Accounting - Intermediate above the line (adjective phrase) = acima da linha used to describe accounting transactions that are connected to the everyday running of a business Rent is an example of an expense that is above the line. account (noun) = conta a category of financial records in which transactions can be grouped Equipment is an important asset account. accountant (verb) = contador a person who keeps financial records and prepares financial reports Mary is an accountant for a large construction company. accounting cycle (noun phrase) = ciclo contabil the repeated step-by-step process used for dealing with a company's financial transactions During each accounting cycle, we record detailed information for all transactions. accounting equation (noun phrase) = equagao contabil an accounting formula based on the assertion that assets minus liabilities equals owner's equity The accounting equation helps us determine how much our company is worth. accounting model (noun phrase) = modelo contébil the agreed-upon principles and procedures that form the foundation of modem accounting practice If companies didn't follow the standard accounting model, exchanging financial information would be impossible. accounts payable (noun phrase) = contas a pagar the department in a company which keeps records of money that the company owes The manager in accounts payable says that we owe the vendor $10,000. accounts receivable (noun phrase) = contas a receber the department in a company which keeps records of money owed by other companies According to the manager in accounts receivable, that company owes us $15,000. accrual-basis accounting (noun phrase) = contabilidade em regime de competéncia an accounting system in which a company records revenues and expenses when they become known, rather than when they are actually received or paid Accrual-basis accounting involves some risk because a company may record revenue that is never actually received. activity-based costing (noun phrase) = custeio por atividade a method for accurately assigning overhead expenses to specific products in a company's product line Through activity-based costing, we identified two products whose projected revenues would not cover development costs.Accounting - Intermediate (2) adjusting entries (noun phrase) = lanamento de retificagao journal entries made at the end of an accounting period that use the most current information available to bring accounts up to date Just before the end of the quarter, we agreed to provide additional services for two customers, So we had to make adjusting entries. aging accounts receivable (noun phrase) = contas a receber por vencimento a procedure in which every account receivable is categorized according to the number of days itis outstanding Our aging accounts receivable show too many late payments. We need to improve collections. allocate (verb) = alocar set funds apart for a special purpose We allocated $1.5 milion for the new office building. annual report (noun phrase) = relatério anual A document that summarizes a company's financial performance for the previous year and lays out future plans The annual report worried the stockholders because it showed poor performance for the year and wasn't optimistic about the future. annuity (noun) = anuidade the payment of a fixed sum of money at regular intervals We chose the annuity that offered the highest monthly payments. appraisal (noun) = avaliagao estimation of the value of property; an assessment of the value of damage done to property The appraisal for our new office building listed its value at $3.5 milion. appreciation (noun) = valorizago an increase in the value of an asset due to normal economic factors rather than improvements made to the asset The appreciation of the factory and land that we own in South America was about 20% in the past year. asset (noun) = ativo a thing of value that a business owns (usually plural) We own our office building and all of our equipment. We have a lot of assets. asset turnover (noun phrase) = giro de ativos total sales divided by total assets Asset turnover measures how well a company is using its assets to generate sales. audit (noun) = auditoria an examination of a company's financial records to check for accuracy (Our company has an annual audit every March.Accounting - intermediate (3) audit committee (noun phrase) = comité de auditoria the members of a company's board of directors who deal with internal and external auditors We have four board members on our aualt committee. bad debt expense (noun phrase) = despesas com devedores duvidosos an account that contains records of a company's uncollectible account receivables during a specific period We had $4,000 in bad debt expense last quarter. balance sheet (noun phrase) = balango patrimonial financial statement showing what a company owns and owes at a given time Our balance sheet showed that the company was worth a lot of money. basket purchase (noun phrase) = cesta de compras a transaction in which two or more assets are purchased for one price We completed a basket purchase last month of a factory and 100 acres of land for $10 milion. bond (noun) = titulo a certificate of debt that guarantees payment of the amount of the bond plus interest invested $20,000 in government bonds because they will earn a guaranteed rate of interest. bookkeeping (noun) = escriturac&o contébil the systematic preservation of quantitative records of financial transactions Good bookkeeping is key to accurate accounting. bottom line (verb) = lucro final net profit, loss, or result The bottom line was that the project cost too much