Lecture 13: Distribution Protection Reclosers: Recloser Sequence: Permanent Fault

Reclosers
Lecture 13: Distribution

Protection
Automatic circuit reclosers are

common on overhead utility
distribution systems
Reclosers
Sectionalizers
Coordination
Secondary Network Systems
ELCT 751
Distribution Protection
Overcurrent protection device

including the switchgear and the
protective relay logic
1
conventional oil recloser has

switchgear and relay logic in
same package
electronic reclosers may be
packaged for use with separate
control and relay logic package
Typical
T i l sequence: two
t
fast
f t ((or
instantaneous) operations then
two delayed operations
Other sequences may be used,
such as one fast, two delayed
3
Recloser trips on fault and

recloses in a sequence of
operations
FAST OPERATIONS
(CONTACTS ARE CLOSED)
Reclosing may be blocked for

downstream hot line work
Recloser locks out after sequence
is complete
ELCT 751
Recloser Sequence: permanent

fault
CURRENT
Reclosers
ELCT 751
Recloser trips on fault and

recloses in a sequence of
operations
Types of reclosers
Reclosers
Reclosers
ELCT 751
ELCT 751
DELAYED OPERATIONS
(CONTACTS ARE CLOSED)
TIME
FAULT INITIATED
ELCT 751
RECLOSING INTERVALS
(CONTACTS ARE OPEN)
RECLOSER LOCKS
OPEN (LOCKOUT)
6
Recloser Technology
Recloser Technology
Interrupting medium may be oil,

vacuum, or compressed gas
Controls can be either hydraulic
with series trip coil or electronic
with shunt trip coil
Available in single-phase or threephase packages

pole mounting for line sectionalizing
station mounting instead of line
circuit breaker
Three-phase devices may use

single-pole tripping with three-pole
lockout or three-pole tripping with
three-pole lockout
ELCT 751
Hydraulic controls use oil pumped

through an orifice to perform timing
Electronic controls use programmable
electronics
ELCT 751
Recloser Technology
Reclosers
Insulation may be oil, air,

compressed gas, or solid dielectric
Old technology example: oil
p g medium,,
insulation,, oil interrupting
hydraulic (oil) timing
New technology example: solid
dielectric insulation, vacuum
interrupter, programmable electronic
timing, data logging (etc.)
ELCT 751
ELCT 751
Usually oil interrupting medium,

oil insulation, series trip coil
Series trip coil usually has
minimum trip setting of 2 times
coil continuous current rating
10
Hydraulic Recloser
Hydraulic Recloser
ELCT 751
11
Example: 200 A frame size

recloser could have series trip coil
rated at 140 A (continuous)
giving a minimum trip current of
2 x 140 A = 280 A
Due to limitations of hydraulic
logic: Limited number of different
time-current curves available
ELCT 751
12
Electronically Controlled
Recloser
Electronically Controlled Recloser

Minimum trip setting is not
fixed by coil
Often a vacuum interrupting

medium
Usually a shunt trip coil fed
from a bushing CT with
electronic timing
Example: Recloser with 560 A

continuous current rating could
be set for 100, 140, 200, 280,
400, 560, 800, or 1120 A trip
Greater variety of time-current
curves
Minimum trip setting is not fixed

by coil
ELCT 751
13
ELCT 751
Recloser Ratings
voltage ratings (nominal RMS line
voltage)
interrupting ratings (RMS
symmetrical short-circuit current)
some method of changing trip
setting
15
Primary advantage of recloser is

realized when most faults are
temporary
Overhead MV lines usually experience
many temporary faults
Underground MV lines usually
experience relatively fewer temporary
faults
ELCT 751
16
Idea of coordination:
Recloser must coordinate with

other overcurrent protection,
upstream and downstream
Details of coordination covered
later
Recloser Application
ELCT 751
14
All reclosers have
ELCT 751
Recloser is to clear all temporary

faults downstream of recloser
without damage to downstream
fuses
coordinating with downstream
reclosers and sectionalizers
17
ELCT 751
18
Electronic controls give much
greater choice of time-current
curves than hydraulic
Idea of coordination:
Recloser is to clear all temporary
faults downstream of recloser
Permanent
Permanent faults downstream of
recloser are cleared by
downstream device
if it sees fault
before recloser locks out
ELCT 751
Example below shows recloser curves

matching IEC time-overcurrent relay
curves for circuit breakers
May allow complete freedom to tailor
curves for specific application
19
ELCT 751
20
IEC TOC Curves
100
Sectionalizers
10
Time [sec]
Automatic circuit sectionalizer is

