruction for Chapter 1, which includes Exercises (mondat) 1 through 7. Step Four: Answering and Repeating Language is communication. —follow this step throughout the entire course. Step Five: Reading and Writing Language as sight. not prepare you for a real conversation, since no one will write or type for you what he or she is going to say. You will understand any single scene when you can say to yourself: I think I know what's going on; I'm getting quite familiar with what I hear; I wonder where I can go from here? Obviously, the easiest way of saying anything in a foreign tongue is to repeat what one has just heard. Therefore, listen to the same scene once more and repeat! Repeat quite systematically everything you hear—a number, a couple of words, a question, the answer, a command— one such unit at a time, during the pauses left on the tape. Do not yet answer any questions on you own; just repeat them like everything else, but do speak aloud! You may have to push the hold or stop button once in a while, but that doesn’t matter; take whatever time is needed for repetition. Your purpose right now is mainly this: to imitate, to echo what you hear. Let the new sounds sink in, think them, let them become part of yourself. They are an essential aspect of the language you are learning. At first you listened for the sake of listening; in the process you became aware of the meaning of what you heard. Then you expressed everything yourself, once or twice. Now you can participate even more actively, this time do not repeat questions but listen to the recorded answet or question of the female voice and repeat it Familiarize yourself with our recommendations: 1. Review the explanatory notes along with the recorded script between steps 2 and 4 as needed. 2. See our note about the romanization of Japanese (below), 3. Our romanization of this script is a bridge to your eventual study of kanji and the biragana and katakana syllabaties.A NOTE ABOUT THE ROMANIZATION OF JAPANESE Throughout this course we have followed the popular Hepburn system of romanization with certain modifications. Keep in mind that you may encounter Japanese words transliterated differently in other texts, most often in kunren, the system used by the Japanese Ministry of Education.MOKUJI Peji DAI IS-SHO (1) Matome... Shokai: Nan desu ka? .... 3 Kore wa tabako desu ka? 5 Dare desu ka? 7 Nani-jin desu ka?.. 7 in desu... 9 Kore wa Tanaka-san desu ka’ 9 Kore-sore-are u Donna/nani-iro desu ka? . ul 13 Shokai: 15 Shokai: 15 Mondai Anata ni tsuite no shitsumon.. 17 ‘Mondai 5: Inu wa haiiro ja arimasen... 17 Mondai6: Anata wa sensei desu ka? 19 Mondai7: Ist wa nani-iro desu ka’ 19 DAL NI-SHO (2) Matome... 23 Shokai: 25 Shokai: 25 Shokai: i 27 Mondai 8: —_ Enpitsu to kagi to, dochiraga nagai desu ka’ 27 Yomimono: —_ Nihon wa okii kuni desu ka’ 29 Mondai9: — Yomimono ni tsuite no shitsumon. 29 Shokai: Dono denwa ga...? (kono-sono-ano)... 31 Shokai: Dochira (no kuruma) ga....? 31 Mondai 10: —_31-péjino e ni tsuite no shitsumon. 33 Mondai 11: Kono basu wa midoriiro desu ka? 33 Kaiwa: Berurittsu no seito......... 35 Mondai 12: Kaiwa ni tsuite no shitsumon 37 Mondai 13: Nan to kotaemasu ka?... 37 Kaiwa: Haizara o kudasai 39 Mondai 14: Anata no denwa wa kuroi desu ka... 39 Mondai 15: Kotaete kudasai - 41DAI SAN-SHO (3) Matome... Kazoete kudasail (siji) Denwa-bango wa nan-ban desu ka? . 321-6082-san ni ichi no Osake wa ikaga desu ka? Tanaka-san wa nani-jin desu ka? Tokyo ga ichi-ban okii desu. Furansu wa Okii desu ka? Ue-shita-naka ... Hon wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu ka? Nani ka/nani mo... ‘Tsukue no ve ni nani ka arimasu ka?. Doko ni...? Kore wa wain desuka, soretomo biiru desu ka?.. Fujisan wa Nihon de ichi-ban takai yama desu. Yomimono ni tsuite no shitsumon... Mondai 23: Yomimono: Mondai 24: Kaiwa: Mondai 25: Kaiwa: Mondai 26: Yomimono: Mondai 27: Kaiwa: Shokai: Kono kydshitsu ni nani ga arimasu ka? Dare ka/dare mo.. 67-péji ni tsuite no shitsumon. Higashi, nishi, minami, kita Aomori wa Tokyo no kita ni arimasu Sumimasen! Kaiwa ni tsuite no shitsumon Nani o mite imasu ka? Kaiwa ni tsuite no shitsumon Tkutsu arimasu ka’ A) Yomimono ni tsuite no shitsumor B) Nan-bon/nan-mai arimasu ka’. Tokyo ichi-mai! Nan-bon, nan-mai, nan-bai, nan-satstDAI GO-SHO (5) Matome. Yomimono: Mondai 28: Mondai 29: Yomimono: Mondai 30: Sh6kai: Mondai 31: Kaiwa: Shokai: Yomimono: Sbokai: Mondai 32: 87 Nihon,jin to kimono. 89 Yomimono ni tsuite no shitsumon. 91 Onna no hito wa dare ni hanashite imasu ka? 93 Hito ga nan-nin imasu ka? 95-péji no e ni tsuite no shitsumon. SO nn A) Saji o kaite kudasai..... B) San tasu yon wa nana desu ‘Anata ni denwa desu Watashi no/anata no Dare ni tegami o kaite imasu ka? Pen o motte imasu/Pen de kaite imasu Yomimono ni tsuite no shitsumon DAI ROKU-SHO (6) Matome 113 Kaiwa M6 sukoshi yukkuri hanashite kudasai! 115 Mondai 33: Nan to kotaemasu ka?..... 117 Kaiwa: Satd-san wa imasu ka? 119 Shokai: Nani desu ka .. 119 Mondai 34: A) Nan-ji desu ka?.. 121 B) Nan‘ ni ikimasu ka? 121 Yomimono: —Tanaka-san no ichi-nichi. 123 Mondai 35: Yomimono ni tsuite no shitsumon. 125 Yomimono: _ Nani o shimasu k2?....... 127 Mondai 36: — Yomimono ni tsuite no shitsumon. 129 Kaiwa: Resutoran de...... 131 Shokai: Nan-ji ni gohan o tabemasu Bi Mondai 37: Eni tsuite no shitsumon 133 Mondai 38: Hantai wa nan desu ka? 35 DAI NANA-SHO (7) Matome..... 139 Shoat: Nan-yobi desu ka?.. 141 Mondai 39: A) Ky wa sui-yobi : 143 B) Kin-yobi no tsugi wa do-yobi desu 143 C) Kyo wa kin-yobi desu... 143,Issho ni ikimasho. Sumisu-san wa seito desu .. Nan to iimashita ka?. Nani o shimashita ka’ Shichi-ji ni okimashita Kotaete kudasai Jikoku-hyo. Yomimono ni tsuite no shitsumon. DAI HAS-SHO (8) Matome . Yomimono: Mondai 43: Yomimono: Mondai 44: Shokai: Mondai 45: Yomimono: Mondai 46: Kaiwa: Mondai 47: Kaiwa: Mondai 48: Asutoria de no yshoku Yomimono ni tsuite no shitsumon. Takagi Mieko-san no ichi-nichi.. Yomimono ni tsuite no shitsumon.. MO...mashita/mada...te imaset M6 ikimashita/mada itte imase Getsu-yobi ni jimusho de... Yomimono ni tsuite no shitsumon... Gakko e ikimasu .. Kaiwa ni tsuite no shitsumon Konsato ni ikimasen ka?..... Kaiwa ni tsuite no shitsumon DAI KYU-SHO (9) Matome Shokai Mondai 49: Sb6kai: Nan-nen desu ka? Kotoshi wa...nen desu Tenki wa do desu ka? Itsumo/kesshite/tokidoki/futsd. Tokyo no natsu wa atsui desu ka? Osaka kara no denwa .. : Kaiwa ni tsuite no shitsumon. ku narv/...ni naru Dandan Okiku narimasu Yoku/mettani...masen Sakura wa nan-gatsu ni sakimasu 145 147 147 149 151 153 155 157 161 163 165 167 169 iw wi 173 175 7 179 181 183 187 189 189 191 193 193, 195 197 199 199 201 201DAI JUS-SHO (10) Matome 205 Yomimono: _ Nihon no kisetsu.......- 207 Mondai 54: _ A) Ni-gatsu mikka desu........ 209 B) Ichi-gatsu nanoka ni ikimashita 209 Yomimono: —_ Suzuki-san wa Hiroshima e. 211 Mondai 55: Yomimono ni tsuite no shitsumon’ 213 Yomimono: —_Yamada-san no kyaka 215 Shokai: -katta/-ku arimasen deshita. 217 Mondai 56: Yomimono ni tsuite no shitsumon 217 Shokai: NAN DESU KA? 1 desu ja arimasen - B> B> Kore wa pen desu ka? ~ Hai, kore wa pen desu. Kore mo pen desu ka? (© -Hai, kore mo pen desu. Kore mo pen desu ka? ~ lie, kore wa pen ja arimasen. [> Kore wa macchi desu ka, raita desu ka? - Kore wa raita desu. Kore wa pen desu ka? lie, kore wa pen ja arimasen. Kore wa hon desu ka? ce > -lie, kore wa bon demo arimasen. Kore wa nan desu ka? B - Kore wa tabako desu.NOTES soretomo 9. Another way to form an “or question” in Japanese is by linking the questions with “soretomo.” This is a little less popular than the double-question style discussed in note 6.Mondai 1 Kore wa tabako desu ka? . Kore wa hon desu ka? Kore wa nan desu ka? Kore wa enpitsu desu ka? . Kore wa pen desu ka? Kore wa nan desu ka? Kore wa inu desu ka? 3. Kore wa denwa desu ka? Kore mo denwa desu ka? . Kore wa hon desu ka, soretomo hamaki desu ka? . Kore wa pen desu ka? . Kore wa pen desu ka, hon desu ka?NOTES DARE DESU KA? 10. Although “dare” means “who,” it sounds very, matter-of-fact. If you are directly asking someone their name as in “who's there?” or “who's calling?,” “dare” would sound rude or impatient. In such cases, use the more polite “donata” (see notes for chapter 5). Tanaka-san 11. Most of you already know that *-san” is an all Purpose suffix for “mr/mrs./ms.” It is, in a sense, a courtesy title so be sure never to use *-san” when referring either to yourself or a family member. A Japanese listener would be mortified with embarrass- ‘ment for you. If you want to say something like “this is Mr. Jones calling,” you would use “Jénzu desu,” or a variation thereof. ‘Shumitto 12. Because Japanese uses syllables (see Introduction), foreign names such as “Schmidt” emerge “Shumitto. To get a feel for these convolutions, study the Japanese version of the various proper names used throughout this book. You must leam to “mispronounce” names in Japanese or native listeners will never be able to understand who you're talking about — they having themselves learned the names according to the Japanese syllabary system.E>DARE DESU KA? Kore wa Tanaka-san desu ka? Hai, kore wa Tanaka-san desu. Tanaka-san wa Nihon-jin desu ka? — Hai, Tanaka-san wa Nihon-jin desu. B> Kore wa Tanaka-san desu ka? ~ lie, Tanaka-san ja arimasen. Kore wa dare desu ka? ~ Kore wa Noguobisan desu. NANI-JIN DESU KA? Dubaru-san mo Doitsu-jin desu ka? — lie, Doitsu-jin ja arimasen. Nihon-jin desu ka? = lie, Nibon:jin de mo arimasen. Dubaru-san wa nani-jin desu ka? ~ Dubaru-san wa Furansurin desu Kore wa Tanaka-san desu ka? = lie, Tanaka-san ja arimasen. Kore wa dare desu ka? Kore wa shiroi tabako desu. Sore wa raita desu. Sore wa chiisai raita desu. ‘Are wa haizara desu. Are wa 6kii haizara desu. B>KORE - SORE - ARE > im OD | Honwa — (akaku arimasen) (chairo ja arimasen) Ott Oki Honwa Opi sai desu Chitsat bon wa... Honwa _—_(6kiku arimasen) Bt9. Mondai 3 Denwa wa Okii desu ka? Denwa wa akai desu ka? Denwa wa nani-iro desu ka? Hon mo kuroi desu ka? Hon wa shiroi desu ka, soretomo haiiro desu ka? Kore wa enpitsu desu ka, tabako desu ka? ‘Tabako wa Okii desu ka? ‘Tabako wa shiroi desu ka? Enpitsu mo shiroi desu ka? . Inu mo kuroi desu ka? Inu wa nani-iro desu ka? 1344 NOTES 16. If two nouns share one characteristic, they are first, linked with the particle “to” (“and”), only the second noun being followed by “wa.” Tabako to haizara wa kuroi desu. The particle “to” is one of several particles meaning “and,” but it can only connect nouns, never verbs or clauses. shiro to kuro 17. In Japanese, “shiroi" means either “the white...” or “...is white.” When two colors are involved in the sense of “black and white,” however, they are used as nounsB&...TO...WA... Denwa wa shiroi desu ka? Hai, denwa wa shiroi desu. Pen mo shiroi desu ka? — Hai, pen mo shiroi desu. Denwa to pen wa shiroi desu ka? — Hai, denwa to pen wa shiroi desu. Tanaka-san wa Nihon-jin desu ka? — Hai, x6 desu. Noguchi-san mo Nihon-jin desu ka? — Hai, 96 desu. Tanaka-san to Noguchi-san wa Nihon4in desu. Inu wa nani-iro desu ka? > - Inu wa shiro to kuro desu. OKII/CHIISAI & Inu wa Okii desu. WwW Inu wa chiisai desu. Isu wa Okii desu. \ Ss Matchi wa chiisai desu. Toe 1516 NOTES 18. For clarity, the sentences or questions in this book directed at the student use “anata (wa),” which is indeed one of several words for “you.” In daily life, ‘though, context often tells the listener which questions are directed at him, and the repeated use of the Pronoun, essential to correct English, can become stilted and artificial if applied with equal frequency to Japanese.Mondai 4 B> 1. Anata wa sensei desu ka? 2. Anata wa seito desu ka? 3. Anata wa Nihon-jin desu ka? 4, Tanaka-san wa Nihon-jin desu ka? 5. Noguchi-san mo‘Nihon-jin desu ka? Mondai 5 Rei: Inu wa haiiro desu. Inu wa baiiro ja arimasen. 