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PETROLEUM PROVINCE

AND SEDIMENTARY
BASINS
Presented By……..

Jawad Bashir (Thunder)


GROUP MEMBERS
• ARSAL(THEETA).

• TAUSEEF ABBASI.

• HAMMED (HAMMI).

• ABDUL REHMAN QAZI.

• BAQIR(MONI).
PROVINCE
• A spatial entity with geomorphic and geologic
attributes.

• A province may include a single dominant


structural element (basin, fold belt) or a number
of contiguous related elements.

• There are a particularly large number of


provinces identified worldwide for petroleum and
other minerals.
CHARACTERSTICS OF
PROVINCE
Characterized by similar features.

Nature of organic matter and thermal history.


Include several Petroleum Zones


Contain different Lithologies of Various ages.



Provinces Classification
• There are two types of province Classification.

• On the bases of Origin.

• On the bases of Tectonic and Lithological


settings.
ON BASES OF ORIGION
• Shield

• Platform

• Large Igneous Province

• Basin

• Extended Crust

• Orogen
LITHOLOGICAL AND TECTONIC

1. Depositional or emplacement rock


packages

2. Overprinting provinces

3. Composite rock packages


TYPES OF ORIGIN PROVINCES
SHIELD
• A shield is generally a large area of exposed
Precambrian crystalline igneous and high-grade
metamorphic rocks.

• Forms a tectonically stable area.

• Age of these rocks is greater than 570 million years to 2


to 3.5 billion years.

• A shield is that part of the continental crust in which these


usually Precambrian basement rocks crop out extensively
at the surface.
PLATFORM
• In geology, a platform is a continental area
covered by flat sedimentary strata, overlie a
basement of consolidated igneous or metamorphic
rocks.

• Many oilfields produce from sediments deposited


along carbonate platforms.

• Common along passive margins.


OROGEN
• A linear or arcuate region that
has been subjected to folding
and other deformation during
an orogenic cycle

• Refers to the process of


natural mountain building.

• The process of orogeny can


take tens of millions of years
and build mountains from
plains to ocean floors.

• Orogeny can occur due to


continental collision or volcanic
activity.
TYPES OF OROGEN
1. Island arc.

2. Continental arc.

3. Forearc.
Large Igneous Province
• Large accumulation of igneous rocks.

• Both intrusive or extrusive.

• Extending over areas greater than 100,000


square kilometers.

• LIP include continental flood basalts, oceanic


plateaus, large dike swarms, and volcanic rifted
margins.
EXTENDED CRUST
• A province of thinned crust (>50 %) due
to extension. e.g. The Basin & Range,
North America.

• Extended crusts are further divided into

1. Rift Margins
2. Rift
Rift Margins
• Separated continental
tracts move
perpendicular to the
coastline.

• Normal faults
associated with it.

• Further Divided into two


Types
1. Non Volcanic Rift Margins.
2. Volcanic Rift Margins.
Rifts
• A rift is a place where the
Earth's crust and lithosphere
are being pulled apart.

• Produce due to extensional


phenomena.

• Horst and Grabon structures


are prominent characteristic
feature.

• Most rifts occur along the


central axis of a mid-ocean
ridges
Basin
• A low area in the Earth's
crust, of tectonic origin,
in which sediments have
accumulated.

• Basins are further


divided into

1. Cratonic Basin
2. Foredeep Basin
Depositional Or Emplacement rock
Packages
• Depositional and Emplacement rock
packages contain two major province
types.

1. Sedimentary Provinces
2. Igneous Provinces.
Sedimentary Provinces.
• A sedimentary province
(or basin) is an
accumulation of
sedimentary rocks, with or
without volcanics.

• whose lateral boundaries


may be structural,
depositional, erosional, or
interpreted.

• Characterized on basis of
a distinct tectonic and
depositional history.
Igneous Province
• Igneous provinces are
temporally and
geographically cohesive
packages of igneous
rocks.

• May be compositionally
heterogeneous.

• Some igneous provinces


may have formed in a
geologically brief period
,other over a long period.
Overprinting provinces
• Over printing provinces mean provinces which
formed as a result of over printing or over lying
of another strata.

• Divided into four further types:

1. Structural provinces
2. Metamorphic provinces (regional and contact
metamorphism)
3. Metallogenic provinces
4. Regolith-landform provinces
Structural province
• Structural provinces are
the spatial representation
of the extent of
deformation events.

• Structural provinces
typically overprint igneous
or sedimentary provinces,
but may also overprint
older structural and
metamorphic provinces.

• A structural province may


consist of the effects of
one or more deformation
events
Metamorphic Provinces and
Metallogenic Provinces
• Metamorphic Province

 A metamorphic province represents the spatial extent of one or more metamorphic events.

 Temporal continuity of metamorphic events should be established.