similar to a recloser, but:
0.1
10
sectionalizer does not interrupt

fault current
sectionalizer does not have timecurrent curve
100
Current [per unit of trip]
Inverse
Very Inverse
Extremely Inverse
ELCT 751
21
ELCT 751
Automatic circuit sectionalizer is

similar to a recloser, but:
sectionalizer counts the number
off circuit
i i interruptions
i
i
(presumed
(
d
to be due to upstream recloser or
station breaker) and locks out
after preset number (while
upstream device is open)
22
Sectionalizer Operation
Sectionalizers
ELCT 751
23
Sectionalizer operation
sectionalizer senses overcurrent
and arms to count
when
h currentt ffalls
ll below
b l
the
th
sectionalizer setting, it counts
when count sequence is
complete, sectionalizer locks
open
ELCT 751
24
Sectionalizers
Sectionalizer Application
Replace fuse on close-to-station tap

fuse coordination is difficult due to
large available short-circuit current
Set sectionalizer count one

fewer than upstream recloser
Replace
ep ace second
seco d recloser
ec ose where
ee
recloser-to-recloser coordination is
difficult
Example: Four-shot recloser

followed by three-shot
sectionalizer
both reclosers may operate

simultaneously if close together
ELCT 751
25
ELCT 751
Recloser-sectionalizer-recloser
combination not recommended
unless studied carefully
Recloser-sectionalizer-fuse
Recloser sectionalizer fuse
combination may need study
Set sectionalizer count one

fewer than upstream recloser
p
(three-pole
(
p
Use three-phase
trip) recloser with three-phase
sectionalizer
Sectionalizer can count downstream

device operations
Considered in more detail later.
Otherwise, sectionalizer could

attempt to interrupt fault current
causing failure
27
ELCT 751
Sectionalizer Technology
Series coil senses fault current and
arms counting mechanism
After preset count sequence, contacts
opened
Electronic controls
Shunt coil feeding programmable
electronic controls
Set actuation level, memory time
28
Sectionalizer Settings
Hydraulic controls
ELCT 751
26
Sectionalizer Problems
ELCT 751
29
Set minimum actuation current

at 80% of minimum trip current
of upstream recloser
Hydraulic controls: use same
series coil rating for both units
Electronic controls: must be set
for proper value
ELCT 751
30
Sectionalizer Settings
Sectionalizer
Electronic recloser feeding

hydraulic sectionalizer: Minimum
actuating current of sectionalizer
= 1.6 X series coil rating.
Compare to recloser minimum
trip stetting.
ELCT 751
31
ELCT 751
Coordination
Coordination minimizes number

of customers out of service
Coordination speeds the
troubleshooting, so minimizes the
duration of the outage
ELCT 751
33
32
Typical System
FEEDER #1
HV SYSTEM
Proper coordination ensures

that minimum equipment is
taken out of service to clear the
fault
FEEDER #2
FUSE
ELCT 751
SECTIONALIZER
RECLOSER
34
Fuse-to-fuse coordination
Fuse-to-fuse coordination
The protected fuse is upstream;

the protecting fuse is
downstream
Protecting fuse A must clear the

fault before protected fuse B is
damaged
Fuse A is the protecting fuse;

fuse B is the protected fuse
Protecting fuse A must clear the
fault before protected fuse B is
damaged
ELCT 751
PROTECTED
FUSE (B)
FEEDER
PROTECTING
FUSE (A)
35
ELCT 751
36
TIME [SEC]
Time-current curves for both

fuses
Proper coordination requires
maximum clearing time of
protecting
p
g fuse less than minimum
melt time of protected fuse
FUSE B (PROTECTED)
FUSE A (PROTECTING)
MINIMUM MELT CURVE
SHIFTED TO 75% TIME
MAX. CLEARING TIME
To check coordination, plot both

time-current curves on same graph
CURRENT [A]
ELCT 751
37
ELCT 751
1 10
Fuse Preheating
Time [sec]
Load currents and high ambient

p
temperatures
Conservative rule of thumb to

maintain coordination:
39
Recloser-Fuse Coordination
0.01
10
ELCT 751
1 10
100
10K
10K
15K
15K
1 10
Current [A]
tot clear
min melt
tot clear
Distribution
min
melt Protection
40
Recloser feeding a fuse:
Fast operations of recloser should

