XtraEdge 2010 07

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
JULY 2010
JULY 2010
Teachers open the door. You enter by yourself

Volume - 6 Issue - 1
July, 2010 (Monthly Magazine)
Editorial / Mailing Office :
112-B, Shakti Nagar, Kota (Raj.) 324009
Editorial
Tel. : 0744-2500492, 2500692, 3040000

e-mail : xtraedge@gmail.com
Editor :
Dear Students,
Pramod Maheshwari
Is examination a common cause of stress?

In most Asian cultures, the great emphasis on academic achievement and high
expectations of success make it especially stressful for students. The strong
negative stigma attached to failure also adds to the pressure.
Like it or not, we have to accept that examinations are necessary in any
educational system. Even though it is debatable whether they are accurate
measures of actual ability, no better alternatives have been proposed.
Examinations remain necessary to motivate students learning, measure their
progress and ultimately, serve as evidence of attainment of certain skills,
standards or qualifications.
Success at examinations provides opportunities to proceed with higher
education and improves employment prospects, underlining their importance.
No matter how well prepared, many factors may influence ones performance
at the time of the examination and there is seemingly, no definite guarantee of
success. Essentially, it is this vital importance attached to success at
examinations coupled with the element of uncertainty that makes them so
stressful.
As with other sources of stress, the stress of examinations is not all bad. It is a
strong incentive for students to study and poses a challenge for individual
achievement. However, when stress becomes excessive, performance begins
to suffer. There is thus a need to control levels of stress before it becomes
overwhelming and detrimental. Reliase of stress is necessary for optimum
performance, the means of which is relasing.
Learn to relax
The stress responses produces muscle tension, which you would commonly
experience as backache, neck ache or tension headache at the end of the day.
Often this is unconscious. So to relax these muscles, you need to consciously
practice relaxation exercises. These could involve muscle relaxation, deep
breathing exercises, body massage or guided imagery. Like any particular skill,
you need to practice them regularly in order to reap the benefits.
Another way to relax is to maintain a quiet time as part of the daily routine.
Quiet time refers to a time for you with no interruption from external sources
or distractions. This is a time where you may choose to just think of nothing
and relax. Finally, you can always take up a hobby to help you relax. Do
something you enjoy, be it listening to music.
Ideally, the drive to study should be internally driven by a desire to achieve
ones own personal goals. Instead, many are driven more by the fear of failure,
which is more stress-provoking and leads easily to discouragement.
Attending school should not merely revolve around preparation for
examinations. Interacting with teachers, socializing with friends, participating in
sports or other extra-curricular activities are all valuable aspects of a wellrounded education.
Instead of wishing things would get easier, start looking at how you can get
better...
[B.Tech. IIT-Delhi]
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Om Gocher, Govind Saini
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Editor : Pramod Maheshwari

Yours truly
Pramod Maheshwari,
B.Tech., IIT Delhi
JULY 2010
JULY 2010
Volume-6 Issue-1
July, 2010 (Monthly Magazine)
CONTENTS
NEXT MONTHS ATTRACTIONS
INDEX
PAGE
Regulars ..........
Much more IIT-JEE News.

Know IIT-JEE With 15 Best Questions of IIT-JEE
Challenging Problems in Physics,, Chemistry & Maths
Key Concepts & Problem Solving strategy for IIT-JEE.
Xtra Edge Test Series for JEE- 2011 & 2012
NEWS ARTICLE
IITian ON THE PATH OF SUCCESS
KNOW IIT-JEE
Are Nanoparticles health hazard

Nano is the new black
Ms. Padmasree Warrior & Dr. Krishan K. Sabnani
Previous IIT-JEE Question
Study Time........
DYNAMIC PHYSICS
S
If you dont notice when you win, you will

only notice when you lose.
8-Challenging Problems [Set# 3]

Students Forum
Physics Fundamentals
Capacitor - 1
Friction
Its not bragging if you can do it.
CATALYSE CHEMISTRY
Success Tips for the Months
Feel the power of yet. As in I don't know

how to do this yet.
The difficult we do immediately.
impossible takes a bit longer.
To know what you are doing is an

advantage. To look like you know what
you are doing is essential.
First law of expertise: Never ask a barber
if you need a haircut.
DICEY MATHS
42
Mathematical Challenges
Students Forum
Key Concept
3-Dimensional Geometry
Progression & Mathematical Induction
Test Time ..........
If you think you can, you are probably

right. If you think you can't, you are
certainly right.
XTRAEDGE TEST SERIES
Don't do modesty unless you have earned

it.
Class XII IIT-JEE 2011 Paper

Class XI IIT-JEE 2012 Paper
29
Key Concept
Reaction Mechanism
Energetics
Understanding : Organic Chemistry
The
Some look down the rapids and see the

rocks. Hunters look down the rapids and
see the flow around the rocks.
14
52
JULY 2010
Are
Nanoparticles
Health Hazard?
Nanoparticles are a mega business
opportunity for multinationals but
they may pose a health hazard to
users
There is a new industrial
revolution taking place all around
us. The only problem is we cant
see it. The building blocks, being
developed at the cost of billions of
dollars by scientists, governments
and multinational corporations, are
just a few atoms or molecules
thick nanoparticles. Many are
less than 100 nanometres (nm)
one-billionth of a metre thick. A
single human red blood cell in
comparison is around 500 nm in
diametre. Its a pity though that
our eyesight isnt good enough at
nanometre level, for if it were, we
would see that nanoparticles of
precious metals like gold, silver and
titanium have already made the
jump from research labs to our
homes. Manufactured nanoparticles
are today present in thousands of
consumer products around the
world silver in washing
machines and water purifiers to kill
bacteria, zinc in cosmetics to
protect against ultraviolet rays,
carbon nano-tubes in tennis
rackets to make them stronger and
lighter, titanium in household
paints to decompose dust and
grime without human intervention.
cannot we write the entire 24

volumes of the Encyclopedia
Britannica on the head of a pin?
he asked.
Because there isnt much of a
point, or money, in doing so! is
the answer he would have got
today
from
nanotechnology
researchers. Instead their time is
mostly spent figuring out newer
properties for nanoparticles which
can then be embedded into
commercial applications.
Nanoparticles are highly reactive
and prone to unusual properties.
Describing gold, a metal that is
normally inert to all other
chemicals, Prof. C.N.R Rao,
Honorary President and Linus
Pauling Professor at the Jawaharlal
Nehru Centre for Advanced
Scientific Research (JNCASR) and
the head of its Nanoscience centre,
says At 200-300 nm thickness,
gold is not metallic, it does not
shine in fact it is not gold. And
at 1.5-2 nm, it reacts like mad!
Gold that is not gold when shrunk
to nanometer size might sound like
an absurdity to many, but its
exactly this change in physical
properties that make nanoparticles
popular.
For example zinc oxide (ZnO) and
titanium dioxide (TiO2) have been
used as active ingredients in
sunscreens for decades because of
Silver, an ornamental metal and a

powerful bactericide, can be
reduced to nanoparticle form to
destroy disease-causing bacteria
from all kinds of places kitchen
counters, contaminated water,
dirty clothes and stinky underarms.
Samsung claims its Silver Nano
range of washing machines release
hundreds of billions of silver nanoions with each wash to kill over 99
percent of the bacteria found in
dirty clothes, while the same
technology when lined on the
doors of their refrigerators kill
bacteria that could spoil stored
food. Eureka Forbes water
purifiers use nanosilver-coated
filters, developed by Prof. Pradeep,
head of IIT-Madras Nanoscience
department, to destroy harmful
bacteria from drinking water.
Swach, the mass-market water
filter introduced by the Tata
Group, also uses nanosilver
(coated on rice husk particles) to
purify drinking water. During the
last flu pandemic threat authorities
in Hong-Kong sprayed subways
with nanosilver to disinfect them.
LOreal, the worlds largest
cosmetics company, reportedly
spends over $600 million each year
researching
and
patenting
nanoparticles. The head of its
nanotechnology unit also sits on
the management board.
Nano is the New Black

Theres Plenty of Room at the
Bottom So went the classic
lecture by the Nobel prize-winning
physicist Richard Feynman in 1959
that many nano-ficionados now
consider the conceptual sun of the
nanotechnology universe. Why
their ability to absorb ultraviolet

rays and reflect back much of the
other remaining sunlight. But they
are both white the reason many
sunscreens leave a white residue
on the face. When shrunk to
nanometre size however, they
become transparent without losing
their light reflecting or absorbing
abilities.
JULY 2010
Therefore a metal that is a poor

second cousin to gold in a world
where we value yellow over white,
is the undisputed metal of choice in
the nanoparticle world. In fact,
silver is more popular than any
other material, according to the
database of consumer products
using nanoparticles maintained by
the
Woodrow
Wilson
International Center for Scholars.
Obama
admn
nominates IIT alumnus
for post of NSF Director
IIT Madras alumnus Subra Suresh,
popularly known as 'Bakthi Suresh'
during his student days, has been
nominated for the post of director
of the National Science Foundation
(NSF) by the Barrack Obama
administration. An official relese
from
IIT
Madras
Alumni
Association here said ''when
confirmed by the Senate, Mr
Suresh will become one of the
highest ranking Indian-Americans
ever to serve in an administration.''
An Indian-American technocrat,
53-year-old
Subra
Suresh
completed his B.Tech Mechanical
Engineering in 1977. Currently the
dean of the MIT engineering
school,
he
received
the
distinguished alumnus award in
1997. In a statement, President
Obama said ''I am proud that such
experienced
and
committed
individuals have agreed to take on
these important roles in my
administration. I look forward to
working with them in the coming
months and years.'' The National
Science Foundation is the funding
source for nearly 20 per cent of all
federally supported basic research
and was an independent federal
agency created by US Congress in
1950. Subra Suresh has been
elected to the US National
Academy of Engineering, the Indian
National Academy of Engineering,
the American Academy of Arts and

Sciences, the Indian Academy of
Sciences in Bangalore, the German
National Academy of Sciences, the
Royal Spanish Academy of Sciences
and the Academy of Sciences of
the Developing World based in
Trieste, Italy.
Major decision regarding

Ganga at IIT-K
KANPUR:
A
collaboration
between the consortium of seven
IITs (IIT-Kanpur, Madras, Bombay,
Delhi, Kharagpur, Guwahati and
Roorkee)
and
Ministry
of
Environment
and
Forest,
Government of India, is being
worked out for the purpose of
cleaning the national river Ganga.
The two are expected to sign an
important
memorandum
of
understanding (MoU) in this regard
during Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh's visit to the Indian Institute
of Technology-Kanpur. Singh is
scheduled to visit IIT-K on July 3 to
take part in its convocation
ceremony.
It will be worth mentioning here
that the Central government aims
at
meeting
the
formidable
challenge of cleaning the Ganga.
With this goal in mind, it had
launched a new initiative and
established the National Ganga
River Basin Authority (NGRBA)
last year. The Prime Minister, who
is the Chairman of the NGRBA,
asked the Ministry of Environment
and Forest to involve IITs in the
mega project. A joint meeting of all
the seven IITs was convened on
March 12, 2010 in which IITKanpur was represented by Prof
Vinod Tare, also the convener of
the mission. It is for the very first
time that the Central government
has involved the seven IITs
together in one single project of
such a large magnitude
Prof Tare further informed TOI

that the 'zero discharge' of both
treated and untreated sewage
waste into the river had been
proposed to the government
under which the waste would not
be allowed into the Ganga.
"We will be doing this mega
project in phases. The first phase
will come to an end in 18 months
wherein the concept of 'zero
discharge' will be put into
application. We also plan to apply
the 'zero discharge' formula in four
cities initially, viz. Hardwar,
Rishikesh, Kanpur and Allahabad. If
we are able to do so in these four
cities, water of the river will
become clean up to Allahabad and
a major work will come to an end
in the first phase."
Meanwhile, Prof SG Dhande,
director, IIT-Kanpur, and Prof
Vinod Tare from IIT-Kanpur, Prof
Devang Khakhar, director, IITBombay, took part in a meeting
with the officials of the Ministry of
Environment and Forest in New
Delhi on May 19 and discussed all
important aspects of the mega
project. On the occasion, the team
also handed over a set of proposals
to the officials of the ministry. "A
detailed project report will be
given later as several social, legal
aspects will have to be examined,"
said Prof Tare.
The consortium of the seven IITs
have been sanctioned Rs 16 crore
by the government for formulating
a proper plan of action for the
purpose of cleaning the Ganga. The
authority formed by the Central
government has both regulatory
and developmental functions. The
authority will take measures for
effective abatement of pollution
and conservation of the Ganga in
keeping with sustainable development needs.
Science Research : Conventional solar cell efficiency could be increased from the current limit of 30 percent to more than 60
percent, suggests new research on semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots, led by chemist Xiaoyang Zhu at The University
of Texas at Austin.
The scientists have discovered a method to capture the higher energy sunlight that is lost as heat in conventional solar cells.
JULY 2010
Success Story
This articles contains stories of person who have succeed after graduation from different IIT's
Ms. Padmasree Warrior
Dr. Krishan K. Sabnani
B.Tech, IIT Madras
B.Tech, IIT Kanpur
Padmasree Warrior is senior vice president and chief

technology officer for Motorola, with responsibility for
Motorola Labs, the global software group and emerging
early-stage
businesses.
Warrior's
operational
responsibilities include leading a global team of 4,600
technologists, prioritizing technology programs, creating
value from intellectual property, guiding creative research
from innovation through early-stage commercialization,
and influencing standards and roadmaps. She also serves
as a technology advisor to the office of the chairman and
to the board's technology and design steering committee.
Before assuming her current position in January 2003,
Warrior was corporate vice president and general
manager of Motorola's energy systems group, where she
was responsible for profit and loss, sales, marketing,
engineering and manufacturing. She also was general
manager of Thought beam, Inc., a wholly owned
subsidiary of Motorola, where she led the
commercialization evaluation team related to compound
semiconductor materials research.
Prior to these assignments, Warrior was corporate vice
president and chief technology officer for Motorola's
Semiconductor Products Sector (SPS).
A Motorola since 1984, she has been instrumental in
driving
innovative
methods
for
technology
commercialization realizing early "time to revenue" for
the corporation. She has held many leadership positions
within Motorola, was appointed vice president in 1999
and was elected a corporate officer in 2000.
Warrior received a M.S. degree in chemical engineering
from Cornell University, and a B.S. degree in chemical
engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
in New Delhi, India.
Warrior served on the Texas Governor's Council for
Digital Economy, and is a member of the Texas Higher
Education Board review panel. She was one of six women
nationwide selected to receive the "Women Elevating
Science and Technology" award from Working Woman
magazine in 2001. She also is a director of Ferro
Corporation.
Krishan Sabnani is Senior Vice President of the

Networking Research Laboratory at Bell Labs in New
Jersey. For the past 23 years Krishan has been a member
of Bell Labs Research. Krishan has conceived and launched
several systems projects in the areas of Internetworking
and wireless networking, led successful transfers of
research ideas to products in Lucent and AT&T business
units and conducted extensive personal research in data
and wireless networking. He has built organizations
known for technical excellence by recruiting and coaching
the best people in the industry.
Krishan has received the 2005 IEEE Eric E. Sumner Award
and the 2005 IEEE W. Wallace McDowell Award - the
only person ever to receive both awards. Krishan is a Bell
Labs Fellow. He is also a fellow of the Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and the
Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). He received
the Leonard G. Abraham Prize Paper Award from the
IEEE Communications Society in 1991. Krishan will
receive the 2005 Distinguished Alumni Award from Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi, India. He has
also won the 2005 Thomas Alva Edison Patent Award
from the R&D Council of New Jersey. He holds 37
patents and has published more than 70 papers.
In his personal research, Krishan has made major
contributions to the communications protocols area. He
has designed several protocols such as SNR, RMTP, and
Airmail. He has also made significant contributions to
conformance test generation, protocol validation,
automated converter generation, and reverse engineering.
Krishan received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from
Columbia University, New York, in 1981. He joined Bell
Labs in 1981.
Key Awards and Honors
1. 2005 IEEE Eric E. Sumner Award, received for
seminal contributions to networking protocols
2. 2005 IEEE Computer Society W. Wallace McDowell
Award
3. 2005 IIT Delhi Outstanding Alumni Award
4. 2005 Thomas Alva Edison Patent Award
5. 1991 Leonard G. Abraham Prize Paper Award
6. 1997 Bell Labs Fellow.
JULY 2010
KNOW IIT-JEE
By Previous Exam Questions
2.
PHYSICS
1.
Masses M1, M2 and M3 are connected by strings of

negligible mass which pass over massless and friction
less pulleys P1 and P2 as shown in fig. The masses
move such the portion of the string between P1 and P2
in parallel to the inclined plane and the portion of the
string between P2 and M3 is horizontal. The masses
M2 and M3 are 4.0 kg each and the coefficient of
kinetic friction between the masses and the surfaces
is 0.25. The inclined plane makes an angle of 37
with the horizontal.
[IIT-1981]
M
P1
2
P2
M3
M1
A
C
B D
Sol. K.E. of block = work against friction + P.E. of spring
1
1
mv2 = k mg (2.14 + x) + kx2
2
2
1
1
2
0.5 3 = 0.2 0.5 9.8(2.14 + x) + 2 x2
2
2
2.14+ x + x2 = 2.25
x2 + x 0.11 = 0
11
On solving we get x =
10
1
or x =
= 0.1 (valid answer)
10
Here the body stops momentarily.
Restoring force at y = kx = 2 0.1 = 0.2 N
Frictional force at
y = s mg x = 0.22 0.5 9.8 = 1.078 N
Since friction force > Restoring force the body will
stop here.
The total distance travelled
= AB + BD + DY = 2 + 2.14 + 0.1 = 4.24 m.
37
If the mass M1 moves downwards with a uniform

velocity, find
(a) the mass of M1
(b) The tension in the horizontal portion of the string
(g = 9.8 m/sec2, sin 37 3/5)
Sol. (a) Applying Fnet = ma on M1 we get
...(i)
T m1 . g = M1 0 = 0 T = M1g
Applying Fnet = Ma on M2 we get
T (T + M2g sin f) = M2 a
T = T + M2g sin + f = T + M2g sin + N
[Q f = N = M2 g cos ]
T = T + M2g sin + M2g cos ...(ii)
P1
M1 T
M1g
M2
M2gcos
M2g f
M2gsin
P2
T
M3g
2m
Applying Fnet = Ma for M3 we get

T f = M3 0
...(iii)
T = f = N = M3g
Putting the value of T and T from (i) and (iii) in (ii)
we get
M1g = M3g + M2g sin M2g cos
M1 = 0.25 4 + 4 sin 37 + 0.25 4 cos 37
= 4.2 kg
(b) The tension in the horizontal string will be
T = M3g = 0.25 4 9.8 = 9.8 N
A 0.5 kg block slides from the point A (see fig.) on a

horizontal track with an initial speed of 3 m/s towards
a weightless horizontal spring of length 1 m and force
constant 2 Newton/m. The part AB of the track is
frictionless and the part BC has the coefficients of
static and kinetic friction as 0.22 and 0.2 respectively.
If the distances AB and BD are 2m and 2.14 m
respectively, find the total distance through which the
block moves before it comes to rest completely.
(Take g = 10 m/s2)
[IIT-1983]
B D Rough L C
2.14m
3.
A small sphere rolls down without slipping from the

top of a track in a vertical plane. The track in a
vertical plane. The track has an elevated section and a
horizontal part, The horizontal part is 1.0 meter
above the ground level and the top of the track is 2.4
metres above the ground. Find the distance on the
ground with respect to the point B(which is vertically
JULY 2010
speed of 0.001 ms1. Calculate the current drawn

from the battery during the process. (Dielectric
constant of oil = 11, 0 = 8.85 1012C2N1m1)
[IIT-1994]
Sol. The adjacent figure is a case of parallel plate
capacitor. The combined capacitance will be
v
2.4 m
below the end of the track as shown in fig.) where the

sphere lands. During its flight as a projectile, does the
sphere continue to rotate about its centers of mass ?
Explain.
[IIT-1987]
1.0m
B
Sol. Applying law of conservation of energy at point D
and point A
P.E. at D = P.E. at A + (K.E.)T + (K.E.)R
(K.E.)T = Translational K.E.
1
1
mg (2.4) = mg (1) + mv2 + I2
2
2
(K.E.)R = Rotational K.E.
Since the case is of rolling without slipping
D
2.4m
1x
x
d
C = C1 + C2
k 0 ( x 1)
[(1 x ) 1]
=
+ 0
d
d
0
C=
[kx + 1 x]
d
After time dt, the dielectric rises by dx. The new
equivalent capacitance will be
C + dC = C1 + C2
k 0
[1 x dx ) 1]
[(x + dx) 1] + 0
=
d
d
dC = Change of capacitance in time dt
= 0 [kx + kdx + 1 x dx kx 1 + x]
d
= 0 (k 1)dx
d
dC
dx
= 0 (k 1)
= 0 (k 1)v
...(i)
dt
d
dt
d
dx
where v =
dt
We know that
q = CV
dq
dC
=V
...(ii)
dt
dt
I = V 0 (k 1)v
d
From (i) and (ii)
500 8.85 10 12
I=
(11 1) 0.001
0.01
= 4.425 109 Amp.
A
1m
B
v = r
v
=
where r is the radius of the sphere Also
r
2
I = mr2
5
mg(2.4) = mg(1) +
v2
1
1
2
mv2 +
mr2 2
2
2
5
r
v = 4.43 m/s
After point A, the body takes a parabolic path. The
vertical motion parameters of parabolic motion will
be
1
uy = 0
S = ut + at2
2
1 = 4.9 ty2
Sy = 1m
ay = 9.8 m/s2
1
ty = ?
ty =
= 0.45 sec
4.9
Applying this time in horizontal motion of parabolic
path, BC = 4.43 0.45 = 2m
During his flight as projectile, the sphere continues to
rotate because of conservation of angular momentum.
4.
5.
Two square metal plates of side 1 m are kept 0.01 m

apart like a parallel plate capacitor in air in such a
way that one of their edges is perpendicular to an oil
surface in a tank filled with an insulating oil. The
plates are connected to a battery of emf 500 V. The
plates are then lowered vertically into the oil at a
1m
Two resistors, 400 ohms, and 800 ohms are

connected in series with a 6-volt battery. It is desired
to measure the current in the circuit. An ammeter of a
10 ohms resistance is used for this purpose. What
will be the reading in the ammeter? Similarly, If a
voltmeter of 10,000 ohms resistance is used to
measure the potential difference across the 400-ohms
resistor, What will be the reading in the voltmeter.
[IIT-1982]
JULY 2010
Sol. Applying Kirchoff's law moving in clockwise

direction starting from battery we get
800
400
10
Sol.
(i) From the given data, it is evident that the t1/2 (half-life
period)for the decomposition of X (g) is constant
(100 minutes) therefore the order of reaction is one.
0.693
(ii) Rate constant, K =
t1/ 2
0.693
= 6.93 103 min1
100
(iii) Time taken for 75% completion of reaction
= 2t1/2 = 2 100 = 200 minutes
(iv)
2x 2Y + 2Z
Initial pressure 800
0
0
Ater time t
(800 2p) 3P
2p
when the pressure of X is 700 mm of Hg the, 800
2P = 700
2P = 100; P = 50 mm of Hg
Total pressure = 800 2P + 3P + 2P = 800 + 150
= 950 mm of Hg.
6 volt
+ 6 10I 400 I 800 I = 0
6 = 1210 I
6
I=
= 4.96 103 A
1210
The voltmeter and 400 resistor are in parallel and
hence p.d. will be same
...(i)
10,000 I1 = 400 I2
Applying Kircoff's law in loop ABCDEA starting
from A in clockwise direction.
400 I2 800 I + 6 = 0
6 = 400 I2 + 800 (I1 + I2)
6 = 400 I2 + 800(0.04 I2 + I2)
From (i) putting the value of I1
6 = 1232 I2
10,000
F
B
I
G
C
400 I 800
A acid solution of Cu2+ salt containing 0.4 g of Cu2+

is electrolysed until all the copper is deposited. The
electrolysis is continued for seven more minutes with
the volume of solution kept at 100 ml. and the current
at 1.2 amp. Calculate the volume of gases evolved at
NTP during the entire electrolysis.
[IIT-89]
Sol. The chemical reactions taking place at the two
electrodes are
At cathode : Cu2+ + 2e Cu
H2O
H+ + OH
However, note that only Cu2+ ions will be discharged
so as these are present in solution and H+ ions will be
discharged only when all the cu2+ ions have been
deposited.
Atcathode : 2OH H2O + O + 2e
O + O O2
Thus in first case, Cu2+ ion will be discharged at the
cathode and O2 gas at the anode. Let us calculate the
volume of gas (O2) discharged during electrolysis.
According to Faraday's cecond law
31.75 g Cu 8 g of oxygen
5.6 litres of O2 at NTP
5 .6
0.4 g Cu =
0.4 litres of O2 at NTP
31.75
= 0.07055 litres = 70.55 ml
As explained earlier, when all the Cu2+ ion will be
deposited at cathode, H+ ions will start going to
cathode liberating hydrogen (H2) gas i.e.
H+ + e
H
H + H H2
However, the anode reaction remains same as
previous. Thus in the second (latter) case, amount of
H2 collected at cathode should be calculated.
8 g of O2 = 1 g of H2
5.6 litres of O2 at NTP = 11.2 litres of hydrogen
Quantity of electricity passed after 1st electrolysis,
i.e. Q = i t = 1.2 7 60 = 504 coulombs
7.
6 volt
I2 = 4.87 103 Amp.
Potential drop across 400 resistor
= I2 400
= 4.87 103 400
= 1.948 volt 1.95 volt
The reading measured by voltmeter = 1.95 volt
CHEMISTRY
6.
At constant temperature and volume, X decomposes as