money, so the CEO didn’t approve it. calendar year (noun phrase) = ano civil the time period from January 1 to December 31 Many companies use the calendar year as their fiscal year. capital stock (noun phrase) = capital social the part of a corporation's owner's equity that comes from money paid by stockholders for shares of stock The company sold 100,000 shares of stock at $10 per share, so it now has $1 million in capital stock. cash equivalents (noun phrase) = investimentos liquidos liquid investments that can provide a quick source of cash for a company Companies often use money market funds as cash equivalents. cash-basis accounting (noun phrase) = contabilidade em regime de caixa an accounting system in which a company records revenues and expenses when they are actually received or paid Companies that use cash-basis accounting have a good sense for how much money they actually have.Accounting - intermediate (4) chart of accounts (noun phrase) = plano de contas. alist of all the accounts used by a company A chart of accounts helps people understand the accounting system used by a particular company. classified balance sheet (noun phrase) = balango patrimonial classificado a balance sheet that shows important financial information broken down into categories, such as current assets and long-term liabilities Classified balance sheets provide extremely important information for judging the financial health of a company. closing entries (noun phrase) = langamentos de encerramento final bookkeeping entries made at the end of an accounting period that transfer income and expense items to the balance sheet accounts Our quarterly accounting period ends today, so we need to make closing entries in order to prepare financial statements. comparative financial statement (noun phrase) = demonstragao financeira comparativa a document that includes more than one period of financial information for a company to show changes over time Comparative financial statements can be complicated, but they are very useful for judging a company's performance over time. comprehensive income (noun phrase) = lucro abrangente a measure of the change in a company’s value during a period of time Comprehensive income consists of a company's net income plus changes in the company’s wealth, such as investment losses or the effect of currency exchange rates. conglomerate (noun) = conglomerado a large company whose various divisions operate in completely different industries Itis common to compare the financial performance of top companies by industry, but it is difficult when the companies are conglomerates. consignment (noun) = consignago an agreement in which a retailer receives and sells another company's products, paying for the goods and retaining a commission only after they are sold Our consignment arrangement with the dress manufacturer means that we keep 10% of the price for each dress we sell. contingency (noun) = contingéncia an uncertain circumstance that involves a potential loss or gain for a company, depending on a specific future action Lawsuits are common contingencies companies face, and their unpredictability makes it hard for companies to plan for them. control activities (noun phrase) = atividades controle policies and procedures put in place by management to assure that the financial reports are accurate and that the company's objectives will be met Strict control activities are necessary to prevent fraud.Accounting - Intermediate (5) controller (noun) = controlador the highest-ranking accounting official in a company The controller objected to the high cost of the project, so we had to revise our budget. cost principle (noun phrase) = principio de custo an accounting guideline that requires amounts listed in financial statements to be the actual amount spent rather than the current value, such as that of an asset which has appreciated Because of the cost principle, we had to record the actual price of the machinery that we bought, even though it was worth more than what we paid for it current ratio (noun phrase) = indice de liquidez corrente current assets divided by current liabilities A company’s current ratio gives a good idea of its liquidity debit (noun) = débito an item of debt, typically entered in the left-hand side of an accounting ledger This month, we had more debits than credits debt (noun) = divida money that someone owes Consumers in the United States have a lot of debt. depreciation (noun) = depreciagao the decreased value of property over time, because of physical age and wear, or according to a pre-determined schedule We calculate depreciation based on the assumption that our facilty and equipment will be productive for five years. dividend (noun) = dividendo money from a corporation's profits that is distributed to stockholders Last year, | received $515 in dividends from the stocks that | own. double-entry accounting (noun phrase) = contabilidade em regime de partidas dobradas a system of bookkeeping in which every transaction is recorded in at least two accounts, once as a credit and once as a debit Double-entry accounting makes it easy to quickly confirm the accuracy of the bookkeeping. entity (noun) = entidade anything for which separate accounting records are kept An entity can be a person, a private company, or a large corporation. EPS (noun phrase) = LPA (lucro por aco) ‘earnings per share; the amount of net income that corresponds to one share of stock; calculated by dividing net income by the number of outstanding shares Stockholders were very pleased that our EPS was $20 per share last year. expense (noun) = despesa a cost or