protect entire downstream line
( far
(as
f as possible)
ibl ) from
f
temporary faults (fuse saving)
Fuse link should not be damaged
by fast operation
Recloser-Fuse Coordination
Recloser feeding a fuse:
ELCT 751
10
0.1
Shift minimum melt curve of protected

fuse to 75% time (shown on previous
slide)
100
Since fuse operation is thermal, fuse

preheating should be considered:
ELCT 751
38
41
Fuse saving
Fuse link should not be damaged
by fast operation
Permanent fault should cause
fuse to blow on first delayed
operation
ELCT 751
42
Recloser
operation - fuse link heating
V pu
Fuse link heating
1
t
0
Ipu
If
OPEN
OPEN
OPEN
LOCKS OUT
FUSE LINK
TEMPERATURE
CLOSED
FUSE SHOULD NOT

BE DAMAGED HERE
ELCT 751
CLOSED
CLOSED
If reclosing interval is longer than

link thermal time constant, link
may cool completely
FUSE SHOULD BLOW DURING ONE

OF THESE DELAYED OPERATIONS
43
If reclosing interval is shorter

than link thermal time constant,
link mayy not cool at all
If detailed calculations are not
done, assume no cooling to be
conservative
ELCT 751
44
Recloser-fuse coordination
Fuse link heating
ELCT 751
Fuse link heats during the

recloser closed periods and
cools during the open periods
Assume no cooling of fuse link

Assume recloser sequence is
2 2
2A2B
two fast (A curve) followed by
two delayed (B curve) operations
45
ELCT 751
46
Fuse and recloser time-current

curves showing coordination
Recloser-fuse coordination
TIME
Plot 2 times recloser A curve to

compare with fuse minimum
melt curve
Plot 2A+B to compare with fuse
maximum clearing time
FUSE MIN
MELT TIME
FUSE MAX CLEARING TIME
2XA+B
RECLOSER CURVES
2XA
A
CURRENT
COORDINATION RANGE
ELCT 751
47
ELCT 751
48
Recloser fuse coordination
Fuse-Recloser Coordination
Less conservative calculations can be

done
compare 1.75 times A curve to fuse link
min melt time
compare B to fuse link max clearing time
Calculate the actual cooling based on

thermal time constant of fuse link in
cutout and ambient temperature
ELCT 751
49
Exception: power fuse

protecting substation
transformer on HV side
ELCT 751
51
ELCT 751
Recloser-Recloser Coordination
52
Time from trip to reclose
Maximum clearing time of

downstream (protecting) recloser
less than minimum response time
of upstream (protected) recloser
50
Reclosing Interval
Electronically controlled units

are simply coordinated with
manufacturers time-current
curves:
ELCT 751
Hydraulically controlled units need

about 12 cycles of margin between
adjacent
dj
t unit
it to
t coordinate
di t
If margin is 2-12 cycles the units
might operate simultaneously
If margin is less than 2 cycles, the
units will operate simultaneously
Must
Must coordinate with MV circuit
breaker and any downstream
reclosers
Considered in section on
substation protection
Not
N t recommended
d d and
d nott
considered here
Recloser-Recloser Coordination
Use time-current curves to
coordinate
Fuse-Recloser Coordination
ELCT 751
Reclosers downstream of fuses

are not common
53
Fixed by design of hydraulic

units: 1
1-2
2 sec
Programmable in electronic units:
2 sec for example
ELCT 751
54
Reclosing Interval
Programmable in electronic units
set from instantaneous to 60 sec
instantaneous is usually too fast to
allow temporary faults to clear
2 seconds is a common setting
longer settings, e.g. 5 sec, may aid
coordination with source-side
circuit breakers or fuses
ELCT 751
55
57
56
ELCT 751
58
Relay completely resets after

each fast (A curve) operation
Calculate total net travel until
lockout:
Disk travel:
Each A clearing: relay disk
0 035/0 60 or 5
0.035/0.60
5.8%
8%
Each B clearing: relay disk
0.20/0.60 or 33.3%
Each 2 sec open time: relay disk
2/30 or -6.7%
Example (Continued)
Example relay-recloser
coordination
ELCT 751
ELCT 751
Electromechanical time overcurrent

relay: 0.60 second trip delay and
30 sec reset time
Hydraulic recloser on 2A2B
sequence
At fault current: A curve gives
0.035 sec and B curve gives 0.20
sec.
Quick check is to compare relay

time-current curve to a
cumulative recloser time current
curve (e.g., 2A+2B in time)
If check shows miscoordination
possible, perform detailed
calculation
Station circuit breaker may be

