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  • SHAPIN, S. Science and The Public

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    HenriqueCaldeira
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    Article concerning the historical construction of the categories "scientist" and "layperson" and also "science" and "public".

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    SHAPIN, S. Science and the Public

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    Article concerning the historical construction of the categories "scientist" and "layperson" and also "science" and "public".

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    7 visualizações11 páginas

    SHAPIN, S. Science and The Public

    Enviado por

    HenriqueCaldeira
    Article concerning the historical construction of the categories "scientist" and "layperson" and also "science" and "public".

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    de 11
    COMPANION TO THE HISTORY OF MODERN SCIENCE R. C.OLBY, G. N. CANTOR, J. RR. CHRISTIE and M. J. 8. HODGE, R ROUTLEDGE ta © wiper copes es Cae Pon Steno it an Pode Chin whit Beer rane Nop oye sat itch Sco nt psc iprt ga el toe ke Sear sie citbs Lae Congo Cini Pen pa ae tt by Sieoiths Peet RE ony Rate ahead) iss ate ate sae on CONTENTS Insoducion Thee Section IA: History of actnce ia relation to neighbouring Aiscpines Te develope of he ixoigraphy of cence TR R Cone 2 Te histor of sie the working sett Jab RG Tamer 3 The histor of science ad he history fey Rey Porer 44 Thehis of senor ad he psy of since Lay Louk 5. Soviet eres of rent nou Bary Bam Section IB; Anaya perspesves Marxism andthe bistro sence Heder. Your 1 The tology ofthese communiy Troe Ph 8, Femi and the itor of ence GRR Obie 9. Language, douse sod since FI Gains 2 ” 65 SCIENCE AND THE PUBLIC STEVEN SHAPIN 1, INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY Arenuslable etre of prestn-day sine that we know, o tik we cw, ‘ih eleven cerainy who # + sleast and who « byperson, where ‘ence end and where oer forme fete beg And is noles remath= ‘leh the gmc of sient and thea on ese mates phasic ‘nearest. fe inane are we ren swae of engin ‘ection lie arte nots of cence and te pablo’ ald singly be ead ‘fom tir exemplary neo, Bren Risorane ad sacl of cen, fn the octane hes do conlr te categories fence ele pul IE ted fas upon the laos Baree tro know enti, aber hn ‘naling how the ents ae hemsees construed. "The tuk ere desert and xls specs fh stil constrcion of thee categres On what bares, and fr mat purposes, have Boundaries, teen drawn betrecnslenfc and other Farm of ele, eteen the ll fol af te pratoner of ata Enowedge and thr soc rls? In the Course of adesing thet qoesbone we il move fom the seein the poblerati At the ea ode eer we wl in nse, know es out the tier sene’ andthe poe’ than wedi athe oat. Bu we ake ‘hat nich of oh we previ tok to be sl-ret Lnovedge was inde- ‘tute fond. Our recompense for knowing ls Wil be spots ‘Fame for cpa heres reser "We at ty deserting helmets of the anni acount ~ or conte porary cmon wis ht th tol raton etren since a be Dobie, We then coaider cern diensons alg whic practoncs of ‘cence nd other forms of clue lave stay been dseninted aig ptr tenon tothe scl and cura cores of tenon fined foul conpetene Cain fone of cent pace lvohed the acqra oy sd deploy of inlet is which were not prevalent in hy cure or invhe elt af th general rte, Soh clara gules ne, weve 3 ‘fate ineiabe estas of he plc of sence i the vera ap fee ture. We desc sever sremaiatacks upon tbe prope andepinacy Ufo iene uur this red fro the commoner) com tence ofthe wier public And we exis the signee of mito ate ‘nccenh-serary Sentic Nata ar» eile Tr esaishing aval “Ene important mocern