Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
AND SEDIMENTARY
BASINS
Presented By……..
• TAUSEEF ABBASI.
• HAMMED (HAMMI).
• BAQIR(MONI).
PROVINCE
• A spatial entity with geomorphic and geologic
attributes.
• Platform
• Basin
• Extended Crust
• Orogen
LITHOLOGICAL AND TECTONIC
2. Overprinting provinces
2. Continental arc.
3. Forearc.
Large Igneous Province
• Large accumulation of igneous rocks.
1. Rift Margins
2. Rift
Rift Margins
• Separated continental
tracts move
perpendicular to the
coastline.
• Normal faults
associated with it.
1. Cratonic Basin
2. Foredeep Basin
Depositional Or Emplacement rock
Packages
• Depositional and Emplacement rock
packages contain two major province
types.
1. Sedimentary Provinces
2. Igneous Provinces.
Sedimentary Provinces.
• A sedimentary province
(or basin) is an
accumulation of
sedimentary rocks, with or
without volcanics.
• Characterized on basis of
a distinct tectonic and
depositional history.
Igneous Province
• Igneous provinces are
temporally and
geographically cohesive
packages of igneous
rocks.
• May be compositionally
heterogeneous.
1. Structural provinces
2. Metamorphic provinces (regional and contact
metamorphism)
3. Metallogenic provinces
4. Regolith-landform provinces
Structural province
• Structural provinces are
the spatial representation
of the extent of
deformation events.
• Structural provinces
typically overprint igneous
or sedimentary provinces,
but may also overprint
older structural and
metamorphic provinces.
A metamorphic province represents the spatial extent of one or more metamorphic events.
• Metallogenic Province
An area characterized by a particular assemblage of mineral occurrences.
Metallogenic provinces are thought to be formed also by the expulsion of pore waters from
sedimentary basins.
Metallogenic provinces may include the mineralized parts of one or more mineral systems.
• Diverse commodities and deposit styles may be linked within a single mineral system.
Regolith-landform province
• No strict definition of
regolith-landform
provinces currently
exists.
Composite rock packages:
• Composite rock packages
only contain Tectonic
province.
• Groups of provinces
linked by a common
tectonic history are
designated as tectonic
provinces.
• Cross-stratification.
• Bed forms.
• Clast orientation.
• Sole marks.
• Parting lineation.
• Paleocurrent measurements
HOW BASINS ARE MADE
• Following are the phenomena.
1. Local
2. Regional
3. Thermal
LOCAL AND REGIONAL
• LOCAL
On a small scale.
•
REGIONAL
• Basin relief can be created mechanically on a regional scale in two very important
ways: thermally or flexurally, or by a combination of those two effects.
• Basins can also be made just by making mountain ranges, on land or in the ocean,
by volcanism
THERMAL
• If the lithosphere is heated from below, it expands
slightly and thus becomes less dense.
1. Nature of fill
2. Geometry
3. Paleogeography
4. Tectonic setting
Mechanisms of Basin
Formation
1. Isostatic
2. Loading
3. Dynamic
Mechanisms of Basin
Formation
• � Isostatic Processes:
Crustal thinning
�Extensional stretching, erosion during uplift, magmatic
withdrawal.
Mantle-Lithosphere Thickening
�Cooling of lithosphere, following cessation of stretching or
cessation of heating.
Isostatic Processes
Crustal densification
• Origin
– narrow continental rifts evolve
– break-up
– oceanic spreading ridge
– oceanic crust in axial basins
– continental crust at basin margin
• Environments & facies
– alluvial fans, fan deltas, shoreline narrow shelf, slope, abyssal plain
• Volcanism
– MORB tholeiitic oceanic crust
– Lavas, hyaloclastite
• Provenance
– mixed continental
– contemporaneous volcanics
– shelf carbonate, evaporites
– oceanic carbonate, evaporites
– oceanic pelagic, hemi-pelagic
Open Ocean Passive-Margin
Basins
• Evolve from oceanic rift basins
• Become passive margin basins when MOR’s - large, wide ocean
basins.