used, with overcurrent relay
logic
Overcurrent relays tend to
integrate recloser times
Example relay-recloser
coordination
Coordination of recloser with

station circuit breaker
ELCT 751
Coordination of recloser with

station circuit breaker
33.3% - 6.7% + 33.3% = 60% <

100%
Relay contacts do not close
Coordination is correct
59
ELCT 751
60
10
Example (Continued)
Repeat for 1 sec reclosing
interval
Now relay does not completely
reset after fast operations
Net total relay travel:
Electronic Devices
Electronically controlled reclosers
have more choices of time-current
curves and reclosing intervals
Electronic overcurrent relays have
more choices of time-current curves
and no disk to reset
5.8-3.3+5.8-3.3+33.3-3.3+33.3 =
68.3% <100%
Coordination is still achieved.
ELCT 751
Consult relay manufacturers data to

determine reset time (may be a setting)
61
Sectionalizer Coordination
ELCT 751
62
Does not use time-current curves

Sectionalizer will coordinate with
upstream recloser or circuit breaker
if it is set for fewer counts than the
total number of upstream device
operations
Example: four shot upstream
recloser coordinates with a threeshot downstream sectionalizer
Two sectionalizers may be used

in series if the downstream
device is set to one fewer count
than the upstream device
coordination:
ELCT 751
ELCT 751
63
sectionalizer counts downstream

fuse blowing
2A2B recloser: fuse blows during
first delayed operation,
sectionalizer arms for final count,
then locks out when fuse blows
64
coordination:
ELCT 751
65
Use 1A3B recloser for 3 shot

sectionalizer with downstream
fuse:
Fuse clears on second recloser
count, sectionalizer does not lock
out when fuse blows
ELCT 751
66
11
Effect of Distribution
Automation / Remote Control
Recloser-sectionalizer-recloser
is tricky:
Distribution automation and

remote control of switches is
mostly outside of our scope
Sectionalizer may count either

recloser
Can work with sectionalizer
voltage restraint to prevent
counting downstream operations
ELCT 751
Except as it interacts with

overcurrent protection system
67
ELCT 751
68
Load break switch
Effect of Distribution
Automation / Remote Control
CB1
S1
Feeder 1
T12
Consider a typical radial feeder

arrangement
g
with normallyy open
p
tie switches and normally closed
sectionalizing switches
Look at feeder reconfiguration
CB2
NO
Tie
S2
Feeder 2
Normal Operation
ELCT 751
CB1
S1
69
Feeder 1
T12
CB2
ELCT 751
CB1
NO
Tie
S1
T12
S2
CB2
Feeder 2
Fault at X cleared by station breaker

CB1.
NO
Tie
S2
Feeder 2
ELCT 751
70
71
Operator opens S1 then closes T12

ELCT 751
72
12
Recloser
Recloser Loop Scheme

Consider a recloser loop scheme:
CB1
Feeder use a sectionalizing recloser

Adjacent feeder backs up to normally
open tie recloser
Fault
l trips
i recloser
l
or station
i breaker
b k
If sectionalizing recloser loses voltage,
it trips after 60 second delay
If tie recloser loses voltage, it closes
after 70 second delay
ELCT 751
CB1
R1
73
CB2
C
Feeder 1
T12
CB2
R2
Normal Operation
ELCT 751
CB1
NO
Tie
T12
R2
CB2
C
75
Network Systems
R2
60 seconds after R1 loses voltage, it

automatically opens, then after 10
more seconds, T12 closes.
ELCT 751
76
MV Feeders
Network Transformers
Network Protectors
MV feeder circuits are radially

connected to network transformers
Transformer secondaries (LV)
networked
HV Bus
Substation
Full network distribution systems

are rare, except for secondary
networks (downtown areas of
cities) and spot networks (large
buildings)
ELCT 751
NO
Tie
Feeder 2
Fault at X cleared by station breaker