charge, usually in exchange for a product or service The new marketing strategy increased our advertising expenses.Accounting - Intermediate (6) financial accounting (noun phrase) = contabilidade financeira the part of accounting that involves preparing and reporting financial information about a company Solid financial accounting is crucial for preparing annual reports. financial ratio (noun phrase) = indice financeiro a numerical relationship between amounts on financial statements Earmings per share is an important financial ratio. financial statements (noun phrase) = demonstracées financeiras reports that give information about the fiscal health of an organization Financial statements include information about income and cash flow. financing activity (noun phrase) = atividade de financiamento financing activity Last year, we had a great deal of financing activities going on because we were in the process of acquiring a company. finished goods (noun phrase) = produtos acabados completed products that can be sold Companies try to move finished goods from the factory to the sales floor as quickly as possible. fiscal year (noun phrase) = exercicio fiscal financial year ‘Our company’s fiscal year ends on January 31. foreign currency transaction (noun phrase) = transagao em moeda estrangeira a sale in which the currency from the seller's country is not used Because of fluctuations in currency values, foreign currency transactions can be complicated. GAAP (noun phrase) = GAAP (principios de contabilidade geralmente aceitos) generally accepted accounting principles; a set of accounting guidelines that specify accepted accounting practices Although many countries have developed their own generally accepted accounting procedures, GAAP usually refers to the American accounting guidelines. gain (noun) = ganho a profit from the increase in value of an investment When stock prices go up, shareholders enjoy significant gains. gross profit (noun phrase) = lucro bruto the total amount derived from products sold minus the amount that the company paid for them We paid $230,000 for those automobiles and then sold them for $600,000. Our gross profit was $370,000. gross sales (noun phrase) = vendas brutas total sales before any deductions are made for returns or allowances Gross sales were good this month because not many customers returned purchases.Accounting - intermediate (7) IASB (noun phrase) = |ASB (conselho internacional de padrées contabeis) International Accounting Standards Board; an independent organization based in London that is developing and promoting a set of accounting guidelines for all countries The accounting guidelines of the IASB are gradually being accepted by more companies and countries. illiquid (adjective) = sem liquidez used to describe an asset which can not easily be converted into cash We are trying to sell some land to pay the company’s debts, but transactions involving iliquid assets can take a long time. in the black (prepositional phrase) = com lucro profitable After sales increased and we reduced our expenses, we were in the black. in the red (prepositional phrase) = com prejuizo unprofitable Our expenses are higher than our revenues, so we are stil in the red. income statement (noun phrase) = demonstracdo de lucros e perdas a financial statement that gives information about a company's net income during a set period of time The net income reported in last quarter's income statement was about 20% less than we had expected. inventory (noun) = estoque a list of property owned by a person or organization Our recent inventory showed that we had over $100,000 in supplies. investing activities (noun phrase) = atividades de investimento the buying and selling of long-term assets Investing activities often require significant resources because of the complexity of the transactions. journal (noun) = diério an accounting document in which all financial transactions are entered in chronological order A journal provides a company with a complete record of all its financial transactions. lease (noun) = contrato de arrendamento a contract that specifies the terms under which the right to use an asset belonging to one party will be transferred to another party My company just signed a ten-year lease for an office building. ledger (noun) = razao an account book in which finanoial information is categorized and summarized Computer programs make it easy to post transactions to a ledger because everything automatically posts to the correct accounts.Accounting - intermediate (8) management accounting (noun phrase) = contabilidade gerencial the part of accounting that involves preparing internal financial reports to help managers make decisions Management accounting was very helpful in guiding the CEO in her decision to build a new factory. market value (noun phrase) = valor de mercado a company's worth derived by multiplying the number of shares of outstanding stock by the current price of the stock The market value of that company is $40 milion. net sales (noun phrase) = vendas liquidas gross sales minus sales discounts and allowances Net sales were quite a bit below gross sales this month because of the allowance made for a damaged shipment. nominal accounts (noun phrase) = contas nominais temporary accounts in which the balances are returned to zero and the amounts in them are transferred to a permanent account Nominal accounts are useful for gathering revenue and expenses before placing those items in permanent accounts. noncash items (noun phrase) = itens que ndo passam pelo caixa in the calculating of net income, a category of things that does not