• Metallogenic Province
 An area characterized by a particular assemblage of mineral occurrences.

 Metallogenic provinces are thought to be formed also by the expulsion of pore waters from
sedimentary basins.

 Metallogenic provinces may include the mineralized parts of one or more mineral systems.

• Diverse commodities and deposit styles may be linked within a single mineral system.
Regolith-landform province
• No strict definition of
regolith-landform
provinces currently
exists.
Composite rock packages:
• Composite rock packages
only contain Tectonic
province.

• Groups of provinces
linked by a common
tectonic history are
designated as tectonic
provinces.

• Tectonic provinces may


contain a collection of
sedimentary, igneous,
structural, metamorphic
and metallogenic
Typical Petroleum Province
• The concept of a petroleum province was first
suggested by Perrodon (1980).

• Petroleum province composed of one or several


sedimentary basins having common geological
features and a comparable history.

• The classic petroleum provinces are still the


world's major producers of hydrocarbons.
GIANT PETROLEUM PROVINCE
• Nehring(1978) and Perrodon(1978)pointed out
about 20 giant province.

• Contain over 85% of the total production plus


recoverable reserves of conventional oil.

• However, these provinces cover only 20% of


the total surface of sedimentary basins.
SEDIMENTARY BASINS
BASIN
• The official definition of a sedimentary
basin is a low area in the Earth’s crust, of
tectonic origin, in which sediments
accumulate.

• Sedimentary basins range in size from as


small as hundreds of meters to large parts
of ocean basins.
PRACTICAL THINGS IN BASINS
• Master cross sections: with the present land surface as the most
natural datum, construct several detailed physical cross sections
through the basin to show its geometry and sediment fill.
• Stratigraphic sections: construct a graph, with time along the
vertical axis, showing the time correlations of all the major rock units
along some generalized traverse across the basin. Such a section
includes hiatuses, during which there was nondeposition or erosion.
• Isopach maps: with some distinctive stratigraphic horizon near the
top of the section as datum, draw a contour map showing isopachs
(isopachs are loci of equal total sediment thickness) in the basin.
• Lithofacies maps: for one or a series of times, draw a map
showing distri-bution of sediment types being deposited at that time.
• Ratio maps: compute things like sand/shale ratio, integrated over
the entire section or restricted to some time interval, and plot a
contour map of the values.
• Paleocurrent maps: for one or a series of times, draw a map
showing the direction of paleocurrents in the basin at that time.
• Grain-size maps: for the entire basin fill, averaged vertically, or for
some stratigraphic interval or time interval, draw a map that shows
the areal distribution of sediment grain size. This is especially useful
for conglom-eratic basins.
THINGS TO WATCH ON FIELD

• Cross-stratification.

• Bed forms.

• Clast orientation.

• Sole marks.

• Parting lineation.

• Paleocurrent measurements
HOW BASINS ARE MADE
• Following are the phenomena.

1. Local

2. Regional

3. Thermal
LOCAL AND REGIONAL
• LOCAL
 On a small scale.

 Fault movements can create relief of hundreds to thousands of meters, resulting in


small but often deep basins.


REGIONAL

• Basin relief can be created mechanically on a regional scale in two very important
ways: thermally or flexurally, or by a combination of those two effects.

• Basins can also be made just by making mountain ranges, on land or in the ocean,
by volcanism
THERMAL
• If the lithosphere is heated from below, it expands
slightly and thus becomes less dense.

• Earth’s surface as crustal uplifts.

• Isostatic subsidence produced when crust cool backs.


CLASSIFICATION OF
SEDIMENTARY BASINS
• Sedimentary basins are classified on the
bases of different unique characteristics.

1. Nature of fill
2. Geometry
3. Paleogeography
4. Tectonic setting
Mechanisms of Basin
Formation
1. Isostatic

2. Loading

3. Dynamic
Mechanisms of Basin
Formation
• � Isostatic Processes:

 Crustal thinning
�Extensional stretching, erosion during uplift, magmatic
withdrawal.

Mantle-Lithosphere Thickening
�Cooling of lithosphere, following cessation of stretching or
cessation of heating.
Isostatic Processes

Crustal densification

Density increase due to changing


pressure/temperature conditions and/or
emplacement of higher density melts into
lower density crust.
Loading