soi and earl boundaries been cece and {Se publ, The production snd fstfonin of spec ems of ecentifc lg often dependent upon devine sbou who is compete pak Toner and who sa mane of tay, Epode ar decid n which ub Te testimony about mura phenoment we ested acardag fis socal Shure, ad ve pot the ene fle of tan sun in Setii> Commanicaon. Sere spec of conmusieon beeen menbers ofthe ‘Swi eormmaniy ad hep ae examined in terms of what peac= ‘Sher want om he uc and how in epee cumstances, war ged oper en plier secre tne dtsert Special ateton s paid othe Fines futur helo” 2 ge betwen sinc and yee and tobe vehicles by whch sGentfic knowledge was channeled tothe pec Fal we docs what the pu and beste hav waned om men of ‘ences Te ele of ptonupe anf arn concers ae sessed, an th Sciland ul consequences of profesionalntion for elions between +. THE CANONICAL ACCOUNT OF HISTORICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN SCIENCE AND THE PUBLIC “The seven of or lade ofthe categories of ena pob- Te tesupored ya canoe! acca fer sri las tn he pst the relatos seen sence an the pub were init, priv and com ‘Suan Whar belonged scence ws pony Seacste frm what di a, Foot the rl ofthe man of scence mas sarap deriminaed fom other Socal aks The publican wher spel and cular suuctaes were power mpared with sence Publi concms cold nea not onl te direton ‘Frere wrk ot als, nes, the content of teenie Lao. AS We hme cloner presen nes tv elton have radial ened ned Img be sd the cai venen ht scence bs propre shed is plan cunacred he roof the pb, 5 wl shat of cosine Teale in sci ir The shedding nd Scipio the public ve ben the condos er the proecton of prope scent mowed, or Inboover snc bs een sane fafoeneed ypu cones here Thule and bjecte nomads has Deen compromised. AS the exegoes oo How then have entice’ andthe public been delineated in hi ton? Ts what do hese eters crs ad on what rounds ae they sta “apes We can ana te socal tnd eaturl dimensions alorg whch ‘Toone andthe hes hry been aad and we ean exie 2 ‘tmberf reveal seal ements a which he boundary Dtwec th wo gn as Bun contre and subverted rm, and ended ofthe public an of eience have become disentangle othe rlesof each ane teen cndiied. The pal’ vole now const sel in acuting to enc Judgements an in rendering support or aces hat ses fae deemed ‘desable or een the poe aes + more sce rol iran he riko ‘roding the sktiecburterof te knowledgein quescn eral be tht the pat thee cers have winesed an ives of he power reli, between sence ad the pubic Whee sence to he een hat tean be Feengied ev dnt sty wi once noone ar eter wh by the pric and the inion he ent community now cantols ot eedings, sults the ature of proper reaton between el andthe pbb, fdeven ends rinficnce porta ino the arena plc ais “There mucho resommend he esanal acount. The elains beeen science andthe wider pie he alered dana since the seem enna These hangs hr inred the wining y the scifi ommsanty tf far rater stony in eden is om aia, they Hawi a sabe Stal Sif pais power wo ele ractner and way or inter ‘Sted nonprcones snd public lnstons ‘The canonical coat presents ‘wih mates wich need areal desrpdon and ean. The weakness ofthat account i the aendan, and largely umaekaorledge, ene ‘Sate desrpan wih explanation, ad o tae oat fa seis of iste ‘Sis a prot wlich ets om emanation, That deny, commoly mae {sed inset cen "pesos, lost he stil po- ‘es tatoo force by which the made relatos of cence and ube ave been progres ame! "Moder Notre pace, lke modem selec, tnd 0 sgpct he eg imac) of loop eplnatons In ths res, he most eeive anid Tlelopal temas isthe play of the oarmous lbour expended by Indl inthe pst a constructing the ery categorie of Science nd "be publ and in stpalaing the proper tre of tanacons besecn he ‘There wis