2X(g) 3Y(g) + 2Z(g); Px is the partial pressure of X.
Observation Time (in minute) Rx (in mm of Hg)

No.
1
0
800
2
100
400
3
200
200
(i) What is the order of reaction with respect to X ?
(ii) Find the rate constant.
(iii) Find the time for 75% completion of the reaction.
(iv) Find the total pressure when pressure of X is
700 mm of Hg.
[IIT-2005]
JULY 2010
Sol. Let us summarise the given facts.
5.6 504
= 29.24 ml
96500
of O2. Similarly, H2 liberated by 504 coulombs
504
= 11.2
= 58.45 ml
96500
Total volume of O2 liberated = 70.55 + 29.24 = 99.79
ml vol. of H2 liberated = 58.48 ml.
Cyclobutyl bromide on treatment with magnesium in
dry ether forms an organometallic (A). The
organometallic reacts with ethanal to give an alcohol
(B) after mild acidification Prolonged treatment of
alcohol (B) with an equivalent amount of HBr gives
1-bromo 1-methylcyclopentane (C). Write the
structures of (A), (B) and explain how (C) is obtained
from (B).
[IIT-2001]
MgBr
Br
504 coulombs will liberate =
8.
112 ml of
Basic
colourless,
(i) aq. HCl
Nitrogen
odourless (ii) NaNO2 0C
Compound
gas at S.T.P
(0.295 g)
+ Residue
ether
Organic liquid
(no N)
CH CHO , H O +
3
3
CH3
CHCH3
OH
(B)
1-Cyclobutylethanol
(B)
CHCH3
+
CHCH3
H 2O +
OH2
Oxonium ion
(2 carbocation
4-membered ring)
exp ansion
ring
through 1, 2 alkylshift
H
CH3
CH3CH2CH2NH2
Hydride shift
H
CH3
Br
(3 carbocation)
9.
,I2
OH
No yellow ppt.
(CH3)CHNH2 (CH3)2CHOH + N2
Isopropylamine
H
Br
CH3
(CH3)2CHOH
1-bromo-1-methyl
Cyclopentane
(C)
,I 2
OH
( Haloform reaction )
Since the given reactions

isopropylamine, the original
isopropylamine, (CH3)2CHNH2
A basic, volatile nitrogen compound gave a foul

smelling gas when treated with chloroform and
alcoholic potash. A 0.295 g sample of the substance.
Dissolved in aq. HCl and treated with NaNO2
solution at 0C, liberated a colorless, odourless gas
whose volume corresponded to 112 ml at STP, After
the evolution of the gas was complete, the aqueous
solution was distilled to give an organic liquid which
did not contain nitrogen and which on warming with
alkali and iodine gave a yellow precipitate. Identify
the original substance. Assume that it contains one N
atom per molecule.
[IIT-93]
i ) HCl
(
CH3CH2CH2OH
(ii ) NaNO 2 / 0 C
aq
.sol
.distill
CH3CH2CH2OH
(ring expansion)
(2 carbocation in
5 membered ring
Yellow ppt.
N2
n-Propylamine
,2
1
OH/I2
Reaction of the original compound with alcoholic

potash and chloroform to give foul smelling gas
indicates that it contains a primary NH2 group.
RNH2 + CHCl3 + KOH RNC
(Basic compound)
Carbylamine
(foul smelling)
Determination of mol. Weight of the amine.
112 ml. of gas is evolved at S.T.P. by 0.295 g of
amine
0.295
22400 ml. of gas is evolved by =
22400 = 59
112
Hence the mol. wt. of the amine = 59
Mol. wt. of the alkyl group = 59 16 = 43
Nature of alkyl gp. of mol. wt.= 43 = C3H7
Thus the amine may be either
CH3
CH3CH2CH2NH2 or
CHNH2
CH3
The reaction of amine with NaNO2 at 0C and all
other reactions may thus be written as below.
Cyclobutymagnesium
Bromide
(A)
CHOH
Foul
smelling
gas
Distilled aq. Sol.
dry
Sol.
CHCl3
KOH
CHI3
(yellow)
correspond
compound
to
is
10. Interpret the non-linear shape of H2S molecule and

non-planar shape of PCl3 using valence shell electron
pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. (Atomic numbers :
H = 1, P = 15, S = 16, Cl = 17.)
[IIT-98]
1
Sol. In H2S, no. of hybrid orbitals = (6 + 2 0 + 0) = 4
2
Hence here sulphur is sp3 hybridised, so
2
2
6
2
2
1
1
16S = 1s , 2s 2p , 3s 3p x 3p y 3p z
144244
3
sp 3 hybridisation
10
JULY 2010
[Q O(0, 0) and C(2, 2) lie on the same side of AB

2
2
+
1 < 0]
Therefore,
a
b
(2b + 2a ab)

=2
a 2 + b2
S
S
or
H
Due to repulsion between lp - lp; the geometry of
H2S is distorted from tetrahedral to V-shape.
1
In PCl3, no. of hybrid orbitals = [5 + 3 0 + 0] = 4
2
Hence, here P shows sp3-hybridisation
2
1
1
1
2
2
6
15P = 1s , 2s 2p , 3s 3p x 3p y 3p z
144244
3
...(i)
2a + 2b ab + 2 a 2 + b 2 = 0
Let P(h, k) be the circumcentre of OAB. Since
OAB is a right angled triangle. So its circumcentre
is the mid-point of AB.
a
b
and k =
h=
2
2
a = 2h and b = 2k
...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
sp 3 hybridisation
4h + 4k 4hk + 2 4h 2 + 4k 2 = 0
or
Cl
Cl
h + k hk + h 2 + k 2 = 0
So, the locus of P(h, k) is
Cl
x + y xy +
Cl Cl
Cl
x 2 + y2 = 0
But, the locus of the circumcentre is given to be
Thus due to repulsion between lp bp, geometry is

distorted from tetrahedral to pyramidal.
x + y xy + k x 2 + y 2 = 0
Thus, the value of k is 1
MATHEMATICS
12. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle ABC and the

system of linear equations
x sin A + y sin B + z sin C = 0
x sin B + y sin C + z sin A = 0
x sin C + y sin A + z sin B = 0
has a non trivial solution, prove that
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C (cos A + cos B + cos C
+ cos A cos B + cos B cos C + cos C cos A) = 0
[IIT-2002]
Sol. The given system of linear equations has a non-trivial
solution. Therefore,
sin A sin B sin C
sin B sin C sin A = 0
sin C sin A sin B
11. The circle x2 + y2 4x 4y + 4 = 0 is inscribed in a

triangle which has two of its sides along the
coordinate axes. If the locus of the circumcentre of
the triangle is
x + y xy + k x 2 + y 2 = 0,
[IIT-1987]
find the value of k.
Sol. Let OAB be the triangle in which the circle
x2 + y2 4x 4y + 4 = 0 is inscribed. Let the
x y
equation of AB be + = 1
a b
y
B(0,b)
sin A + sin B + sin C sin B sin C

sin B + sin C + sin A sin C sin A = 0
sin C + sin A + sin B sin A sin B
x y
+ =1
a b
x+ y =1
a b
2
x
(a, 0)A
Applying C1 C1 + C2 + C3
1 sin B sin C
2
(sin A + sin B + sin C) 1 sin C sin A = 0

1 sin A sin B
Since AB touches the circle x + y 4x 4y + 4 = 0.

There fore,
2 2
2 2
+ 1
+ 1
a b
a b
=2
=2
1
1
1
1
+
+
a 2 b2
a 2 b2
1 sin B sin C
1 sin C sin A = 0
1 sin A sin B
11
Q sin A + sin B + sin C

A
B
C
= 4 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 0
JULY 2010
sin B
We claim that at least two y1, y2, and y3 are distinct.

For if y1 = y2 = y3, then P, Q and R lie on a line
parallel to x-axis and a line parallel to x-axis does not
cross the circle in more than two points. Thus, we
have either y1 y2 or, y1 y3 or, y2 y3.
Subtracting (ii) from (iii) and (iv), we get
sin C
0 sin C sin B sin A sin C = 0

0 sin A sin B sin B sin C
Applying R2 R2 R1, R3 R3 R1
(sin B sin C)2 (sin A sin C)
(sin A sin B) = 0
sin2B + sin2C 2 sin B sin C + sin2A
sin A sin B sin C sin A + sin B sin C = 0
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C sin A sin B sin B sin C
sin C sin A = 0
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C cos A cos B
cos B cos C cos C cos A + cos (A + B)
+ cos (B + C) + cos (C + A) = 0
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C cos A cos B
cos B cos C cos C cos A cos A
cos B cos C = 0
( x 22 + y 22 ) ( x12 + y12 ) 2 2 (y2 y1) = 0
a1
where,
a1
...(ii)
2 2 y2 = r 2
...(iii)
x 32 + y 32 2 2 y3 = r2 2
...(iv)
y 22
2 b1 = 0
a1
=
b1
[From (v)]
2,
which is not
possible because
a1
is a rational
b1
number and 2 is an irrational number.

If b2 0, then
a
a2 2 b2 = 0 2 = 2 ,
b2
which is not possible because
a2
b2
is a rational
number and 2 is an irrational number.

Thus, in both the cases we arrive at a contradiction.
This means that our supposition is wrong. Hence,
there can be at most two rational points on circle C.
15. A rectangle PQRS has its side PQ parallel to the line
y = mx and vertices P, Q and S lie on the lines y = a,
x = b and x = b, respectively. Find the locus of the
vertex R.
[IIT-1996]
Sol. Let the coordinates of R be (h, k). It is given that P
lies on y = a. So, let the coordinates of P be (x1, a).
Since PQ is parallel to the line y = mx. Therefore,
Slope of PQ = (Slope of y = mx) = m
1
And, Slope of PS =
(Slope of y = mx)
2 ) is
or,
x2 + y2 2 2 y = r2 2
If possible, let P(x1, y1), Q(x2, y2) and R(x3, y3) be
three distinct rational points on circle C. Then,
x 22
...(v)
Clearly, a1, a2, b1, b2 are rational numbers as x1, x2,

x3, y1, y2, y3 are rational numbers.
Since either y1 y2 or, y1 y3
Either b1 0 or, b2 0
If b1 0, then
2 )2 = r2, where r is any positive real
x12 + y12 2 2 y1 = r2 2
2 b2 = 0
a2 = ( x 32 + y 32 ) ( x12 + y12 ) , b2 = 2(y3 y1)
14. Let C be any circle with centre (0, 2 ). Prove that at

most two rational points can be there on C.
(A rational points is a point both of whose
[IIT-1997]
coordinates are rational numbers)
(x 0)2 + (y
number.
2 b1 = 0 and a2
a1 = ( x 22 + y 22 ) ( x12 + y12 ) , b1 = 2(y2 y1)
13. Determine the name of the name of the curve

described parametrically by the equations
[IIT-1998]
x = t2 + t + 1, y = t2 t + 1
Sol. We have,
x = t2 + t + 1 and, y = t2 t + 1
x + y = 2(t2 + 1) and, x y = 2t
2
x y
x + y = 2
+ 1
2
2
2(x + y) = (x y) + 4
x2 + y2 2xy 2x 2y + 4
Comparing this equation with the equation
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
a = 1, b = 1, c = 4, h = 1, g = 1 and f = 1
abc + 2fgh af2 bg2 ch2 = 4 2 1 1 4 0
and , h2 ab = 1 1 = 0
Thus, we have
0 and h2 = ab
So, the given equations represent a parabola.
Sol. The equation of any circle C with centre (0,

given by
( x 32 + y 32 ) ( x12 + y12 ) 2 2 (y3 y1) = 0
and,
1
[ PS PQ]
m
Now, equation of PQ is
y a = m(x x1)
12
...(i)
JULY 2010
y
(0, a)
y=0
P
x = b
x=b
Q
S
(0, b)
(0, b)
BEWARE OF THE BATTERIES

THAT YOU USE!
R
y
It is given that Q lies on x = b. So, Q is the point of

intersection if (i) and x = b.
Putting x = b in (i), we get
y = a + m(b x1)
So, coordinates of Q are (b, a + m(b x1)).
1
.
Since PS passes through P(x1, a) and has slope
m
1
So, Equation of PS is y a = (x x1) ...(ii)
m
It is given that S lies on x = b. So, S is the point of
intersection of (ii) and x = b.
1
Solving (ii) and x = b, we get y = a +
(b + x1)
m
1
So, coordinates of S are b, a + (b + x 1 )

m
1
k a (b + x1 )
m
=m
Now, Slope of RS =
h+b
But RS is parallel to PQ.
1
k a (b + x1 )
m
=m
h+b
b + x1 = m(k a) m2(h + b)
...(iii)
Similarly,
k a m( b x 1 )
Slope of RQ =
hb
But, RQ is perpendicular to PQ whose slope is m.
k a m( b x1 )
1
=
hb
m
1
1
b x1 =
(k a) + 2 (h a) ...(iv)
m
m
We have only one variable x1. To eliminate x1, add
(iii) and (iv) to obtain
1
1
2b = (k a) m + m2(h + b) + 2 (h b)
m
m
Have you ever noticed that the batteries

are becoming smaller and smaller day after day?
Many scientists and researchers have been finding
the effective way to shrink the batteries into the
smallest size as possible!
In this case, Jae Kwon, an assistant professor of
Electrical and computer engineering has recently
developed a nuclear energy source, which is smaller,
lighter and more efficient than the common
batteries.
Kwons described that the new discovered
radioisotope battery can provide power density as
much as six orders of magnitude higher than
chemical batteries.
Kwon and his research team members have been

cooperated and working on building a small nuclear
battery. According to the information, the
radioisotope batteries are having the size and
thickness of a penny, but its powerful enough to
power various micro or nanoelectromechanical
systems.
Even though the nuclear power sources have always
been a safety concern, theyve claimed to be safe, as
the nuclear power sources have been used for
powering many types of devices, including the pacemakers, space satellites and underwater systems.
Kwons battery is in a liquid semiconductor rather
than a solid semiconductor, as he believed that the
liquid semiconductor can overcome the problem,
where the lattice structure of the semiconductor
being damaged, if its in the solid semiconductor
form!
m2 +1
4
4
h m +1 b m +1
2b = (k a)
m
m2
m2
m 2 + 1 h (m 2 1)(m 2 + 1) b(m 2 + 1) 2
(ka)
=0
m
m2
m2
h (m 2 1) b(m 2 + 1)
=0
m
m
m(k a) h(m2 1) b(m2 + 1) = 0
Hence, the locus of R(h, k) is
m(y a) x(m2 1) b(m2 + 1) = 0
(k a)
13
JULY 2010
Physics Challenging Problems
Set # 3
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in physics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems
and enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
So lutions will b e p ub lished in n ex t issue
1.
Passage # (Q. No. 4 to Q. No. 6)

Resistance value of an unknown resistor is
calculated using the formula R= V/I where V and
I be the readings of the voltmeter and the
ammeter respectively. Consider the circuits
below. The internal resistances of the voltmeter
and the ammeter (RV and RG respectively) are
finite and non zero.
V
V
A
A
R
R
E
E
r
r
A circuit consisting of a constant e.m.f. E, a self

induction L and a resistance R is closed at
t = 0. The relation between the current I in the
circuit and time t is as shown by curve a in the
figure. When one or more of parameters E, R and
L are changed, the curve b is obtained. The
steady state current is same in both the cases.
Then it is possible that
I
(a)
(b)
Fig. (A)
Fig. (B)
Let RA and RB the calculated values in the two
cases A and B respectively.
4.
The relation between RA and the actual value R is
(B) R < RA
(A) R > RA
(D) dependent upon E and r
(C) R = RA
5.
The relation between RB and the actual value R is
(B) R > RB
(A) R< RB
(D) dependent upon E and R
(C) R = RB
6.
If the resistance of voltmeter is RV = 1 K and
that of ammeter is RG = 1, the magnitude of the
percentage error in the measurement of R (the
value of R is nearly 10 ) is
(A) zero in both cases
(B) non-zero but equal in both cases
(C) more in circuit A
(D) more in circuit B
Passage # (Q. No. 7 to Q. No. 8)
The figure shows the interference pattern obtained in
a double-slit experiment using light of wavelength
600 nm. 1,2,3,4 and 5 are marked on five fringes.
t
(A) E and R are kept constant and L is increased
(B) E and R are kept constant and L is decreased
(C) E and R are both halved and L is kept constant
(D) E and L are kept constant and R is decreased
2.
3.
Consider a resistor of uniform cross section area

connected to a battery of internal resistance zero.
If the length of the resistor is doubled by
stretching it then
(A) current will become four times
(B) the electric field in the wire will become half
(C) the thermal power produced by the resistor
will become one fourth
(D)the product of the current density and
conductance will become half
In front of an earthed conductor a point charge +q
is placed as shown in figure
+q
(A) On the surface of conductor the net charge is

always negative
(B) On the surface of conductor at the same points
charges are negative and at some points charges
may be positive distributed non uniformly
(C) Inside the conductor electric field due to point
charge is non-zero
(D) None of these
By : Dev Sharma
Director Academics, Jodhpur Branch
7.
8.
14
The third order bright fringe is

(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
Which fringe results from a phase difference of 4
between the light waves incidenting from two slits
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
JULY 2010
Solution
Physics Challenging Problems

Qu e s tio ns we r e Pub lis he d in Jun e I s su e
x e x 0
4
=0
+
r r
5x = 4e
x = 4e/5
x 2Ba 2
e
4e
and i = =
=
i =
r
5
r + r / 4 5r
Initially the potential at centre of sphere is

1 Q
1 2Q
1 3Q
+
=
VC =
40 x 40 x
40 x
After the sphere grounded, potential at centre
becomes zero. Let the net charge on sphere finally
be q.
3Qr
1 q
1 3Q
+
= 0 or q =
x
40 r 40 x
1.[C]
6.
3Qr
x
The velocity is maximum at mean position.
Hence the magnetic force on block is maximum,
at its mean position.
The magnetic force on the block while it crosses
the mean position towards right and left is as
shown
qvmaxB
N1
(C) v . F = 0 means instantaneous velocity is

always perpendicular to force. Hence the speed
will remain constant. And also | F |= constant.