affect the amount of money Depreciation and amortization are important noncash items. nonprofit organization (noun phrase) = organizago sem fins lucrativos an entity that provides services but does not have earning a profit as a goal Public universities are nonproft organizations. NSF check (noun phrase) = cheque sem fundo not sufficient funds check; a check written by a person or a company that is from a bank account that does not have enough money to cover the check; often called a bad check Banks charge penalty fees to companies and people who write NSF checks. operating activities (noun phrase) = atividades operacionais actions that are part of the normal daily business of a company Paying rent, taxes, and utilties is a major part of our operating activities. overhead (noun) = despesas gerais the expenses of an organization that go to maintaining its facilities, such as rent and utility bills Our overhead is very high in this office because of the expensive rent. owners’ equity (noun phrase) = patriménio dos acionistas the net assets of a company, or the amount available to the company's owners after liabilities are subtracted from total assets The accountants calculated that current owners’ equity was $5.5 milion.Accounting - intermediate (9) patent (noun) = patente a set of exclusive legal rights to an invention that a government grants to a person My company holds several patents on drugs. pension (noun) = pensao a benefit program in which a company agrees to pay benefits to an employee after the employee retires Pensions can be a major expense for a company. physical safeguards (noun phrase) = salvaguardas fisicas equipment, such as door locks, used in a company to protect assets and information Some companies keep heavy metal safes or vaults as physical safeguards for their assets and confidential information. posting (noun) = langamento, contabilizagao the process of transferring information about transactions from the journal to appropriate accounts in the ledger We made a posting of the recent stock sale to the cash and capital stock accounts in the ledger. prepaid expenses (noun phrase) = despesas pré-pagas advance payments that would normally be counted as an expense ‘Our insurance premiums for the coming year are prepaid expenses. price-earnings ratio (noun phrase) = indice prego/lucro the current market value of a company's shares divided by the company's net income A company’s price-earnings ratio is used to estimate its potential for growth and its revenue stability. principal (noun) = principal amount of money borrowed The principal on my loan is $10,000. raw materials (noun phrase) = matéria prima the basic substances used to manufacture products About 30 percent of my company’s expenses are for the raw materials for our drugs. real accounts (noun phrase) = contas reais, accounts in which the balances are carried forward from one accounting period to another Assets, liabilties, and owners’ equity are real accounts. receivables (noun) = contas a receber a company’s claim for money, goods, or services Receivables are the results of a variety of financial transactions. revenue (noun) = renda, receita money that is made from a business or an investment, before expenses and taxes are paid Many fim companies generate revenue by merchandising the characters in their movies.Accounting - Intermediate (10) revenue recognition (noun phrase) = reconhecimento de receitas the procedure of recording a company's income Revenue recognition can be a complex process when payments are received over a long period of time. sales discount (noun phrase) = desconto de vendas a reduced price that is offered when payments are recelved within a specific time period The equipment manufacturer offered us a sales discount if we paid 100% of the cost by December 31, sales returns and allowances (noun phrase) = devolug6es e bonificagbes de vendas an account in which a company records the return of merchandise or a price reduction of merchandise that has already been sold Sales returns and allowances include discounts for goods damaged during shipping. secured bonds (noun phrase) = titulos garantidos bonds that are backed by a company's assets in order to guarantee repayment If a company cannot repay secured bonds, it can sell the associated assets to raise cash shares issued and outstanding (noun phrase) = agdes em poder do mercado shares of a company’s stock that are held by investors Shares issued and outstanding include restricted stock and stock owned by the general public. statement of cash flows (noun phrase) = relatério de fluxo de caixa a financial document that shows how money came into a business and left to pay for expenses during a set period of time Last year’s statement of cash flows showed that our expenses were much too high. stock option (noun phrase) = incentivo para compra de agdes da empresa a legal agreement that gives you the chance to buy part of your company at a specific price during a specific time With his stock options, Joe can buy stock in the company at a low price. stockholder (noun) = acionista a person who owns a part of a corporation The rights that a stockholder has vary somewhat from corporation to corporation. transaction (noun) = transagao an exchange of goods or services Some companies conduct thousands of transactions every day. trial balance (noun phrase) = balango de verificagao a list of all account balances that is used to check whether or not the total of all debits equals the total of all credits A trial balance is an important method of checking the accounting equation, but it doesn't guarantee that there are no errors.