1. Pen wa midoriiro desu. 2. ‘Tsukue wa chairo desu. 3. Watashi wa sensei desu. 4, Anata wa Doitsu-jin desu. 5. Kore wa enpitsu desu. 17Mondai 6 Rei: Hai, watashi wa seito desu. Anata wa seito desu ka? 1. Hai, hon wa okdi desu. lie, denwa wa kiiro ja arimasen. 3. Hai, isu to tsukue wa chairo desu. 4, Tie, watashi wa Chigoku-jin ja arimasen. 5. lie, haizara wa chiisaku arimasen. Mondai 7 Rei: Isu wa chairo desu. Isu wa nant-iro desu ka? Noguchi-san wa Nihon jin desu. 2. Kore wa Tanaka-san desu. 3. Are wa inu desu. 4, Mogan-san wa Amerika jin desu 19YOGO-SHU (DAI IS-SHO) akai (is) red akaku arimasen _isn’t red Amerika-jin (an) American (person) anata you aoi blue are that (distant from both speaker and listener) arimasen isn't Ga) arimasen (it) isn't chairo brown; (is) brown chairo (no) ... chairo ja arimasen chiisai small; litle Chagoku-jin (2) Chinese (person) (the) brown... isn't) brown dare who? demo as well; also de mo arimasen | isn't...either denwa —_telephone desu (it)is desu ka isit? -do —_counter-suffix for “number of times’ “once,” “twice,” etc.) doa (a) door Doitsu-jin (a) German (person) donna — what kind of..? enpitsu pencil Furansu-jin —_(a) French (person) hai that's right; yes haiiro grey; (is) grey haiiro (no + noun) (the) grey... haizara ashtray hamaki cigar hon book Igirisu-jin (an) English (person) ii(desu) (that's) good jie no inu dog iro color isu chair Ttariajin (an) Italian (person) 20 itte kudasai (i/u) please say) please repeat (literally: jin _ person (after an adjective) ka question particle (see notes) kabe wall kkaiwa _ conversation kaiwa-hyogen conversational expression(s) kami —_ paper; a piece of paper Kanadajin (a) Canadian (person) Kankoku-jin (a) Korean (person) Kdiro_yellow; (js) yellow kiiro (no + noun) (the) yellow kite kudasai (kik/a) please listen Konnichiwa hello Kore this (near speaker) Kore (wa) this (is) Kore (de) _at this point; from here kore de owaridesu this is the end; that's all kotaete kudasai (kotae/ru) —_ please answer kuroi (is) black -ku arimasen isn’t (negative suffix for adjectives) macchi _match(es) Mekishiko-jin (a) Mexican (person) midoriiro green; (is) green midoriiro (no + noun) mo also; ...t00 (the) green ... mé ichi-do one more time mondai exercise nan desuka whats it? ..is what? naniiro what color? nanijin§ what nationality? neko (a) cat Nihon Japan Nihon-jin (a) Japanese (person) no of’s (possessive particle) Okii big; large Okiku arimasen _..isn'tbi wari (the) end (of a lesson, film, etc.) owarimasu (owar/u) something endspen Porutogaru-jin _(a) Portuguese (person) raita cigarette lighter rei example Roshiajin (a) Russian (person) -san—Mr./Mrs. /Ms. SayOnara goodbye seito student (of a subject) sensei teacher shiroi (is) white (hai) sé desu (yes) itis; (yes) that's right $6 ja arimasen (no) it isn’t sore that (distant from speaker, nearer the listener) sore (wa) __thatis... soretomo or Supein-jin (a) Spanish (person) tabako cigarettes) tépu (cassette) tape to and; with setOneWaiee and. (is/are) totemo very; extremely tsukue desk wa _ subject particle (see notes) watashi I yoku dekimashita! (dekiru) —_well done! 24DAI NI-SHO-MATOME Nani ga...? Nani ga akai desu ka? —Enpitsu ga akai desu. Dare ga...? Dare ga Ninon-jin desku ka? —Tanaka-san ga Nihon-jin desu. Dochira ga...? Dochira ga nagai desu ka? —Kuroi kagi ga nagai desu. Dore ga...? Dore ga mijkai desu ka? —Enpitsu ga mijikal desu Watashi no / watashi no hon desu. Kore wa dare no kuruma desu ka? —Kore wa watashi no kuruma desu. ‘Tanaka-san no kuruma wa Oki desu ka? ie, Tanaka-san no kuruma wa okiku arimasen. Dare no ga Okii desu ka? —Mogan-san no ga Okii desu. Kuni / toshi Nihon wa kuni desu. ‘Toky6 wa toshi desu. -te imasu / -te imasen Watashi wa pen o totte imasu ka? —ie, anata wa pen o totte imasen. Nani o shite imasu ka? Watashi wa hon o totte imasu. Anata wa hon o oite imasu. Tanaka-san wa e o mite imasu. .t0...t0, dochira ga...? Basu to kuruma to, dochira ga Okii desu ka? —Basu ga (kuruma yori) Oki desu. Basu wa kuruma yori Okii desu. Keredomo Kore wa nagai desu. Keredomo sore wa mijikai desu. Kaiwa-hyogen “Sumimasen!” yo!” “Kochira wa...-san desu.” “Hajimemashite.” "D620 yoroshiku.” “O-genki desu ka?" “Okagesamade!” “€, genki desu.” *...0 kudasal “Dez0!” *(Ddmo) arigatd (gozaimasu.)" “Dé-itashimastite.”24 NOTES DARE GA...? 1, The particle “ga” usually follows the grammatical subject of a sentence. It also always follows the majority of interrogative pronouns (dare ga, dore ga, dochira ga, nani ga, etc.). Unlike “wa,” “ga” is also used to emphasize a contradiction: Dubaru-san wa Doitsu-jin desu ka = (is Mr. Duval German?) lie, Shumitto-san ga Doitsu-jin desu. (no, [it's] Mr. Schmidt [that]'s German) Tanaka-san ga Nihon-jin desu 2. When answering a question with an interrogative pronoun followed by “ga,” the answer also takes “ga.” Compare the following: Hon wa chairo desu ka? Hai, hon wa chairo desu. Nani ga chairo desu ka? Hon ga chairo desu. There are several other uses of “ga” which will later be ‘explained in context. DORE GA...? 3. When asking “which?” Japanese makes a clear distinction: if it's which of three or more, the word is “dore’; if it's which of only two, the word is “dochira” (sometimes rendered more casually as “docchi”). Both are followed by “ga.”- re ¥ Kore wa Dubaru-san desu. Kore wa Tanaka-san desu. Kore wa Mogan-san desu. Dubaru-san wa Furansucjin desu. Tanakasan wa Nihon-jin desu. Mogan-san wa Amerika-jin desu. Dare ga Nihon-jin desu ka? > ~ Tanaka-san ga Nibon-jin desu. 2>DORE GA. Dore ga fune desu ka? x Dore ga basu desu ka? —Kore ga fune desu —Kore ga basu desu. 2526 NOTES TO...T0, DOCHIRA GA...? 4. When forming comparative structures, both nouns must be followed by the particle “to.” Note, too, that the answer takes “ga.” Nihon to Amerika to, dochira ga Okii desu ka? Amerika a Oki desu. ‘Kuroi kuruma wa shiroi kuruma yor! 6kil desu 5. This sentence is a statement, not a response, It is also saying something about the black car in comparison to the white car. For that reason, the particle is “wa” not “ga.” The Japanese way of forming comparative statements is fairly rigid: ---Wa...yori + adjective + desu (or other suitable ending). You may also encounter the phrase no hé ga used similarly as in: +0 6 ga [...yorl] + adjective + desu See note 12, chapter 3 for more about this structure....TO...TO, DOCHIRA GA...? Kuroi kuruma to shiroi kuruma to, dochira ga Okii desu ka? ~ Kuroi kuruma ga okti desu | | Kuroi kuruma wa shiroi kuruma yori Oki desu. | Shiroi kuruma wa kuroi kuruma yori chiisai desu. Mondai 8 1, Enpitsu to kagi to, dochira ga nagai desu ka? Kagi wa enpitsu yori mijikai desu ka? Hikoki to kagi to, dochira ga chiisai desu ka? Basu to kagi to, dochira ga Okii desu ka? Enpitsu wa tabako yori mijikai desu ka? 2728 6. The word “toshi” really means “a city.” If you wish to use “city” in the sense of “New York City,” the suffix “shi” is used: Fujisawa wa toshi desu. = (Fujisawa is a city) Fujisawa-shi wa chiisai toshi desu. = (Fujisawa [city] is a small city) Dochira no kuni 7. The particle “no” corresponds to “of” or *...'s." In this sense, “dochira no kuni...” means “which of [the ‘two] countries....” If “dochira” is followed by a noun, “no” must be placed between them: ‘Amerika to Nihon to, dochira ga oki desu ka Dochira no kuni ga okii desu kaNIHON WA OKII KUNI DESU KA? [> Nihon wa kuni desu ka, soretomo toshi desu ka? Nihon wa kuni desu. Tokyo mo kuni desu ka? Iie, Tokyo wa kuni ja arimasen. Tokyd wa toshi desu. Tokyd wa Okii toshi desu. Nagasaki mo toshi desu. Keredomo, Nagasaki wa Okii toshi jaarimasen. Nagasaki wa chiisai toshi desu. Ginza-dori mo toshi desu ka? lie, Ginza-dori wa toshi ja arimasen. Ginza-dori wa lori wa nagai michi desu ka? lie, Ginza-dori wa nagaku Chagoku mo michi desu ka? lie, michi ja arimasen. Toshi desu ka? lie, toshi de mo arimasen. Chiigoku wa kuni desu. Okii kuni desu. Monako mo kuni desu. Monako wa Okii desu ka? lie, Okiku arimasen. Chdgoku to Monako to, dochira ga Okii desu ka? Chagoku ga Monako yori Okii desu. Dochira no kuni ga chiisai desu ka? Monako ga Chigoku yori chiisai desu. Nytyoku wa Pari yori kit desu. Pari wa Okii toshi desu ka? Hai, Okii toshi desu. NyayOku mo Okii toshi desu ka? Hai, NyayOku mo Okii desu. Pari wa Nydyoku yori Okii desu ka? lie, Pari wa NyayOku yori Okiku arimasen. NyOyOku to Pari to, dochira ga Okii desu ka? Nyayoku ga Pari yori Skii desu. Mondai 9 1. Nagasaki wa kuni desu ka, soretomo toshi desu ka? 2. Nagasaki to Toky6 to, dochira ga Okii desu ka? 3. Chigoku wa okii kuni desu ka, soretomo chiisai kuni desu ka? 4, Chagoku to Nihon to, dochira ga chiisai desu ka? 5. Pari to NyayOku to, dochira ga Okii desu ka? 29NOTES DONO DENWA GA...?/KONO-SONO-ANO 8. In chapter one, you learned that “kore,” “sore” and, “are” mean “this,” “that” and “that over there.” In English, there is no change in pronoun between “this is a phone” and “this phone is ....” In Japanese, however, you must use “kono,” “sono” and “ano” when these words precede @ noun. The interrogative pronoun, is “dono.” “Dono,” like “dore” and “dochira,” takes the particle “ga,” with “ga” following the noun. Compare: Kono denwa wa kuroi desu. Sono denwa wa shiroi desu. Ano denwa wa haiiro desu. Dono denwa ga shiroi desu ka Dore ga shiroi desu ka Dono can be used whether you are asking which ... of ‘two oF which ... of three or more.DONO DENWA GA. [>KONO-SONO-ANO Kore wa denwa desu. Kono denwa wa kuroi desu. Sore mo denwa desu. Sono denwa wa shiroi desu. Are mo denwa desu. Ano denwa wa haiiro desu. Dono denwa ga shiroi desu ka? = Sono denwa ga shiroi desu. DOCHIRA (NO KURUMA) GA. Kore wa Mogan-san no kuruma desu. Kono kuruma wa kuroi desu. Kono kuruma wa Oki desu. Kore wa Tanaka-san no kuruma desu Kono kuruma wa shiroi desu. Kono kuruma wa chiisai desu Dochira ga shiroi desu ka? ~ Chiisai kuruma ga shiroi desu Dochira no kuruma ga kuroi desu ka? — Oki kuruma ga kuroi desu Dochira no kuruma ga Oki desu ka? ~ Kuroi kuruma ga okii desu. 31Mondai 10 1. Dono denwa ga kuroi desu ka? 2. Dono denwa ga haiiro desu ka? 3. Dochira no kuruma ga Tanaka-san no desu ka? 4, Dochira no kuruma ga okii desu ka? 5. Dochira no kuruma ga shiroi desu ka? Mondai 11 Rei: lie, kono basu wa midoriiro ja arimasen. Kono basu wa midoriiro desu ka? 1. lie, kono hikoki wa okiku arimasen. lie, Tokyo wa Kyoto yori chiisaku arimasen. 3. lie, kono enpitsu wa nagaku arimasen. = lie, sono pen wa mijikaku arimasen. 5. Tie, basu wa densha yori nagaku arimasen, 33NOTES Konnichiwal 9. In this context, “konnichiwa" corresponds to “hello,” bout itis used during the day time. O-genki 10. There are two honorific prefixes used in Japanese: “o-" and “go-."