Since the particle moves in one plane, the
resulting motion has to be circular.
Idt = 5A
dt
Total heat produced = I 2 Rdt
Average current =
(D) u = 2 i 3 j and a = 6 i 9 j . Hence initial

velocity is in same direction of constant
acceleration, therefore particle moves in straight
line with increasing speed.
3.
(A) Q,R, (B) P,S, (C) P,R, (D) Q,S
4. [A,B,C]
Total charge = Idt = area under curve = 10C
Mg + qvmaxB
mg
Case-1
Case-2
Hence normal reaction is maximum in case-1 and
minimum in case-2. Hence correct option is D.
= (5t + 10) 2 .1.dt =
(B) u . F = 0 and F = constant

Initial velocity is perpendicular to constant force,
hence the path will be parabolic with speed of
particle increasing.
N2
vmaxvmax
(A) R , (B) Q,S, (C) P, (D) Q,R

(A) F = constant and u F = 0
Therefore initial velocity is either in direction of
constant force or opposite to it. Hence the particle
will move in straight line and speed may increase
or decrease.
The charge flowing out of sphere is
2. [D]
Set # 2
7. [B]
C r
r R
q
200
J
3
r=
v0
v0 =
mv 0
; R = 2r sin
qB
qBR
2m sin
Maximum power = I2R, when I is maximum current

= 100 1 =100W.
r/2
r/2
total
Br 2 Ba 2
=
2
2
By nodal equation, nodal
Induced emf e =
d = B hdr =
8. [B,C]
5. [B,D] Equivalent circuit
( Radius = a)
15
0 NIhdr
2r
dr
R +b
Nh
= 0
log
I max sin t
2
d
e = total
dt
JULY 2010
Students' Forum
Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
PHYSICS
A particle of mass m moves along a horizontal circle

of radius R such that normal acceleration of particle
varies with time as an = Kt2 , where K is a constant.
Calculate
(i) tangential force on particle at time t,
(ii) total force on particle at time t,
(iii) Power developed by total force at time t, and
(iv) average power developed by total force over
first t second.
Sol. Since, the particle is moving along a circle,
therefore, its normal acceleration is centripetal
acceleration i.e. v2/R, where v is velocity of particle
at time t.
v2
= Kt2
or
v = t. KR
R
(1)
Due to centripetal acceleration, particle follows a
circular path but due to it velocity its magnitude
does not change. Velocity magnitude increases due
to tangential acceleration alone.
d
Tangential acceleration,
at =
. v = KR
dt
1.
Tangential force,
Normal force,
Resultant force on particle,
2.
Ft = mat = m KR
Ans. (i)
Fn = man = mKt2
F=
=m
Sol. Let the particle be displaced slightly through x along

a line normal to plane of the figure. Then each
spring is further elongated. Since, springs are
identical, therefore, increase in tension of each
spring will be the same. Let this increase be dE0.
l
l
C
A
C
(F0 + dF0)
(F0 + dF0)
P
First considering forces exerted by spring AP and
CP only as shown in Figure.
Restoring force produced by these two springs = (F0
+ dF0) 2 sin
x
Since x is very small, therefore, sin
l
Neglecting product of very small quantities,
restoring force produced by these two springs
Ans. (ii)
Since, power developed by force F is given by
P = F v , therefore, power developed by normal

force Fn is always zero because its direction is
always perpendicular to the instantaneous direction
of motion of the particle. Hence, power is developed
by tangential force alone. Figure
Ft
Ans.(iii)
i.e.
P = Ft v = mkRt
Since, resultant force equals (mass acceleration),
therefore, resultant force is used to accelerate the
P
m
+ K 4t )
Fn
Figure Shows a particle of mass m = 100 gm,

attached with four identical springs, each of length
l = 10 cm. Initial tension in each spring is
F0 = 25 newton. Neglecting gravity, calculate period
of small oscillations of the particle along a line
perpendicular to the plane of the figure
B
Ft2 + Fn2
K (R
body. It means that velocity of the body increases

due to resultant force. Hence power developed by
resultant force is used to increase kinetic energy of
the body.
Average
power
developed
by
resultant
force = Average rate of increase of KE
Initial kinetic energy (at t = 0), E0 = 0
1
1
Kinetic energy at time t, E = mv2 = mKRt2
2
2
(2)
E E0
1
Average power =
= mKRt`
Ans. (iv)
t
2
16
JULY 2010
T = 2
2 0
Sol.
r +y
r2 + y2
r +a
or,
V=
Put
2 0
ydy
r 2 + y2
b
(A)
C B A a
c
b
(B)
1 q1 q 2 q 3
+
+
4 0 a
b
c
q1 q 2 q 3
+ =0
+
b
c
a
Ans.
or q1 = 3C
Now, charges on different surface will be as shown
in Figure(B) to calculate energy stored in the
system, it can be as considered in three parts :
(i) a spherical capacitor having radii a and b and
having charge |q1| 3C.
V=
(r 2 + y 2 ) = P
(+4C)
(1C)
(+1C)
(3C)
(+3C)
q1 a
2
ydy
.
2
4 0
r + y2
a2
q
=
2 0 2r
4 0 r
C
B
A
q3
q2
dV
1 a2
r 1 +
2
2 r
Three concentric, conducting spherical shells A,B

and C have radii a = 10 cm, b = 20 cm and c = 30
cm respectively. The innermost shell A is earthed
and charges q2 = 4C and q3 = 3 C are given to
shells B and C respectively. Calculate charge q1
induced on shell A and energy stored in the system.
Sol. System of three concentric shells is as shown in
Figure(A) Since, Shell A is earthed, therefore its
potential is zero. But its potential is
y =0
1/ 2
4.
Again, each ring as we go from centre to rim,

produces different contributions. Since the distance
of each ring from P changes as y increases from 0 to
a, hence, total potential produced by the whole ring,
a
2
r + a 2 r
2 0
[Q a2 = A and A = q]
i.e., the result is the same as if all the charge is
concentrated at the centre of the ring.
r2 + y2
a
2
r + y2
0
0
a 2
= r 1 +
r
V=
r2 + y2
2
r + a 2 r
2 0
As a special case, if r >> a
Find the electric potential, at any point on the axis of

a uniformly charged circular disc, whose surface
charge density is , radius, a.
Let us consider a small elemental thin ring of width
dy.
Area of the ring = 2y dy
Charge on this elemental ring = (2y dy)
Again, we can consider that this ring is divided into
a large number of small elements. Each such
element e is at the same distance from P. Hence,
potential produced by this ring of width dy at the
point P is given by dV, where
1 2ydy
dV =
4 0 r 2 + y 2
pdp
p
dp = p =
ydy
V =
ml
ml
=
= 0.02 sec
4F0
F0
Ans.
3.
4F
2F x
Resultant restoring force, F = 2 0 = 0 .x
l
l
Restoring acceleration is directly proportional to
displacement x, therefore, the particle executes
SHM,
displacement
Its period
T = 2
acceleration
or
r2 + y2 = p2
2ydy = 2pdp
ydy
or
x
l
Similarly, restoring force produced by two
remaining springs BP and DP will also be equal to
2F0 x
= 2F0
17
JULY 2010
Its capacitance, C1 =
4 0 ab
(b a )
C1
+
5.
Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law on left mesh, of

Figure (B)
q1
q q2
+ 1
E=0
(1)
C1
C2
For middle mesh,
q2
q
q q2
+ 2 1
=0
C3
C2
C2
Ans.
+
E
C2
C3
C1
+E
C2
(2)
From equation (1) and (2), q1 = 50 C and

q2 = 20 C
Now consider the circuit when switch S is closed
and steady state is reached. The circuit will be as
shown in Figure (C)
In the circuit shown in Figure emf of each battery is

E = 20 volts and capacitance is C1 = 5 F, C2 = 3 F
and C3 = 6 F. Calculate charge on capacitor C3
when switch S is closed and steady state is reached.
Calculate also, heat generated in the circuit.
C1
+
E
(q + q 2 + q 3 ) 2
q12
(q + q 2 ) 2
+ 1
+ 1
2C1
2C 2
2C 3
= 0.45 joule
C1
+
(B)
(iii) an isolated sphere of radius c and having charge

(q3 + q2 + q1) = 4C
Energy stored in the system
=
+
+
C2 (q1 q2) C2 q2
+
E
(ii) a spherical capacitor having radii b and c and

having charge (q2 + q1) = 1 C.
4 0 bc
Its capacitance. C2 =
(c b)
C3
+
+
E
C3
C1
+q
C1
q+
+
C2 q
+
C2 q
+E
Sol.
When Switch S is closed and steady state is

reached, the circuit becomes symmetric about the
dotted line shown in Figure(A).
C1
+
E
C2
C3
C2
(C)
Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law on left mesh of

Figure(C)
q
q
+
E=0
or
q = 37.5 C.
C1
C2
C1
+E
After shorting of switch S, increase in charge on

capacitor C1 of
Left mesh,
q1 = (q q1) = 12.5 C
That for capacitor C2 of left mesh,
q2 = q (q1 q2) = 7.5 C
That for capacitor C3 , q3 = 0 q2 = 20C
That for capacitor C2 of right mesh,
q4 = (q q2) = 17.5 C
That for capacitor C1 or right mesh,
q5 = q 0 = 37.5 C
Since, heat generated in the circuit is given by
(A)
Right part of the circuit is exactly mirror image of

the left part. Hence, charges on both plates of
capacitor C3 should be identical. But charges on
plates of a capacitor are always opposite to each
other. It means one of the plates is always positively
charged and the other is negatively charged. Both
these conditions can be satisfied only if charge on
capacitor C3 is zero.
To calculate heat generated in the circuit initial and
final charges on all the capacitors must be known.
First analyse the circuit when switch S was open
Charges on capacitors will be as shown in
Figure (B)
( q ) 2
2C
H=
H=
(q 3 ) 2
(q1 ) 2
(q 2 ) 2
+
+
2C1
2C 2
2C 3
+
= 250 106 joule
18
(q 5 ) 2
( q 4 ) 2
+
2C 2
2C1
Ans.
JULY 2010
P HYSICS F UNDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE
Capacitor-1
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Capacitance :
Whenever charge is given to a conductor of any
shape its potential increases. The more the charge (Q)
given to the conductor the more is its potential (V)
i.e.
QV
(b) directly on the dielectric constant K of the

medium between the conductors.
(c) inversely on the distance of separation between
the conductor.
Principle of a condenser :
Consider a conducting plate A which is given a
charge Q such that its potential rises to V. Then
C = Q/V
Let us place another identical conducting plate B
parallel to it such that charge is induced on plate B
(as shown in figure).
A
Q = CV
where C is constant of proportionality called
capacitance of the conductor C = Q/V, C = Q
SI unit of capacitance is farad (F) and 1 F = 1
coulomb/volt (1CV1)
Energy stored in a charged capacitor :
Q2
1
1
CV02 =
= QV0
2C
2
2
W=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Capacitance of an isolated sphere :

Let a conducting sphere of radius a acquire a
potential V when a charge Q is given to it. The
potential acquired by the sphere is
V=
Charge sharing Between two charged conductors :

C2
V1
V2
q1 = C1V1
q2 = C2V2
q1 = C1V
q2 = C2V
(Initially)
V=
(Finally)
C =
C1V1 + C 2 V2
C1 + C 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Q
Q
=
V
V + V+ V
C > C
Further, if B is earthed from the outer side
(see figure) then Vn = V V as the entire positive
charge flows to the earth. So
(V1 V2)2
Capacitor or Condenser :
An arrangement which has capability of collecting
(and storing) charge and whose capacitance can be
varied is called a capacitor (or condenser)
The capacitance of a capacitor depends.
(a) directly on the size of the conductors of the
capacitor.
Since V < V (as the induced negative charge lies

closer to the plate A in comparison to induced
positive charge).
There is always a loss in energy during the sharing

process as some energy gets converted to heat.
1 C C
Loss = U = 1 2
2 C1 + C 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
C2
C1
If V is the potential at A due to induced negative

charge on B and V+ is the potential at A due to
induced positive charge on B, then
A
B
Q
Q
C=
= 40a
V
4 0 a
C1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
C" =
Q
V
Q
Cn >> C
V V
So, if an identical earthed conductor is placed in the

viscinty of a charged conductor then the capacitance
of the charged conductor increases appreciably. This
is the principle of a parallel plate capacitor.
19
JULY 2010
Parallel Plate Capacitor :

B
A+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A = Area of plate +
d = Separation +
between the +
+
plates
+
+
Special Case II :
When the space between the parallel plate capacitor
is partly filled by a conducting slab of thickness
t(<d).
It no conducting slab is introduced between the
exists in a space d. If C0
plates, then a field E0 =
0
be the capacitance (without the introduction of
A
conducting slab), then C0 = 0
d
B
E=
k 0
It consists of two metallic plates A and B each of area

A at separation d. Plate A is positively charged and
plate B is earthed. If K is the dielectric constant of
the material medium and E is the field that exists
between the two plates, then
E=
K 0
E= 0
V
q
Q E = and =
d
A
t E0
d
On inserting the slab, field inside it is zero and so a
field E0 =
now exists in a space (d t)
0
q
V
=
d
K 0 A
C=
K 0 A
q
=
V
d
V = E0(d t)
If medium between the plates is air or vacuum, then

K=1
C0 =
0A
d
Special Case I :
When the space between the parallel plate capacitor
is partly filled with a dielectric of thickness t(<d)
If no slab is introduced between the plates of the
, exists in
capacitor, then a field E0 given by E0 =
0
a space d.
E=
V=
(d t)
0
V=
q
(d t)
A 0
C=
A
q
= 0
V
dt
C=
C=
E0
K
0A
t
d 1
dt
C0
t
1
d
Since d t < d
+
C > C0
i.e. Capacitance increases on insertion of conducting
slab between the plates of capacitor.
t
d
Charge induced on a dielectric :

qp
+qp
E0
K
exists inside the slab of thickness t and a field E0
exists in remaining space (d t). If V is total
potential then
V = E0(d t) + Et
On inserting the slab of thickness t, a field E =
C=
q
=
V
+q
0A
1
d t 1
K
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
E0
Ep
E = E0 Ep
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Resultant dielectric field within the plates is

E = E0 Ep
20
JULY 2010
E=
1
( p)
0
Also E =
Case II : When battery is connected to A, then C1

and C2 are in series.
...(1)
K 0
...(2)
Compare (1) and (2), we get
1
( p) =
K 0
0
1
p = 1
K
qp
A
1
q
1
A K
1
1
1
+
=
C
C1
C2
1
ba
1
1
=
+
C
ab 4 0 K
4 0 Kb
1
1
ba
+ 1
=
4 0 Kb a
C
1
1
b
=

C
4 0 Kb a
C = 40Ka
Case III : When battery connected to A and B is
earthed. Then C2 can be omitted as it will not receive
any charge.
So,
C = C1
qp = q 1
K
Spherical capacitor :
B
b
C1 a
ab
C = 40K
ba
C2
Case IV : When battery connected to B and A is

open circuited (or made non conducted) then C1 can
be omitted (as it is open circuited). So,
let C1 be the capacitance in between the two

conductors and C2 be capacitance out side both.
To find C1 :
Imagine the outer surface of B to be earthed. Then q
is the charge induced on the inner surface of B.
If V is the potential difference between the two
surfaces, then
V=
q
1 1

4 0 K a b
C=
q
ab
= 40K
V
ba
b
a
qq
l
...(1)
To find C,
Imagine A to be made open circuited (i.e. made non
conducting), then
E=
C2 = 40Kb
...(2)
Case I : When battery is connected to B and A is
earthed. Then C1 and C2 are in parallel
C = C1 + C2
for a < r < b

2 0 r
dV
=
dr
2 0 Kr
outer
surface
ab
C = 40K
+ 40Kb
ba
dV =
2 0 K
inner
surface
r =b
r =a
dr
r
Vinner surface Vouter surface =
b2
C = 40K
ba
C = 40Kb
Cylindrical capacitor :
Let inner cylinder be given a charge per unit length
q
of = . A charge q is induced on length l at
l
inner surface of outer cylinder
q
q
+
4 0 Ka
4 0 Kb
V=
C = C2
b
loge
2 0 K
a
Since, inner surface is at higher potential and outer at

lower potential, so
21
JULY 2010
1
C'V'2
2
(b) If a dielectric slab (dielectric constant k) is
introduced between two plates then
Energy U' =
b
a
+q
V' = V, C' = kC, q' = kq, E' =
E
; U' = KU
k
(p.d.) will not change)

Gaussian surface
Vouter surface Vinner surface =
b
loge
2 0 K
a
Vinner surface Vouter surface =
q
b
loge
2 0 lK
a
C=
C=
Solved Examples
1.
A capacitor of 20 F and charged to 500 volt is

connected in parallel with another capacitor of 10 F
charged to 200 volt. Find the common potential.
Sol. Charge on one capacitor q1 = C1V1
q1 = 20 106 500 = 0.01 coulomb
Charge on second capacitor
q2 = 10 106 200 = 0.002 coulomb
The charge on the two capacitors
q = q1 + q2 = 0.01 + 0.002 = 0.003 coulomb
Total capacity C = C1 + C2
= 20 106 + 10 106
= 30 106 Farad.
Common potential = q/C
0.012
=
= 400 Volt.
30 10 6
2 0 lK
q
=
Vinner surface Vouter surface
b
log e
a
2 0 lK
b
log e
a
1
1
CV2 =
QV
2
2
1 Q2
1
and energy stored per unit volume = 0E2
=
2 C
2
(A) Energy stored in a capacitor E =
Note: The energy is stored in a capacitor is in the

form of electric field between the plates.
A battery of 10V is connected to a capacitor of

capacity of 0.1 F. The battery is now removed and
this capacitor is connected to a second uncharged
capacitor. If the charge distributes equally on these
two capacitors, find the total energy stored in the two
capacitors. Further, compare this energy with the
initial energy stored in the first capacitor.
Sol. The initial energy stored in the first capacitor.
1
U0 = CV2
2
1
= 0.1 (10)2 = 5.0 J
2
When this capacitor is connected to the second
uncharged capacitor, the charge distributes equally.
This shows that the capacitance of the second
capacitor is also C. The voltage across each capacitor
will be V/2. If U be the energy stored in the two
capacitors, then
2.
(B) A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery and

then the capacitor disconnected from the battery
(a) If the distance between plates of the capacitor is
increased then the new parameter of the capacitors as
compared to the previous parameters is
q' = q; C' =
E' =
0A
q'
, V' =
,
d'
C'
V'
1
(charge will not change) Energy = C'V'2
d'
2
If a dielectric slab (dielectric constant k) is

introduced between the plates then
V
E
, E' =
k
k
(charge will not change)
q' = q, C' = kC, V' =
U'(Energy) =
U
k
U=
(C) A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery.

(a) If the distance between plates of the capacitor is
Increased (with the battery connected) then the new
parameters of the capacitors as compared to the
previous parameters is
V' = V, C' =
1
CV2 = 2.5 J
4
2.5
U
1
=
=
5.0
U0
2
0A
V'
, q' = C'V', E' =
,
d'
d
1 V
1 V
C + C
2 2
2 2
22
JULY 2010
Two isolated metallic solid spheres of radii R and 2R

are charged such that both of these have same charge
density . The spheres are located far away from
each other, and connected by a thin conducting wire.
Find the new charge density on the bigger sphere.
Sol. Charge on smaller sphere
Q1 = 4R2 .
Charge on bigger sphere
Q2 = 4(2R)2 = 16R2
Total charge Q = Q1 + Q2 = 20R2
...(1)
Capacitances of two spherical conductors are
C1 = 40R and C2 = 40(2R)
Total capacitance
C = C1 + C2 = 120R
...(2)
After connection, the common potential V is given by
(b) Initial energy stored

1
U0 = C1V02
2
1
= (8 106) (120)2
2
= 5.76 102 Joule
Final energy stored
1
1
U = C1V2 + C2V2
2
2
1
1
= (8 106)(80)2 + (4 106)(80)2
2
2
= 3.84 102 joule
Final energy is less than the initial energy. The loss
of energy appears as heat in connecting wires.
3.
V=
Calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate

condenser, with plate area A and distance between
plates d, when filled with a dielectric whose dielectric
constant varies as
d
(x) = 0 + x
0<x<
2
d
<x<d
(x) = 0 + (d x)
2
For what value of would the capacity of the
condenser be twice that when it is without any
dielectric.
Sol. The capacitance in series is given by
1
1
1
=
+
C
C1
C2
5.
Q
5R
20R 2
=
=
C
12 0 R
3 0
New charge on bigger sphere

Q2 = C2V
= 40R(2R) (5R/30) =
40R 2
3
Surface density
40R 2
3
Q2
= 5 .
2 =
=
2
6
surface area
4 ( 2 R )
4.
A 8 F capacitor C1 is charged to V0 = 120 volt. The

charging battery is then removed and the capacitor is
connected in parallel to an uncharged 4 F capacitor
C2 (a) what is the potential difference V across the
combination ? (b) What is the stored energy before
and after the switch S is thrown ?
S
V0
C1
d/2
dx
+
0 + x
dx
d / 2 0 + (d x )
1
[{log(0 + x)} d0 / 2 {log(0 + (d x) dd / 2 ]
A

1
d
d
log 0 + log 0 log 0 log 0 +

A
2
2
C2
Sol. (a) Let q0 be the charge on C1 initially. Then

q0 = C1 V0
when C1 is connected to C2 in parallel, the charge q0
is distributed between C1 and C2. Let q1 and q2 be the
charges on C1 and C2 respectively. Now let V be the
potential difference across each condenser.
Now
q 0 = q1 + q2
or
C1V0 = C1V + C2V
C1
8F
V=
V0 =
(120 V)
C1 + C 2
8F + 4F
2
d
log 0 + log 0
A
2
+ d / 2
2
log 0
A
0
The capacitance C of a condenser without dielectric

is given by
A 0
C=
d
According to the question, C = 2C
+ d / 2
2
d
=
log 0
A 0
2
0
0A
= 80 volt.
1
1
=
C
A
23
+ d / 2
4 0
log 0
d
0
JULY 2010
24
JULY 2010
P HYSICS F UNDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE
Friction
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Friction :
Whenever there is a relative motion between two
surfaces in contact with each other, an opposing force
comes into play which forbids the relative motion of
two bodies. This opposing force is called the force of
friction.
Ex. : If a book on a table slides from left to right
along the surface of a table, a frictional force directed
from right to left acts on the book.
Frictional force may also exist between the surfaces
when there is no relative motion. Frictional forces
arise due to molecular interactions.
Static and Kinetic Friction :
The frictional force between two surface before the
relative motion actually starts is called static
frictional force or static friction, While the
frictional force between two surfaces in contact and
in relative motion is called kinetic frictional force or
kinetic friction.
Static friction is a self adjusting force and it adjusts
both in magnitude and direction automatically. Its
magnitude is always equal to external effective
applied force, tending to cause the relative motion
and its direction is always opposite to that of external
applied force.
So, when a body is not in motion or equilibrium, then
Force of static Friction = Applied External Force
Limiting friction, coefficients of friction and angle of
friction :
Consider a block resting on a rough horizontal
surface. The forces acting on the block are its weight
mg downwards and normal reaction N acting upward.
Such that N = mg.
R
force), which prevents the motion of the block. Let

r
r
r
the resultant of N and F be R which makes an
r
r
angle with normal reaction N . Resolving R along
r
r
N and F , we get
R cos = N and R sin = f
For equilibrium N = mg and f = Fapp
If we increase the pull Fapp continuously, the force of
friction increases and a stage comes when the body is
just on the state of moving. This state is called
limiting equilibrium. Under this condition the
frictional force is maximum and is equal to applied
force.
Limiting Friction :
The maximum value of static frictional force exerted
between two surfaces in contact parallel to surfaces
for a given normal force between when the body is
on the verge of motion them is called limiting
friction.
Angles of Friction :
Angle of friction () is the angle which the resultant
of force of static friction (f) and normal (N) makes
with the normal reaction
The Coefficient of Friction () :
It is defined as the ratio of limiting friction F to the
normal reaction N between two surface in contact,
i.e.,
= F/N
...(3)
from figure, tan = F/N
...(4)
Equation (3) and (4)
= tan
Static and Kinetic Regions :
If a graph is plotted between applied force and
frictional force, the graph is obtained. In figure AC is
limiting or (maximum) static friction and BD is
kinetic friction. Obviously, kinetic friction is less
than static friction.
If relative motion is absent and is at the verge of start
= s, the coefficient of static friction but if relative
motion is present = k, the coefficient of kinetic
friction.
The coefficient of friction depends on the
(a) strength of molecular interaction between the
surfaces in contact,
(b) roughness of the two surface in contact.
Whenever we are dealing with problem involving
friction we can follow the following analysis flow
chart.
M
P(<f)
)
f
mg
Now suppose a force Fapp is applied to the block to

the right, then there will arise a frictional force f
directed to the left (opposite to direction of applied
25
JULY 2010
Read the problem Carefully