Sedimentary or Volcanic Loading


Tectonic loading
During over thrusting and/or under pulling
Subcrustal loading
• Lithospheric flexure during under thrusting
of dense lithosphere
Sedimentary Basins &
Petroleum Geology
Controls on large-scale
sedimentation
• Sedimentary processes are controlled, on large scales,
by:
• Climate
– determines:
• weathering rates,
• precipitation & run-off (sed. transportation),
• environments
• Tectonic setting
– determines:
• relief
• time for sed. transport
• types of environments
• types of sedimentary basins
• source rock type
What is a sedimentary basin?
• A low area on the Earth’s surface relative to surroundings
– e.g. deep ocean basin (5-10 km deep), intramontane basin (2-3 km
a.s.l.)
• May be of tectonic (or erosional origin)
• A receptacle for sedimentation; erosion may also be important
• Sedimentation may be interrupted - unconformities
• Basins may be small (kms2) or large (106+ km2)
• Basins may be simple or composite (sub-basins)
• Basins may change in size & shape due to:
– erosion
– sedimentation
– tectonic activity
– eustatic sea-level changes
• Basins may overlap each other in time
The Evolution of Sedimentary
Basins
• The evolution of sedimentary basins may
include:
– tectonic activity (initiation, termination)
– magmatic activity
– metamorphism
• as well as sedimentation
• all may be contemporaneous
• Basins may develop on oceanic crust,
island arc crust, or continental crust
• Basins may be sedimentary basins
– sedimentary fill is relatively undeformed,
– basin margin facies are preserved
• OR, structural (remnants of) basins
– sedimentary fill is deformed
– dips > original depositional slopes
– basin margin facies are eroded
Components of a basin
• Axial elements of sedimentary basins:
– Basin axis is the lowest point on the
basement surface
– Topographic axis is the lowest point on the
depositional surface
– Depocentre is the point of thickest sediment
accumulation
What type of basin do we have?
• Depends on the structural setting of the
basin
• Many types, corresponding to different
locations
– Divergent plate margin basins
– Convergent plate margin basins
Divergent plate
margin basins
• Continental Rift Zones (Narrow)
• Aulacogene Basins
• Continental Rift Zones
• Oceanic Rift Basins
• Open Ocean Passive-Margin Basins
Continental Rift Zones (Narrow)
• Origin
– large scale mantle convection
– regional updoming ± regional basaltic (flood)
volcanism
• extensional failure of crust
– listric normal fault system
– subsided/rotated half grabens
• widening to form central rift graben
– may:
• rupturing of crust
• spreading ridge, oceanic basin
Continental Rift Zones (Narrow)
• two associated basin types
– central rift graben basin
– rim basins
• environments & facies
– alluvial fan, fluvial, lake
– volcanism
• initial (flood) basaltic (arch phase)
– lavas
• intra-rift bimodal volcanism
– basalt-rhyolite lavas & pyroclastics
– often peralkaline
– calderas, stratovolcano, shields
– mantle magmas melt crust
Continental Rift Zones (Narrow)
• Sediment compositions
– mixed provenance
– exposed crustal rocks at rift margin
– contemporaneous volcanic sources
• Examples
– East Africa rift zone
– Rio Grande rift; Rhine graben
• May be subsequently deformed by
compressional deformation
– e.g. Proterozoic Mt. Isa rift
– Devono-Carb. Mt. Howitt province, Victoria
Aulacogene Basins
• Narrow continental rifts which do not evolve into spreading ridge
oceanic basins.
– e.g North Sea basins, Europe; Gippsland Basin, Bass Basin.
• Dominated by initial alluvial fan, fluvial, lake facies; up to 4 km thick.
• May extend through
– crustal subsidence & extension
– marine transgression; no oceanic crust
– coastal plain rivers, coal swamp shoreline, shelf & slope environment
(e.g. Gippsland, Bass basins
• Provenance
– continental, mixed
– plutonic, metasedimentary, metavolcanic, contemporaneous volcanic
– ± marine carbonates
Continental Rift Zones
• Origin
– regionally extensive mantle convection
– = ? driven by subduction oceanic spreading ridge under continent
– e.g. ?Western U.S.A.
• Extensional failure of crust
– complex lystric fault system
• down to 15 km, Western U.S.A.
– uprise of mantle + metamorphic core complexes - regional uplift, up to 2-3 km
– widespread volcanism in complex multiple graben rift basins
• Environments and facies
– alluvial fan, fluvial, lacustrine
• Volcanism
– flood basalts, bimodal basalt-rhyolite-andesite: lavas & pyroclastics
– tholeiitic, alkaline, calc-alkaline: lavas & pyroclastics.
• Provenance
– mixed crustal sources
– contemporaneous volcanic sources
Oceanic Rift Basins
• Initially narrow (e.g. Red Sea)
• may evolve into open oceanic basins

