Miogadirviy Stadt AON
Microscopul cu scanare si tunelare (STM — scanning tunneling
microscope) este un instrument folosit pentru a obtine imagi
ale unor suprafete
la nivel atomic. Finalizarea acestui microscop, in anul 1981, le-a adus
inventatorilor sai, Gerd Binnig si Heinrich Roher (IBM Zurich), premiul Nobel
pentru Fizica in 1986.
Control voltages for plezotube
Tunneling Djatance contra
current ampliier and scanning ut
Pentru un STM, © rezolutie buna inseamna 0.1 nm rezolutie laterala si
with electrodes
Piezoelectric tube
0.01 nm rezolutie de adancime. In mod obisnuit, atomii individuali din materiale
sunt vizualizati si manipulati la aceasta rezolutie. Microscopul poate fi folosit atat
in conditii apropiate de vid cat si in aer, apa sau alte medii lichide/gazoase, la
temperaturi intre OK si cateva sute de grade C.
Microscopul STM se bazeaza pe conceptul de tunelare cuantica (efectul
tunel). Cand un varf conductor este apropiat de suprafata supusa examinarii,
diferenta de potential aplicata intre cele doua poate permite electronilor sa
tuneleze prin vidul dintre varf si suprafata. Curentul de tunelare ce se stabileste
depinde de pozitia varfului, tensiunea aplicata si densitatea locala de stare a
materialului. Informatia este acumulata prin monitorizarea curentului in timp ce
varful se deplaseaza de-a lungul suprafetei. Informatia este afisata apoi sub
forma de imagine. Aceasta metoda de observare impune totusi anumite Usein Ervin Teodor, 412A
dificultati, deoarece ea necesita suprafete extrem de curate si stabile, varfuri
ascutite, un excelent control al vibratiei si electonica sofisticata,
Procesul de masurare
Initial, 0 diferenta de potential este aplicata, iar varful este apropiat de
suprafata, mentinandu-se o distanta W de 4-7 A, aceasta fiind 0 pozitie de
echilibru intre interactiuni de atractie (3
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