Find the value of applied
force Fapp and limiting force
of Static Friction (fs)
If Fapp < fs then body does not
move and the force of friction
f = Fapp
if Fapp > fs
then body moves
EITHER
with Constant Velocity
If Fapp = fs the body is on the

verge of motion (still in
equilibrium)
OR
with an Acceleration a
Fapp fk = 0
or Fapp = fk
On a Level
Track
Applied Pull = fk
Fapp fk = ma
On an inclined
Plane
fk = mg sin
On a Level
Track
On an inclined
Plane
Fapp kmg = ma
or Fapp = m(a + kg)
Fapp kmg cos = ma

or Fapp = m(a + kg cos)
perpendicular to inclined plane, then for equilibrium,

we get
N = mg cos and fs = mg sin
Laws of static and kinetic friction :

(a) The force of limiting friction is directly
proportional to normal reaction for the same two
surfaces in contact and acts opposite to direction
of pull.
The kinetic friction is also proportional to
normal reaction and acts opposite to direction of
instantaneous relative motion. The kinetic
friction is less than the static friction.
(b) The force of limiting (or static) friction is
independent of area of contact of bodies as long
as normal reaction remains the same.
The kinetic friction (to a good approximation) is
independent of velocity, provided the velocity is
neither too large nor too small.
Angle of repose ()
This is concerned with an inclined plane on which a
block rests, exerting its weight on the plane.
The angle of repose is the angle which an inclined
plane makes with the horizontal such that a body
placed on it is on the verge of motion (is just about to
loose the state of rest).
Under this condition the forces acting on the block are:
(a) its weight mg, downward,
(b) normal reaction N, normal to plane,
(c) a force of friction fs, parallel and tangential to
plane upward.
Taking as angle of inclination of the plane with the
horizontal and resolving mg, parallel and
tan =
fs
N
N
fs
mg sin
Tendency
to slide
mg mg cos
Frictional force on a bicycle in motion :

(a) When a wheel is rotated about its axle without
sliding, the frictional force acting on it is the
rolling friction and it acts opposite to the direction
of tendency of motion of a points of its contacts
with the ground. In case the wheel rotates
clockwise and frictional force (f) on wheel is
forward. In case the wheel rotates anticlockwise,
the frictional force (f) on wheel is backward.
(b) When the bicycle is pedalled, the force exerted on
the rear wheel through the pedal-chain-axle
system is in backward direction, therefore force of
friction on rear wheel is forward. The front wheel
of cycle moves by itself in forward direction,
hence the force of friction of front-wheel is in
backward direction.
26
JULY 2010
(c) When the bicycle is not pedalled, no external

force is being exerted, both wheels move forward
by itself due to inertia and so the net frictional
force on both wheels is in backward direction.
4
3
a1 = g (sin + cos ) = 10 +
5
5
The acceleration while descending

4
3
a2 = g(sin cos ) = 10
5
5
Now, s = distance of ascend = distance of descend.
As final velocity is zero, we have
0 = u a1t1 or
u = a1t1
1
1
Now s = a1t12 a1t12 = a1t12
2
2
1
s = a1t12 = a2t22 and t2 = 2t1
2
4
3
2

2
a 2 t1
5
1
5
=
= or
4
3
2
a1 t 2
+
5
5
Solving we get
= (9/20)
3 9 4
Again a1 = 10 + = 9.6 m/sec2
5 20 5
Solved Examples
1.
A block of mass 5 kg is placed on a slope which

makes an angle of 20 with the horizontal and is
given a velocity of 10 m/sec up the slope. Assuming
that the coefficient of sliding friction between the
block and the slope is 0.20, find how far the block
travels up the slope ? Take g = 10 m/sec2.
Sol. This situation is shown in fig.
u = 10 m/s
R
mg sin 20
x
mg mg cos 20
(10) 2
u2
=
= 5.21 meter
2 9.6
2a 1
So total distance = 2s = 10.42 metre
20
The component of the weight perpendicular to plane
= mg cos 20 = 5 10 0.9397 = 46.98 N
The component of the weight parallel to the plane
= mg sin 20 = 5 10 0.3420 = 17.10 N
From figure R = mg cos 20 = 46.98 N
Here the coefficient of kinetic friction = 0.2
Thus the frictional force X = 0.2 46.98 = 9.39 N
The frictional force will be downward because the
motion is in the upward direction.
The resultant force parallel to the plane is given by
= X + mg sin 20 = 9.39 + 17.10 = 26.49 N
From Newton's law F = ma, i.e., 26.49 = 5 a
26.49
a=
= 5.29 m/s2 downward
5
When the block is given a velocity 10 m/s in the
upward direction we have
u = 10 m/s, v = 0, a = 5.9 m/s2.
(Taking the direction up the plane as positive)
Let s be the distance traveled by the block.
Using the formula v2 = u2 + 2a s, we have
0 = (10)2 2 5.29 s
100
= 9.45 m.
or s =
2 5.29
s=
A block weighing 20 nt is at rest on a horizontal

table. The coefficient of static friction between block
and table is 0.50. (a) What is the magnitude of the
horizontal force that will just start the block moving ?
(b) What is the magnitude of a force acting upward
60 from the horizontal that will just start the block
moving ? (c) If the force acts down at 60 from the
horizontal how large can it be without causing the
block to move ?
Sol. (a) As shown in fig. the horizontal force F that will
just start the block moving is equal to the maximum
force of static friction. Thus,
R
3.
W
F = R = W = 0.50 20 nt. = 10.0 nt.
(b) The forces acting on the block are shown in fig.
R F sin F
A block is projected up with 10 m/s along a fixed

inclined plane of inclination 37 with the horizontal.
If the time of ascend from the point of projection is
half the time of descend to the same point, find the
distance travelled by the block during the up and
down journey.
Sol. Let , t1 and t2 be the coefficient of friction between
the plane and the block, time of ascend and time of
descend respectively.
The retardation while going up
2.
Fcos
W
The applied force is inclined at an angle in the
upward direction. Its horizontal and vertical
27
JULY 2010
components are F cos and F sin respectively. In

equilibrium.
F cos = R and F sin + R = W
or R = (W F sin )
F cos = (W F sin ) = W F sin
F (cos + sin ) = W
W
or F =
cos + sin
From free body diagram of mass m1, we have

N1 m1g = 0 and f1 = m1a
It should be noticed that the force f1 accelerates m1 to
the right. Just before slipping occurs, we find
f1
ma
a
= S or S = 1 =
N1
m1g
g
{M k (m1 + m 2 )}
(M + m1 + m 2 )
Solving eq. (5) for M, we have
( + k (m1 + m 2 )
M= S
1 S
S =
Here = 0.50, W = 20 nt. and = 60

0.50 20
10
F=
=
cos 60 +0.5 sin 60 0.50 + 0.5 0.866
= 10.72 nt.
(c) In this case,
R
Fcos
R
or M =
5.
F sin
W
F cos = R and R = W + F sin
Solving we get,
W
0.50 20
=
F=
cos sin
0.50 0.5 0.866
= 149.2 nt.
(0.4 + 0.2)(2kg + 4kg)

= 6 kg.
(1 0.4)
In fig.(a) the blocks A, B and C weight are 3kg, 4kg

and 8kg respectively. The coefficient of sliding
friction between any two surfaces is 0.25. A is held at
rest by a massless rigid rod fixed to the wall, while B
and C are connected by a light flexible cord passing
around a fixed frictionless pulley. Find the force P
necessary to drag C along the horizontal surface to
the left at a constant speed. Assume that the
arrangement shown in the diagram, B on C and A on
B is maintained all the throughout.
A
Two blocks, m1 = 2kg and m2 = 4kg, are connected

with a light string that runs over a frictionless peg to
a hanging block with a mass M as shown in fig. (a).
The coefficient of sliding friction between block m2
and the horizontal surface at the speeds involved is
k = 0.2. The coefficient of static friction between the
two blocks is S = 0.4. What is the maximum mass M
for the hanging block if the block m1 is not to slip on
block m2 while m2 is sliding over the surface ?
Sol. The relevant free body diagrams are shown in fig.(b)
Using two body system, we have
N
T
N1
+
ms = 0.4
m1
m2
T
f1 f
k = 0.2
a
m1g
(m1+m2)g
Mg
M
(a)
(b)
N (m1 + m2)g = 0
...(1)
T F = (m1 + m2)a
...(2)
For hanging block
Mg T = Ma
...(3)
From eqs. (2) and (3),
Mg f = (M + m1 + m2)a
But f = kN = k(m1 + m2)g [Q using eq. (1)]
Mg k(m1 + m2)g = (m + m1 + m2)a
{M k (m1 + m 2 )}g
...(4)
or a =
(M + m1 + m 2 )
4.
....(5)
B
C
Sol. When block C moves towards left, B moves towards

right, while A is fixed. There would be a tension T in
the string. Under this condition, let us consider the
frictional forces between different surfaces.
Frictional force between A and B
= R = 0.25 3
Frictional force between C and B
= R = 0.25 (3 + 4) = 0.25 7
Frictional force between C and surface
= 0.25(3 + 4 + 8) = 0.25 15
Considering fig. (b)
0.25(3 + 4)
0.25 3
B
0.25(3 + 4)
TP
0.25 15
Fig (b)
Tension in the string = Frictional forces at upper and
lower surfaces of block B
or
T = 0.25 3 + 0.25 7 = 2.5 kg wt.
For block C,
P = T + Frictional force between C and B + Frictional
force between C and surface
= 2.5 + 0.25 (3 + 4) + 0.25 (15) = 8 kg wt.
= 8 9.8 = 78.4 newton
28
JULY 2010
KEY CONCEPT
REACTION
MECHANISM
Organic
Chemistry
Fundamentals
Elimination reactions :
The elimination reactions are reverse of addition
reactions. In these reactions two atoms or group
attached to the adjacent carbon atoms of the substrate
molecule are eliminated to form a multiple bond. In
these reactions a atom or group from -carbon atom
and a proton from the -carbon are eliminated.
X
HX
C=C
CC
C C + OEt
Slow
CC
Br
1,1-Dichloro-2,2,2trifluoroethane
Carbanion
1,1-Dichloro-2,2difluoroethane
In the above case the carbanion is strongly stabilized

due to I effect of halogens. Also F is a poor leaving
group.
A distinction between the E2 and E1cB mechanism
can be made by tracer experiments. Thus, the
reaction of 1-bromo-2-phenylethane (this substrate
was selected as Ph group is expected to increase the
acidity of -hydrogen and also to stabilize the
carbanion) with C2H5OD gives back the starting 1bromo-2-phenylethane. If the carbanion mechanism
had operated, the deuterium would have been found
in the recovered 1-bromo-2-phenylethane, which is
not the case.
C6H5CH2CH2Br + C2H5O
RCH = CH2 + BH + X
The above reaction is a one step process and passes
through a transition state. This reaction is also known
as 1, 2-elimination or simply -elimination. In these
reactions, the two groups to be eliminated (i.e., H and
X) are trans to each other and hence E2 reactions are
generally trans elimination.
The second-order elimination reaction may also
proceed in two steps (as in E1 elimination which will
be discussed subsequently). In this mechanism, the
base removes the hydrogen in the first step to form an
intermediate carbanion. In the second step, the
intermediate carbanion looses the leaving group. The
second step is slow and is rate determining step.
C = C + Br (Second step)
The rate of this reaction is dependent on the

carbanion (conjugate base of the substrate). So this
mechanism is called ElcB mechanism (Elimination,
Unimolecular from conjugate base).
E1cB mechanism is not common for the E2 reactions.
The carbanion mechanism occurs only where the
carbanion from the substrate is stabilized and where
the leaving group is a poor leaving group. A typical
example, which follows E1cB mechanism is the
formation of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene from
1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane in presence of
sodium ethoxide.
C2H5ONa
Cl2C CF3 F Cl2C = CF2

CHCl2 CF3
R CH CH2
X
Transition state
(First step)
Br
Br
H
In eliminations reactions, the presence of one
hydrogen on the -carbon atom is necessary. In
general the elimination reactions are divided into two
types, i.e., bimolecular elimination reactions (E2) and
unimolecular elimination reactions (E1).
Bimolecular elimination reactions (E2) :
In these elimination reactions, the rate of elimination
depends on the concentration of the substrate and the
nucleophile and the reaction is of second order. It is
represented as E2. Like SN2 reaction, the E2 reaction
is also one step process. In these reactions abstraction
of proton from the -carbon atom and the expulsion
of an atom or group from the -carbon atom occur
simultaneously. The mechanism of this reaction is
represented as follows:
+
B H
B: H
R CH CH2
CC
Fast
1-Bromo-2-phenylethane
C6H5CHCH2Br + C2H5OH
C6H5CHCH2Br + C2H5OD
C6H5CHCH2Br + OC2H5
In case the above reaction is allowed to go to

completion, the product obtained will be
29
JULY 2010
EtO
H
Fast
PhCH CH2Br
C2H5OD
dehydrohalogenation. The orientation of the reaction

is determined by Hafmann and Saytzeff Rule.
Hofmann Rule : This rule is applicable for those
substrates in which -carbon atom is attached to a
positively charged atom. According to this rule, in
the elimination reaction of positively charged species,
the major product will be the alkene which is least
substituted.
CH3 OH
Ph CH CH2Br
D
Ph CH CH2Br
OEt
PhCD = CH2 + Br
PhCD CH2Br
Styrene
The styrene obtained does not contain any deuterium
(contrary to what has been shown in the above E1cB
mechanism). So in the above reaction E2 mechanism
operates.
The E2 mechanism is supported by the following
evidences.
(i) During elimination, there is no rearranged product
obtained. This is due to the fact that E2 is a single
step process and does not involve the formation of
intermediate carbocation (the carbocations are known
to undergo rearrangement).
(ii) The E2 mechanism finds support from isotope
labeling experiments. Dehydrohalogenation of
unlabelled 1-bromopropane is seven times faster than
the dehydrohalogenation of CH3CD2CH2Br.
CH3CH2NCH2CH2CH3
E2
CH2 = CH2 + CH3CH2CH2N(CH3)2
CH3
+
CH3CH2S(CH3)2
C2H5O
CH3CH2 CH CH3
CH3CH = CHCH3 + CH3CH2CH = CH2

2-Butene(80%)
CH3
CH3CD = CH2
1-Butene (20%)
C2H5O
CH3CH2 C CH3
Br
2-Bromo-2-methylbutane
CH3
CH3
CH3CH = C CH3 + CH3CH2C = CH2

2-methyl-2-butene
(71%)
2-methyl-1-butene
(29%)
The formation of highly substituted alkene can be

explained as follows.
The transition states of less substituted and more
substituted alkenes from an alkyl halide are
represented as shown below:
H
Br
OR
RO
CH3CH2CH CH2
CH3 CHCH2CH3 HBr
Br
2-Bromobutane
T.S. of less substituted alkene
CH2 = CHCH2CH3 + CH3CH=CHCH3
CH3CH CHCH3
Br
T.S. of more substituted alkene
Both the transition states have partial double bond

character. However, the transition state leading to
more stable alkene is more stabilized and is of lower
energy. Thus, the more stable alkene is formed as the
major product.
2-Butene
In a similar way, decomposition of sec-butyltrimethylammonium hydroxide may give a mixture

of two alkenes. The question arises as to which
alkene will be obtained in major amount in the above
alk.KOH
2-Bromobutane
D
In E2 mechanism a hydrogen (from CH3CH2CH2Br)
or a deuterium (from CH3CD2CH2Br) has to be
abstracted. It is known that the C D bond is
stronger than the C H bond and requires more
energy to be broken. Therefore, rate of elimination in
CH3CD2CH2Br should be slower. In fact, it has been
found that in the unlabelled alkyl halides the
elimination rate is seven times more than in labelled
alkyl halides.
Unsymmetrical substrate which has hydrogen
attached to two different -carbons can affored two
alkenes.
For
example,
2-bromobutane
on
dehydrohalogenation may give 1-butene or 2-butene.
1-Butene
CH2 = CH2 + S(CH3)2
Saytzeff Rule : In case of unsymmetrical alkyl

halides, for example in 2-bromobutane, the course of
elimination is determined by Saytzeff Rule.
According to this rule, hydrogen is eliminated
preferentially from the carbon atom which has less
number of hydrogen atoms and so the highly
substituted alkene is the major product.
Br
E2
CH3CH2CH2Br
CH3CH = CH2
Br
CH3CD CH2
Heating
30
JULY 2010
reaction the E1 reaction is also a two step process.

The first step is the slow ionization of alkyl halide to
give the carbocation. The second step involves the
fast abstraction of a proton from the adjacent
-carbon atom giving rise to the formation of an
alkene.
E
less substitued alkene
more substitued alkene
predominant product
RX + base
CH3
CH3 C X
CH3
Slow
Carbocation
Reaction progress
Energy diagram for a typical E2 reaction, showing
why the more substituted alkene predominates
CH3
CH3
H
B
CH2 = CH2 + (CH3)2N(CH2)2CH3
Another possibility is :
CH3
CH3CH2 N CH2 C CH3

CH3
Route b
2-Bromobutane
2-Methyl-2-butene (major)
CH3
(CH3)2NCH2CH3 + CH3CH = CH2
+ CH3 CH CH == CH2
3-Methyl-1-butene (minor)
The acid catalysed dehydration of alcohols also

follows E1 mechanism.
(CH3)3COH
H 3C C
H2O
(CH3)3C
CH3
CH3 C == CH2
CH2 H
2-Methylpropene
In the E1 mechanism the rate of reaction is

determined by the rate of formation of carbocation,
which in turn depends on the stability of carbocation.
Due to the formation of carbocation, these may
undergo
rearrangements.
This
has
been
experimentally confirmed.
Br
CH3CH2CH=CH2 + CH3CH=CHCH3
(27%)
(CH3)3CCHCH3
Unimolecular elimination reactions (E1) :
In these reactions the rate of elimination is dependent

only on the concentration of the substrate and is
independent of the concentration of the nucleophile
and the reaction is of first order, (E1). Like SN1
(CH3)3COH2
CH3
t-BuO
(73%)
H2SO4
t-Butyl alcohol
In elimination reactions steric effect also plays an

important role. Thus, dehydrohalogenation of alkyl
halide using the bulky base leads to the formation of
terminal alkene as the major product.
CH3CH2CHCH3
2-Bromo-3-methylbutane
In the above reaction the strong electron-withdrawing

group makes the hydrogens of the -carbons more
acidic for facile abstraction by the base. In this
compound, with alternate -hydrogens (marked
and ), the " hydrogen are less acidic due to +I
effect of the adjacent methyl group. Hence hydrogen is relatively more acidic and is removed to
give the alkene (ethene) by route a.
Br
2-Methylpropene
In case the substrate is such that more than one

alkenes can be formed, that alkene will predominate
which has larger number of alkyl groups on the
double bonded carbon (this is as per Saytzeffs rule.
This can be visualised since the substituted alkyl
groups will stabilise the alkene by hyperconjugation.
CH3
CH3 Br
HBr
CH3 C == C CH3
CH3 C C CH3
CH3
Route a
CH3C = CH2 + BH
CH3
Carbocation
H C CH2 N CH2CH2CH3
:B Fast
CH3
CH2 H
C
Hofmann rule can be understood by considering the

mechanism of elimination reaction of quaternary
ammonium hydroxide.
CH3 +
CH3 C + X
CH3
C2H5OH
CH3
(CH3)3CCH = CH2 + CH.3C = CCH3
CH3
31
JULY 2010
KEY CONCEPT
Physical
Chemistry
Fundamentals
ENERGETICS
Thermodynamics deals with the transfer of heat

between a chemical system and its surroundings
when a reaction or phase change takes place within
the
system.
The
entire
formulation
of
thermodynamics is based on two fundamental laws
which have been established on the basis of
experimental on the basis of experimental behaviour
of macroscopic aggregates of matter, collected over a
long period of time.
Since
First Law of thermodynamics
The internal energy of a system can be changed by
transferring heat to/from the system from/to the
surroundings. It can also be changed by doing the
mechanical work on/by the system by/on the
surroundings. These facts are represented in the form
of the first law of thermodynamics as
dU = dq + dw
or
U = q + w
Since heat given to the system and work done on the
system raise the internal energy of the system, these
two operations are assigned positive values. The
converse of the two operations, viz., heat given out
and work done by the system are assigned negative
values.
The expression of work done by/on a gaseous system
is given by
dw = pext dV
Where pext is the external pressure against which the
volume gaseous system is changed by an amount dV.
For a constant external pressure, we have
w = nRT ln (V2/V1)
where V1 and V2 are the initial and final volumes of
the gaseous system.
If pext differs from the pressure of the gas by
infinitesimal amount, the work is said to be carried
out under reversible condition. In this case, the
expression of work under constant temperature
condition is given by
w = nRT ln (V2/V1) '
Note that for V2 > V1, there occurs an expansion of
the gas. The work is done by the system on the
surroundings and it carries a negative sign.
For V1 > V2, there occurs compression of the gaseous
system. The work is done by the surroundings on the
system and it carries a positive sign.
Internal energy and enthalpy
From the first law of thermodynamics, it can be
shown that the heat transferred at constant volume
changes the internal energy of the system, whereas

that at constant pressure changes the enthalpy of the
system .
U = nCv,m (T2 T1) ; and H = nCp, m (T2 T1)
where Cv,m and Cp,m are the molar heat capacities at
constant volume and constant pressure, respectively.
In the laboratory, the majority of chemical reactions
are carried out under the condition of constant
pressure, and thus the heat transferred in such a
system is equal to the enthalpy change in a chemical
reaction. Since the enthalpy of a system can also
change due to the variation in temperature and
pressure, it is, therefore essential that the reactants
and products in a chemical reaction must have the
same temperature and pressure.
Enthalpy change of a chemical equation
The enthalpy change of thermochemical equation is
H =
v j H m, j
( products)
v i H m ,i
( reac tan ts )
where Hm,i refers to the molar enthalpy of species i in

the balanced chemical equation and vi the
corresponding stoichiometric coefficient. The unit of
H are kJ mol1 .
Two types of reactions may be distinguished.
(a) Exothermic reactions For these H is negative,
which implies negative qp and hence release of heat
when reactants are converted into products. In this
case
H(products) < H(reactants)
(b) Endothermic reactions For these H is is positive,
which implies positive qp and hence absorption of
heat when reactants are converted into products. In
this case
H(products) > H(reactants)
Molar enthalpies of formations
It is not possible to determine the absolute value of
enthalpy of a substance. However, based on the
following convention, the relative values of standard
molar enthalpies of formation (the term standard
indicates of pressure of 1 bar) other substances can be
determined.
The enthalpy of formation of every element in its
stable states of aggregation at 1 bar and 25C is
assigned a zero value.
For example, fH (graphite) = 0 fH (Br2, 1) = 0
fH (S, rhombic) = 0 fH (H2, g) = 0 and so on.]
32
JULY 2010
33
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34
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35
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36
JULY 2010
.
H2O(g)
H2O(1 ) 373
15 K
The enthalpy change of a chemical equation can be

computed by using the expression
rH =
f H i0
( products)
H
f
vapH = 40.6 kJ mol1

Enthalpy of sublimation : I2(s) I2(g)
subH = 63.4 kJ mol1
Enthalpy of transition : C(graphite) C(diamond)
trsH = 1.90 kJ mol1
Enthalpy of neutralization : H+(aq)+OH(aq)H2O(l)
neutH = 57.3 kJ mol1
Enthalpy of ionization : HCN(aq) H+(aq)+CN(aq)
ionizH = 45.17 kJ mol1
Relation between H and U of a chemical equation
Since, H = U + pV, we have
H = U + (pV) = U + (vg) RT
where vg is the change in the stoichiometric number
of gaseous molecules in converting reactants to
products and is given as
0
i
( reactors)
Hess's law of constant heat summation