• Half graben system evolves into coastal plain-continental shelf &
slope
– oceanic abyssal plain system
• Volcanism
– none expected after break-up
– perhaps intraplate hot spot volcanism
• Sedimentation & provenance
– as for oceanic rift basin
– + well developed shelf-slope seds (± carbonate seds.)
• Tectonics
– post-break-up thermal & later isostatic subsidence of continental margin
• transgression
Convergent Plate
Margin Basins
Continental Margin Arc-Subduction
Associated Basins
• Origin
– oceanic plate being subducted under continental
margin
– trench, accretionary prism, continental margin
volcanic arc
– E.g. Andes, Cascades arc
• Volcanism
– calc-alkaline arc volcanism
• andesites, dacites, rhyolites, rhyodacites, minor basalts
• hydrous fluids from subducting lab melt mantle above, & both
then melt the base of the crust
• lavas + pyroclastics
Continental Margin Arc-Subduction
Associated Basins
• Basin types: environments & facies
• Trench basin
– deep marine
– turbidites, pelagic seds.
• Forearc basin
– perched on "scraped off", imbricate thrust faulted, accretionary prism
– alluvial fan, fluvial, shoreline shelf, deep turbidite fans
• Back arc-foreland basin
– lies behind arc
– at foot of craton directed fold & thrust belt if present
– alluvial fan, fluvial, lakes
• Intra-arc
– arc volcanoes often lie in major graben
– alluvial fan, fluvial, lake
Continental Margin Arc-Subduction
Associated Basins
• Sediment compositions
– Trench
• metasedimentary debris eroded off accretionary prism
• v. minor volcanic debris
• pelagic sed.
– Forearc basin
• voluminous volcanic debris
– Back-arc basin
• arc & thrust belt derived
• mixed volc., meta-sed., metamorphic, plutonic
– Intra-arc basins: lavas, volcanic seds, pyroclastics
Island Arc-Subduction Associated
Basins
• E.g. Marianas, Tonga-Kermadec arcs
• Origin
– oceanic plate is subducted under another oceanic plate
– trench, accretionary prism, volcanic island arc
– volcanic arc on oceanic lithosphere
– back arc basin(s) originate by rifting of arc block, development of
small spreading ridge
• widening basin; oceanic crust
– arc block migrates trenchward as subducting plate "rolls back".
• Volcanism
– island arc tholeiitic volcanics
• basalts, basaltic andesites
– back arc basin tholeiitic crust
Island Arc-Subduction Associated
Basins
• Basin types, environments, facies, provenance
• Trench basin
– turbidites, pelagic sediments
– metasedimentary sed. from accretionary prism
– arc derived volcanic sediment
• Fore-arc basin
– on accretionary prism
– volcanic seds., carbonates
– turbidites
• Back arc basin
– arc derived volcaniclastic turbidite apron
– pelagic sediments, especially where basin is large
• no continental derived sediment
• only rare silicic volcanism
Continental Collision Belts & Basins
• E.g. Himalayan mountain chain, European Alps
• Origin
– long term subduction of oceanic plate under continental margin, will bring
"passenger" continent into collision with arc host continent.
– oceanic basin closes during collision
– subducting continent under thrust over-riding continent
– uplift, mountain range, double continental crust thickness
• Volcanism
– subduction related volcanism stop at collision, when subduction stop
– granitoid plutonism may occur due to extremely thickened crust
• magmas won't rise because of compressional stress field
• Basin types, environments, facies provenance
– foreland basin at foot of fold & thrust belt
– subject to isostatic subsidence
– huge sediment flux off mountain belt
– alluvial fan, braided river, meandering river, lake environments & facies
– metasedimentary, met. (include high grade plutonic, reflecting deep crustal
erosion)
Continental Strike-Slip Basins
• E.g. California borderland basins associated with San
Andreas strike-slip fault system
• Origin
– strike-slip along non-linear faults
– opening "holes" or basins at fault jogs or bends
• Volcanism
– usually none, unless "accidental" intraplate
• Basin types, environments, facies, provenance
– "pull-apart" or strike-slip basins
– alluvial fans, rivers, lakes
– alluvial, lacustrine, coal, ?evaporite seds.
– provenance: whatever is being eroded from exposed crust
Stable Continental Interior Basins