nahing ‘nul ier” Seaman in these ewes they were msive ional achievements The work thatllow aspera ‘ems sen and the pub as done in spel irl eng, fr Specie purpose. Moree, thee casieos were widely contested. Dit ‘Bret group of nrested persons opel verge ves of Wht scence Was fr omph tobe and how the bouaresberween aber os of owe Sh pbs concer shoud be drawn, Weary therefore wih sch afhaw the tegore of ence aod the pb hare been Seed, defended ed on “sian subverted allright, the caso can ito eras tive stsged berween tee tpi te concer 9 he scenic coe munis he pubis the hacen ofthe publ and publi sane ‘itr scene cure and the scent coautuny and the consequences ‘hat hare Hove rom these engagements. om 5, CULTURAL COMPETENCE AND THE GULF BETWEEN SCIENCE AND THE PUBLIC (ne ofthe mst obvious mean by which we, an pope the pos sin bite teoece ‘leno and he puble’ ines the maton of eur ex peace eed menere fhe ec communi ae those deemed 1 Five aeqied relevat comve and muniole sil that member of te puedo ot pee Asa revo his dileretal acquisition of lls, thre is decency betes wht the pee know howto d, oF wha the} under Shan compared to what qualified siete psiners can do or what hey now,‘ dcontnsy af competes of couse, hist phenome ‘om es seme tn he developed oer ne preset statin. Haw ‘ir didn proced at th same rate in allacences, ora been ies or contested nt devlpment. As Thaaas Ka fas shown, the Gist sien= te are tn develop gp of comprchenslybetneen is quid pre times and be gearaly-edened pubic was at of the mabexatcd fence, ictng sot, opis and sas, as well os mathematics proper Even in anu, patoner ofthese cence id ot eet thy ember ofthe generaly-ated ple woud read the protons, ff (Bey read htm yond west thm In the secs cet, Caper Csi that be wrote footer materia and ot forthe erate publ in ‘nwa The mathemati phys fhe eventcdh-entry Seentit Role ‘Som smn, war not comprehen az such by non-maemataly- ‘aed nlc no hse who produce it nk ta oght oe. ‘Focrahune Newton’ inane works one bd tbe a mxthematiians it {radioaly dobeed wheter sre than 4 hand of eomtemporaries dil in fat real an urs The Mthomaia Pring of Netra! Pip. Indeed as Gallo an hes sid the Book of Nate wis wete Inthe Tnngues of txhemad, then sec tes ought wo reflec hat ely Ai to speak and to read eetrie mtbemal and echnical her tha ‘Sen, lapnges ster am elective ieriinatr awh could Be» ‘pete: eens rcner and who edd ao ‘Neco osm the ste real sion otans today, though, a we tune ets rs ar de han he tcl ntn fpofsionle sien, Yet ts wel w remind ours thatthe profsonalied sate of mac science mens th thee wd agreement no soit ato Who a exe ‘ese of eaten knowedg dee net mesn tha ntl owed Sole oct in te nde a at of acre seit, nor rt ecw ‘curve to aun tne wha the pie ta” abot wat processes and ‘ecb mera npn of ain of elena’ exper knowledge Compared to the abundance of scademic materal we ao poses abo the Seles of ial socierconering the natural words rematiable how Fe we kn, and bate soap ino, about the ehoseene of our om, moder west sos. Per Burke's programme died othe sy of ‘pula cles elas wih hight clare ar not yet made = i lar imac. the ty of elence proper. Ths, withthe eeepon of = Su beads body of work in mda histey and sei, wee ‘early any ndertaading of the ange of Deb enerane by ay mambers ‘far nie, how these eel ny late 1 tase mained by eens nd ‘whe purpores may be fled by uy Hsing about mare. Research by suck Inet! eclogite at Cecil Helan stngly rogue tat the ple of| ‘oder western sits posses» fly ears et of bl abou ‘Sse oer an indented wenment- Thee ble are ound be muy ‘Tinney rom he ble of phpians bu are sce deployed bY sete o cere rom the door tetera a pet deen sprog Iie? Weare sary lng ay fom undeanding pub cence in tha ste, Dt we an teat recognise he