Since the molar enthalpies of formation of reactants
and products involved in a chemical equation have
definite values, the enthalpy change of (or heat
involved in) the chemical equation will have a
definite value, irrespective of the fact whether the
reaction is carried out in one step or more than one
step. This fact is known as Hess's law of constant
heat summation. For example,
(i) C(graphite) + O2((g) CO2(g)
H1 = 393.51 kJ mol1
1
(ii) C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g)
2
H2 = 110.52 kJ mol1
1
CO(g) +
O2(g) CO2(g)
2
H3 = 282.99 kJ mol1
Obviously, H1 = H2 + H3
Types of reactions and corresponding enthalpy changes
The enthalpy change in a reaction is suitable named
according to the type of reaction in question. Two
types of reaction are specifically defined as follows.
Enthalpy of formation: the enthalpy of combustion
of a given substance is defined as the enthalpy
change when 1 mole of a given substance is formed,
starting from the elements in their stable states of
aggregation. A few examples are
1
H2(g) +
O2(g) H2O(1)
2
fH(H2O, 1) = 285.77 kJ mol1
11
12C(graphite) + 11H2(g) +
O2(g) C12H22O11(s)
2
fH(C12H22O11,s) = 2218 kJ mol1
Enthalpy of Combustion: The enthalpy of
combustion of a given substance is defined as the
enthalpy change when one mole of this substance
combines with requisite amount of oxygen to form
products in their stable states of aggregation. A few
examples are
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
cH(CH4, g) = 74.85 kJ mol 1
C12H22O11(s) + 12O2(g) 12CO2(g) + 11H2O(l)
cH(C12H22O11, s) = 5644 kJ mol1
Similarly, one can mane the enthalpy change based
on the type of reaction. A few examples are
.
H2O(l)
Enthalpy of fusion: H2O(s) 273
15 K
vg =
v g ,i
( reac tan ts )
rFor a reaction involving condensed phases

H ~ U
Bond Enthalpies: Bond enthalpy of a given bond is
defined as the average enthalpies required to
dissociate the said bond present in different gaseous
compounds into free atoms in the gaseous phase. The
bond enthalpy may be distinguished from bond
dissociation enthalpy which is enthalpy required to
dissociate a given bond of some specific molecule. It
is possible to construct a table listing the average
bond enthalpies of different types of bonds and with
the help of this, one can estimate the enthalpy change
of a chemical equation involving gaseous species.
For example, for a reaction
H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)
we can write H = + (HH) + (ClCl) 2(HCl)
Second Law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics identifies a state
function, called the entropy, which provides a
criterion for identifying reversible or irreversible
nature of the given process undergone by a system.
The entropy of the universe (system + surroundings)
increases for irreversible processes whereas it
remains constant for reversible processes.
The entropy function has been identified with the
disorderliness of the systemlarger the disorderliness,
larger the entropy of the system. Foe example, for a
substance in three states of matter we have
S(gaseous state) > > S(liquid state) > (solid state)
Expression of Entropy Function
For a system which involves transferring
infinitesimal heat at constant temperature, the entropy
change of the system is given by
dq rev
dS =
T
fusH = 6 kJ mol1
Enthalpy of vaporization :
v g ,i
( products)
37
JULY 2010
here = Cp,m/Cv,m The symbols Cp,m and Cv,m represent

molar heat capacities at constant pressure and volume
conditions, respectively.
For a monatomic ideal gas:
Cv,m = (3/2)R; Cp,m = (5/2)R; and = 5/3
For a diatomic ideal gas:
Cv,m = (5/2)R; Cp,m = (7/2)R; and = 7/5
For finite heat transferred at constant temperature, we

have
q
S = rev
T
For example, for a pure substance we have
vap H
H
and fusS = fus
vapS =
Tb
Tm
where the subscripts vap and fus represent
vaporization and fusion, respectively.
Gibbs Function
Gibbs function (or energy) or simply free energy is
defined as
G = H TS
For a process occurring at constant T and P, the
change in Gibbs function is given by
G = H T S
For a process to be spontaneous, the value of G is
negative. For a nonspontaneous reaction, G is
positive. For a reaction at equilibrium, G = 0 and
temperature at which the system occurs at
equilibrium is given by
Teq = H/S
Pressure-Volume Work
An ideal gas can undergo expansion of compression
under isothermal or adiabatic conditions. The
expansion ant compression may be carried out under
reversible or irreversible conditions. We give below
the expressions of p-V work under different
conditions.
Isothermal pV Work
In this case, temperature of the system remains
constant, ie. T = 0
For irreversible condition: w = Pext (V2 V1)
For reversible condition: w = nRT In (V2/V1)
Adiabatic pV Work
In this case, heat can neither enter to or leave from
the system, i.e. q = 0. From first law of
thermodynamics, it follows that
U = w
where U is given by
U = Cv(T2 T1)
For a gas undergoing adiabatic irreversible volume
change, the expression of work is given by
w = Pext (V2 V1)
For an ideal gas undergoing adiabatic reversible
expansion/compression, we also have
pV = constant
pT(1) = constant
and
TV1 = constant
CHEMISTRY JOKES
If you didn't get the joke, you probably didn't
understand the science behind it. If this is the case,
it's a chance for you to learn a little chemistry.
Chemistry Joke 1:
Outside his buckyball home, one molecule overheard
another molecule saying, "I'm positive that a free
electron once stripped me of an electron after he
lepton me. You gotta keep your ion them."
Chemistry Joke 2:
A chemistry professor couldn't resist interjecting a
little philosophy into a class lecture. He interrupted
his discussion on balancing chemical equations,
saying, "Remember, if you're not part of the solution,
you're part of the precipitate!"
Chemistry Joke 3:
One day on the Tonight Show, Jay Leno showed a
classified add that read: "Do you have mole
problems? If so, call Avogadro at 602-1023."
Chemistry Joke 4:
A student comes into his lab class right at the end of
the hour. Fearing he'll get an "F", he asks a fellow
student what she's been doing. "We've been
observing water under the microscope. We're
suppose to write up what we see." The page of her
notebook is filled with little figures resembling circles
and ellipses with hair on them. The panic-stricken
student hears the bell go off, opens his notebook and
writes, "During this laboratory, I examined water
under the microscope and I saw twice as many H's as
O's."
38
JULY 2010
UNDERSTANDING
U n d e r s t a n d i n g
Organic Chemistry
1.
An organic compound (A), C10H15N, undergoes

carbylamine reaction but no diazotization. It reacts
with HNO2 giving off N2 and a compound (B),
C10H14O. (B) reacts with Lucas reagent immediately,
but no colour in Victor meyer's test. (B) on heating
with conc. H2SO4 eliminates water to give (C),
C10H12, which decolourises Br2/CCl4 and cold dilute
neutral KMnO4 solution. (C) on ozonolysis gives (D),
C7H6O and (E), C3H6O. Compound (E) on heating
with I2 and NaOH produced yellow precipitate and
sodium acetate. Compound (D) reacts with conc.
NaOH to give (F) and (G). Compound (G) on heating
with sodalime gives benzene. Compound (F) gives a
red colour with ceric ammonium nitrate, and on
oxidation and heating the product with sodalime
produced benzene. What are (A) to (G) ?
H
CCH
OH
(A)
HNO2
N2;H2O
C10H14O
Conc. H2SO4
(B)
(B)
(A)
Two isomeric compounds (A) and (B) have the

molecular formula C7H9N. (A) being soluble in
water, the solution being alkaline to litmus It does not
undergoes diazotization, but show carbylamine
reaction and mustard oil reaction, it reacts with acetyl
chloride and acetic anhydride. Its product with
benzene sulphonyl chloride dissolves in KOH. (B) on
the other hand, does not dissolve in water, but
undergoes diazotization. Its product with C6H5SO2Cl
dissolves in KOH. Its salt undergo hydrolysis in
aqueous solution showing an acidic test. What are
(A) and (B) ?
Sol. As both (A) and (B) give products with C6H5SO2Cl,
which are soluble in KOH, they contain NH2 group.
(B) can be diazotized so contains NH2 in the
nucleus. (A) cannot be diazotized, hence contains
NH2 in the side chain. The number of carbon and
hydrogen atoms also indicates aromatic character.
On the basis of above considerations we may show
that (A) is benzylamine and (B) o, m or p-toludine.
CH2NH2 NaNO2 + HCl
CH2OH
2.
(I) O3
Conc. NaOH
(C)
C7H6O + C3H6O
(II) H2/Pd
C7H6O
(F) + (G)
(D)
(E)
Sodalime
C6H6
(D)
[O]
C10H12
;H2O
Product
Sodalime
C6H6
I 2 + NaOH
C 3 H 6 O 2
CHI3 + CH3COONa
(E)
+ 3NaI + 3H2O
Since (C) decolourise Br2/CCl4 and KMnO4 colour,
hence it has C=C bond. Its ozonolysis gives (D)
and (E). Among these (D) undergoes Cannizaro's
reaction, while (E) gives iodoform test, hence (D) is
benzaldehyde and (E) acetone. Now joining (D) and
(E), the structure of (C) can be determined.
H
C=O + O =C
(D)
(E)
Benzylamine
(A)
CHCl3 + 3KOH
CH3 2[O]
CH3
H
C=C
(C)
CH2NC
CS2 + HgCl2
CH2NCS
C6H5SO2Cl
CH2NHSO2C6H5
HCl
CH3
KOH
CH3
H2O
CH2 NSO2C6H5
K
Soluble
Since (C) is produced from (B), which is a t-alcohol,

as it gives Lucas test immediately, hence (B) is.
CH3
As (B) is obtained by the action of HNO2 on (A),

hence (A) would be
H
CH3
CCH
CH3
NH2
Sol. The given data are :

C10H15N
CH3
C6H5CH2NH2 + HOH C6H5CH2N+H3OH
39
JULY 2010
CH3 NaNO2 + HCl

NH2
C6H4
(B)
C6H4
CH3
CH.CH3
N2Cl
(A)
C6H5SO2Cl
HCl
CH3
C6H4
KOH
NHSO2C6H5
Cl
[O]
H2O
NKSO2C6H5
68.32
6.4
Cl
25.26
Relative no.
of atoms
68.32
= 5.59
12
6.4
= 6.40
1
25.26
= 0.71
35.5
(C)
(C)
Simplest
ratio
5.59
=8
0.71
6.40
=9
0.71
0.71
=1
0.71
4.
Sol.
[O]
( B)
H 2O
(C)
(iii) (C) reacts with C6H5NHNH2 to give

C=O
C8H8=N.NHC6H5, hence (C) contains a
group.
(iv) (C) on heating with I2 + NaOH gives CHI3, hence
(C) contains COCH3 group. Thus (C) is
O
(C)
C=N.NH.C6H5
CH3
Yellow ppt
O
+ 3H2O +
COONa
An organic compound (A), C4H9Cl, on reacting with

aqueous KOH gives (B) and on reaction with
alcoholic KOH gives (C) which is also formed on
passing vapours of (B) over heated copper. The
compound (C) readily decolourises bromine water.
Ozonolysis of (C) gives two compounds (D) and (E).
Compound (D) reacts with NH2OH to gives (F) and
the compound (E) reacts with NaOH to give an
alcohol (G) and sodium salt (H) of an acid. (D) can
also be prepared from propyne on treatment with
water in presence of Hg++ and H2SO4. Identify (A) to
(H) with proper reasoning.
C4H9Cl
Alc. KOH
; KCl
(A)
(Alkyl halide)
Aq.KOH
; KCl
C4H8
(C)
(Alkene)
Cu
C4H9OH
; H2O
(B)
(Alcohol)
We know that p-alcohol on heating with Cu gives

aldehyde while s-alcohol under similar conditions
gives ketone. Thus, (B) is a t-alcohol because it, on
heating with Cu gives an alkene (C). Since a talcohol is obtained by the hydrolysis of a t-alkyl
halide, hence (A) is t-butyl chloride.
Cl
OH
|
|
(A) = CH 3 C CH 3 and (B) = CH 3 C CH 3
|
|
CH 3
CH 3
C CH3
(v) Oxidation of (B) gives (C), hence (B) is a

secondary alcohol, i.e.,
CH CH3
OH
(vi) (B) is obtained by the hydrolysis of (A), hence it
is :
CH.CH3
The alkene (C) on ozonolysis gives (D) and (E),

hence (C) is not symmetrical alkene. In these
compound (E) gives Cannizaro's reaction with
NaOH. So, (E) is an aldehyde which does not contain
H atom. Hence it is HCHO. Compound (D) can
also be prepared by the hydration of propyne in the
presence of acidic solution and Hg++.
Cl
1-Chloro-1-phenyl ethane
Now, different reactions are as follows :
COCH3
C CH3 + 3I2 + 4NaOH

CHI3 + 3NaI
C8 H 9 Cl C8 H 9 OH C8 H 8 O
(A)
CH3
H2O
Empirical formula = C8H9Cl

Empirical formula wt. = 140.5
Molecular weight = Emp. formula weight
Hence, Molecular formula = Empirical formula
= C8H9Cl
(ii) Given that
HOH
OH
(B)
C = O + H2 N . NH . C6H5
An organic compound (A) of molecular weight

140.5, has 68.32% C, 6.4% H and 25.26% Cl.
Hydrolysis of (A) with dilute acid gives compound
(B), C8H10O. (B) can be oxidised under milder
conditions to (C), C8H8O. (C) forms a phenyl
hydrazone (D) with C6H5NHNH2 and gives positive
iodoform test. What are (A) to (D) ?
Sol. (i) Calculation of empirical formula of (A)
3.
CHCH3
CH3
C6H4
Soluble
Element
HOH/H+
HCl
40
JULY 2010
A hydrocarbon (A) of the formula C8H10, on

ozonolysis gives compound (B), C4H6O2, only. The
compound (B) can also be obtained from the alkyl
bromide, (C) (C3H4Br) upon treatment with Mg in
dry ether, followed by treatment with CO2 and
acidification. Identify (A), (B) and (C) and also
equations for the reactions.
5.
++
CH3 C CH + H2O Hg
CH 3 C = CH 2
H+
|
OH
CH 3 C CH 3
||
O
( D)
Hence (D) is acetone and (E) is formaldehyde.

Therefore, alkene (C) is 2-methyl propene.
(CH3)2C=CH2
(D) reacts with hydroxyl amine (NH2OH) to form
oxime (F).
CH3
H2O CH3
C = O + H2 NOH
C = NOH
CH3
CH3
(D)
(ii ) H 2 O
If it was alkene its formula should be C8H16 (CnH2n),

and if it was alkyne it should have the formula C8H14;
it means it is neither a simple alkenen or simple
alkyne. However it is definite that the compound has
an unsaturated group, it appears that it is a
cyclosubstituted ethyne.
2H
H C C H
C3H5 C C C3H5
+ C 6 H10
the C3H5 corresponds to cyclopropyl () radical,

hence compund (A) is
CH2
CH2
CH CC CH
CH2
CH2
Reactions :
OH
Cl
|
|
CH 3 C CH 3
CH 3 C CH 3
Aq.KOH
|
|
; KCl
CH 3
CH 3
1,2-dicyclopropyl ethyne
The ozonolysis of above compound would give two

moles of cyclopropane carboxylic acid (C4H6O2).
CH2
CH2
(i) O3
CH CC CH
CH2
CH2
( B)
300 C
Cu
/
CH 3 C = CH 2 + H 2 O
H 2O
|
CH 3
(A)
( C)
CH2
Alc.KOH /
CH 3 C = CH 2
KCl; H 2 O
|
CH 3
CH2
CH2
(C)
CH3
(I) O3
CH3
CH2
CH3
C = O + H2NOH
(D)
CH3
CH3
CH C C CH
O
C = NOH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH Br
Mg
ether
CH2
CH2
(H)
+ H2O2
CH COOH
(B)
CH . MgBr
C=O
Cyclopropyl
magnesium bromide
CH2
Hg + +
CH3 C CH + H2O
CH3 C CH3
+
H
CH2
H2O
Warm
Compound (B) is prepared from cyclopropyl bromide

as follows :
2HCHO + NaOH CH 3OH + HCOONa

(G )
CH2
(F)
(E)
(A)
(D)
H2O
CH2
CH C C CH
(E)
(C)
CH3
C=O+HCH
(II) H2O/Zn CH3
or a C C bond.
C=C
should have either
OH
Cl
|
|
(B) = CH 3 C CH 3 and (A) = CH 3 C CH 3
|
|
CH 3
CH 3
CH3 C = CH2
( B)
Since compound (A) adds one mol of O3, hence it
(F)
(A)
(i ) O
A(C8H10) 3 C 4 H 6 O 2
Sol.
CH2
(D)
CH .COOMgBr
HOH
dil. HCl;
MgBrOH
CH2
CH2
CHCOOH
Addition compound
41
JULY 2010
`t{xt|vt V{txzx
Set
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in mathematics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Shailendra Maheshwari
So lu t ion s wi l l b e p ub lished in nex t issue
Joint Director Academics, Career Point, Kota
1.
2.
3.
Let y = f(x) be a curve satisfying

dy
y ln 2 = 2sin x (cos x 1). ln2, then
dx
(A) y is bounded when x
(B) f(x) = 2sin x + c . 2x, where c is an arbitrary
constant
(C) y = 2sinx, y is bounded when x
(D) f(x) = 2sinx does not have any solution if y is not
bounded.
In a right angled triangle the length of its hypotenuse
is four times the length of the perpendicular drawn
from its orthocentre on the hypotenuse. The acute
angles of the triangle can be

3
(A) ,
(B) ,
6 3
8 8

5
(D)
,
(C) ,
6 4
12 12
3, 2 3
(D) None of these
4.
If c1 is a fixed circle and c2 is a variable circle with

fixed radius. The common transverse tangents to c1
and c2 are perpendicular to each other. The locus of
the centre of variable circle is :
(A) circle
(B) ellipse
(C) hyperbola
(D) parabola
5.
The length of the latus rectum of the parabola

169 {(x 1)2 + (y 3)2} = (5x 12y + 17)2 is
14
56
28
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D) None
13
13
13
6.
Evaluate :
cos 5x + cos 4 x
dx
1 2 cos 3x
Find all the real values of a, for which the roots of the
equation x2 2x a2 + 1 = 0 lie between the roots of
equation
x2 2(a + 1) x + a(a 1) = 0
8.
Given the base of a triangle and the sum of its sides

prove that the locus of the centre of its incircle is an
ellipse.
9.
A bag contains 7 tickets marked with the number 0,

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. A ticket is drawn and
replaced. Then the chance that after 4 drawings the
sum of the numbers drawn is 8, is
10. A polynomial in x of degree greater than 3 leaves

remainders 2, 1 and 1 when divided by (x 1), (x + 2)
and (x + 1) respectively. What would be the remainder
if the polynomial is divided by (x2 1) (x + 2) ?
Let a, b R such that 0 < a < 1 and 0 < b < 1. The

values of a and b such that the complex number
z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi and z3 = 0 form an equilateral
triangle are
(A) 2 3 , 3
(B) 2 3 , 2 3
(C)
7.
42
William Bottke at Cornell University in the US

has calculated that at least 900 asteroids of a
kilometre or more across regularly sweep
across Earth's path.
The Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens

(1629 - 1695) drew Mars using an advanced
telescope of his own design. He recorded a
large, dark spot on Mars, probably Syrtis Major.
He noticed that the spot returned to the same
position at the same time the next day, and
calculated that Mars has a 24 hour period. (It is
actually 24 hours and 37 minutes)
Space debris travels through space at over

18,000 mph.
The nucleus of Comet Halley is approximately

16x8x8 kilometers. Contrary to prior
expectations, Halley's nucleus is very dark: its
albedo is only about 0.03 making it darker than
coal and one of the darkest objects in the solar
system.
JULY 2010
MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES
SOLUTION FOR JUNE ISSUE (SET # 2)
1.
2.
3.
1st box can be filled in 4 ways.