_In this book, they are separated from the noun by a hyphen, so you can easily distinguish honorific usages from those in which the word just happens to begin with such letters. The “0” of “o-genki" is, therefore, honorific. You will notice that the pronoun is omitted. It would be superfluous and unnatural to say “anata wa o-genki desu ka” because the speaker would never use the honorific “o-” about himself (see Noguchi-san’s next line). Tanaka-san 14. Here again, “anata wa” would be artificial. In Japanese, substituting a person's name or title for “you” in direct address is much more usual — particularly in polite speech. In English, of course, “How is Mr. Tanaka?" is impossibly stilted when addressing Mr. Tanaka directly, but in Japanese such a construction is far more natural and polite than “Anata wa...". kochira wa 12. When making face-to-face introductions, Japanese People would never use “kore wa.” “Kochira (literally “this direction") wa...san desu” is the polite way of introducing people.B> Noguchi: > Tanaka: B> Noguchi: Tanaka: B Noguchi: Tanaka: Jonzu Tanaka: Jonzu: Tanaka: Jonzu: Tanaka: Jonzu: Tanaka: Jonzu: Tanaka: BERURITTSU NO SEITO Tanaka-san! Konnichiwa! Al Noguchi-san! O-genki desu ka? B, okagesamade genki clesu. Tanaka-san mo o-genki clesu ka? Domo arigaté, genki desu! Tanaka-san, kochira wa Jonzu-san desu. S6 desu ka! Jonzu-san, hajimemashite! Hajimemashite! DOz0 yoroshiku! Jonzu-san wa Amerika-jin desu ka? Tie! Watashi wa Amerika-jin ja arimasen. Igirisu-jin desu. So desu ka. JOnzu-san, sore wa nan desu ka? Kore desu ka? Hai, sore desu. Kore wa hon desu. Hon desu ka? Hai! Berurittsu no hon desu. Watashi wa Berurittsu no seito desu. SO desu ka! 3536 NOTES D6-itashimashite 13. The expression “d6-itashimashite” is used when ‘acknowledging another person's thanks. It implies that the user agrees that the act was deserving of a “thank you.” There also are several words of protest used in Japanese when the listener feels no thanks are necessary or required.Mondai 12 1, Noguchi-san wa genki desu ka? 2. Jonzu-san wa Amerika-jin desu ka? 3. JOnzu-san wa nani-jin desu ka? 4, Jonzu-san wa Berurittsu no seito desu ka? Mondai 13 Rei: Konnichiwa! (D) 1. O-genki desu ka? ( ) a cagesamade. 2. Hajimemashite. () B> |B. Do-itashimashite C. Eo-mite imasu. et. D. Ogenki desu ka? 4, Hon o totte kudasai.( ) E. D6z0 yoroshiku. E Déz0. 5. Nani o shite imasu ka? (_ ) 37NOTES HAIZARA 0 KUDASAT 14, The particle “o” is used to designate the direct object of a sentence. It always immediately follows the direct object. Eo mite imasu = ({1] see a picture) ‘Sumimasent 45. The expression “sumimasen,” like its English counterpart “excuse me,” may be used either to apologize or to get someone's attention — the latter in this case. Hall 16. For all practical purposes, “hai” can be regarded as the equivalent of “yes,” but with an important difference. In English *yes” implies agreement with jer the speaker's factual assertion or with his pinion, but “hai” merely indicates that the listener has heard the assertion. It may be factually correct, but that doesn’t mean that the listener agrees with a judgment or opinion. In other words “(yes,) | hear/ am listening to what you're saying” rather than “yes, I agree.” This is also what leads to the frequent "yes-we-have-no- bananas” exchanges between Japanese and foreigners (no laughing matter): You have no bananas? = Hai. [that is correct information Is your name Mr. Tanaka? = Hal, [*] Haizara o kudasal 17. The construction noun + 0 + kudasai = please give me. Tabako 0 kudasai. = (please give me [some] cigarettes)> HAIZARA O KUDASAI -Sumimasen! -Hail -Haizara o kudasai. ~Dezo! Domo arigato! - Dé-itashimashite! Mondai 14 Rei; Anata no denwa wa kuroi desu ka? lie, watashi no denwa wa kuroku arimasen. 1, Watashi no nekutai wa ao to aka desu ka? lie, 2. Watashi no enpitsu wa nagai desu ka? lie, 3. Watashi wa tabako o oite imasu ka? lie, 4, Anata wa haizara o totte imasu ka? lie, 5. Sensei wa watashi o mite imasu ka? lie, 6. Anata no tsukue wa Okii desu ka? lie, 7. Watashi no pen wa chairo desu ka? lie, 3910. Mondai 15 £3} Kono hiked wa shiroi desu ka? . Kono hik6ki wa kuroi desu ka? . Kono hik6ki mo kuroi desu ka? 4, Dochira no hikoki ga chiisai desu ka? Chagoku to Nihon to, dochira ga okii desu ka? Anata wa Berurittsu no seito desu ka? Anata no namae wa Tanaka-san desu ka? Anata no namae wa nan desu ka? Anata no sensei wa dare desu ka? Anata no kuni wa Nihon yori 6kii desu ka, soretomo chiisai desu ka?YOGO-SHU (DAI NI-SHO) aka red ano (+ noun) there ao blue Ara! well! oh, my! (only used by women) basu bus that (car, phone, etc.) over Chagoku China dare (ga) who (is) dareno whose dare no...(ga)__ whose...((s) densha train Dé-itashimashite don’t mention it; not at all (Domo) arigats (gozaimasu) thank you (very much) s-d6ri street; avenue (only used as suffix with street name) Déz0 _please (offering something or granting requests) Dézo yoroshiku —_(response to “hajimemashite”) dochira which (of only two) dochira (ga) which of them / which one Gs). dochira no...ga which (+ noun) is... donna (+ noun) — what kind of... dono (+ noun) —_ which... dore (ga) E,genkidesu fine, thank you (response to “o-genki desu ka”) fune ship; boat ga subject particle (see notes) which (of three or more) (is) Hajimemashite how do you do (first meeting only) hikoki plane Honkon Hong Kong imasu (iru) is (for animate objects only); there is jozu (na) (+ noun) —_ (a) skillful..; (@) talented... (...i8) able to do something well jOzu (ni) well (done); skillfully (done) a kagi key keredomo —_however; but Kochira wa ...san desu this is Mr/Mrs./Ms....; may T introduce. kono (+ noun)’ this (pen, dog, etc.) kudasai please Kuni country koruma car michi (a) street; (a) road mijikai short mite imasu (mi/ru) Monako — Monaco nagai long mamae (a) name nani (ga) what (js) nani o shite imasu ka? nekutai necktie Nytyoku New York © direct object particle (see notes) +0 kudasai please give me ... O-genki desu ka? how are you? cite imasu (ok/u) —_(js/are) holding; placing Okagesamade (response to “o-genki desu ka” — usually follows or precedes “genki desu”) Pari Paris, (is/are) looking what...doing? shite imasu (suru) —_(is/are) doing sodesuka! really? Isee sono (+ moun) that (car, dog, etc.) soshite then,...;50,... (domo) Sumimasen _ beg your pardon; I'm sorry steimasen —_(isn'v/aren't) ...ing -teimasu —_({s/are) ...ing toshi (a) city totte imasu (tor/a) _(s/are) taking tsugi(wa) (the) next; (the) following watashino my; mine -yo! emphatic particle yori than (for comparisons)DA! SAN-SHO—MATOME Saji zero ichi yon nana ni 0 hhachi san roku ku Kazoete kudasai Ikutsu desu ka? Roku tasu ni wa hachi desu. Roku hiku ni wa yon desu. ~péji/ ban Nan-péji desu ka? Denwa bang6 wa nan-ban desu ka? Osake wa ikaga desu ka? Hei, itadakimasu. lie, kekké desu. Dochira demo ii desu. ‘Suki desu / Kirai desu ‘Sashimi ga (dai-)suki desu. Tenpura ga (dai-)kiral desu. ‘Amari suki ja arimasen. Tabemono: (washoku/yoshoku) sashimi, tenpura, sukiyaki sakana, gohan Oishii desu. Nomimono kohii, ocha, osake, kocha wain, miruku, biiru, uokka uisukii Dochira ga ii desu ka / ...no hé ga ji desu Toky6 to Pari to, dochira ga Okii desu ka? Tokyd no ho ga (zutto) Okii desu. Dore ga ichi-ban...ka? Tokyo to Pari to Nyayoku dewa, dore ga ichi-ban okii desu ka? —Tokyd ga ichi-ban oki desu. Doko ni arimasu ka? su wa doko ni arimasu ka? —su wa kyéshitsu ni arimasu. —Isu wa doko ni mo arimasen. Ueishita | naka Tokei wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu. ‘Shashin wa tsukue no shita ni arimasu. Okane wa poketto no naka ni arimasu. Wakarimasu / Wakarimasen Wakarimasu ka? lie, (zenzen) wakarimasen. Nani ka...? / Nani mo...sen Nani ka arimasu ka? Hai, nani ka arimasu. ie, nani mo arimasen. Ninon nojgaikoku no ‘Nihon no kuruma wa chiisai desu. Gaikoku no kuruma wa Okii desu. Kaiwa-hyogen “Moshimosti...” “Domo sumimasen.” “Sumimasen.” “Nan desho ka?” “Domo arigato gozaimashita.” 4344 NOTES Sait 4. These are Japanese numerals. The words in parentheses are alternates and are usually, but not always, interchangeable. Numerals from ten to twenty are formed simply: j0-ichi (literally ten-one) = eleven. Twenty, thirty, etc., are formed similariy: ni-jd (literally two-ten) = twenty.KAZOETE KUDASAI! 3 u jO-ichi 16 ja-roku ni 7 shichi(nana) 12 jo-ni 7 ja-shichi@g-nana) san hachi 13 jd-san jd-hachi 4 shi(yon) kukya) 14 jd-shiGa-yon) 19 ja-kuGi-kya) 15 jt-go 20 nija 45NOTES DENWA BANGO 2. Although “siji” means “numeral,” the all-purpose word for “number” is “bango” as in “denwa-bango” (telephone number). Moshimoshi 3. When answering the telephone, “moshimoshi" is the equivalent of “hello.” Except for a few rare ironic uses, it is never used in any other context. Ginza-shiten ja arimasen ka? 4. This is the equivalent of “isn’t this Ginza branch?” ‘Sumimasen ga 5. This use of the particle “ga” is not to denote the subject. It is one of several ways of expressing “..., but..." in Japanese. Of these various ways, “ga” has the softest tone, indicating only a slight contradiction. In this sense, it pays to think of “ga” as a verbal 46 comma.Biiru wa suki desu ga osake no ho ga suki desu..= ({!] like beer, (but] | like sake better) Ginza-shiten no denwa-bango 6. Possessives in Japanese are always formed with the particle “no,” much as French uses the word “de." Remember, though, that “no” always follows the subject and precedes the object: Sat6-san no denwa-bango = (Mr, Saté's telephone number) You can never form the equivalent of “the telephone number of Mr. Sato” in Japanese. domo arigato gozaimashita 7. This is the full (and therefore more polite) form of “arigat6.” Note that *...gozaimashita” is the past tense of “gozaimasu,” and is used only at what is very clearly the end of some exchange. Think of it in terms of “thank you for having done...” or “...was very nice of you."=> DENWA-BANGO WA NAN-BAN DESU KA? > - Moshimoshi. Ginza-shiten desu ka? = lie, chigaimasu. > - Ginza-shiten ja arimasen ka? ~lie, Yokohama-shiten desu. B> B>-A, Yokohama-shiten desu ka! ‘Sumimasen ga, Ginza-shiten no denwa-bango wa nan-ban desu ka? —Nana roku go no ni ni san yon desu. > -A, domo arigato gozaimashita. — Dé-itashimashite. Mondai 16 Rei: 321—6082 a san ni ichi no roku zero/ré hachi ni . 789—3351 - 600—2873, 5. 7794413 - 350—2867 5. 2234948 47NOTES Osake wa ikaga desu ka? 8. A polite way to offer something Is “...wa ikaga desu ka?” Note that “wa” is always used for this phrase. Ocha 9. Certain words in modem Japanese have the honorific “o-" or “go-" built into them, reflecting the Japanese reverence for these things. In such cases, it would be very boorish to omit the honorific even if the noun is somehow connected to oneself. Here are some examples: ocha = green tea, gohan = cooked rice; a meal, okane = money, osake = sake; liquor (see note 10), otera = ‘a Buddhist temple osake 10. Although in this context “osake" means the Japanese rice wine, the same word is often used to designate alcoholic beverages as a category — i.e., wine/liquor. If the speaker or listener wishes the distinction made crystal clear, the word *Ninon-shu" (literally “Japan-wine") is often used to designate the national drink. sake no hé ga Ii desu ka? 11. In this sentence, the phrase ... no hé ga ii means “is... better/preferable?." In a comparative structure, however, the phrase no hé ga + adjective is used as, follows: ‘Kuroi kuruma wa shiroi kuruma yori Okii desu ka Kuroi Kuruma no hé ga [shir kuruma yori] Ski desu, Biira ya wain mo nomimono desu 12. In addition to “to,” the particle “ya” can also mean “and.” There is a definite nuance, however. “To” implies that the list is limited only to the items mentioned. “Ya,” on the other hand, implies an unspoken “etcetera”: Biiru to wain to uiskii ga suki desu. = (like beer, wine and whiskey [and that's alll) Biira ya wain ya uiskii ga suki desu. = (Gi lke beer, wine, whiskey, etc.) ‘Sukiyaki mo tenpura mo totemo oishii desu 13. Although the single particle “mo” means “too” or “also,” the construction ... mo... mo is the equivalent of *both...and...."