iol sberpnce of ay belies about tre 5 problem anda legate tp of Riel ni. 4: THE CULTURAL GULF ATTACKED "The clu gap rounding he mathematic pyri fhe Sine Rene Un ns ee a perv earure fl eors, or was ties cat ‘ered ob either nea etre feet progres or sn sce fd desrble sate of flare. lndeed ome commenttr reared 2p of ‘nconpebenbily Serwcen the common ses the publ abd the arf ‘Siti nena be a sign a something was mis wth the Wes Parcels nthe abet centr, and his munerous followers inthe sexe teeth coy argued tha te soqucrrao of liane om ee tay enpial epeence an er sociation noes ways of owing nd speaking uated hat wht thycmed know wa dee. Genie ‘atl nomi Prsclane wa faded upon pate engagement ‘nth ordinary sensory experience. This was wy mines acca chemi ad Tstandne nee sl ono more nde bet than sniversy poem tnd univesiy-raed plies Proper nowledge was propery Poe om Inorg renertdy ghe komld-uing caus of on ‘members of society, “ ™ " This srcng of the mae ad eae of heer eating beaeea seo ede pbc caren Per cle Chess ha stom hohe nae eb of Epement Pe otsed me. ap and ay ofthe ofl Newton sons te Pas fen Samay nog 6 der ae woof ry expec Popes lies mie en cies etme nl fy of alee lysines netics Ai sg snr Ines nee ‘enuy Dean th pire lower of Ca nd Surin a ‘ec 2) quent th ee sanding of sexe polo» prs) ‘eit say fe indo hy ste be pounded mt soc ol copes sate w the nay poe eer hn dey ‘pon de baie ‘nec of ener esate eal ener Ctoay the phenomenost Edman lated et he nae ete. The’ Gates! stn of mer tna enc int prin wo enn he we ed epee: One eel oe Inacio indy. Bu he ps be ie oe he ‘st bas dines aon ch he neg oe se omnes ‘nde nove te pbc aap a say ben» eld fens tse Thee apa tobe ting eval bout eee cel ff ng te noe ote npn of ae nd np The sound af muerte sec peste se re, tka, oct) am tear eed fom cep cence tod conprebnsin of okay aio te ee a eo tr educed ete: Howey reo te snd of sence pricy ipa igh Scene Rechte ote sence cer ey Sipe he pu chance of wen The enon of sce ‘Sperimentale lich deed party fen esp propane st Prac Bacon implemented sd pase Wy Ree Byes ro agin te ey el Socey of Lenn a neh io ed sponte men os pbc psn a prper seer, ee ot {®seng fom hs cos noes propane ened he nk at sublease parca st qa tte pee ‘i woot seni Ahem ar xagl tage fer pracy efits pace nd th ary of psc Sdancan nscooned frre agmge ndf eseil fis prpmen oa him oth eto nay nah eperenrand san ences ‘denuded epi cts wn abc dene ‘reds were uted modem depo, win ied ae ey Sipe bth escendet dma ofa nfm ner coc Wat eer bth te ef Knowl mas te ence os sense 10 be subjugated 0 speci, non-epeientil proedures that deste “Mhncnature tat be ie, or ax Bei sence a eal "The Baconlan gal of ie lvling of men's ws had oth piste and sci dimensions Hang such 9 goal spied ta te methods empened ‘prea solace an thon ht characterised every sla obverston iduldaon would overtp substan i a meant hatte social bows ihc beeen members of the ski omemanity an he public wos be ‘Sib ech be cron. The le of rng sad scours prep ‘Mote Rew apesincnl propane sho as sa be sacha f= wie peble tampon Japon fri pro and estric lnguie (roe were to be rected, precy Heeause sch nga erecte | ‘tga banen he ew eatrrine an the wider ple whose paipnton tes feng socked. Yee forall the het of sevemecrbcenry publics hich sce the open and publ character of ir prefered ces, be ‘Tiyan more compen rd problema The" pb’ ht etal pais ‘Fund i the new experenta programme wars crf selected and cp [Ind pub, Ther sno scat acu n which ne could uy that hs a4 for of pace open to all members of sce. Een the mocked "popula athe pew sence mists Michael Hunts esearch on Reso ‘Ri ieee shone be rested ih css. Moree, fo the iter a of She secmcenth cent, ie experimental enterprise coveted with revit ‘cd and caiwaly geresve matical