Next each box can be filled in 3 ways (except the ball
of colour in previous box).
Hence the required no. of ways = 4 35 = 972
Hence plane given by (3) is bisecting the acute angle

between given two planes also. Hence the conclusion
holds true.
5.
AA1 = I (AA1)T = IT
(A1)TAT = I (as A is symmetric)
(A1)T A = I
so by the definition of inverse A1 = (A1)T
Hence A1 is also symmetric.
Given |A| 0;
The normal to hyperbola at the point

P(a sec , b tan ) is
ax cos + by cot = a2 + b2
If it passes through (h, k) then
a h cos + b k cot = a2 + b2
I2 =
Let
f1(y) = x
f(x) = y
((f 1 ( y)) 2 a 2 ) dy
( x 2 a 2 ) f(x) dx
)
b
I2 = ( x 2 a 2 ) f ( x ) a
= (b2 a2) f(b)
...(1)
Hence
6.
z1z2 = 0 = e i ( 1 + 2 ) = 0
(cos (1 + 2) + i sin (1 + 2)) = 0
Hence cos(1 + 2) = sin(1 + 2) = 0
2x f(b) dx
2x f(x) dx
2 x f(x) dx
2x f(x) dx
2 x (f(b) f(x)) dx
I1
1
=
I2
2
1
=2
y
y+
y=1
1
x+
=
x
Planes are
x 2y 2z + 9 = 0 ....(1)
and
4x 3y + 12z + 13 = 0 ...(2)
The plane bisecting the angle b/w these planes
containing origin is
x 2 y 2z + 9
4 x 3y + 12z + 13
=+
3
13
i.e.
25x + 17y + 62z 78 = 0
...(3)
If be the angle between (1) & (3) then
61
cos =
4758
x2 +
5+2
1
x2
= ( 5 + 2) 2 =
x4 +
1
x4
x8 +
x16 +
=52
1
x8
1
=92
= 49 2
x16
47 + 1 + 1 = 49
1037
<1
61
f (a )
Using by parts
z2 +1
Let z = e = cos + i sin then put cos =
2z
z2 +1
in the equation (1).
and cot = i 2
z 1
4
2
ahz + 2(i bk (a + b2)) z3
+ 2(i bk + (a2 + b2))z ah = 0
z1, z2, z3, z4 are its four solutions so
tan =
I2 =
4.
f (b)
Let
43
JULY 2010
7.
Let the radius of S2 is r
Brief Description : zirconium is a grayish-white lustrous

metal. The finely divided metal can ignite spontaneously
in air, especially at elevated temperatures. The solid
metal is much more difficult to ignite. The inherent
toxicity of zirconium compounds is low. Hafnium is
invariably found in zirconium ores, and the separation is
difficult. Commercial grade zirconium contains from 1 to
3% hafnium. The hafnium is removed from the zirconium
used in the nuclear power industry.
6
6
2 r+r+6=
26
2 1
r =6
2 +1
= 6(3 2 2 )
Zirconium is found in S-type stars, and has been
identified in the sun and meteorites. Analyses of lunar
rock samples show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide
content as compared with terrestrial rocks. Some forms
of zircon (ZrSiO4) have excellent gemstone qualities.
= 18 12 2
8.
9.
S1 = 2 + 4 + 6 + .... + 120
60
=
(2 + 120)
2
= 30 122 = 3660
S2 = 7 + 14 + 21 + ..... + 119
17
=
(7 + 119)
2
= 17 63 = 1071
S3 = 14 + 28 + ..... + 102
8
= (14 + 112)
2
= 4 126 = 504
120 121
Ans. =
3660 1071 + 504
2
= 7260 4731 + 504
= 2529 + 504
= 3033
Table: basic information about and classifications of

zirconium.
Name
: Zirconium
Symbol
: Zr
Atomic number
: 40
Atomic weight
: 91.224 (2)
Standard state
: solid at 298 K
CAS Registry ID
: 7440-67-7
Group in periodic table
:4
Group name
: (none)
Period in periodic table
:5
Block in periodic table
: d-block
Colour
: silvery white
Classification
: Metallic
ISOLATION
Isolation : zirconium is available from commercial
sources so preparation in the laboratory is not normally
required. In industry, reduction of ores with carbon is
not a useful option as intractable carbides are produced.
As for titanium, the Kroll method is used for zirconium
and involves the action of chlorine and carbon upon
The
resultant
zirconium
baddeleyite
(ZrO2).
tetrachloride, ZrCl4, is separated from the iron
trichloride, FeCl3, by fractional distillation. Finally ZrCl4
is reduced to metallic zirconium by reduction with
magnesium, Mg. Air is excluded so as to prevent
contamination of the product with oxygen or nitrogen.
ZrO2 + 2Cl2 + 2C (900C) ZrCl4 + 2CO
ZrCl4 + 2Mg (1100C) 2MgCl2 + Zr
Excess magnesium and magnesium dichloride is removed
from the product by treatment with water and
hydrochloric acid to leave a zirconium "sponge". This
can be melted under helium by electrical heating.
Here F(x) is even function

so f(x) = F(x) = F(x)
f(x) = f(x)
g(x) = F(x) = f(x) = f(x)
h(x) = F(x) = F(x) = f(x)
Ans. (C)
10. f(x) + h(x) = f(x) f(x) = 0

g(x) h(x) = f(x) + f(x) = 0
F(x) + f(x) 0
f(x) g(x) = f(x) + f(x) 0
Ans. (B)
44
JULY 2010
Students' Forum
MATHS
Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
Let f(x) be a function which satisfy the equation

f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) for all x > 0, y > 0 such that
f (1) = 2. Find the area of region bounded by the
curves y = f(x), y = |x3 6x2 + 11x 6| and x = 0
Sol. Take x = y = 1
f(1) = 0
1
1
Now f x. = f(x) + f
x
x
1.
n cos a k
= cos x .
k 1
k =1 2
7
sq units
4
6 x 2 + 11x 6)dx +
B=
2
k =1
n
2
k =1
1
k 1
1
k 1
and
k 1
Let a variable chord from (1, 0) point to the circle

(x 2)2 + y2 = 1, makes a intercept of length 'l' on the
circle and length of perpendicular from centre of the
circle to chord is 'p'. find the range of '' such that
l2 + 3 p2 + 5 = 0.
Sol. We have OB2 = OD2 + BD2
B
D
A
p
e y / 2 dy
(1, 0)
l2
4 l2
p2 =
4
4
we have been given, l2 + 3p2 + 5 = 0
3 4 l 2
l2 +
+5=0
4 4
12 + 20
l2 =
3 4
clearly 0 l2 < 4
4( + 5 / 3)
<4
0
( 4 / 3)
1 = p2 +
cos(ak + x)
{cosak. cos x sin ak . sin x}
2 k 1
3.
Let a1, a2, ......, an be real constant, x be a real variable

1
1
and f(x) = cos(a1 + x) + cos(a2 + x) + cos(a3 + x)
2
4
1
+...... + n 1 cos(an + x). Given that f(x1) = f(x2) = 0,
2
prove that (x2 x1) = m for integer m.
Sol. f(x) may be written as,
n
cos a k
since f(x1) = f(x2) = 0

A cos x1 B sin x1 = 0
and A cos x2 B sin x2 = 0
A
tan x1 =
B
A
tan x2 =
B
tan x1 = tan x2
(x2 x1) = m
2.
f(x) =
sin a k
2
k =1
k =1
x
1
f = f(x) + f = f(x) f(y)
y
y
f (x + h) f (x)
f (x) = lim
h 0
h
h
f 1 + f (1)
1 x+h
x
= lim f
= lim
h 0 h h
h 0
h
.x
x
f (1)
2
=
=
x
x
f(x) = 2 log |x| + c c = 0
{when x = 1; as f(1) = 0}
f(x) = 2logx
Required area
(x
= A cos x B sin x, where A =
1
f = f(x)
x
n sin a k
sin x
k 1
k =1 2
( , 5/3)
45
[as can not be + ve]

JULY 2010
4.
Find all possible negative real values of 'a' such that

0
(9
2t
Sol. Here,
2.9 t ) dt 0
0
(9
a
a a
a+a

+
=0
2
2
2
2t
2.9 ) dt 0
0
92t
2.9 t

0
2 log 9 log 9
9 2 t + (49) t
0
a
aa
a+a

+
=0
2
i
2
sin2 + cos = 0
...(iii)
cos = sin2
Now, f(x) = x3 3x2 + 3(1 + cos )x + 5
f (x) = 3x2 6x + 3 (1 + cos )
Discriminate (D)
= 36 36(1 + cos ) = 36 cos
= 36 sin2 < 0
f(x) is increasing x R
92a 4.9a + 3 0
t2 4t + 3 0
where t = 9a and t (1, )
(t 1) (t 3) 0
t 1 or t 3
t 3 is possible as t > 1
1
9a 3 a
2
Let a0, a1, .... an 1 be real numbers where n 1 and
het f(x) = xn + an 1 xn 1 + ..... + a0 be such that :
|f(0)| = f(1) and each root of f(x) = 0 is real and lies
between 0 and 1. Prove that the product of the roots
1
does not exceed n .
2
Sol. Let, f(x) = (x 1) (x 2) ..... (x n)
where 1, 2 ........, n are the roots of f(x) = 0
since |f(0)| = f(1)
1 . 2 ...... n = (1 1) (1 2) ...... (1 n)
(1 . 2 ....... n)2
1(1 1) 2(1 2) ...... n(1 n)
( i)2 = II i(1 i) . {i = 1, 2, ..... n}
5.
+ (1 i )
Now, ( i)2 = i(1 i)
Regents Physics
You Should Know Electricity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2 2n
Since GM AM
1
( i) n
2
6.
9.
10.
If the equation az2 + z + 1 = 0 has a purely imaginary

root where a = cos + i sin , i =
1 . Then find
3
11.
the interval in which the function, f(x) = x 3x +
12.
3(1 + cos )x + 5 is increasing.

Sol. We have, az2 + z + 1 = 0
...(i)
az2 + z + 1 = 0 {Taking conjugate on both sides}
az 2 + z +1 =0
...(ii)
Eliminating z from eq. (i) and (ii) by cross
multiplication rule,
( a a)2 + 2(a + a ) = 0
13.
14.
46
A coulomb is charge, an amp is current

[coulomb/sec] and a volt is potential difference
[joule/coulomb].
Short fat cold wires make the best conductors.
Electrons and protons have equal amounts of
charge (1.6 x 10-19 coulombs each).
Adding a resistor in parallel decreases the total
resistance of a circuit.
Adding a resistor in series increases the total
resistance of a circuit.
All resistors in series have equal current (I).
All resistors in parallel have equal voltage (V).
If two charged spheres touch each other add
the charges and divide by two to find the final
charge on each sphere.
Insulators contain no free electrons.
Ionized gases conduct electric current using
positive ions, negative ions and electrons.
Electric fields all point in the direction of the
force on a positive test charge.
Electric fields between two parallel plates are
uniform in strength except at the edges.
Millikan determined the charge on a single
electron using his famous oil-drop experiment.
All charge changes result from the movement
of electrons not protons (an object becomes
positive by losing electrons)
JULY 2010
MATHS
3-DIMENSIONAL
GEOMETRY
Mathematics Fundamentals
Note: When m1, m2 are in opposite sign, then
division will be external.
Coordinates of the midpoint:
When division point is the mid-point of PQ, then
ration will be 1 : 1; hence coordinates of the midpoint of PQ are
Coordinates of a point :
Z
y
P (x,y,z)
x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 z1 + z 2
,
,
2
2
2
Coordinates of the general point :
The coordinates of any point lying on the line joining
points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) may be taken as
kx 2 + x1 ky 2 + y1 kz 2 + z1
,
,
k +1
k +1
k +1
N
Y
x-coordinate = perpendicular distance of P from

yz-plane
y-coordinate = perpendicular distance of P from
zx-plane
z-coordinate = perpendicular distance of P from
xy-plane
Coordinates of a point on the coordinate planes and axes:
yz-plane
:
x=0
zx-plane
:
y=0
xy-plane
:
z=0
x-axis
:
y = 0, z = 0
y-axis
:
y = 0, x = 0
z-axis
:
x = 0, y = 0
Distance between two points :
If P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) are two points, then
distance between them
PQ =
which divides PQ in the ratio k : 1. This is called

general point on the line PQ.
Division by coordinate planes :
The ratios in which the line segment PQ joining
P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) is divided by coordinate
planes are as follows :
(i) by yz-plane
:
x1/x2 ratio
(ii) by zx-plane
:
y1/y2 ratio
(iii) by xy-plane
:
z1/z2 ratio
Coordinates of the centroid :
(i) If (x1, y1, z1); (x2, y2, z2) and (x3, y3, z3) are
vertices of a triangle then coordinates of its centroid
are
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 z1 + z 2 + z 3
,
3
3
3
(ii) If (xr, yr, zr); r = 1, 2, 3, 4 are vertices of a

tetrahedron, then coordinates of its centroid are
( x1 x 2 ) 2 + ( y1 y 2 ) 2 + (z1 z 2 ) 2
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 y1 + y 2 + y 3 + y 4 z1 + z 2 + z 3 + z 4
,
,
4
4
4
Coordinates of division point :

Coordinates of the point dividing the line joining two
points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) in the ratio
m1 : m2 are
(i) in case of internal division
Direction cosines of a line [Dc's] :

The cosines of the angles made by a line with
positive direction of coordinate axes are called the
direction cosines of that line.
Let , , be the angles made by a line AB with
positive direction of coordinate axes then cos , cos
, cos are the direction cosines of AB which are
generally denoted by l, m, n. Hence
l = cos , m = cos , n = cos
m1x 2 + m 2 x1 m1y 2 + m 2 y1 m1z 2 + m 2 z1
,
,
m1 + m 2
m1 + m 2
m1 + m 2
(ii) in case of external division

m1 x 2 m 2 x 1 m1 y 2 m 2 y1 m1 z 2 m 2 z 1
,
,
m1 m 2
m 1 m 2
m1 m 2
47
JULY 2010
x-axis makes 0, 90 and 90

coordinate axes, so its direction
cos 90, cos 90 i.e. 1, 0, 0.
cosines of y-axis and z-axis are
respectively. Hence
dc's of x-axis = 1, 0, 0
dc's of y-axis = 0, 1, 0
dc's of z-axis = 0, 0, 1
Relation between dc's
angles with three

cosines are cos 0,
Similarly direction
0, 1, 0 and 0, 0, 1
Conditions of parallelism and perpendicularity of two

lines :
Case I. When dc's of two lines AB and CD, say l1,
m1,n1 and l 2, m2, n2 are known
AB || CD l 1 = l 2, m1 = m2, n1 = n2
AB CD l 1 l 2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0.
Case II. When dr's of two lines AB and CD, say : a1,
b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are known
a
b
c
AB || CD 1 = 1 = 1
a 2 b2 c2
l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
Direction ratios of a line [DR's] :
Three numbers which are proportional to the
direction cosines of a line are called the direction
ratios of that line. If a, b, c are such numbers which
are proportional to the direction cosines l, m, n of a
line then a, b, c are direction ratios of the line. Hence
a
l=
,
a 2 + b2 + c2
b
m=
a +b +c
,n=
AB CD a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0.

Area of a triangle :
Let A(x1, y1, z1); B(x2, y2, z2) and C(x3, y3, z3) are
vertices of a triangle. Then
dr's of AB = x2 x1, y2 y1, z2 z1
= a1, b1, c1 (say)
and
a +b +c
and
Direction cosines of a line joining two points :
Let (x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2); then

(i) dr's of PQ : (x2 x1), (y2 y1), (z2 z1)
x x y y z z
(ii)dc's of PQ : 2 1 , 2 1 , 2 1
PQ
PQ
PQ
i.e.,
x 2 x1
( x 2 x1 ) 2
y 2 y1
( x 2 x1 ) 2
Now
( x 2 x1 ) 2
sin = (l1m 2 l 2 m1 ) 2 + (m1n 2 m 2 n1 ) 2 + (n1l 2 n 2l1 ) 2

The value of sin can easily be obtained by the
following form :
l2
m1
m
+ 1
m2
m2
n1
n
+ 1
n2
n2
l1
l2
Case II. When dr's of the lines are given

If a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are dr's of given two lines,
then the angle between them is given by
a1a 2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2
cos =
2
a1 + b12 + c12 a 22 + b 22 + c 22
sin =
+ b12
+ c12
a 22
+ b 22
(b1c 2 b 2c1 ) 2
a12 a 22
Length of line segment PQ =

*
(a1b 2 a 2 b1 ) 2
a12
sin B =
a 22 + b 22 + c 22
(b1c 2 b 2c1 ) 2
AB.BC
1
Area of ABC =
AB. BC sin B
2
1
=
(b1c 2 b 2c1 ) 2
2
Projection of a line segment joining two points on a line :
Let PQ be a line segment where P (x1, y1, z1) and
Q (x2, y2, z2); and AB be a given line with dc's as l,
m, n. If P'Q' be the projection of PQ on AB, then
P'Q' = PQ cos
where is the angle between PQ and AB. On
replacing the value of cos in this, we shall get the
following value of P'Q'.
P'Q' = l (x2 x1) + m(y2 y1) + n (z2 z1)
Projection of PQ on x-axis : a = |x2 x1|
Projection of PQ on y-axis : b = |y2 y1|
Projection of PQ on z-axis : c = |z2 z1|
cos = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2
l1
BC =
z 2 z1
Angle between two lines :

Case I. When dc's of the lines are given
If l1, m1, and l2,m2 n2 are dc's of given two lines, then
the angle between them is given by
sin =
a12 + b12 + c12
dr's of BC = x3 x2, y3 y2, z3 z2

= a2, b2, c2(say)
c
2
AB =
If the given lines are

x
y
=
=
l
m
intersection is
+ c 22
48
a 2 + b2 + c2
x
y
z
=
=
and
l
m
n
z
, then condition for
n
JULY 2010
If the given lines are

x
y
=
=
l
m
intersections is
x
y
z
=
=
and
l
m
n
z
, then condition for
n
Note : If l 0, take a point on yz plane as (0, t1, z1)

and if m 0, take a point on xz-plane as (x1, 0, z1)
Skew lines : The straight lines which are not parallel
and non-coplanar i.e. non-intersecting are called
skew lines.
x y z
l
l
m
m
n
n
If =
=0
Plane containing the above two lines is

x
=0
and
Condition of coplanarity if both the lines are in general

form:
Let the lines be
ax + by + cz + d = 0 = ax + by + cz + d
and x + y + z + = 0 = x + y + z +
a b c d
a b c d
These are coplanar if
=0

0, the lines are skew.
x y z
=
=
. Then
l
m
n
(mn mn ) 2
Some results for plane and straight line:

(i) General equation of a plane :
ax + by + cz + d = 0
where a, b, c are dr's of a normal to this plane.
(ii) Equation of a straight line :
a x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0
General form : 1
a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z + d 2 = 0
(In fact it is the straight line which is the intersection

of two given planes)
a1l + b1m + c1n = 0; a2l + b2m + c2n = 0

From these equations, proportional values of l, m, n
can be found by cross-multiplication as
m
n
l
=
=
b1c 2 b 2 c1
c1a 2 c 2 a 1
a 1b 2 a 2 b1
Symmetric form :
x x1 y y1 z z1
=
=
a
b
c
where (x1, y1, z1) is a point on this line and a, b, c are

its dr's
(iii) Angle between two planes :
If be the angle between planes a1x + b1y c1z + d1 = 0

and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0, then
Point on the line : Note that as l, m, n cannot be

zero simultaneously, so at least one must be nonzero. Let a1b2 a2b1 0, then the line cannot be
parallel to xy-plane, so it intersect it. Let it intersect
xy-plane in (x1,y1, 0). Then
a1x1 + b1y1 + d1 = 0 and a2x1 + b2y1 + d2 = 0
Solving these, we get a point on the line. Then its
equation becomes
x x1
y y1
z0
=
=
b1c 2 b 2 c1
c1a 2 c 2 a 1
a 1b 2 a 2 b1
cos =
a1a 2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2

a12
+ b12 + c12 a 22 + b 22 + c 22
(In fact angle between two planes is the angle

between their normals.)
Further above two planes are
parallel
b1d 2 b 2 d1
d a d 2 a1
y 1 2
a 1b 2 a 2 b1
a 1b 2 a 2 b1
z0
=
=
b1c 2 b 2 c1
c1a 2 c 2 a 1
a 1b 2 a 2 b1
S.D. = ( )(mnmn ) + ( )(nl nl)(lmlm)
Reduction of non-symmetrical form to symmetrical form:

Let equation of the line in non-symmetrical form be'
a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0; a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0.
To find the equation of the line in symmetrical form,
we must know (i) its direction ratios (ii) coordinates
of any point on it.
Direction ratios : Let l, m, n be the direction ratios
of the line. Since the line lies in both the planes, it
must be perpendicular to normals of both planes. So
or
Shortest distance : Suppose the equation of the lines

x y
z
=
=
are
l
m
n
y z
a1 b1 c1
=
=
a 2 b 2 c2
perpendicular a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
49
JULY 2010
MATHS
PROGRESSION & MATHEMATICAL

INDUCTION
Mathematics Fundamentals
Five terms : a 2d, ad, a, a + d, a + 2d
................ ....... ....... ....... .......
(ii) When number of terms be even
Four terms: a 3d, a d, a + d, a + 3d
Six terms : a 5d, a 3d, a d, a + d, a+3d,
a + 5d
............... ........ ...... ...... ...... ......
Geometrical Progression (GP) :
A progression is called a GP if the ratio of its each
term to its previous term is always constant. This
constant ratio is called its common ratio and it is
generally denoted by r.
Standard form : Its standard form is
a + ar + ar2 +.........
General term : Tn = arn1
b c
a, b, c are in GP = b2 = ac
a b
Sum of n terms of a GP :
The sum of n terms of a GP a + ar + ar2 +....... is
given by
Arithmetic Progression (AP)

AP is a progression in which the difference between
any two consecutive terms is constant. This constant
difference is called common difference (c.d.) and
generally it is denoted by d.
Standard form: Its standard form is
a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) +..........
General term :
Tn = a + (n 1) d
If Tn = l then it should be noted that
la
la
(i) d =
(ii) n = 1 +
d
n 1
Note:
a , b, c are in AP 2b = a + c
Sum of n terms of an AP :
n
Sn = (a + l )
2
where l is last term (nth term). Replacing the value of
l, it takes the form
n
[2a + (n 1)d ]
2
Arithmetic Mean :
(i) If A be the AM between two numbers a and b,
1
then A = (a + b)
2
(ii) The AM of n numbers a1, a2,..............,an
Sn =
a (1 r n ) a lr
=
, when r < 1
1 r
Sn = 1n r
a (r 1) = lr a , when r > 1
r 1
r 1
when l = Tn.
Sum of an infinite GP :
1
=
(a1 + a2 +........+ an)
n
(iii) n AM's between two numbers
If A1, A2,....., An be n AM's between a and b then
a A1, A2,....., An, b is an AP of (n + 2) terms. Its common
difference d is given by
(i) When r > 1, then rn , so Sn Thus when

r > 1, the sum S of infinite GP =
(ii) When | r | < 1, then rn 0, so
S=
ba
n +1
so A1 = a + d, A2 = a + 2d,....., An = a + nd.
Sum of n AM's between a and b
(iii) When r = 1, then each term is a so S = .