> OSAKE WA IKAGA DESU KA? Tanaka: —Noguchi-san, kohii wa ikaga desu ka? Noguchi: lie, amati suki ja arimasen. [> Tanaka: —Dewa, ocha wa ikaga desu ka? Noguchi: Hai, arigato! Itadakimasu. > B> Tanaka: _Soretomo, osake no h6 ga ii desu ka? Noguchi: Dochira de mo ii desu. Tanaka-san to Noguchi-san wa Nihon-jin desu. Nihon-jin wa osake ga totemo suki desu, Shumitto-san wa Nihon-jin ja arimasen. Shumitto-san wa osake yori biiru no ho ga suki desu. [> Osake wa nomimono desu. Biiru ya wain mo nomimono desu. Sukiyaki mo nomimono desu ka? lie, sukiyaki wa nomimono ja arimasen. Sukiyaki wa B> tabemono desu. Tenpura mo tabemono desu. Sukiyaki mo tenpura mo totemo oishii desu. 49NOTES ‘Nihon-jin wa osake ga suki desu ka? 14. The phrase “suki desu" means to like something. The construction is: noun or gerund + ga + suki desu. ‘The prefacing meaning of “watashi wa," is almost always understood. Pari to Nylyoku to Tokyo de wa 15. When linking two nouns or more for a superiative question, the final noun must be followed by the particles “de” and “wa,” 50 ‘Sukiyaki to tenpura to sashimi de wa, dono tabemono @ ichi-ban suki desu ka dono toshi ga Ichi-ban Okii desu ka? 16. The superlative in Japanese is formed by placing the word “ichi-ban" ("the number one") before the adjective in question. Since Chinese also employs this rather ‘commonsense construction, it led to dreadful pidgin- English phrases like “number one big building,” etc.Mondai 17 1. Tanaka-san wa nani-jin desu ka? 2. Nihon-jin wa osake ga suki desu ka? 3. Shumitto-san wa osake to biiru to, dochira ga suki desu ka? 4, Sukiyaki wa nomimono desu ka? 5. Tenpura wa oishii desu ka? Pari to NyayOku to Tokyo wa oki desu. Nyayoku wa Pari yori Okii desu. Tokyo wa Nydyoku yori okii desu. Pari to Nydyoku to Tokyé de wa, dono e toshi ga ichi-ban Okii desu ka? —Toky6 ga ichi-ban Okii desu B> | Dono toshi ga ichi-ban chiisai desu ka? —Pari ga ichi-ban chiisai desu. Mondai 18 1. Furansu wa Okii desu ka? 2. Amerika mo Okii desu ka? 3110. oe 12. 2B. 14. 15. Furansu wa Amerika yori Okii desu ka? Furansu to Amerika to Igirisu de wa, dono kuni ga ichi-ban Oki desu ka? Dono kuni ga ichicban chiisai desu ka? Doitsu to Kanada to Nihon de wa, dono kuni ga ichi-ban chiisai desu ka? Ginza-dori wa nagai desu ka? Ginza-dori wa Mishishippi yori nagai desu ka? Dochira no hé ga nagai desu ka? Dochira no ho ga mijikai desu ka? Basu wa Okii desu ka? HikOki mo Okii desu ka? Basu to hikOki to, dochira no ho ga Okii desu ka? Kuruma wa basu yori oki desu ka? Basu to kuruma to hik6ki de wa, dore ga ichi-ban oki desu ka? 3354 NOTES noue ni 17. The particle “ni” is analogous to several English prepositions: “on,” “in,” “at,” or even “to (a person)” or “for.” It indicates, among other things, a state of being oF location — in a room, living in a town, being in a meeting, etc. It is the particle most often used in conjunction with Japanese prepositions of place. Although the noun “ue” implies “on” or “above,” in ‘order to correctly convey “on the desk,” you must use the particles “no" and “ni*: “tsukue no ue ni.” This should be an easy concept since English, too, has location phrases such as “on top of...” or “at the edge of...". More abstract uses of “ni” will be dealt with as they occur.UE-SHITA-NAKA > | Pen wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu. Handobaggu wa tsukue no shita ni arimasu. Okane wa handobaggu no naka ni arimasu. Mondai 19 . Hon wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu ka? ._ Denwa wa tsukue no shita ni arimasu ka? Denwa wa doko ni arimasu ka? . Handobaggu no naka ni hon ga arimasu ka? Handobaggu no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka? 35NOTES NANI KA/NANI MO 18, Many English concepts are rendered in Japanese by a combination of interrogative pronoun and particle. ‘The similarity of these may make them seem difficult at first, but once you get used to them, pattems will begin to emerge. Let's start with “nani” (“what”). Since “ka” is the question particle, “nani ka” means by extension “anything.” In addition to its meaning as “too,” “mo” is used with negative words to create a sense of negation. Therefore, “nani mo” means “nothing” or “not anything.” Remember that it must be used with a negative verb at the end of the sentence. Since “ga” is the subject particle, you can see that “nani ga" logically means “is (there) something?” Keep in mind that, unlike English, you cannot use “nani ga” in the 56 answer ("yes, there is something"). Either you specify (*...6a arimasu”) of you answer “hai, nani ka arimasu.” Koko nt 19, The word “koko” corresponds to “here.” Itis usually used with a particle, the choice of the particle altering the meaning somewhat. Compare the following: Koko wa gakk6 desu. = (this is a school — literally: “here [where we are] is a schoo!") Koko ni (wa) tsukue ga arimasu ka = (is there a desk here — literally: “in here, is there a desk”) The words for “there" and “over there” are “soko” and “asoko,” respectively.b> NANI KA/NANI MO B>| Koko mi tsukue ga arimasu ka? “Hai, koko ni tsukue ga arimasu. ‘Tukue no ue ni nani ka arimasu ka? Hai, nani ka arimasu. Nani ga arimasu ka? =Pen to denwa ga arimasu. Pen to denwa no hoka ni, tsukue no ue ni nani ka arimasu ka? lie, nani mo arimasen. ‘Tsukue no shita ni mani ka arimasu ka? Hai, nani ka arimasu. ‘Tsukue no shita ni mani ga arimasu ka? — Handobaggu ga arimasu Handobaggu no hoka ni, tsukue no shita ni nani ka arimasu ka? =lie, nani mo arimasen. Mondai 20 ‘Tsukue no ue ni nani ka arimasu ka? . Nani ga arimasu ka? . Handobaggu mo tsukue no ue ni arimasu ka? . Handobaggu wa doko ni arimasu ka? . ‘Tukue no shita ni, enpitsu mo arimasu ka? . ‘Tsukue no shita ni, handobaggu no hoka ni nani ka arimasu ka? 37NOTES Kore wa kohil desu gurasu 20. You have leamed that “desu” is “is,” but only in the | 24. It may be helpful to remember that “gurasu” means sense of “it is." The verb “aru” (polite form:‘arimasu") | any kind of drinking glass, while “garasu” means glass means “there is." See notes 1 and 2 in chapter 4 for | as a substance —i.e.,what window panes are made further details. from. 38B> Kore wa kohii desu. Kohii wa kappu m0 naka ni arimasu. Kore wa wain desu. Wain wa bin no naka ni arimasu. ys 10. DOKO NI...? Kohii wa kappu no naka ni arimasu ka? -Hai, kappu no naka ni arimasu. Wain mo kappu no naka ni arimasu ka? lie, kappu no naka ni arimasen. Gurasu no naka ni arimasu ka? lie, gurasu no naka ni arimasen. Wain wa doko ni arimasu ka? -Bin no naka ni arimasu. Mondai 21 Kore wa wain desu ka, soretomo biiru desu ka? Biiru wa bin no naka ni arimasu ka? Biiru wa doko ni arimasu ka? Kore mo biiru desu ka? Miruku desu ka, soretomo kécha desu ka? Ocha wa gurasu no naka ni arimasu ka? Nan no naka ni arimasu ka? 3. Kore wa miruku desu ka? Miruku wa nani-iro desu ka? Miruku wa nan no naka ni arimasu ka? 39FUJISAN WA NIHON DE ICHI-BAN TAKAI YAMA DESU ‘TokyO wa Okii toshi desu. Nihon wa kuni desu. Tokyo wa Nihon ni arimasu. Ginza-dori wa michi desu. Ginza-dori wa Toky6 ni arimasu. Berurittsu wa gakk6o desu, Berurittsu-gakk6 wa Tokyo ni arimasu. Rondon mo 6kii toshi desu. Keredomo Rondon wa Nihon ni wa arimasen Rondon wa Igirisu ni arimasu. Igirisu wa Yoroppa ni arimasu. Igirisu wa Oki Kuni ja arimasen. Mishishippi wa kuni desu ka, soretomo michi desu ka? Mishishippi wa kuni de mo michi de mo arimasen. Mishishippi wa kawa desu. Mishishippi-gawa wa Nihon ni arimasu ka? lie, Amerika ni arimasu. Mishishippi-gawa wa Amerika de ichi-ban nagai kawa desu. Amazon mo kawa desu ka? Hai, kawa desu. Nihon ni arimasu ka, soretomo Furansu ni arimasu ka? Amazon wa Nihon ni mo Furansu ni mo arimasen. Amazon wa doko ni arimasu ka? Burajiru ni arimasu, Fujisan wa yama desu. Fujisan wa Nihon ni arimasu. Fujisan wa kawa ja arimasen. Yama desu. Totemo takai yama desu. Fujisan wa Nihon de ichi-ban takai yama desu. Eberesuto mo yama desu. Eberesuto mo totemo takai yama desu. Keredomo Nihon ni wa arimasen. Eberesuto wa Fujisan yori takai desu. Sekai de ichi-ban takai yama desu. Mondai 22 1, Rondon wa Igirisu ni arimasu ka? 2. Mishishippi wa Amerika de ichi-ban nagai kawa desu ka? 3. Amazon wa doko ni arimasu ka? 4, ujisan wa sekai de ichi-ban takai yama desu ka? 5. Nani ga sekai de ichi-ban takai yama desu ka? 61YOGO-SHU (DAI SAN-SHO) amari —_(not) particularly (always with negative) amari suki ja arimasen don’t particularly like arimasu (ar/u) . is (for inanimate objects only); there is, bin bottle biiru beer Burajiru Brazil chawan bowl; cup chigaimasu (chiga/a) _(it's) incorrect; wrong; ...de mo...de mo ...masen neither ... nor .. denwa bango _telephone number dewa — Well (then),... dewa (det+wa) (particles used when ‘comparing three or more things) Démo arigat6 gozaimashita thank you very much (only used for thanking at the end of an action) Domo sumimasen than “sumimasen”) dochira demo (ii) doko where doko (ni) where (is) doko ni mo ...masen is nowhere excuse me (more formal either (of two) will be fine isn't anywhere; Eberesto Mt. Everest. Fujisan Mt. Fuji ga) (dai-) kirai (na + noun) — dislike (detest) (literally: big hate) (...ga) dai-) suki (na + noun) much); (love) (literally: big like) ku foreign country/countries (Le. outside Japan) like (very gaikoku no foreign (adjective) -gawa The... river (suffix must follow river's name) woe: gohan (cooked) rice gurasu (a) glass (only for drinking out of — 62 not substance) hachi 8 hako box handobaggu hhikidashi drawer hhika minus (for subtraction) + (Q0) hoka ni other than ... honté ni really; truly handbag ichi 1 ichi-ban the most...; the ...est ii good; fine (.... wa) ikaga desu ka? would [you] like ...? how about ...? how ikutsu how many/much (bai) itadakimasu (itadak/u) _(yes) I'l have some jaarimasen ka _ isn’t this...; aren't yo etc. (not a ‘tag question’) ja go 15 vhachi 18, richi 11 j0-ku (ja-kya) 19 jini 12 ja-roku 16 jasan 13 je-shi(ja-yon) 14 ji-shichi (jd-nana) 17 kappu _cup (coffee cup, etc.) kara from kawa (a) river kazoete (kazoe/ru) kazoete kudasai kekk6 desu Kirai (na) ( + noun) kocha — “black” tea kohii coffee koko (ai)... (js) here Iu (kya) 9 kyoshitsu classroom counting please count that will be fine; that will do dislike...; hate... ++MMO...MN0... and ... are both/all motto more (of something); keep (on)...ing miruku milkMishishippi Mississippi Moshimoshi _hello? (only when answering telephone) Nan deshd ka? what is it? yes? what will ic be? (in restaurants, etc.) nan no naka ni — whatis ... in? nan-ban what number nan-péji_ what page naniga —_ something? (question only) nanika —_anything?/something? yes, something. (question or answer) nanimo...masen —_ nothing ni particle for “being” (see notes) ni 2 ...nimo...nimo...masen in neither... nor. Nihon no Japanese (adjective) nif 20 (literally “two-ten”) +o hoka ni other than... --no bd ga. (used for the winning part of a comparative — i.e., Tokyo is—er than ...) «mo naka ni inside; within; in +o shita ni underneath; below; under sto ue ni on; on top of; above nomimono drinks (including nonalcoholic drinks) ocha —_greentea cishii (desu) (it's) delicious okane money esake liquor, sake efi (@) page (in book, magazine, etc.) poketto pocket roku 6 Rondon —_London sakana fish san 3 ‘san Mt... (suffix must follow mountain name) sashimi raw fish sekai (the) world shashin photograph shi(yon) 4 shichi(mana) 7 shinbun newspaper | Kono kyéshitsu ni tsukue ga arimasu. B> | Kono kydshitsu ni sensei ga imasu. Kore wa kydshitsu desu. Kono kydshitsu ni sensei B> to seito ga imasu. Sensei wa tatte imasu, keredomo. seito wa tatte imasen. Seito wa isu ni suwatte imasu. Soshite sensei no mae ni suwatte imasu. Sensei wa seito no mae ni tatte imasu. Kono kyOshitsu ni chizu ga arimasu. Chizu wa sensei no ushiro ni arimasu. Sensei wa seito to chizu no aida ni tatte imasu. Tsukue no ue ni enpitsu ga arimasu ka? Kono kydshitsu ni enpitsu wa arimasu ga, tsukue no ue ni wa arimasen. Enpitsu wa tsukue no shita ni arimasu. Kono e ni haizara ga arimasu ka? Hai, arimasu. Seito no yoko ni arimasu. Seito no hidari ni arimasu ka? > lie, hidari ni wa arimasen. Seito no migi ni arimasu. B>DARE KA/DARE MO Seito no yoko ni Tanaka-san ga suwatte imasu ka? lie, Tanaka-san wa suwatte imasen, Anata ga suwatte imasu ka? -lie, watashi mo suwatte imasen. Dare ga suwatte imasu ka? —Dare mo suwatte tmasen. Kono heya ni dare ka tatte imasu ka? Hai, dare ka tatte imasu. Dare ga tatte imasu ka? Sensei ga tatte imasu. Isu no ushiro ni dare ka tatte imasu ka? lie, dare mo tatte imasen.NOTES irregular -te form 1 Wu (to go) itte sue (to do) shite eufea (to come) Kite ‘Although Japanese has relatively little tonal emphasis, certain verbs have identical -te or -masu forms. In such cases, there is a slight difference in accent to distinguish them. The -te form of “yobu" is pronounced without accent (“yonde™), while the -te form of "yomu” is pronounced with the accent on the first part of the word (“yon'de"). Nevertheless, context invariably clarifies which is meant, so you needn't worry unduly about this. (Afterall, when was the last time you " out” the tile of a book you were “reading"?) hidari ni wa arimasen 4. A particle is not dropped merely because it happens to about another particle in a sentence. You may therefore encounter cases where one particle follows another. Certain particles such as “ga” never appear together with others, but here are some possible examples: koko ni wa arimasen. Soko ni mo arimasen. = (there isn't any...here. there isn't any...there either) 8a Sensei no mae ni arimasu ka. lie, sensei no mae ni wa arimasen. = (is there a...in front of the teacher? 