• Origin
– narrow continental rifts evolve
– break-up
– oceanic spreading ridge
– oceanic crust in axial basins
– continental crust at basin margin
• Environments & facies
– alluvial fans, fan deltas, shoreline narrow shelf, slope, abyssal plain
• Volcanism
– MORB tholeiitic oceanic crust
– Lavas, hyaloclastite
• Provenance
– mixed continental
– contemporaneous volcanics
– shelf carbonate, evaporites
– oceanic carbonate, evaporites
– oceanic pelagic, hemi-pelagic
Open Ocean Passive-Margin
Basins
• Evolve from oceanic rift basins
• Become passive margin basins when MOR’s - large, wide ocean
basins.
• Half graben system evolves into coastal plain-continental shelf &
slope
– oceanic abyssal plain system
• Volcanism
– none expected after break-up
– perhaps intraplate hot spot volcanism
• Sedimentation & provenance
– as for oceanic rift basin
– + well developed shelf-slope seds (± carbonate seds.)
• Tectonics
– post-break-up thermal & later isostatic subsidence of continental margin
• transgression
Convergent Plate
Margin Basins
Continental Margin Arc-Subduction
Associated Basins
• Origin
– oceanic plate being subducted under continental
margin
– trench, accretionary prism, continental margin
volcanic arc
– E.g. Andes, Cascades arc
• Volcanism
– calc-alkaline arc volcanism
• andesites, dacites, rhyolites, rhyodacites, minor basalts
• hydrous fluids from subducting lab melt mantle above, & both
then melt the base of the crust
• lavas + pyroclastics
Continental Margin Arc-Subduction
Associated Basins
• Basin types: environments & facies
• Trench basin
– deep marine
– turbidites, pelagic seds.
• Forearc basin
– perched on "scraped off", imbricate thrust faulted, accretionary prism
– alluvial fan, fluvial, shoreline shelf, deep turbidite fans
• Back arc-foreland basin
– lies behind arc
– at foot of craton directed fold & thrust belt if present
– alluvial fan, fluvial, lakes
• Intra-arc
– arc volcanoes often lie in major graben
– alluvial fan, fluvial, lake
Continental Margin Arc-Subduction
Associated Basins
• Sediment compositions
– Trench
• metasedimentary debris eroded off accretionary prism
• v. minor volcanic debris
• pelagic sed.
– Forearc basin
• voluminous volcanic debris
– Back-arc basin
• arc & thrust belt derived
• mixed volc., meta-sed., metamorphic, plutonic
– Intra-arc basins: lavas, volcanic seds, pyroclastics
Island Arc-Subduction Associated
Basins
• E.g. Marianas, Tonga-Kermadec arcs
• Origin
– oceanic plate is subducted under another oceanic plate
– trench, accretionary prism, volcanic island arc
– volcanic arc on oceanic lithosphere
– back arc basin(s) originate by rifting of arc block, development of
small spreading ridge
• widening basin; oceanic crust
– arc block migrates trenchward as subducting plate "rolls back".
• Volcanism
– island arc tholeiitic volcanics
• basalts, basaltic andesites
– back arc basin tholeiitic crust
Island Arc-Subduction Associated
Basins
• Basin types, environments, facies, provenance
• Trench basin
– turbidites, pelagic sediments
– metasedimentary sed. from accretionary prism
– arc derived volcanic sediment
• Fore-arc basin
– on accretionary prism
– volcanic seds., carbonates
– turbidites
• Back arc basin
– arc derived volcaniclastic turbidite apron
– pelagic sediments, especially where basin is large
• no continental derived sediment
• only rare silicic volcanism
Continental Collision Belts & Basins
• E.g. Himalayan mountain chain, European Alps

• Origin
– long term subduction of oceanic plate under continental margin, will bring
"passenger" continent into collision with arc host continent.
– oceanic basin closes during collision
– subducting continent under thrust over-riding continent
– uplift, mountain range, double continental crust thickness
• Volcanism
– subduction related volcanism stop at collision, when subduction stop
– granitoid plutonism may occur due to extremely thickened crust
• magmas won't rise because of compressional stress field
• Basin types, environments, facies provenance
– foreland basin at foot of fold & thrust belt
– subject to isostatic subsidence
– huge sediment flux off mountain belt
– alluvial fan, braided river, meandering river, lake environments & facies
– metasedimentary, met. (include high grade plutonic, reflecting deep crustal
erosion)
Continental Strike-Slip Basins
• E.g. California borderland basins associated with San
Andreas strike-slip fault system
• Origin
– strike-slip along non-linear faults
– opening "holes" or basins at fault jogs or bends
• Volcanism
– usually none, unless "accidental" intraplate
• Basin types, environments, facies, provenance
– "pull-apart" or strike-slip basins
– alluvial fans, rivers, lakes
– alluvial, lacustrine, coal, ?evaporite seds.
– provenance: whatever is being eroded from exposed crust
Stable Continental Interior Basins

• E.g. Lake Eyre Basin


• Intracratonic (= within stable continental
crustal mass)
• Long term stability
• Flat topography
• River, desert, lake environments & facies
• Mature basement derived sed. ±
evaporites

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