CB1. R1 and T12 lose voltage.
74
R1
Feeder 2
ELCT 751
NO
Tie
Feeder 2
Feeder 1
T12
R1
LV Network
Loads
SECONDARY NETWORK
77
ELCT 751
78
13
Network Systems
The secondary and spot network
systems are quite flexible in
operation
MV Feeders
HV Bus
Substation
Network Transformers
Network Protectors and Fuses
SPOT NETWORK
LV Network
Loads
ELCT 751
79
If one transformer is out of service,,

the remaining units can supply the
load
If a fault occurs on a primary
feeder, the transformer will tend to
feed it
ELCT 751
ELCT 751
81
80
Low-Voltage System
Overcurrent Protection
Network Protector
Network protector will disconnect
the transformer if it back-feeds the
MV system
protector will prevent
p
Network p
transformer from being
reconnected unless power will flow
in proper direction
Fuses are often used on network
systems too
Devices used are fuses and air

circuit breakers, including:
Molded-case circuit breakers
Insulated-case
I
l t d
circuit
i it breakers
b k
LV power circuit breakers
Time-current curves are used for

coordination in the same way as
already described.
ELCT 751
Time
Insulated-case circuit breakers
82
Typical Low-Voltage
Circuit Breaker TimeCurrent (Electronic Trip)
Long time pickup
Long time dela
delay
Short time pickup
Short time delay
Instantaneous
Current
ELCT 751
83
ELCT 751
84
14
Time
Time
Long time pickup
Long time delay
Short time delay

similar to long
time delay
Current
Current
85
ELCT 751
86
Time
Time
ELCT 751
Sh
Short
time pickup
k
Instantaneous
Current
ELCT 751
LONG-TIME
PICKUP
Current
87
88
As before, coordination is done

with time-current curves
TIME
In all overcurrent protection the

p
downstream device should trip
and clear the fault
Before the fastest upstream device
begins operation
Before system damage becomes
excessive
SHORT-TIME
PICKUP
SHORT-TIME
DELAY
LONG TIME
LONG-TIME
DELAY
(SHORT-TIME
DELAY SIMILAR)
INSTANTANEOUS
CURRENT
INSTANTANEOUS
ELCT 751
Coordination
LONG-TIME
PICKUP
LONG-TIME
DELAY
SHORT-TIME
PICKUP
ELCT 751
89
ELCT 751
90
15
Coordination
Where to go for more information
As before, coordination is
done with time-current curves
Application and Coordination of
Reclosers, Sectionalizers, and

Fuses, IEEE Tutorial 80EHO157-
Compromise
Compromise is sometimes
required: Main purpose is to
protect system from shortcircuits
ELCT 751
8-PWR
Distribution System Protection

Manual, Cooper Power Systems
91
ELCT 751
92
Where to go for more information

Manufacturers web sites:
www.abb.com,
www.cooperpower.com,
www ch cutler hammer com
www.ch.cutler-hammer.com,
www.ge.com,
www.sandc.com,
www.siemenstd.com,
www.squared.com
ELCT 751
93
16

Lecture 13: Distribution Protection Reclosers: Recloser Sequence: Permanent Fault

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Reclosers

Lecture 13: Distribution

Automatic circuit reclosers are

Overcurrent protection device

conventional oil recloser has

Recloser trips on fault and

Reclosing may be blocked for

Recloser Sequence: permanent

Recloser trips on fault and

Interrupting medium may be oil,

Available in single-phase or threephase packages

Three-phase devices may use

Hydraulic controls use oil pumped

Insulation may be oil, air,

Usually oil interrupting medium,

Example: 200 A frame size

Electronically Controlled Recloser

Often a vacuum interrupting

Example: Recloser with 560 A

Minimum trip setting is not fixed

Primary advantage of recloser is

Recloser must coordinate with

All reclosers have

Recloser is to clear all temporary

Example below shows recloser curves

IEC TOC Curves

Automatic circuit sectionalizer is

sectionalizer does not interrupt

Current [per unit of trip]

Automatic circuit sectionalizer is

Replace fuse on close-to-station tap

Set sectionalizer count one

Example: Four-shot recloser

both reclosers may operate

Set sectionalizer count one

Sectionalizer can count downstream

Otherwise, sectionalizer could

Set minimum actuation current

Electronic recloser feeding

Coordination minimizes number

Proper coordination ensures

The protected fuse is upstream;

Protecting fuse A must clear the

Fuse A is the protecting fuse;

Time-current curves for both

To check coordination, plot both

Load currents and high ambient

Conservative rule of thumb to

Recloser feeding a fuse:

Fast operations of recloser should

Recloser feeding a fuse:

Shift minimum melt curve of protected

Since fuse operation is thermal, fuse

Fuse link heating

FUSE SHOULD NOT

If reclosing interval is longer than

FUSE SHOULD BLOW DURING ONE

If reclosing interval is shorter

Fuse link heating

Fuse link heats during the

Assume no cooling of fuse link

Fuse and recloser time-current

Plot 2 times recloser A curve to