'No, {as for being in front of the teacher] there isn't) In cases such as the above, it pays to think of particles {a8 attached to the word or phrase they follow. DARE KAIDARE MO 5. Just as with “nani ka” and “nani mo" (see note 19, chapter 3), “dare ka" and “dare mo" mean “anyone (person)" and “no one (person).” Study the chart below to get an overview of these constructions. QUESTION ANY...?/SOMI Nani (ga)? Nani ka? Nani mo Dare (ga)? Dare ka? Dare mo Donata (ga)? —-Donata ka? Donata mo Doko (ga)? Doko ka? Doko mo Dore (ga)? Dore ka? Dore mo Dochira (ga)? _—Dochira ka? Dochira mo Don’t forget that 4)"...mo" constructions must always be followed by the negative form of the appropriate verb and 2) while “...ka can be used in both the question and answer, *...(ga)" can only be used in questions, the answer giving the specific information.10. 1. 12. Mondai 23 ‘Tsukue wa doko ni arimasu ka? Sensei wa suwatte imasu ka, soretomo tatte imasu ka? Sensei wa seito no yoko ni tatte imasu ka? Sensei wa doko ni tatte imasu ka? Sensei no ushiro ni dare ga tatte imasu ka? Seito mo tatte imasu ka? Seito wa doko ni suwatte imasu ka? Sensei to seito no aida ni dare ka imasu ka? Kono kyéshitsu ni enpitsu ga arimasu ka? Dare ga enpitsu o totte imasu ka? Enpitsu wa doko ni arimasu ka? ‘Yoroppa no chizu wa doko ni arimasu ka?70 NOTES mannaka 6. The prefix “man-" or “ma-” is used in Japanese to indicate that a quality is total. Study the following (note the phonetic changes): maninaka = the verylexact center malue = justlexactly above ‘masishiro = pure white ‘mak/kuro = jet blackipitch dark matitaira = absolutely flat(Nishi) @ HIGASHI, NISHI, MINAMI, KITA at (Kita) 3 (Higashi) 18 (Minami) [> Tokyo wa Nihon no mannaka ni arimasu. Aomori mo Nihon no toshi desu ga, Nihon no mannaka ni arimasen. Aomori wa Toky6 no kita ni arimasu. Sendai mo Tokyo no kita ni arimasu. Sendai wa Toky6 to Aomori no aida ni arimasu. KyOto wa doko ni arimasu ka? Nihon no kita ni arimasu ka? lie, Kyoto wa Nihon no nishi ni arimasu. Hiroshima mo Nihon no nishi ni arimasu. Kyoto wa Hiroshima no higashi ni arimasu. Kyéto wa Hiroshima to Tokyé no aida ni arimasu. Nara wa Ky6to no minami ni arimasu. Rei: Aomori wa Toky6 no. 1. Niigata wa Toky6 no 2. Nagoya wa Tokyé no 3. Sapporo wa Aomori no 4, Osaka wa Hiroshima no 5. Okinawa wa Nagasaki no Mondai 24 kita ni arimasu. ni arimasu. ni arimasu. ni arimasu. ni arimasu. ni arimasu. nn NOTES d6z0 7. In this case, the extremely popular word “d6z0" can be translated as “here you are.” “Dézo” is often translated as “please,” but the fact is that in such a sense, it can only be used when granting a request — verbal or implicit. May | come in? = Dozo. Have you got a handkerchief? = Dézo. {s this seat taken? = Dézo. Dewa, 8. This “dewa” is not made up of the two particles “de” and “wa.” It is mainly used to preface a decision based ‘on something the listener has just said — much like “well, in that case...” or “well then,...". wakarimashita 9. The past tense of the -masu form is *-mashita.” arimasu = there is; arimashita = there was This form can, however, also extend to situations where English would employ the present perfect tense. In this case, the waiter is really saying “I have understood.” Kono eiga o mimashita ka = (have you seen this film) €, mimashita. Sensha mimashita. (yes, I've seen it — | saw it last week)SUMIMASEN! -Sumimasen! ~ Hail — Meny@ 0 kudasai. -Hai, dozo. ~ Arigato! Sukiyaki o kudasai. ~ Sukiyaki dake desu ne. Nomimono wa? B> —Dewa, osake mo kudasai. ~ Hai, hoka ni nani ka...? ~Sore dake desu. > — Hai, wakarimashita. Mondai 25 . Tanaka-san wa doko ni imasu ka? .. Tanaka-san wa tatte imasu ka, suwatte imasu ka? . Uetoresu wa migi no te ni enpitsu o motte imasu ka? . Uétoresu wa hidari no te ni nani o motte imasu ka? . Dare ga menyt o mite imasu ka? 374 NOTES Wakarimasen 10. You have already learned that “arimasen” is the negative of “arimasu.” The negative of all verbs in the -masu form is *-masen.” arimasu ... arimasea, it s+. Wakarimasen 1a8u ... imasen, wakarimasu otoko no hito 11. Although it may seem redundant in English, it is usual (and more polite) in Japanese to use the term “otoko no hito” (literally: “man-person*) or “onna no hito” ‘woman-person”) to refer to a man or woman, Keep in mind that in extremely polite-level Japanese “fata” is used in place of “hito": ‘Ano onna no hito wa dare desu ka {moderately polite] ‘Ano onna no kata wa donata deshé ka [extremely polite] poketto kara okane o dashite imasu 12. The particle “kara” can mean “from" or “out of.” ...= Out of [a] pocket = from America Okane o takusan 13, When using “takusan” (“a lot of/much/many”), the most frequent construction is noun + the particle “o” or “ga” + takusan. “O" is used in this particular case because the man has done something to the money — i.e., he has put it on the table. If the boy were referring to just the money itself, he would have said “okane ga takusan arimasu.” Zenzen 14. The word “zenzen” is mainly used with negative verbs. In this case, it means “{l] don’t understand at all,” but it can also mean “never,” depending on what verb it is coupled with.NANI O MITE IMASU KA? ~ Heya ni nani ga arimasu ka? Dare ga imasu ka? > B —Wakarimasen ga, otoko no hito ga imasu! —Nanio shite imasu ka? — Isu ni suwatte imasu! Sono hito no. mae ni tsukue ga arimasu! — $6 desu ka! Tsukue no ue ni nani ka arimasu ka? — Hai, bin ga arimasu! ~ Bin no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka? —Wakarimasen! ~Miruku no bin desu ka? -lie, chigaimasu! Miruku ja arimasen Osake desu! lie! Uisukii desu! A! Ima > poketto kara okane o dashite imasu! — Okane desu ka? [> - Hai, okane desu! Okane o takusan tsukue no ue ni oite imasu! ~Ima nani shite imasu ka? — Sono okane o kazoete imasu! ~ Sore wa Nihon no okane desu ka? > —Wakarimasen! Zenzen wakarimasen! 7510. i. 12. Mondai 26 Kono heya ni dare ka imasu ka? Sono hito no mae ni dare ka suwatte imasu ka? Bin wa doko ni arimasu ka? Bin no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka? Denki wa sono hito no mae ni arimasu ka? Sono hito no migi no te ni nani ka arimasu ka? Hidari no te ni nani ka arimasu ka? Nani ga arimasu ka? Ima okane o poketto ni irete imasu ka? Ima sono hito wa nani o shite imasu ka? Okane o takusan kazoete imasu ka? Anata no okane desu ka?78 NOTES L-ppon, ni-hon, san-bon, yon-hon, go-hon 15. One of the more difficult concepts for students of Japanese seems to be so-called “counter-suffixes.” In English, one can say “a sheet of paper,” “a slice of bread,” or “a bottle of beer.” In Japanese, you must use this concept when specifying a quantity of a Particular object. All nouns fall into a particular counter- suffix category — often, but not always, based on their shape. Cylindrical objects, such as cigars or bottles, take the suffix *-hon” (although there are phonetic changes — study the chart following exercise 27 for details). The counter-sutfix always follows the particle as in the following examples: Tabako ga san-bon arimasu. = (there are three [cylinders of] cigarettes) Poketto kara tabako o i-ppon dashite imasu.: ({he] is taking a/one cigarette out of {his) pocket) issatsu 16. Books or magazines take the counter-suffix “- satsu.” Note that the interrogative pronoun must agree with the noun's specific counter-suffix — i.e., “nan- bon?,” “nan-satsu?,” etc.IKUTSU ARIMASU KA? Kono € 0 mite kudasai! Kono heya ni nani ga arimasu ka? Tsukue to isu ga arimasu. Tsukue no ue ni nani ka arimasu ka? Hai, nani ka arimasu. Haizara ga arimasu ka? lie, haizara wa arimasen. ‘Tsukue no ue ni pen to hon to enpitsu to hamaki to tabako ga arimasu Tabako wa takusan arimasu ka? Hai, takusan arimasu. Tabako o kazoete kudasai! =I-ppon, ni-hon, san-bon, yon-hon, go-hon, ‘Tsukue no ue ni tabako ga go-hon arimasu. Anata wa Okii isu 0 mite imasu ka? Kono isu no ue ni tabako ga go-hon arimasu ka? lie, go-hon wa arimasen. Yon-hon arimasu ka? lie, yon-hon arimasen. Nan- bon arimasu ka? San-bon arimasu. Chiisai isu no ue ni tabako wa nan-bon arimasu ka? Yon-hon arimasu. Tsukue no ue ni mijikai enpitsu wa nan-bon arimasu ka? -ppon arimasu. Nagai enpitsu wa ni-hon arimasu. Yuka no ue ni Okii hon ga i-ssatsu to chiisai hon ga yon-satsu arimasu. Okii isu no ue ni chiisai hon wa nan-satsu arimasu ka? Ni-satsu arimasu. 9Mondai 27 A) 1. ‘Tsukue no ue ni hon ga san-satsu arimasu ka? 2, Nan-satsu arimasu ka? 3. Doko ni hon ga san-satsu arimasu ka? 4, Chiisai isu no ue ni kami ga nan-mai arimasu ka? 5. Chiisai isu no ue ni enpitsu wa nan-bon arimasu ka? B) Rei: tsukue/hamaki Toukue no ue ni hamaki ga yon-hon arimasu. 1. yuka/hon 2. chiisai isu/enpitsu 3. tsukue/pen 4, Okii isu/kami 5. Okii isu/tabako 8182 NOTES Toky6 made no kippu o kudasai 17. The particle “made” means “up to" or “until” and is Used both literally and figuratively. Keep in mind that when “made” is used with days or dates, it includes the final day/date mentioned, being in that case nearer to “through the 24th,” etc.TOKYO ICHI-MAI! o kudasai. [> —Sumimasen! Tokyo made no kippu — Hai, nan-mai desu ka? = Ichi-mai kudasai. — Hai, Tokyd ichi-mai. Dozo. —Arigato! Nan-bon...? Nan-mai...? Nan-bai...? Nan-satsu...? bin, enpitsu, bankachi, kobit, ocha, hon, noto, pen, bamaki, shashin, kami, | — kécha, sake, Jisho, zasshi tabako, paipu,| —_kippu, bagaki, | uisukii, wain, nekutai, ashi habe, chizu,e | miruku, biiru, nomimono i-ppon ichi-mai i-ppai issatsu ni-hon ni-mai nichai ni-satsu san-bon| san-mai san-bai san-satsu yon-hon, yon-mai yon-hai yon-satsu go-hon go-mai go-hai go-satsu 83YOGO-SHU (DAI YON-SHO) At Oh! ~-(Wa)...(0) akete imasu (ake/ru) someone is opening... Anata wa...ga arimasu ka do you have...? apato apartment ashi (a) foot (feet) asoko over there (distant from both speaker and listener) Asoko desu “__ it's over there; it’s over that way chizu (a) map dake only dare ka someone /anyone dare mo...masen dashite imasu (das/u) pocket, drawer, etc.) denki (electrical) light; electric...; electricity ‘no one (+ negative verb) taking...out (from © @ painting; drawing; “picture” (not photo) ga but BB. WA. soy Dut 8. hagaki —_ postcard chai (ppai,-bai) cups of... counter-suffix for cups of liquids or solids) hankachi handkerchief heya (a) room hidari left higashi east. hito (onna no.../otoko no...) person (woman/man) (note: “kata” is used instead of “ito” in very — extremely polite speech) chon (-ppon, -bon) “cylinders of..” (Counter- suffix for bottles, cigarettes, and other cylindrical objects) Hora! look (at this)! hey! ima now irete imasu (ire/ru) _put...into...