programme. Mathematics ace ‘Scr in gone ante elated Newnan material pilsohy of Ture i paral, were defiely oot pbc practic nora alex teen noted, were pus campretesaily or publ parison ad be eceny fo thet abd power to be grated Sevneenieemy pre ‘Boon therefore ined wih he tenons lain and exit at east 0 {lems of rclatnsip baweensonee andthe public. Only ocesoaly i thee wnslons uit ese. s, SCIENTIFIC NATURALISM AND THE COMMON CULTURAL CONTEXT Bi the nineteenth cen, certain ofthe vegences beeen public coe ‘Sv anue rl thee bi tbe prope telat Science wee being ‘CSuusaly atemed: The Scefle Neural movement ofthe mid ‘corm period mas characterised by fos o et fom what counted iSite ning tone cements hat had pron End pbc ad sl Sib calure, Amhropooorhis,atzeposenic and lela views ate wee dented by wer such a Huy and yoda a fallacies of ‘OBE for lea nind wherever hey ined thems, ther an abe Pomecon of mate was at rk. A man-scaled and urastaped mata ow ~ conn pic cmon ne-yo be psd i oe in ‘mr teflon ete weet ted ao {lhe ce sg ie nner oe ee be Sete ashe asp nskn phn me er a {She ne sheeted eben cand hr ws of cars bere kc an pe Suse, Tat ig od Sythe mph of Dan sees Threaten Natei ny nee wri fo fel ml nw fr he seen see pee beeen ety sed RM ocghe eel ea {ont spent ba ee cts nd Ingen One co prin te ¥ wea eg a peeps of ate and nal proces wee bee and, uate, Costin ane nr scace conned nde heme ‘yi ged practioner hepeny ndet pea etimey On ‘laces mee ted ye sel cece iit cna a elie FM Toner ase t Sophie mpl rum snd ol pacine™ ‘igs of tt ss be ene ced a Gian Bes akon ‘scien cece. She pnw m spre aoe Sar ome ofthe ey sincere tex th eet ue de Sewcen pope Scie ccs pi a wre ‘toy heated er dred wi lepton ‘Seopa oven atl en nd ees pel: Mar trove sncen mod enedrsemay pt pin of Darn ih mer dex gal ant of econ pce es ern ppt dete i apenas a Fea pte! Emp phn ee cron oe eae soph co ‘lg ch ve shaped Foe ca tt se een Snchedis w nensprar ote cohen, oleny peepee, itary Socal One onan sce uy ede ba ean ‘Seri cnn singly cote nt Se pa lange On ‘beter had sens enews oe the ple Mnguge may voNe ‘ophrs an snes when yom ep hal ne {oi nwa hier eye tron ena nd pice 1 ed sess prof un wos nee ene SD on nore dene wc Che pie snp ee onesie pes ngs and gas er he Secmnmmy’ Aa anenps fp’ ce dome reo raul Are modeen scence eas publi ded by he ln that they pos set acommon ngage 6, SCIENTIFIC TESTIMONY AND THE PROBLEM OF PUBLIC TRUST “The problema aur of thereon betwen the etc community and the ple ges back a lett he origins of stents emp eee. Indeed hee ren ret be fund at he yer care of ena mld, the ar impicsedindctos abst what count towed Win be thetic andthe pace of sevencenth-cenury empl scence fade ‘al poi oscil elasons was eco and added. a was sine, ‘nate he alah f pope scene procedure ania Proctcal exigencies dated, mos af one's knowledge was to be founded upon “Ean ants iw done go abou ealntng exo bout mpi herunc an proce? Who was oe Blleved ad eastedin such mate? [Aough verio candateslson tthe pail probes pose by et ‘tony mere feed during he severteats con, the mater was eal ih a the mos pt ty deploying erera of eeitorhins that were ron ‘ed by secon of he poe. For cample, ope mgt ts he word ofa ene: tun ~inalace a in soa fe i eer. By the eigheeth ena, and ‘Seca n Fane, he scenic enterprise was being Be much me {len diferente. "The vile ineutneanason of sence Inte Ps “fosine was bth «scans and 4 sgn of te ditacton that tow exe ‘owen the mn of scence sad the pb Within och etn the queso ‘twin repos would cnt t aoe, and therefore of how nasal reaty ‘Toul be conus, were seesedaczrdig wheter such eps sere“ Tom the sete commit roer orm members of hep. Westun ‘hs wren ofan expec ting ese in mide nteegcenth-

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