Geometric Mean :
(i) If G be the GM between a and b then
Tn+2 = b = a + (n + 1)d d =
G =
An = n(A)
Assuming numbers in AP :
(i) When number of terms be odd
Three terms :
a d, a, a + d
a
1 r
ab
(ii) G.M. of n numbers a1, a2 ......, an = (a1a2a3 .....an)1/n

(iii) n GMs between two numbers
r = (b/a)1/n+1
50
JULY 2010
If number of terms in an AP/GP/HP is even the

AM/GM/HM of its two middle terms is equal to
the AM/GM/HM between the first and last term.
Product of n GM's between a and b

Product of GM's = (ab)n/2 = Gn
Assuming numbers in GP :
(i) When number of terms be odd
Three terms : a/r, a, ar
Five terms : a/r2, a/r, a, ar, ar2
............... .. ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
(ii) When number of terms be even
Four terms : a/r3, a/r, ar, ar3
Six terms : a/r5, a/r3, a/r, ar, ar3, ar5
Arithmetic-Geometric Progression :
If each term of a progression is the product of the
corresponding terms of an AP and a GP, then it is
called arithmetic-geometric progression (AGP). For
example:
a, (a + d)r, (a + 2d)r2 .......
Tn = [a + (n 1)d] rn1
a, b, c are in AP, GP and HP a = b = c

a, b, c are in AP and HP a, b,c are in GP.
a, b, c are in AP
1 1 1
, ,
are in AP. bc, ca, ab are in HP.
bc ca ab
a, b, c are in GP a2, b2, c2 are in GP.

a, b, c are in GP loga, logb, logc are in AP.
a, b, c are in GP logam logbm, logcm are in HP.
a, b, c d are in GP a + b, b + c, c + d are in GP.
a, b, c are in AP a, b, c are in GP ( R0)
Principle of Mathematical Induction :
It states that any statement P(n) is true for all positive

integral values of n if
Sn =
a
dr (1 r n 1 ) [a + (n 1)d ]r n
+
1 r
1 r
(1 r ) 2
(i) P(1) is true i.e., it is true for n = 1.
S =
a
dr
+
1 r (1 r ) 2
i.e., if the statement is true for n = m then it must also

be true for n = m + 1.
(ii) P(m) is true P(m + 1) is also true
|r|<1
Some Formula based on the Principle of Induction :
Harmonic Progression :
A progression is called a harmonic progression (HP)
if the reciprocals of its terms are in AP.
n (n + 1)
2
(Sum of first n natural numbers)
n = 1 + 2 + 3 +....... + n =
1
1
1
+.............
+
+
a a + d a + 2d
1
General term : Tn =
a + (n 1)d
Standard form :
a, b, c are in HP
(2n 1) = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n 1) = n2

(Sum of first n odd numbers)
2n = 2 + 4 + 6 + ...... + 2n = n(n + 1)
(Sum of first n even numbers)
2 1 1
2ac
= + b=
b a c
a+c
n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
6
(Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers)
n2 = 12 + 22 + 32 +.......+ n2 =
Harmonic Mean :
(i) If H be a HM between two numbers a and b, then
n 2 (n + 1) 2
4
(Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers)
Application in Solving Objective Question :
For solving objective question related to natural
numbers we find out the correct alternative by
negative examination of this principle. If the given
statement is P(n), then by putting n = 1, 2, 3, ..... in
P(n), we decide the correct answer.
We also use the above formulae established by this
principle to find the sum of n terms of a given series.
For this we first express Tn as a polynomial in n and
then for finding Sn, we put before each term of this
polynomial and then use above results of n, n2, n3
etc.
2 1 1
2ab
or
= +
H a b
a+b
(ii) To find n HM's between a and b we first find n
AM's between 1/a and 1/b, then their reciprocals will
be the required HM's.
Relations between AM, GM and HM :
G2 = AH
A > G > H, when a, b > 0.
If A and AM and GM respectively between two
positive numbers, then those numbers are
n3 = 13 + 23 + 33 +.......+ n3 =
H=
A + A2 G 2 , A A2 G 2
Some Important Results :

If number of terms in an AP/GP/HP is odd then
its mid term is the AM/GM/HM between the first
and last term.
51
JUNE 2010
Based on New Pattern
IIT-JEE 2011
XtraEdge Test Series # 3
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Physics : Calorimetry, K.T.G., Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Thermal expansion, Transverse wave, Sound
wave, Doppler's effect, Atomic Structure, Radioactivity, X-ray, Nuclear Physics, Matter Waves, Photoelectric Effect,
Practical Physics. Chemistry : Chemical Equilibrium, Acid Base, Ionic Equilibrium, Classification & Nomenclature,
Isomerism , Hydrogen Family, Boron Family & Carbon Family, S-block elements, Nitrogen Family, Oxygen Family,
Halogen Family & Noble Gas, Salt Analysis, Metallurgy, Co-ordination Compounds, Transitional Elements. Mathematics:
Point, Straight line, Circle, Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola, Vector, 3-D, Probability, Determinants, Matrices.
Instructions :
Section - I
Question 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +5 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
-2 mark for wrong answer.
Section - II
Question 7 to 12 are passage based single correct type questions. +3 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
Section - III
Question 13 to 14 are Column Match type questions 8 marks will be awarded for correct answer and 0 mark for wrong answer.
Section - IV
Question 15 to 19 are numerical response questions (with single digit Answer). 3 marks will be awarded for correct answer
and 0 mark for wrong answer.
PHYSICS
Questions 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions. Each
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. Mark your response in
OMR sheet against the question number of that
question. + 5 marks will be given for each correct
answer and 2 mark for each wrong answer.
1.
A B C
A B C
(b)
T
d
T2
e
T1
V
A B C
(A) Uab > Uac > Uad > Uac

(B) Uab = Uac > Uad > Uac
(C) Uab = Uac = Uad = Uac
(D) Uab < Uac < Uad < Uac
(c)
The above graphs shows conduction of heat through

materials A,B,C connected in series. Graph shows
variations of temperature with distnace x-axis. Which
of the above graph are not possible -
An ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent is is

expanded so that the amount of heat transferred to the
gas is equal to the decrease of its internal energy.
Molar heat capacity of the gas for this process is -
(a)
b
c
2.
R
1
(D) R/2
(B)
3.
The figure shows two isotherms at temperatures T1

and T2. A gas is taken from one isotherm to another
isotherm through different processes. Then change in
internal energy U has relation
P
R
1
(C) R
(A)
(A) a, b, c
(C) a, c
52
(B) a, b
(D) b, c
JULY 2010
4.
Figure shows a rectangular pulse and a triangular

pulse approaching each other along x-axis. The pulse
speed is 0.5 cm/s. What is the resultant displacement
of medium particles due to superposition of waves x
= 0.5 cm and t = 2 sec.
y (cm)
0.5 cm/s
0.5 cm/s
2
9.
1
2 1
(A) 3.5 cm
(C) 4 cm
5.
6.
Passage: II (Ques. 10 to 12)
x (cm)
2
1
3
(B) 2.5 cm
(D) 3 cm
Two
hydrogen
like
atoms
A
and
equal number of protons and neutrons. The energy
difference between the radiation corresponding to
first Balmer lines emitted A and B is 5.667 eV. When
the atoms A and B moving with the dame velocity,
strikes a heavy target they rebound back with the
same velocity. In this process the atom B imparts
twice the momentum to the target than the A imparts.
Choose the correct statement (s) related to the

photocurrent and the potential difference between the
plate and the collector (A) Photocurrent always increase with the increase in
potential difference
(B) when the potential difference is zero, the
photocurrent is also zero
(C) Photocurrent attain a saturation value of some
positive value of the potential difference
(D) None of these
10. Ionization energy of Atom B is (A) 27.2 eV

(B) 13.6 eV
(C) 10.2 eV
(D) 54.4 eV
11. Atomic number of atom A is (A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
Binding energy per nucleon of 1H2 and 2He4 are

1.1 MeV and 7.0 MeV respectively. Energy released
in the process 1H2 + 1H2 = 2He4 is (A) 20.8 MeV
(B) 16.6 MeV
(C) 25.2 MeV
(D) 23.6 MeV
12. Mass number of atom B & atom A

(A) 2, 4
(B) 4, 2
(C) 2, 1
(D) 4, 1
This section contains 2 paragraphs, each has 3 multiple

choice questions. (Questions 7 to 12) Each question has
4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE
is correct. Mark your response in OMR sheet against
the question number of that question. + 3 marks will be
given for each correct answer and 1 mark for each
wrong answer.
Passage : I (Ques. 7 to 9)
7.
(A)
(C)
8.
This section contains 2 questions (Questions 13, 14).

Each question contains statements given in two
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
(P, Q, R, S, T) in Column II. The answers to these
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
illustrated in the following example. If the correct
matches are A-P, A-S, A-T; B-Q, B-R; C-P, C-Q and DS, D-T then the correctly bubbled 4 5 matrix should
be as follows :
Two parallel plates in vacuum, separated by a small

distance which is small compared with their linear
dimensions, are at temperatures T1 & T2 respectively
(T1 > T2). The plates are black bodies. Another plate
(black body) at temperature T0 is a kept in between
the two plates.
Temperature of the plate kept i.e. T0 is T14
+ T24
2
= T04
T1T2 = T0
(B)
T14
T24
2
P Q R S T
A
B
C
D
= T04
(D) 2T14 T24 = T04
(C)
(T14 T24 )
2
(B)
(T14 T04 )
2
(D)
(T04 T24 )
2
P
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
T
T
T
T
Mark your response in OMR sheet against the question

number of that question in section-II. + 8 marks will be
given for complete correct answer (i.e. +2 marks for
each correct row) and NO NEGATIVE MARKING for
wrong answer.
Energy absorbed by the plate having temperature T0,

per sec per unit area is (A) (T14 T24)
If 'n' black Body plates are placed in between the two

plates having temperature T1 & T2, then the net rate
of emission of radiant energy by first plate is
(A) (T14 T24)

(B)
(T14 T24)
n
n +1
n
(T14 T24) (D)

(T14 T24)
(C)
n 1
n +1
53
JULY 2010
13. Match the Column-I with Column-II :

Column-I
Column-II
(A) An electron moves
(P) Total Energy
Potential Energy
in an orbit in a
=
2
Bohr atom
(B) As a satellite moves (Q) Kinetic Energy =
in a circular orbit
Magnitude of Energy
around total earth
(C) In Rutherford's
(R) Motion is under a
-scattering experiment central force
as an -particle moves
in the electric field of
a nucleus
(D) As an object, released (S) Mechanical energy
from some height above is conserved
ground, falls towards
earth, assuming negligible
air resistance
(T) None of these
14. Match the following :
Column-I`
Column-II
(A) Steady state
(P) A blackened platinum
wire, when gradually
heated appear first red
and then blue.
(B) Wein's displacement (Q) Radiated power is
law
proportional to fourth
power of absolute
temperature of body
(C) Stefan's law
(R) Energy absorbed
is equal to energy
emitted
(D) Black body
(S) Absorptive power of
body is unity
(T) None of these
This section contains 5 questions (Q.15 to 19).
+3 marks will be given for each correct answer and no
negative marking. The answer to each of the questions
is a SINGLE-DIGIT INTEGER, ranging from 0 to 9.
The appropriate bubbles below the respective question
numbers in the OMR has to be darkened. For example,
if the correct answers to question numbers X, Y, Z and
W (say) are 6, 0, 9 and 2, respectively, then the correct
darkening of bubbles will look like the following :
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Z
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
15. Four cylindrical rods of same material with length

and radius (l,r), (2l,r), (2l,2r) and (l,2r) are
connected between two reservoirs at 0C and 100C.
Find the ratio of the maximum to minimum rate of
conduction in them.
16. Using solar constant S = 20 kilo cal/mm m2 and
Joule's constant J = 4.2 J/cal, find the pressure
exerted by sunlight ? (Ans. in 106 N/m2)
17. The minimum intensity of audible sound is 1012
W/m2 sec and density of air is 1.3 kg/m3. If the
frequency of sound is 1000 Hz, find the amplitude
(Ans. in 1011 m) of vibration ? [Speed of
sound = 332 ms1]
18. The size of a nucleus is of the order of 14 m.
Calculate the velocity with which protons move
inside the nucleus. The mass of a proton
= 1.675 1027 kg. [Ans. in 107 ms1]
19. Find the change in frequency of red light whose
original frequency is 7.3 1014 Hz when it falls
through 22.5 m losing gravitational potential energy.
[Ans. in 103]
CHEMISTRY
1. The optically active tartaric acid is named as D(+)
tartaric acid because it has a positive (A) optical rotation and is derived from D-glucose
(B) pH in organic solvent
(C) optical rotation and is derived from D(+)
glyceraldehyde
(D) optical rotation only when substituted by
deuterium
2. Which of the following compounds is not coloured ?
(A) Na2[CuCl4]
(B) Na2[CdCl2]
(D) K3[Fe(CN)6]
(C) K4[Fe(CN)6]
3.
W
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
4.
54
The brown ring complex compound is formulated as

[Fe(H2O)5(NO)]SO4. The oxidation state of iron is (A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 2
(D) 3
The following equilibrium is established when HCl is
dissolved the acetic acid,
Cl + CH3COOH2+
HCl + CH3COOH
the set that characterises the conjugate acid-base pairs is(A) (HCl, CH3COOH) and (Cl, CH3COOH2+)
(B) (HCl, CH3COOH2+) and (CH3COOH, Cl)
(C) (CH3COOH2+) HCl) and (Cl, CH3COOH)
(D) (HCl, Cl) and (CH3COOH2+, CH3COOH)
JULY 2010
5.
6.
Pure ammonia is placed in a vessel at a temperature

where its dissociation constant() is appreciable. At
equilibrium (A) kp does not change significantly with pressure
(B) does not change with pressure
(C) concentration of NH3 does not change with
pressure
(D) concentration of hydrogen is less than that of
nitrogen
9.
The property of hydrides of p-block elements mostly

depend on
(i) Electronegatively difference between central atom
and hydrogen
(ii) Size of central atom
(iii) Number of valence electrons in central atom. some
undergo hydride in which central atom is less
electronegative, react with OH to given hydrogen
while acidic property of hydride in a period depends
on electronegativity of central atom i.e. more
electronegative is the atom, more acidic is hydride. In
a group, acidic property is proportional to size of
central atom.
Some electron deficient hydride behaves as lewis
acid while only one hydride of an element in p-plock
behaves as lewis base with lone pair of electrons.
Hydrides in which central atom's electronegativity to
close to hydrogen has no reaction with water.
The IUPAC has set guidelines for logical and

methodical naming of organic compounds. The
complex substituents are written in small brackets
and their numbering is done separately. The bivalent
radicals are named by adding 'idene' to the name of
alkyl group. In polyfunctional compounds all lower
priority groups are written in prefix. Now name the
following compounds.
10. The hydride which do not react with water is (A) NH3 (B) PH3
(C) B2H6
(D) AsH3
11. Which one undergoes spontaneous combustion with
exposure to air ?
(A) PH3 (B) P2H4 (C) N2H4
(D) NH3
CHCHCH2OH is -
12. Which one is strongest base ?

(A) OH (B) HS
(C) HSe
Br
(A) 3-(3'-isopropoxycarbonyl
cyclopentylidene
propane-1-ol
(B)3-(2'-bromo-3'-hydroxypropylidene) cyclopentane
carboxylate
(C) Iso-propyl-3-(2'-bromo-3'-hydroxy propylidenyl)
cyclopentane carboxylate
(D) Iso-propyl-3-(2'-bromo-3' hydroxypropylidene)
cyclopentane carboxylate
CH3CH2O
CH3CH2
is -
P Q R S T
A
B
C
D
(A) 2-(3'-Ethylphenyl)-1-(4'-ethoxyphenyl) ethane

(B) 1-Ethyl-3-(2'-(4''-ethoxyphenyl) ethyl) benzene
(C) 1-(3'-Ethylphenyl)-2-(4'-ethoxylphenyl) ethane
(D) None of these
(D) HTe

be as follows :
C2H5
8.
is -
O
(A) 3-chlorocarbonyl-6-(N, N-diethylamino) hex-4ene-1-oic acid
(B)4-chlorocarbonyl-3-(N, N-diethylamino) butanoic
acid
(C) 3-chlorocarbonyl-3-(3-N, N-diethylamino prop1'-enyl) butane-1-oic acid
(D) 3-chlorocarbonylmethyl-6- (N, N-diethylamino)
hex-4-en-1-oic acid

wrong answer.
(CH3)2CHOOC
N
OH
At constant temperature, the equilibrium constant (kp)

2NO2 is
for the decomposition reaction N2O4
expressed by kp = (4x2P)/(1x2), where P = pressure,
x = extent of decomposition. Which one of the
following statement is true ?
(A) kp increases with increase of P
(B) kp increases with increase of x
(C) kp increases with decrease of x
(D) kp remains constant with change in p and x
7.
Cl
55
P
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
T
T
T
T
JULY 2010
16. Calculate the change in pressure (in atm) when 2

mole of NO and 16 gram O2 in a 6.25 litre originally
at 27C react to produce the maximum quantity of
NO2 possible according to the equation
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
1
(Take R =
ltr. Atm/mol-K)
12

wrong answer.
13. Match the extraction processes listed in Column-I
with metals listed in Column-II :
Column-I
Column-II
(A) Self reduction
(P) Lead
(B) Carbon reduction
(Q) Silver
(C) Complex formation
(R) Copper
and displacement by
metal
(D) Decomposition of
(S) Boron
iodide
(T) Au
17. the number of isomers for the compound with

molecular formula C2BrCIFI is.
18. In P4O10 each P atom is linked with ...........O atoms.
19. 0.15 mole of Pyridinium chloride has been added
into 500 cm3 of 0.2 M pyridine solution. Calculate pH
(Kb for pyridine = 1.5 109 M)
MATHEMATICS
14. Match statements in Column-I with appropriate

solution in Column-II
Column-I
Column-II
(A) A solution having
(P) 5M HCl
pH less then 7
(B) A solution having
(Q) 1M NaCl
pH more than 7
(C) A solution having
(R) 0.1 M Na2CO3
pH almost equal to 7
(D) solution having
(S) 0.1 M CaCl2
negative value of pH
(T) 1M H2SO4

1.

X Y Z W
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9
2.
If
= an2 + + bn, where a, b are constants and
n =1
1, 2, 3 {1, 2, 3........9} and 251, 372, 493 be

2
3
1
three digit number then 5
7
9 is
251 37 2 49 3
equal to (A) 1 + 2 + 3
(C) 7
15. A solution is prepared by mixing 50 mL 0.1 M HCl

with 50 mL 2.9 M CH3CH2COOH and 100 mL 0.2
M CH3CH2COONa. Find pH of the resulting
solution. Ka for CH3CH2COOH is 1 105.
If A = 2 is an orthogonal matrix, then

the number of possible triplets (,,) is (A) 8
(B) 6
(C) 4
(D) 2
56
(B) 1 2 + 3
(D) 0
3.
Consider the matrix A, B, C, D with order 2 3,

3 4, 4 4, 4 2 respectively. Let x = (ABC2D)3
where & are scalars. Let |x| = k|ABC2D|3, then k
is (A)
(B)22
4 4
(C)
(D) 66
4.
Three numbers are selected at random from the set

{1, 2, 3...........N}, one by one without replacement. If
the first number is known to be smaller than second,
then the probability that third selected number lies
between the first two numbers is JULY 2010
(A)
1
2
(B)
1
3
(C)
1
6
(D)
1
8
consider the equation of two straight lines
5.
6.
is
5
(B)
9
(A)
5
(C)
12
9.
2
5
1
(C)
2
(D)
(B) 2 29
29
(D) 4 29
(D) None of these
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
wrong answer.
A
B
C
D
1
4

Column-I
(A) Through (, + 1) there
can not be more than one
normal to parabola y2 = 4x if
(B) If two cicles (x1)2 + (y1)2 = 2
and x2 + y2 8x + 2y + 8 = 0
intersect at two points, then
2
(D)
3
Expectation of the number on the card is (A) 2

(B) 2.5
(C) 3
(D) 3.5
P Q R S T
1
and then
10
a card is drawn. Let Ei represents the event that a card
with number 'i' is drawn.
P(A3/E2) is equal to 1
1
(A)
(B)
3
4

be as follows :
the probability of selection of box Ai is
8.
(C) (10, 53, 4)
There are four boxes A1, A2, A3 and A4. Box Ai has i
cards and on each card a number is printed, the
numbers are from 1 to i, A box is selected randomly,
(C)
12. The point of intersection of the lines is 10 53 4

10 53 4
, ,
,
(A)
(B) ,
3 3 3
3 3 3
5
(D)
18
P(E1) is equal to 1
1
(A)
(B)
5
10
(C) 3 29

wrong answer.
7.
11. The length of shortest distance between the lines is -
then c . i + c . j + c . k is equal to 5
(A)
3
(D) r = ( 4 i + 6 j + 8 k ) ( i + j + k )
i
j
k
+
and the angle between a and b is 30,
6
3
3
(C) r = ( 3 i + 5 j + 7 k ) (4 i + 6 j + 8 k )
perpendicular to all of them. If ( a b ) ( c d ) =
(B) r = ( i + j + k ) + (3 i + 5 j + 7 k )
respectively are coplanar. A unit vector
(A) r = ( 3 i + 5 j + 7 k ) ( i + j + k )
Vectors a , b and c with magnitude 2, 3 & 4
x +1
y +1
z +1
=
=
.
7
6
1
10. The equation of the line of shortest distance between
the given lines is
r = 3 i + 5 j + 7 k + ( i 2 j + k ) and
A bag 'A' contains 2 white and 3 red balls, another

bag 'B' contains 4 white and 5 red balls. If one ball is
drawn at random from one of the bag and it is found
to be red, the probability that it was drawn from the
bag B is 89
25
93
24
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
245
52
256
663
57
Column-II
(P) 2 < < 8
(Q) 2 < < 2
JULY 2010
(C) Point (, + 1) lies inside the