(pocket, drawer, etc.) jisho dictionary kabe wall kami _ paper (drawing, writing, etc.) 84 Kippu ticket kita north made up to; as far as; until mado —_window -mai sheets of... (counter-suffix for flat objects) mannaka the (very) center (of the room, etc) menyi = menu minami south migi right --(0) migi, hidari, etc. (ni) (to the) tighvleft (0f).. nan-bai how many cups of...? nan-ban (no) which number? (ordinal or telephone no.) nan-bon how many... of? (for cylindrical objects) nan-mai how many “sheets” of...? (for flat objects) nan-satsu how many volumes of...? (for books,etc.) nishi | west nokku (a) knock ndto _ notebook +0 aida ni (in) between (pages of a book, etc) -nto higashi, etc. __east of... sno mae ni’ in front of... 0 tonarini next to; next door to +00 ushiro ni behind onna no hito (a) woman/women otoko no hito (a) man/men paipu pipe resutoran restaurant rOka hallway; corridor -satsu_ volumes of... (counter-suffix for books, magazines, etc.) ~--(wa)...(0) shimete imasu (shime/ru) someone is closing. +++ (0) shimete kudasai (shime/ru) pleaseclose... Sore dake (desu) —_thar’sall soshite and then,...; furthermore sunde imasu (sum/u) is/are living suwatte imasu (suwar/u) is/are sitting .--(o/ga) takusan there is/are a lot of... lots of... i. takusan —_much/many; a lot of; lots of tatte imasu (tats/u) is/are standing uéta (a) walter/s uchi —_(my) house (a house = ie) uchi niimasu (Cam) at (my) home; in (my) home Yoroppa Europe yoko (a) side (of object or person) zasshi magazine 85Nan-nin. Otona ga san-nin imasu. Watashi wa kodomo ga futari arimasu. Ikutsu arimasu ka? Hitotsu, futatsu... 0 kite / haite imasu Doresu / 0ba 0 kite imasu. Kutsu /zubon o haite imasu. ji desulyoku arimasen ‘Anata no kuruma wa ii desu ne. Watashi no kuruma wa yoku arimasen. fo Anata ni misete imasu. Chizu 0 misete kudasai kanaijokusan kkanai/okusan, kazoku / go-kazoku musume / musume-san. DAi GO-SHO—MATOME 2(O)e(Ai)..t@ imasu Kimono 0 kite imasu. Kutsu 0 haite imasu. Hon o watashite imasu. ‘Anata ni misete imasu. Kekkon shite imasu. Kaite imasu. Yonde imasu. Hanashite imasu. onde Pen de kaite imasu. Nihon-go de kaite imasu. Denwa de hanashite imasu. “Ja, (mata) “fo “Onegai shimasu.” “trasshaimase!” “Konbanwa.” “ikaga desu ka?” “Shitsurei desu ga...” 87NOTES Kono e 0 mite kudasal 1. You have already learned that noun + 0 + kudasai please give me x The -te form + kudasai, however, is one of the ways to form the imperative in Japanese — i.e., “please do...”. Japanese are very sensitive to the nuances of requests vs. “orders,” however, and the danger of using this construction as frequently as its English equivalent is that you may come off sounding a bit pushy or officious, Other request stratagems will be discussed later, but in the meantime, using the -te form + kudasal with as gentle and inquiring an inflection as possible (pretend you're saying “would you mind doing -s» please") is recommended. Anata wa yofuku 0 kite imasu ne! 2. The particle “ne” is the all-purpose Japanese equivalent of the English “tag question” — isn’t it, aren't you, didn’t he, etc. It is used with extraordinary frequency, as may be expected from a society that values consensus above all. “Ne” always appears at the end of the sentence and replaces, never accompanies, “ka.” The pronunciation of “ne” is dependant on the attitude of the speaker: 2) if the speaker mainly wants reassurance or confirmation, the pronunciation is “ne?” — a slight questioning tone is added; 2) if the speaker is convinced that there is no room for argument, but wants the listener's pro forma agreement, the pronunciation is “ne!” with a fairly short “e"; 3) if the speaker is expressing his personal feelings about a subject or (ostensibly) commenting to himself, the pronunciation is “né,” with the “e" drawn out, Compare these English sentences. 4) It was a lovely wedding, wasn't it? = “ne?* 2) That was a lovely wedding — don't you think so? = “nel” 3) Wasn't that / [What] a lovely wedding! = “né* The listener usually responds with “s6 desu ne.” As a response, “ne” is usually pronounced with an even tone. to onaji 3. Although “onaji” means “[the] same,” if it follows a ‘noun in a comparison, itis always preceded by “to.” if it is used as an adjective, however, “to” is not used. Kono kuruma no iro wa sono kuruma no iro te onaji desu. (literally: “this car's color and that car's color are the same") but Kono kuruma wa onaji iro desu. (literally: “these cars are the same color”) ‘Anata wa donna tabemono ga ichi-ban suki desu ka? 4. “Donna” is used when asking “what kind of “what sort of...". "This kind of.../such a...,” “that kind of.../such a...,” of “those Kinds of.../such...8” are “konna,” “anna” and “sonna,” respectively.NIHON-JIN TO KIMONO 5 Kono € 0 mite kudasai. Kono onna no hito wa Nihonjin desu. Kono hito wa ima tatte imasu ka? lie, Kono hito wa suwatte imasu. Soshite kono hito wa ima Nihon no uchi ni imasu. Koko ni mado ga arimasu ka? Hai, kanojo no ushiro ni mado ga arimasu. Kanojo wa ima yOfuku 0 kite imasu ka? Tie, kanojo wa yofuku okite imasen. Dewa nani o kite imasu ka? Kanojo wa kimono o kite imasu. Anata mo ima kimono o kite imasu ka? lie, watashi wa kimono o kite imasen Anata wa yofuku o kite imasu ne! Burausu ya sukito ya zubon wa yofuku desu. Sorekara Nihon-jin no tabemono wa Amerika-jin ya Furansu-jin no tabemono to onaji ja arimasen. Nihon-jin wa sukiyaki ya sashimi ya tenpura ga suki desu. Sashimi ya tenpura wa washoku desu. Keredomo sutéki ya hanbaga wa yoshoku desu. Nihon no Okii toshi ni wa yOshoku ya washoku no resutoran ga takusan arimasu. Anata wa donna tabemono ga ichi-ban suki desu ka? 8990 NOTES Shitsurel desu ga, 5. This phrase, literally: “it's rude of me, but ‘to preface questions considered potentially intrusive by Japanese. You will find that the criteria for what constitutes “personal” questions differ from that of the West, but by using the above phrase you can smooth ruffled feathers in advance. ‘kekkon shite imasu 6. This is a good illustration of some of the differences between the “-te form" and the English present progressive tense. In many cases, continuous states of being, not necessarily only ones of action, are denoted by the -te form, whereas English would never express these with the present progressive tense: Kekkon shite imasu. = ({ am manied — literally: “anvis being married”) Kare o shitte imasu. = (Q know him — literally: “arn/is knowing him”)& B10. Mondai 28 Kono onna no hito wa Nihon-jin desu ka, Amerika-jin desu ka? Kono hito wa yéfuku 0 kite imasu ka, kimono 0 kite imasu ka? Anata mo ima kimono o kite imasu ka? Nihon-jin no tabemono wa Amerika-jin ya Furansu-jin no tabemono to onaji desu ka? Nihon-jin wa donna tabemono ga suki desu ka? Sashimi ya tenpura wa yOshoku desu ka, washoku desu ka? Nihon no Okii toshi ni wa yoshoku no resutoran ga takusan arimasu ka? Anata wa tenpura to sukiyaki to, dochira ga suki desu ka? ‘Anata wa donna tabemono ga ichi-ban suki desu ka? Shitsurei desu ga, anata wa kekkon shite imasu ka? 192 NOTES ‘kodomo ni hanashite imasu ka? 7. This is another way in which the particle “ni” is used: in this case it corresponds to the English preposition “to” as in “I'm speaking to him.” Compare with other uses as described in note 19, chapter 3. Dare ni/Onna no hito wa chizu o/Dare ga/Dare ni 8. By now you have leamed most of the major Japanese particles. Here is an overview of them. Note how the ‘substitution of one particle for another can cause a ‘major change in meaning or emphasis: «Wa hanashite imasu = {as for that person, he/she is speaking. {me? I'm speaking. +a hanashite imasu = someone is speaking. unl hanashite imasu = (someone) is speaking to someone «0 hanashite imasu = (someone) is speaking about something/someone. «de hanashite imasu = (someone) is speaking in a language. «mg hanashite imasu = (someone else) is speaking, too. Doko no kunt 9. “Doko no kuni” is an alternate of “dono kuni.” The choice of the former places a slight emphasis on the country in juxtaposition to others, rather than some Intrinsic quality of the country itself.Bu. 2 be 7. Mondai 29 Kono onna no hito wa kodomo ni hanashite imasu ka? Dare ni hanashite imasu ka? . Onna no hito wa chizu o misete imasu ka? . Dare ga chizu o misete imasu ka? . Dare ni misete imasu ka? Kare wa Yoroppa no chizu o watashite imasu ka? Doko no kuni no chizu 0 watashite imasu ka? Dare ga chizu o tote imasu ka? 93NOTES NAN-NIN 10. The counter-sutfix for people is “-nin." As you can see from the chart, the words for “one person” and “two people” are irregular. All others are formed regularly. Note that the use of “nan” with a counter- suffix always asks “how many...2” rather than “what?" There is an “all-purpose” counter for things which can be used if you forget the correct counter-suffix, but remember that to speak correct Japanese, you must Use counter-suffixes most of the time. hitotsu = one (of someting) | _muttsu = six (*) futatsu = two (") nanatsu = seven (") mittsu = three (") yattsu = eight (") yottsu = four (*) kokonotsu = nine (*) itsutsu = five (“) t6 = ten (") ikutsu? = how many (of something) Tanaka-san ni wa musuko-san ga hitori to. musume-san ga futarl imasu 14, This sentence gives a clear idea of the structures Japanese use to express themselves. Compare the rough (literal) translation with the freer one. Pay particular attention to the word order and particles. in the Japanese sentence. Tanaka-san niwa musuko-san ga hitori to musume-san ga futari imasu. (as for Mr. Tanaka, son is one person and daughterls are] two people [he] has) (Mr. Tanaka has one son and two daughters) For further nuances of “to have" in Japanese, see note 43, below. 94 kare{Kanojo 12. The words “kanojo” and *kare” roughly mean “she” and “he,” respectively. kanojo (wa/ga) = she (is) kanojo (no) = her (car, etc.) kanojo (ni) = to her kanojo (0) = her (I see her, etc.) kare (wa/ga) = he (is) kare (no) = his (car, ete.) kare. (ni) = to him kare (0) = him (I see him, etc.) It should be mentioned, though, that use of “kanojo” and “kare” about superiors or their families could be considered impolite. Japanese uses many devices to avoid these pronouns. One is to use the person's name or title. If you are asking about the health of your boss, Mr. Shimizu’s, wife you would not use “kanojo...". Instead you would say: Okusan wa o-genki desu ka (to the boss himself) Shimizu-san no okusan wa o-genki desu ka (to the boss’ secretary, etc.) See note 19 below for more about polite circumlocutions. shiroi kéhii no kappu o motte imasu 13. The English verb “to have” has many variations in Japanese. To express the sense of having something ‘on one's person or in one’s home, or of owning ‘something, “motte imasu" is usually used. It is always preceded by “o” as in...wa + object + 0 + motte imasu, Note that when “have" does not imply ‘ownership or possession, “arimasu” is often used (see note 11, above).> HITO GA NAN-NIN IMASU KA? Kore wa Tanaka-san no kazoku desu. Kare no kazoku wa go-nin desu. Tanaka-san wa [> musuko-san ga hitori to musume-san ga futari imasu. Tanaka-san wa Okii isu ni suwatte imasu. Okusan wa kare no mae ni tatte imasu. Kanojo wa migi no te ni shiroi kohii no kappu © motte imasu. Kanojo wa go-shujin ni k6hii o watashite imasu. Tanaka-san wa migi no te de kohii o totte imasu. v¥ Hito ga nan-nin imasu ka? hitori futari san-nin yo-nin go-nin Otoko no hito | o mite kudasai. Onna no hito | 0 mite kudasai. Kare wa go-shujin desu. Kanojo wa okusan desu. (Kare no namae wa Tanaka desu.) (Kanojo no namae mo Tanaka desu.) Mondai 30 1. Kono e ni onna no hito ga nan-nin imasu ka? 2. Otoko no hito wa nan-nin imasu ka? 95NOTES Otoko no ko/onna no ko 14. The words for “boy” and “gir” are “otoko no ko” and “onna no ko," respectively. These really mean “a boy” or “a gir,” and would never be used about either one’s ‘own children or the listener's, except to express how ‘many boys or girls one had. olte Imasu 15. The verb “oite imasu,” despite its -te form, is analogous to the English “is/has been placed/put...”. “Olte imasu” always needs a stated or implied agent.B 9. 10. on ‘Onna no hito wa suwatte imasu ka? Dare ga suwatte imasu ka? . Dare ga doresu o kite imasu ka? Otoko no ko desu ka, onna no ko desu ka? Otoko no hito wa uwagi o kite imasu ka? Kare wa kdhii o motte imasu ka? Dare ga kohii o motte imasu ka? Kohii o isu no ue ni oite imasu ka? Dare ni watashite imasu ka? Dochira no te ni kohii o motte imasu ka? 9712. 13, 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19, 20. Otoko no hito wa okusan kara nani o totte imasu ka? Kodomo wa nan-nin imasu ka? Otoko no ko wa nani ka kaite imasu ka? Nani ka yonde imasu ka? Hon 0 yonde imasu ka, soretomo shinbun desu ka? Okdi onna no ko mo hon o yonde imasu ka? Nani o shite imasu ka? Kanojo wa suwatte imasu ka, soretomo tatte imasu ka? Hidari no te ni nani ka motte imasu ka?sor 21 nijd-ichi 30 sanja 80 hachija 400 yonhyaku 900 kyahyaku 31-sanji-ichi 46-yonja-roku 58-goja-hachi 22 nija-ni 40 yonja 500 gohyaku 1,000 sen 67-okuja-shichi 173-hyaku-nanajo-san 185-hyaku-hachija-go 101-hyaku-ichi 113-hyaku-jo-san 130-hyaku-sanju 23 24 nijd-san nija-shi 50 60 goja rokuja 100 200 hyaku nihyaku 600 700 roppyaku —_nanahyaku 2,000 3,000 nisen sanzen 29-nija-ku 85-hachija-go 392-sanbyaku-kyaja-ni 474-yonhyaku-nanajt-shi 617-roppyaku.ja-shichi 836-happyaku-sanja-roku 1,143-sen-hyaku-yonja-san 25 niji-go 70 nanaja 300 sanbyaku 800 happyaku 4,000 yonsen 2,581-nisen-gohyaku-hachija-ichi 4,010-yonsen-ja 101Mondai 31 ‘Tsugi no sdjio kaite kudasai. A) Rei: 125 leur 38 61 14 96 179 yee Np B) Rei: 344 _Santasu yon wa nana desu. 1 12s 2, 6+6 See E10) 4 20-5 Sore 6 85-15 Tet 20-4 20) 8 32411 9. 56-8 10. 12-12 1. 19-19 2. 7+8 B. 2548 14. 23-2 15. 18+2 103NOTES Hal, imasu ga 16. The Japanese always prefer to state things hesitantly rather than emphatically. A Japanese would always reply “hal, Imasu ga...” ("yes, he's here...") ina telephone conversation such as this. Although this use of “ga” is similar to “but,” it carries no overtones whatsoever of *..,but he's busy,” ete. Note, too, that the polite “donata” is used, rather than “dare” (see note 10, chapter 1). itdesu yo 17. The particle “yo” is a sort of verbal exclamation point of, more accurately, verbal italics. One of the reasons Japanese never uses tonal stress. for emphasis (“I told you not to do that") is the existence of particles such as “yo” that serve the same purpose. The effect is to emphasize the speaker's position or views. This, if done to the same degree as in English, could sound aggressive, so don't get carried away. Depending on the context, “yo” can also imply that the listener should already be aware of what is being stated (“don't you know...," etc.), another pitfall to avoid. As with “ne” and “ka,” "yo" always comes at the end of the sentence. Note that while “yo” always replaces “ka,” it may occasionally be followed (never preceded) by “ne” in friendly speech as in: 104 Bukia ga takai desu yo, né = (prices are high, aren't they!) J4, mata! 18. This expression, meaning “well, [meet you] again,” is used, when parting in person or on the phone. It is very familiar in tone and is only used with colleagues, close friends, or family. It is also implicit that the listener and speaker will meet. again in the (fairly) near future — or at least hope to do so. If you're parting for the foreseeable future, you would not use this. ‘musuko/musume-san, etc. 19. Here we come face to face with the mechanics of honorifics. It cannot be overemphasized that the ultimate “no-no” in Japanese verbal etiquette is the misuse of these terms. Never, ever use an honorific form in relation to yourself, your friends, family, possessions, company, or anything else that could Possibly have a connection, however tenuous, with you. ‘As the chart shows, there are usually honorific. suffixes and prefixes which can be attached to all-purpose nouns as a way of defining which side of the fence they're on. In other cases, there are sets of words which you simply ‘must memorize, such as “kanai” (my wife) vs “okusan” (your wife) — this is even more often true of verbs than nouns. Other honorific constructions will be noted as. they ocour in the text.ANATA NI DENWA DESU Yamada; — Moshimoshi...Hai, imasu ga... donata! desu ka? A, Tanaka-san no ‘okusan desu ka! Tanaka-san! Anata ni denwa desu. Tanaka; — Dare kara desu ka? Yamada: —Okusan kara desu. Tanaka: XK, s6 desu ka. Moshimoshi. a, Yuriko...4, sO... hai, [> 4, s6...sore dake?...ii desu yo!... B> ja, mata! watashi no anata no musuko musuko-san musume musume-san shujin go-sbujin kanai okusan namae o-namae kazoku go-kazoku Ogenki desu ka? Hai, genki desu. Idonata-dare 105106 NOTES Watashi wa pen de kaite imasu 20. The particle “de” is one of the major particles in Japanese. It has several meanings — the primary one being to show the method by which something was done: Pen de kakimasu. = ((I} write with a pen) Nihongo de hanashite imasu = ({I'm] speaking in Japanese) Kuruma de ikimasu. = ({W1"ll go by car) If you can ask *how was it done,” the answer will probably use the particle “de.” You can see from the above examples the typical word order for sentences using “de.” Another use of “de” is to designate a place where an action occurs, making it sometimes analogous to the English prepositions “at/in {a piace].” In this way it contrasts with “ni,” which implies being rather than doing. Compare: Gaklo nl imasu....Gakk6 de Nihongo o hanashimasu. Heya nl imasu....Heya de terebi o mimasu. Resutoran ni imasu....Resutoran de tenpura o tabete imasu. ‘Anata wa dochira no te de kakimasu ka? 21. For habitual actions, the -te form is almost never used. Instead, in polite Japanese, the full *-masu form" is used — i.e., “tabemasu” (plain form: taberu), “hanashimasu” (plain form: hanasu), “kakimasu" (plain form: kaku), etc. [ima] pen de kaite imasu. = (Vm writing with a pen (now) [Itsumo] pen de kakimasu. (( [always] write with a pen)DARE NI TEGAMI O KAITE IMASU KA? Kono hito wa migi no te ni nani o motte imasu ka? Pen o motte imasu ka? Hai, motte imasu. Kono hito wa nani o shite imasu ka? Hon o yonde imasu ka? Denwa de hanashite imasu ka? Tie, kono hito wa tegami o kaite imasu, Nan [> de kaite imasu ka? Pen de kaite imasu. Shiroi pen de kaite imasu ka? lie, kuroi pen de kaite imasu. Kono hito wa Yamada-san ni tegami o kaite imasu. Yamada-san ni Nihon-go de kaite imasu. Ima Yamada-san wa Ky6to ni imasu. Anata mo ‘Yamada-san ni tegami o kakimasu ka? Anata wa watashi ni tegami o kakimasu ka? Anata wa gakko de wa Furansu-go de hanashimasu ka? Doitsu-go de hanashimasu ka? Gakko de wa nani-go de hanashimasu ka? Furansu-go no seito wa nani-go de hanashimasu ka? Kore wa pen desu. Watashi wa pen o motte imasu. Watashi wa pen de kaite imasu. Anata wa dochira no te b> de kakimasu ka? Mondai 32 1. Kono hito wa hidari no te de kaite imasu ka? 2. Dochira no te de kaite imasu ka? 10710. 1. 12. Kare wa anata ni kaite imasu ka? Dare ni kaite imasu ka? Yamada-san wa anata no tomodachi desu ka? Anata wa ima kono mondai o yonde imasu ka? Anata wa doko de yonde imasu ka? ‘Anata wa musuko-san to mondai o yonde imasu ka? Anata wa ima kimono 0 kite imasu ka? ‘Anata wa ima waishatsu o kite imasu ka, burausu 0 kite imasu ka? ‘Anata wa sensei ni Chgoku-go de hanashimasu ka? Nani-go de hanashimasu ka? 109YOGO-SHU (DAI GO-SHO) burausu blouse de at (@place); by (means of doing something); in (for languages only) + de-teimasu —_...ing (Something) with a...j..eing (somewhere) by... (car, plane, etc,);...ing (something) in a language denwa (de) ‘on the phone; by phone Doitsu-go German (language) doko no... (Icuni, hito, etc.) “from where” donata who; who is it? (moderately polite language) doresu (a) dress Eto... Hmmm; Well... Furansu-go futari futatsu. gakké (a) school “go. suffix for languages go-kazoku your family go-nin _five people go-shujin your husband (Shujin my husband) (otto a husband) gohyaku 500 goja 50 goji-hachi 58 ~--ni hanashite imasu someone hachija 80 hachiji-go 85 hhaite imasu (hak/u) _is/are wearing (only for certain articles of clothing — see note 1, chapter 11) hanashimasu (hanas/u) hanashite imasu (hanas/n) hanbaga hamburger happyaku 800 happyaku-sanji-roku 836 hitori one person hitotsa one (object) hyaku 100 hyaku-hachiji-go 185 French (language) ‘two people two (objects) is/are talking to speak(s) is/are speaking 110 hyaku-ichi 101 hyaku-ja-san 113, hyaku-nanaji-san 173 hhyaku-sanja 130 ii desu yo! ikutsu. etc.) fine! great! how many (used with hitotsu, futatsu, J4, (mata) jfisho see you; bye for now address (location) kaite imasu (kak/u) _ is/are writing Kanai my wife (kusan = your wife; a wife = tsuma) kanojo (ni) _ she; (her) kare (ni) _he; (him) kazoku —_(a/my) family kekkon shite imasu (suru) _is/are married; (kekkon shimasu (suru) —_to get married) kimono —_kimono kite imasu (ki/ru) _ is/are wearing (only for certain articles of clothing — see note 1, chapter 1) (... 0) Kkitefhaite imasu _is/are wearing a... Kodomo (a) child/children konban this evening Konbanwa —_good evening (usually used after dark) Keutsu—_(@) shoe/s Kyabyaku 900 kyaja 90 mado window mata —_again; once more (not in the sense of “one more time”) me (an) eye/s mede by sight misete imasu (mise/ru) (Something) -+- ni misete imasu someone +0 misete imasu mittsu = 3 musuko musuko-san musume is/are showing showing (something) to showing something (amy) son your son (@/my) daughtermusume-san your daughter mamae (a/my) name nande how? (literally: “by/with what?”); by what means? how many people? (used with hitori, nanahyaku 700 nanaji 70 nani-go _ what language? ne __...isn'tit?, etc. (tag particle — see notes) Nihon-go _Japanese (language) nihyaku 200 nija-go 25 niji-ichi 21 nija-ku 29 niji-ni 22 nija-san 23, nija-shi 24 -nin —_(counter-suffix for people; note: 1 person/2 people irreg,) nisen 2,000 nisen-gohyaku-hachiji-ichi 2,581 Oba overcoat o-namae —yourname okusan —_your wife; (a) married woman; Madame (direct address) onaji (the) same -=:t0 onaji (desu) 25... a8.. otona it’s) the same as...; (it's) (an) adult(s) resutoran rokuja 60 restaurant roppyaku 600 roppyaku-ja-shichi 617 Sa Hmm; Well. san-nin three people sanbyaku 300 sanbyaku-kyaja-ni 392 sanja 30 sanjiichi 31 sanzen 3,000 sen 1,000 sen-hyaku-yonji-san 1,143 Set sweater; cardigan; pullover shinbun newspaper shirimasen (shir/u) [I] don’t know (Cshicimasu” is never used; “shitte imasu” is affirmative form) shitte imasu (shit/u — neg.: “shirimasen”) (1) know shitsurei (na) rudeness Shitsurei desu ga,... Excuse me, but. literally “it’s rude of me, but..." — used before asking personal questions — see notes) shujin (my) husband sorekara and then...; moreover; furthermore (migi/hidari/dochira no) te = (right/lef'which) hands (0 be) rude; impolite; sutéki steak; beefsteak tegami (a) letter (from someone) tomodachi (a) friend/s uwagi (suit) jacket (not for windjackers ("buruzon”] or sportcoats [“bureza]) waishatsu necktie) watashite imasu (watas/t) someone); handing over.. dress shirt (Le., for use with handing... (00 sYauya... — ..and,..and...(ete) ya and (used when implying a longer list than stated — see notes for contrast with “to”) yofuku Western-style (ie., nontraditional) clothes yo-nin four people yokuarimasen not good; not well (negative of i”) yonde imasu (yom/u) yonhyaku 400 yonhyaku-nanaji-shi 474 yonja 40 yonji-roku 46 yonsen 4,000 yonsenja 4,010 is/are reading mubon trousers wuNandi desu ka? Chado 5.ji-han desu. Ima 6-ji-40-ppun mae desu. 12,j-5-fun desu. wnifkara 124i nvkara tabemasu. Bee Gakko de hanashimasu. Resutoran de tabemasu. onda, Takushii de ikimasu ka? ie, arvite Ikimasu. (M6 sukoshi / m6 i-(ppai) / motto Mo sukoshi yukkuri hanashite kudasai. Kohii o md i-ppai onegai shimasu. Hikoki wa motto hayai desu. Hayai / osoi Shinkansen wa hayai desu. Basu wa densha yori osoi desu. DAI ROKU-SHO—MATOME -masu /...te imasu 12,jini tabemasu. Ima tabete imasu. ‘suimasu—sutte imasu omimasu—nonde imasu shimasu—shite imasu arukimasu—aruite imasu ‘Asa-gohan / hiru-gohan / ban-gohan Nan-ji ni asa-gohan o tabemasu ka? 12,ji ni hiru-gohan o tabemasu. 