(R) < 2
2
2
circle x + y = 1 for
(D) Both equation x2 + y2 + 2x + 4 = 0 (S) 1 < < 0
and x2 + y2 4y + 8 = 0 represent
real circles if
(T) > 8
15. There are N + 1 identical boxes each containing N

wall clocks. The first box contains zero defective
clocks. The second box contains one defective and
(N 1) effective clocks, in general rth box contains
(r 1) defective and (N r + 1) effective clocks
(1 r N + 1). Thus, the (N + 1)th box contains all
defective clocks. A wall clock is selected and found
an effective one. The probability that it is from kth
N K +
find .
box is
N2 + N
3 4
1 / 2 3
14. Consider the matrix A =
;B=
.
1 1
0 1
Let P be an orthogonal matrix and Q = PAPT,
Rk = PTQk.P, S = PBPT & Tk = PTSkP where k N
Column-I
Column-II
16. If a determinant of order 3 3 is formed by using the

numbers 1 or 1then it minimum value of
determinant is find the value of .
(A)
, where ak represents the element
(P) 9
17. If equation of the plane through the straight line

y+2
z
x 1
=
=
and perpendicular to the plane
3
5
2
x y + z + 2 = 0 ia ax by + cz + 4 = 0, then find the
10 3 a + 10 2 b + 10c
.
value of
342
k =1
of first row & first column in matrix Rk

3
(B)
, where bk represents the element
(Q) 10
k =1
of second row & second column in

matrix Rk
3
18. If A = 2
4
3 0 3
2 1 0
4 0 2
3
1 1 . Solve the system of equations
3 2
x
8
2 y
y = 1 + z , then find the value

z
4
3y
z
y
+
of x +
3
2
(C)
X k , where Xk represents the element
(R) 35
k =1
of first row & first column in matrix Tk

10
(D)
, where yk represents the element
(S) 1
k =1
of second row and second column in

Matrix TK
(T) 15
19. Find the coefficient of x in the determinant

X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Z
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
(1 + x ) a1b1
(1 + x ) a1b 2
(1 + x ) a1b3
(1 + x ) a 2 b1
(1 + x ) a 2 b 2
(1 + x ) a 2 b3 where ai, bj N
(1 + x ) a 3b1
(1 + x ) a 3b 2
(1 + x ) a 3b3
How to Handle Difficult People

A bully at your work is difficult for you to face. He is
demanding you do part of his job without pay or
credit. How do you handle it?
W
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Your neighbors are constantly fighting. They wake

you up in the middle of the night with their screams
and curses. What do you say to them?
Your father is unhappy about your career choice. He
constantly criticizes your work and points out what
he thinks you should do. How do you deal with him?
58
JULY 2010
Based on New Pattern
IIT-JEE 2012
XtraEdge Test Series # 3
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Physics : Calorimetry, K.T.G.,Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Thermal expansion, Transverse wave,
Sound wave, Doppler's effect. Chemistry : Chemical Equilibrium, Acid Base, Ionic Equilibrium, Classification &
Nomenclature, Isomerism , Hydrogen Family, Boron Family & Carbon Family, S-block elements. Mathematics:
Point, Straight line, Circle, Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola, Vector, 3-D
Instructions :
Section - I
Question 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +5 marks will be awarded for correct answer
and -2 mark for wrong answer.
Section - II
Question 7 to 12 are passage based single correct type questions. +3 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
Section - III
Question 13 to 14 are Column Match type questions 8 marks will be awarded for correct answer and 0 mark for wrong
answer.
Section - IV
Question 15 to 19 are numerical response questions (with single digit Answer). 3 marks will be awarded for correct answer
and 0 mark for wrong answer.
(A) 52 W
(C) 512 W
PHYSICS
1.
2.
3.
4.
In case of standing waves (A) At nodes particles displacement is time

dependent
(B) At antinodes displacement of particle may or
may not be zero
(C) Wave does not travel but energy is transmitted
(D) Components waves traveling in same direction
having same amplitude and same frequency are
superimposed
5.
For an ideal gas graph is shown for three processes.

Processes 1, 2 and 3 are respectively
Work done (magnitude)
The molar heat capacity for a process is :

R
C=
+ , then process equation is 1
T
(A) Ve(/RT)T = constant
(B) Ve (/R)T = constant
(C) VT = constant
(D) Ve/RT = constant
Three black bodies 1,2,3 have radius r1 < r2 < r3.

Emissive powers of black bodies at Temperature T
are E1, E2, E3, Then correct relation between them is (A) E1 < E2 < E3
(B) E1 > E2 > E3
(D) E1 > E2 < E3
(C) E1 = E2 = E3
2
1
Temperature change
(A) Isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic
(B) Isochoric, adiabatic, isobaric
(C) isobaric, adiabatic, isochoric
(D) Adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric
A taut string for which = 5 102 kg/m is under

tension of 80 N. How much is the average rate of
transport of potential energy if the frequency is 60 Hz
and amplitude 6 cm - (Given 42 = 39.5)
(B) 256 W
(D) 215 W
59
JULY 2010
6.
Figure shows cyclic process. From c to b, 40 J is

transferred as heat from b to a, 130 J is transferred as
heat, and work done is 80 J from a to c, 400 J is
transferred as heat then
P
c
11. Change in internal energy in process CA

(A) 900 R
(B) 300 R
(C) 1200 R
(D) zero
12. Heat transferred in the process BC is (A) 1000 R
(B) 500 R
(C) 2000 R
(D) 1500 R

be as follows :
V
(A) Work done in process a to c is 310 J
(B) Net work done is cycle is 230
(C) Net change in internal energy in cycle is 130 J
(D) None of these

wrong answer.
A
B
C
D
Many waveforms are described in terms of

combinations of travelling waves. Superposition
principle is used to analyse such wave combinations.
Two pulses travelling on same string are described
by5
5
y1 =
, y2 =
(3x 4t ) 2 + 2
(3x + 4t 6) 2 + 2
7.
The direction in which each pulse is travelling is (A) y1 is in positive x-axis, y2 is in positive x-axis
(B) y1 is in negative x-axis, y2 is in negative x-axis
(C) y1 is in positive x-axis, y2 is in negative x-axis
(D) y1 is in negative x-axis, y2 is in positive x-axis
8.
The time when the two waves cancel everywhere (A) 1 sec (B) 0.5 sec (C) 0.25 sec (D) 0.75 sec
9.
The point where two waves always cancel(A) 0.25 m (B) 0.5 m (C) 0.75 m (D) 1 m
14.
P0
T
10. Work done in process AB is (A) 400 R

(B) 400 R
(C) 200 R
(D) 300 R
T
T
T
T
13. Match the standing waves formed in column-II due to

plane progressive waves in Column-I and also with
conditions in Column-I
Column-I
Column-II
(A) Incident wave is
(P) y = 2A cos kx sin t
y = A sin (kx t)
(B) Incident wave is
(Q) y = 2A sin kx cos t
y = A cos (kx t)
(C) x = 0 is rigid support
(R) y = 2A sin kx cos t
(D) x = 0 is flexible support (S) y = 2A cos kx cos t
(T) None of these
One mole of monoatomic gas is taken through above

cyclic process. TA = 300 K
Process AB is defined as PT = constant
P
B

wrong answer.
3P0
P Q R S
Q R S
Q R S
Q R S
Q R S
P
P
P
P
60
Column-I
(A) Specific heat capacity S
Column-II
(P) l1 l2 = constant
for l11 = l22
(B) Two metals (l1, 1) and (Q) Y is same
(l2, 2) are heated uniformly
(C) Thermal stress
(R) S = for T = 0
(D) Four wires of same
(S) Y t
material
(T) None of these
JULY 2010
1.

X Y Z W
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9
(A) 2-Bromo-4-carbamoyl-5-chloroformyl-3-formyl
hexanoic acid
(B) 5-Bromo-3-carbamoyl-2-chloroformyl-4-formyl
hexanoic
(C) 4-Formyl-2-chloroformyl-3-carbamoyl-5-bromo
hexanoic acid
(D) 2-Chloroformyl-3-carbamoyl-4-formyl-5-bromo
hexanoic acid
2.
Geometry in the given compound is

CH3
H
H
CH3
(A) cis
(B) trans
(C) cis as well as trans (D) no geometrical isomerism
15. If the volume of a block of metal changes by 0.12 %

when heat is changed from 40C to 60C, find the
linear expansion coefficient of the metal ?
[Ans. in 105/K]
3.
16. Calculate the pressure exerted by a mixture of 8 g of

oxygen, 14 g of nitrogen and 22 g of carbon di-oxide
in a container of 30 litres at a temperature of 27C.
[Ans. in 105 N/m2]
17. A sphere and a cube of same material and total
surface area placed in an evacuated chamber turn by
turn and heated to the same temperature. Calculate
the ratio of the rate of cooling of spherical to cubical
surface. [Ans. in 101]
18. Two oscillating waves have a phase difference of

2
is 25 oscillations. What is the percentage difference
in their frequency ?
19. For a certain organ pipe, three successive resonance
observed are 425, 595 and 765 Hz. Taking the speed
of sound to be 340 ms1 , find the length of the pipe,
in metre.
CHEMISTRY
The structure of spiro [3,3] heptane is (A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
4.
The pH of a 108 molar solution of HCl in water is (A) 8

(B) 8
(C) between 7 and 8 (D) between 6 and 7
5.
Consider the following equilibrium in a closed

2NO2(g). At a fixed
container N2O4(g)
temperature, the volume of the reaction container is
halved. For this change, which of the following
statements holds true regarding the equilibrium
constant (kp) and degree of dissociation () ?
(A) neither kp nor changes
(B) both kp and change
(C) kp changes, but does not change
(D) kp does not change, but changes
6.
For H3PO3 and H3PO4 the correct choice is (A) H3PO3 is dibasic and reducing
(B) H3PO3 is dibasic and non-reducing
(C) H3PO4 is tribasic and reducing
(D) H3PO3 is tribasic and non-reducing

wrong answer.

The IUPAC name of the given compound

OHC CONH2
|
|
CH3CHCHCHCHCOOH is |
|
COCl
Br
61
JULY 2010
10. Which one of the following is most stable

conformer?
Cl
Cl
CH3
Cl
CH3
H
(A)
(B)
H
H
CH3
CH3
H
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
H
Cl
(C)
(D)
H
H
CH3
CH3
H
CH3
CH3
In a reversible chemical reaction, the rate of forward

reaction decreases and that of backward reaction
increases with the passage of time; at equilibrium the
rate of forward and backward reaction become same.
Let us consider the formation of SO3(g) in the
following reversible reaction :
2SO2(g) + O2(g)
2SO3 (g)
Following graphs are plotted for this reactions
A.
B.
C.
Conc.
t1 t2 t3
9.
(A)
rf
(B)
rb
(C)
rb
time
(D)
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
(D)
CH3
CH3
OH

be as follows :
rb
rf
time
A
B
C
D
Different spatial arrangements of the atoms that result

from restricted rotation about a single bond are
conformers. n-Butane has four conformers eclipsed,
fully eclipsed, gauche and anti. The stability order of
these conformers are as follows:
anti > gauche > partial eclipsed > fully eclipsed
Although anti is more stable than gauche but in some
cases gauche is more stable than anti.
12. Number of possible conformers of n-butane is (A) 2

(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) infinite
time
rf
(B)
CH3
rb
rf
rate of
reaction
(C)
rate of
reaction
time
OH
CH3
Which of the following represent the rates of forward

reaction (rf) and rates of backward reaction (rb) at
equilibrium ?
(A)
H
CH3
In the above graph, the equilibrium state is attained at

time (A) t1
(B) t2
(C) t3
(D) t4
rate of
reaction
8.
t4
In the above graph, A,B & C respectively are (A) SO3, SO2 and O2 (B) SO3, O2 and SO2
(C) SO2, O2 and SO3 (D) O2, SO2 and SO3
rate of
reaction
7.
time
11. Which one of the following is the most stable

conformer ?
CH3
CH3
HO
H
H
CH3
P Q R S
P Q R S
P Q R S
P Q R S
P Q R S
T
T
T
T
T

wrong answer.
62
JULY 2010

Column-I
(A) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g) ; H = ve
(B) N2(g) + O2(g)
2NO(g); H = +ve
(C) A(g) + B(g)
2C(g) + D(g); H = +ve
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g); H = +ve
(D) PCl5(g)
Column-II
(P) K increases with increase in temperature
(Q) K decreases with increase in temperature
(R) Pressure has no effect
(S) Product concentration, increases due to addition
of inert gas at constant pressure
(T) Product concentration, increases due to addition
of inert gas at constant volume
R(Gas constant) =
Log e = 2.3}
16. Number of configurational

dibromocinnamic acid is .
isomers
of
2,3-
17. Consider the reaction AB2(g)

ABg + B(g). It the
initial pressure of AB2 is 100 torr and equilibrium
pressure is 120 torr. The equilibrium constant Kp in
terms of torr is.
18. Dissociation of H3PO3 occurs in ......... stages.
19. The number of hydroxyl groups in pyrophosphoric
acid is.

Column-I
Column-II
3+
+
(A) Bi (BiO)
(P) Heat
(B) [AlO2] Al(OH)3 (Q) Hydrolysis
(C) [SiO4]4 [Si2O7]6 (R) Acidification
(D) [B4O7]2 [B(OH)3] (S) Dilution by water
(T) Basification
MATHEMATICS

X Y Z W
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9
1.
A circle C1 of radius b touches the circle x2 + y2 = a2

externally and has its centre on the positive x-axis;
another circle C2 of radius c touches the circle C1
externally and has its centre on the positive x-axis.
Given a < b < c, then the three circles have a
common tangent if a, b, c are in (A) A.P.
(B) G.P.
(C) H.P.
(D) None of these
2.
P is a point on the axis of the parabola y2 = 4ax;

Q and R are the extremities of its latus rectum, A is
its vertex. If PQR is an equilateral triangle lying
within the parabola and AQP = , then cos =
(A)
(C)
3.
15. Calculate the pH at which the following conversion

(reaction) will be at equilibrium in basic medium
I(aq.) + IO3 (aq.)
I2 (s)
When the equilibrium concentrations at 300 K are [I]
= 0.10 M and [IO3] = 0.10 M.
{Given Gf (I, aq.) = 50 kJ./mol,
Gf (IO3, aq) = 123.5 KJ/mol,
Gf (H2O, l) = 233 KJ/mol
Gf (OH, aq.) = 150 KJ/mol
25
J/molK
3
2 5
5 2
2 3
(B)
9
8 5
(D) None of these
x2
y2
+
= 1,
25
9
perpendicular to the asymptote of the hyperbola
x2
y2
= 1 passing through the first and third

16
9
quadrants is :
100
150
(A)
(B)
431
481
The length of the diameter of the ellipse
(C)
63
2 3
25
3
(D) 11 2
JULY 2010
4.
5.
6.
9.
If a , b , c are such that [ a , b , c ] = 1,
2
c = ( a b ), a ^ b <
, and | a | = 2 , | b |
3
1
= 3,|c |=
, then the angle between a and b
3
is
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
6
3
4
2

3 | a || c | a
c
+
(A)

3 | c | +2 | a | | a | | c |

a
c
+
(B)

3 | c | +2 | a | | a | | c |
p1, p2 are lengths of perpendicular from foci on

tangent to ellipse and p3, p4 are perpendiculars from
extremities of major axis and p from centre of ellipse
p p p2
on same tangent, then 1 2
equals p 3p 4 p 2

2 | a || c | a
c
+
(C)

3 | c | +2 | a | | a | | c |
(D) none of these
11. The position vector of point F is -
(B) e
(D) None of these
1 | a |
(A) a + c
3
|c|
2| a |
(C) a + c
|c|
| a |
(B) a + c
|c|
| a |
(D) a c
|c|
12. The vector AF , is given by
1| a |
(A)
c
3
|c|
| a |
(C) 2 c
|c|
| a |
(B) c
|c|
| a |
(D) c
|c|

be as follows :
If L represents the line joining the point P on C to its

centre O, then equation of the tangent at M to the
ellipse E is 5 =0
x2
y2
+
= 1, L : y = 2x
9
4
P is a point on the circle C, the perpendicular PQ to
the major axis of the ellipse E meets the ellipse at M,
MQ
is equal to then
PQ
(A) 1/3
(B) 2/3
(C) 1/2
(D) none of these
(C) x + 3y +
Let C : x2 + y2 = 9, E :
(A) x + 3y = 3 5
| a || c |
8.
10. The position vector of point P, is -

wrong answer.
7.
In a parallelogram OABC vector a , b , c are

respectively the position vectors of vertices A, B, C
with reference to O as origin. A point E is taken on
the side BC which divides it in the ratio of 2 : 1. Also
the line segment AE intersects the line besecting the
angle O internally in point P. If CP when extended
meets AB in point F, then
Equation of a plane which passes through the point of

y2
z3
x 1
=
and
intersection of lines
=
3
1
2
z2
x 3
y 1
=
=
and at greatest distance
3
1
2
from the point (0, 0, 0) is (A) 4x + 3y + 5z = 25
(B) 4x + 3y + 5z = 50
(C) 3x + 4y + 5z = 49
(D) x + 7y 5z = 2
(A) e
(C) e2
Equation of the diameter of the ellipse E conjugate to

the diameter represented by L is (A) 9x + 2y = 0
(B) 2x + 9y = 0
(C) 4x + 9y = 0
(D) 4x 9y = 0
(B) 4x + 3y = 5
(D) 4x +3y + 5 = 0
64
JULY 2010
(D) The radius of the circular section
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
wrong answer.
13.
Column-I
Column-II
(A) If lines x + 2y 1 = 0, ax + y + 3 = 0 (P) 4
and bx y + 2 = 0 are concurrent,
the least distance from origin to
A
B
C
D
(a, b) is S. The value of 58 . S is

(B) A,B are two fixed points on a line
L. Let locus of point P such that
PA = 2PB be a curve cutting line
1
L at R and S. If slope of PR is ,
2
then slope of PS is
(C) Let tangents at P and Q to curve
y2 4x 2y + 5 = 0 intersect at T.
If S(2, 1) is a point such that
SP.QS = 16 then the length ST is
(D) Let the double ordinate PNP' of the
hyperbola
x2
( 1)
of the sphere | r | = 5 by the plane
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
(Q) 5
(R) 2
Y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Z
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
W
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
15. Two circle of radii 'a' and 'b' touching externally are
(S) 1
inscribed in area bounded by y = 1 x 2

1
1
x-axis. If b =
and a = , then k is ...............
2
k
and
16. If a circle S (x, y) = 0 touches at the point (2, 3) of
the line x + y = 5 and S (1, 2) = 0, then

of such circle is.
Column-II
(P) 1
(Q)
2 radius
17. Consider two concentric circles C1 : x2 + y2 = 1,

C2: x2 + y2 = 4. Tangents are drawn to C1 from any
point P on C2. These tangents again meet circle C2 at
A & B. It can be proved that locus of point of
intersection of tangents drawn to C2 at A and B is a
circle, what is the radius of that circle.
14.
18. In a regular tetrahedron let be the angle between

any edge and a face not containing the edge.
a
If cos2 =
where a, b I+ also a and b are
b
5
coprime, then find the value of
(10a + b)
13
1
6
the lines

(T) (1)2
x 1
z3
y2
=
=
2
3
4
x2
x 5
y4
and
=
=
is
3
5
4
(C) The points (0, 1, 1), (4, 5, 1),
(3, 9, 4) and (4, 4, k) are coplanar
then k =
(T) 2
preduced both side to meet

asymptotes in Q and Q'. The
product PQ. PQ' is equal to
(B) The shortest distance between
r . ( i + j + k ) = 3 3 is
y2
= 1 is
( 1)
Column-I
(A) The distance of the point (1, 2, 3)
from the plane x y + z = 5
measured parallel to the line
1
1
1
x = y = z is
3
2
6
(S) 3
19. Let A (1, 2), B (3, 4) be two point and C (x,y) be a

point such that (x 1) (x 3) + (y 2) (y 4) = 0. If
area of ABC is 1 sq, unit. Then maximum number
of positions of C in xy plane is.
(R) 4
65
JULY 2010
XtraEdge Test Series

ANSWER KEY
IIT- JEE 2011 (July issue)
PHYSICS
Ques
Ans
Column
Match
Numerical
Response
1
C
13
14
Ques
Ans
2
3
A
B
A P, Q, R, S
AR
15
16
8
5
Ques
Ans
Column
Match
Numerical
Response
1
C
13
14
Ques
Ans
2
3
B
C
A P, R
A P, S, T
15
16
4
2
Ques
Ans
Column
Match
Numerical
Response
1
A
13
14
Ques
Ans
2
3
D
D
A Q, R, S
AR
15
16
2
4
4
D
17
1
5
6
C
D
B P, Q, R, S
BP
18
19
4
2
7
A
8
C
C R, S
CQ
9
B
10
D
11
A
D R, S
D P, S
12
B
7
D
8
B
C Q, T
CQ
9
D
10
D
11
B
DS
DP
12
A
8
B
CS
CS
9
A
10
C
11
12
B
D
D P, R, T
DQ
7
C
8
D
C Q, R
CS
9
D
10
B
11
A
D P, S
DQ
12
C
7
A
8
C
C P, S
CP
9
A
10
A
11
C
D P, S
DR
12
D
8
A
CP
CR
9
B
10
A
11
A
DS
DR
12
A
C HE M ISTR Y
4
A
17
6
5
A
B P, R
B R, S
18
4
6
D
19
5
MATHEMATICS
4
C
17
5
5
B
BP
BP
18
3
6
D
7
C
19
0
IIT- JEE 2012 (July issue)

PHYSICS
Ques
Ans
Column
Match
Numerical
Response
1
D
13
14
Ques
Ans
2
C
A P, R
AR
15
2
Ques
Ans
Column
Match
Numerical
Response
1
B
13
14
Ques
Ans
2
B
AQ
AQ
15
8
3
B
4
B
16
3
17
7
3
D
4
D
16
4
17
5
5
A
B Q, S
BP
18
5
6
A
19
7
C HE M ISTR Y
5
D
B P, R
BS
18
2
6
A
19
4
MATHEMATICS
Ques
Ans
Column
Match
Numerical
Response
1
B
13
14
Ques
Ans
2
A
AQ
AP
15
4
3
B
4
B
16
1
17
4
5
B
BR
BQ
18
5
6
C
7
B
19
4
66
JULY 2010
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