20 / Dl,.kara Gakko e ikimasu ka? HikOki wa TOkyé kara Osaka made ikimasu. Kalwa-hyogen “Domo...” “Nani ni shimasu ka?” “Sore ni shimasu.” "Sate. *...de gozaimasu.” rasshaimasu.” “Gomen nasai.” “Honto desu ka?” 133NOTES MO SUKOSHI 4. In Japanese, as in all languages, there are words that have multiple meanings. One such word is “md” (no connection with the particle “mo"-see note 5, chapter 2). In this case only, “mé" means “more” — the phrase “m6 sukoshi" meaning “a bit more...” This phrase can bbe used with nouns or verbs. You cannot, however, use “m6” in any sort of comparative structure where the English word “more” might be used. Other uses of “md” will be explained in context. Ikaga desu ka? 2. Usually, “ikaga desu ka” is an offer — “how about [some}..."._ Among colleagues, close friends, or people who meet frequently, however, “ikaga desu ka” is used to mean “how are things [going]” as a substitute for “o- genki desu ka.” The latter is a real enquiry about a Person's health, and would seem excessive if you meet someone very frequently. On the other hand, “ikaga desu ka” is fairly familiar in tone and would not be used to superiors or others deserving of respectful diffidence. If used during the daytime, “konnichiwa” is a suitable greeting at all levels of politeness. Gomen nasai 3. The phrase “gomen nasal” is a form of “excuse me” similar to “sumimasen,” but is 1) less abject, and 2) slightly familiar in tone — “I beg your pardon” vs “I'm sory.” Japanese sometimes adopt a more familiar tone when speaking to foreigners whose command of the language is incomplete. This is not meant to be patronizing, merely helpful, since the Japanese ‘themselves find the most polite forms of their language 114 the hardest. It is probable that this is the situation between Mr. Tanaka and Mr. Blake. Jozu ni 4. While Japanese has some pure adverbs, most adverbs are formed by adding “ni” to nouns and adjectival nouns, and by adding the ending *-ku" to true adjectives (see note 14, chapter 1 for details of adjectives). “J6zu" is an adjectival noun meaning “to be skilled/skiliful.” “Jozu na hito” means “a skilful person.” ‘Therefore, *j6zu ni + verb” means to do something skilfully. Compare: = (is) beautiful beautifully hayal = Is fast; quick hayaku [+ verb] = [do something] quickly Note, too, the long “e" of Mr. Tanaka's “né,” implying that he is expressing his reaction (see note 2, chapter 5) rather than expecting Mr. Blake's agreement. nan-jiisan-jt 5. The suffix “i” is used with clock times. *Nan-ji,” therefore, means “what time...". J4, mata ato de... 6. This phrase is very familiar in tone and shows that Mr. Noguchi and Mr. Tanaka have equal social positions or are good friends, It would never be used if Mr. Noguchi hada lower position. Note, too, that “ja” is a contraction of “dewa” (see note 8, chapter 4).> MO SUKOSHI YUKKURI HANASHITE KUDASAI! 6 E> Noguchi: Tanaka: Noguchi: Tanaka: Noguchi: Buréku: Tanaka: Buréku: B® Tanaka: Buréku: B> Tanaka: Buréku: > Tanaka: Noguchi: Tanaka: B Noguchi: Tanaka-san, konnichiwa! Ikaga desu ka? Arigato, genki desu. Anata wa? £, watashi mo genki desu. Okusan wa o-genki desu ka? E, genki desu. ‘Tanaka-san, kochira wa Buréku-san desu. Amerika no tomodachi desu. Hajimemashite. Buréku-san, anata wa Toky6 ni sunde imasu ka? ‘Sumimasen ga, m6 sukoshi yukkuri hanashite kudasai. Gomen nasai! Anata wa Toky6 ni sunde imasu ka? Tie, Nydyku ni sunde imasu. Keredomo Tokyo ni tomodachi ga takusan imasu. A! Jozu ni Nihon-go o hanashimasu né! lie, sukoshi dake desu. Sumimasen ga, ima nan-ji desu ka? Chédo san-ji desu. A, 80 desu ka. J4, watashi wa jimusho ni kaerimasu. J, mata ato de. 115116 NOTES Tabako 0 onegal shimasu 7. The phrase “onegai shimasu" means “I'm asking you @ favor.” It is often used when requesting a service. In this way it differs from *...0 kudasai,” which is nothing but a polite way to ask for an object. Chédo 8. The word “chédo” means “just” or “exactly,” but is used more broadly than with times. Kira desu 9. Although “Kira desu" means “{I] don’t lke it,” the sound of “kirai” is so vehement that it's analogous to “hate.” Unless you truly detest something, “... ga amari ‘suki ja arimasen” is closer to the English “dislike/don't like” than “kira.” Doko e mo ikimasen 10. The particle “e” is used to indicate direction, much as the English preposition “to [a place].” When ‘combined with question words, it takes on the following, ‘meanings: ‘Doko / Dochira e? = [to] where [are you going]? Doko / Dochira ka e? = [are you goingl{to] anywhere? Doko / Doshira.e mo = [I'm goingl{to] nowhere. Remember that “dochira” in this case still means “where” (literally: which direction), but is more polite than “doko” because of its indirectness.Mondai 33 Rei: Arigaté.__B 1 2. 10. oe 12. 2B. 14. Anata wa Nihon-jin desu ka? Hoka ni nani ka? . Osake wa ikaga desu ka? Moshimoshi. . Nani o shimasu ka? Hajimemashite. . Tabako o onegai shimasu. . Dochira no ho ga suki desu ka? . Doko e ikimasu ka? Ikaga desu ka? Ano hito ni wa jd-nin kodomo ga imasu. Sayonara. Ima nan-ji desu ka? Anata wa ocha ga suki desu ka? A. Arigato. B. Dé-itashimashite. C. Jamata... pr e925 Sore dake desu. Honto desu ka? Chodo go-ji desu. Hai, Tanaka desu. Hai, s6 desu. . Tie, kirai desu. Doko e mo ikimasen. Dochira de mo ii desu. Hai, dézo. ozo yoroshiku. Genki desu. Anata wa? ‘Terebi o mimasu. 7NOTES Nanji ni kimasu ka? 14. The particle “ni” is always used with clock times. In this sense, it can be considered analogous to “at” + time. -ichi-fi ni mata denwa shimasu 12. This interjection, “8,” is a contraction of “dewa” (see note 8, chapter 4). Although it is less formal than “dewa,” it is in no way impolite in this instance, since the speaker is considered to be talking to himself. 118SATO-SAN WA IMASU KA? — Moshimost — Sato-san wa imasu ka? b—N —Ji-j-han goro ni kimasu —'o desu ka! Sumimasen ga, ima nan ji desu ka? —Ja+ji-j0-go-fun mae desu ga... B>— Domo arigat6. Ja, ja-ichi-ji ni mata denwa shimasu. — Dézo onegai shimasu — Sayonara. Harada-san NAN-JI DESU KA? 3:00 3:10 3:15 3:25 -go-fun desu. 3:30 San,ji-han desu. 3:45 Yo-jij-go-fun mae desu. 3:55 Yo,ji-go-fun mae desu i" Nanji desu ka? —Sanji desu. / Nan,ji ni gakko e ikimasu ka? — Hachi-ji ni gakko e ikimasu. Bankaba Gr Mosukuwa 119Mondai 34 A) Nan,ji desu ka? a Nan,ji ni jimusho e ikimasu ka? (8:30) . Nan-ji ni resutoran de tabemasu ka? (12:15) Nan4i ni uchi e kaerimasu ka? (5:45) Nan-ji ni gakk6 e ikimasu ka? (6:00) Nan-ji ni shinbun o yomimasu ka? (20:20) 121NOTES Tomodachi no Noguchi-san 413. This is a very typical structure meaning “{his] friend, Noguchi-san.” The particle “no” is frequently used in these constructions, just as the personal pronoun is ‘even more frequently omitted. ‘musuko no Hideo = [my] son, Hideo buch6 no Mizoguchi = department head (of our company] Mizoguchi Uuchi no inu no Ponta = four] dog, Ponta 322© TANAKA-SAN NO ICHI-NICHI Ima gozen ku-ji-han desu. Tanaka-san wa jimusho ni imasu. Kare wa isu ni suwatte imasu. Kare wa tabako o sutte imasu. Soshite shinbun o yonde imasu. Harada-san mo suwatte imasu. Harada-san wa shiroi burausu to aoi sétd o kite imasu. Sorekara akai sukato o haite imasu. Kutsu no iro mo akai desu. Harada-san wa kanojo no isu ni suwatte imasu. Ima kanojo wa kami o taipuraitd ni irete imasu. Ima chdo ja-ji desu. Tanaka-san wa denwa de hanashite imasu. Harada-san wa kare no mae ni tatte imasu. Kanojo wa tsukue no ue ni kami o oite imasu. Soshite Tanaka-san ni ocha o watashite imasu. ‘Tanaka-san wa ima tegami o yonde imasu. Soshite ocha o nonde imasu. Harada-san wa isu ni suwatte imasu. Tegami o kaite imasu. Ima Tanaka-san wa jimusho ni imasen. Resutoran ni imasu. [> Tomodachi no Noguchi-san to tabete imasu. Harada-san wa resutoran ni imasen. Kanojo wa jimusho ni imasu. Sat6-san to denwa de hanashite imasu. 123NANI O SHIMASU KA? > Kore wa Tanaka-san desu. Tanaka-san wa ima jimusho ni imasu ka? Iie, jimusho ni wa imasen. Ima wa uchi ni imasu. Tanaka-san wa nani o shite imasu ka? Tegami © kaite imasu ka? lie, tegami o kaite imasen. Denwa de hanashite imasu ka? lie, denwa de hanashite imasen. Tanaka-san wa tabete imasu ka, soretomo shinbun © yonde imasu ka? Ima shinbun 0 yonde imasu. Soshite okusan wa kohii 0 nonde imasu. Ima chédo gozen shichi-ji desu. Hachi-ji ni Tanaka-san wa jimusho e ikimasu. Kare wa ima tegami o kaite imasen ga, jimusho de wa tegami o takusan kakimasu. Ima Tanaka-san wa tabete imasen. Keredomo, jt-niji ni wa resutoran de tomodachi to tabemasu. Tanaka-san wa ima tabako o sutte imasen ga, jimusho de wa tabako o suimasu. Kare wa uchi de okusan to Nihon-go o hanashimasu. Keredomo, jimusho de wa Eigo to Nihon-go o hanashimasu. Tanaka-san wa ima shinbun o yonde imasu. Tanaka-san wa uchi de shinbun o yomimasu. 12710. Mondai 36 Ima Tanaka-san wa jimusho ni imasu ka? Ima doko ni imasu ka? Ima nani o yonde imasu ka? Jimusho de tegami o yomimasu ka? Ja-nisji ni doko de tabemasu ka? Resutoran de tomodachi to issho ni tabemasu ka, soretomo okusan to tabemasu ka? ‘Tanaka-san wa ima hanashite imasu ka? Uchi de nani-go o hanashimasu ka? Anata wa ima nani ka o yonde imasu ka? Anata wa uchi de shinbun o yomimasu ka? 129NOTES irasshaimase 15. “Irasshaimase” is a welcoming phrase used exclusively by restauranteurs, hoteliers and shopkeepers to customers as they enter the premises. You will never have an opportunity to use it yourself, but you should recognize it. No response is required. Nan de gozaimasu ka? 16. This is the extremely polite version of “nan desu ka,” and clarifies the situation that the restaurant customer is in the higher position, deserving of very polite language. Any phrase using “gozaimasu,” other than set expressions such as “arigatd gozaimasu,” falls Into the category of extremely polite. nan-nin-sama 17. While “-san” is the all-purpose title, “-sama” is highly honorific and used only in very specific situations along with “gozaimasu-level” language. Don’t use it yourself as its misuse could sound sarcastic. gozaimasu 48. In extremely polite situations, “gozaimasu” replaces “arimasu,” or “de gozaimasu" replaces “desu.” The negative is “gozaimasen.” Dozo kochira e... 19. This polite phrase is used when showing someone 130 into another room or to another place. It can be used by anyone wishing to be especially polite. Otherwise, a simple “d6z0” plus gesture will suffice. Eto, 20. “Eto” is an interjection similar to “hmm...” in English. It indicates the speaker has pondered something and now is ready to make his views known, This can be as trivial as the choice of a menu item or as vital as announcing the new corporate sales strategy. Sore 21. In abstract situations, “sore” is used almost exclusively, much in the sense of “Ill have that” or “that’s a good idea.” Unless the speaker were pointing to the item on the menu, he would never use “kore.” Note that the verb “suru” (polite form: shimasu) — “to do” is used in situations such as this, making the ‘sentence analogous to “let’s do that.” Sohan 22. As in many Asian cultures, the word for “rice” is the same as for “meal.” If you say “asa-gohan” (literally: "morning rice"), you could either mean a (traditional Japanese) breakfast of rice (plus condiments), or breakfast in general. Note that “gohan” means cooked rice only. Raw rice is, incidentally, “o-kome.”