mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

CHAPTER 3
CHEMICAL FORMULAE & EQUATIONS

Relative Atomic Mass

Relative Molecular Mass

Relative Formula Mass

Average mass of
one atom of an
element
1/12 x mass of an
atom of carbon-12

Average mass of
one molecule
1/12 x mass of an
atom of carbon-12

Average mass of
one formula unit
1/12 x mass of an
atom of carbon-12

Example
1) Element mercury is 20 times
heavier than helium. Determine
the relative atomic mass of
element mercury if the relative
atomic mass of helium is 4.

2) The relative atomic mass of helium,

nitrogen and sulphur is 4, 14, and 32
respectively.
a) How many times is one atom of
sulphur heavier than one atom of
helium.

b) Calculate the number of atoms of

helium that have the same mass as two
atoms of nitrogen.

Relative Molecular Mass (RMM)/Relative Formula Mass (RFM) can

be calculated by adding up the Relative Atomic Mass (RAM).

+
Water, H2O
RMM =

Sodium Chloride, NaCl

RFM =
22

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example

Atom, Molecule & Ion

1. Calculate relative molecular mass of the following element or compound.

a) Oxygen gas, O2

b) Chlorine gas, Cl2

c) Carbon dioxide, CO2

d) Ammonia, NH3

e) Iodine gas, I2

f) Sulphur dioxide, SO2

g) Sugar, C6H12O6

h) Ethanol, C2H6O

2. Calculate relative formula mass of the following compound.

a) Magnesium oxide, MgO

b) Potassium iodide, KI

c) Calcium carbonate, CaCO3

d) Copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2

e) Aluminium oxide, Al2O3

f) Zinc Sulphate, ZnSO4

g) Hydrated magnesium sulphate,

MgSO4.7H2O

h) Hydrated copper(II) sulphate,

CuSO4.5H2O

23

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

The Mole, Number of Particles, Mass & Volume of Substances.

MASS OF
SUBSTANCES
The mass of one
mole of the
substance equal to
the mass of 6.02 x
1023 particles.

NUMBER OF
PARTICLES
One mole of
substance contains
6.02 x 1023 particles.

Avogadro Constant
NA = 6.02 x 1023

mole = no of particles
NA

MOLE
Amount of substance
that contains as many
particles as the number
of atoms in exactly 12 g
of carbon-12

No of particles
= mole x NA

Molar Mass
= RAM/RMM/RFM
mole =

Mass
Molar Mass

Mass = mole x MM

VOLUME OF GAS
One mole of any gas
always has the same
volume under the
same temperature &
pressure.

Unit conversion
1 dm3 = 1000 cm3

Molar Volume
1) Room Condition
= 24 dm3 mol -1
2) At S.T.P
= 22.4 dm3 mol -1
mole =

Volume
Molar Volume

Volume = mole x MV

24

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example 1
1. A closed glass bottle contains 0.5 mol of oxygen gas, O2.
a) How many oxygen molecules, O2 are there in the bottle?

b) How many oxygen atoms are there in the bottle?

2. Find the number of moles of hydrogen gas, H2 containing

a) 3.01 x 1024 hydrogen molecule, H2

b) 6.02 x 1023 hydrogen atoms.

3. Find the number of moles of molecules in a sample containing 9.03 x 1023

molecules of carbon dioxide, CO2.

4. A sample contains 6.02 x 1025 molecule of water. How many moles of water
are there in the sample?

25

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

5. A container contains 1.806 x 1023 oxygen molecules, O2. A sample of 0.5 mol
of oxygen gas, O2 is added to the container. How many molecules are there
altogether in the container?

6. Calcium is needed for the formation of bones and teeth. How many calcium
ions are there in a serving of cereal that contains 0.007 mol of calcium ions?

7. A beaker contains 0.1 mol of zinc chloride, ZnCl 2

a) Calculate the number of moles of chloride ions in the beaker.

b) Find the total number of ions in the beaker.

26

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example 2
1. What is the mass of
a) 0.1 mol of magnesium? [RAM: Mg, 24]

b) 2.408 x 1023 atoms of magnesium? [RAM: Mg, 24 ; NA = 6.02 x 1023]

2. How many moles of molecules are there in 16 g of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2?
[RAM: O, 16 ; S, 32]

3. How many chloride ions are there in 27.2 g of zinc chloride, ZnCl 2?
[RAM: Cl, 35.5 ; Zn, 65 ; NA = 6.02 x 1023]

27

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

4. What is the mass of carbon that contains 6.02 x 1023 carbon atoms?

5. What is the mass of

a) 0.01 mol of ammonia gas, NH3?

b) 6.02 x 1024 nitrogen molecules, N2?

6. How many moles of molecules are there in 2.8 g of carbon monoxide, CO?

28

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example 3
1. What is the volume of 1.2 mol of ammonia gas, NH3 at STP?
[Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1]

2. How many moles of ammonia gas, NH3 are present in 600 cm3 of the gas
measured at room conditions? [molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1]

3. Calculate the volume of the following gases.

a) 0.3 mol of oxygen gas, O2, at room condition.

b) 4 mol of helium gas measured at STP.

4. Calculate the number of moles of 48 dm3 of chlorine gas, Cl2, at room

condition.

29

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example 4
1. What is the volume of 12.8 g of oxygen gas, O2, in cm3, at STP?
[RAM: O, 16 ; Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1]

2. How many molecules of carbon dioxide, CO2, are produced when 120 cm3 of
the gas is released during chemical reaction between an acid and a
carbonate at room conditions?
[Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 ; NA = 6.02 x 1023]

3. What is the mass of 0.6 dm3 of chlorine gas, Cl2 at room condition?
[RAM: Cl, 35.5 ; Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol-1]

4. 3 dm3 of an unknown gas has a mass of 6.0 g at room conditions. Find the
molar mass of the gas.

30

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

CHEMICAL FORMULAE

Magnesium Nitrate

Water

A representation
of a chemical
substance using
letters and
subscript numbers.

Mg(NO3)2

H2O

Empirical Formula
The simplest
number ratio of
atoms in the
compound.

[state the number of particles consist in the substance above]

Compound

Molecular
Formula

Water

H2O

Ethene
Glucose

Empirical
Formula

CH2

C6H12O6

Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula)n

Molecular Formula
The actual number
of atoms that are
present in the
compound.

RMM of Molecular Formula

=n
RMM of Empirical Formula
The empirical formula of a compound
is CH2. Its relative molecular mass is 42.
Find its molecular formula.
[RAM: H, 1 ; C, 12]

Copper(II) Oxide

Magnesium Oxide
31

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

To determine Empirical Formulae of Magnesium Oxide

1. Why is the magnesium ribbon cleaned with
sand paper before used?
2. Name the white fumes produced.
3. State the reason:
a) covering the crucible with its lid as soon as
the magnesium start burning.
b) raising the lid of the crucible at intervals
during heating.
c) heating, cooling & weighing are repeated
until constant mass is obtained.
4. Why is it important not to let any white fumes
escape from the crucible?

To determine Empirical Formulae of Copper(II) Oxide

1. Why do we start off with copper(II) oxide instead of allowing copper to react with
oxygen in the air in this experiment?
2. How do you test that the air in the tube has been removed completely?
3. Explain what will happen if we burn excess hydrogen gas without removing the air
completely in combustion tube?
4. Why we need to continue the flow of hydrogen gas after the heating of copper(II)
oxide?
5. Why do we need to repeat heating, cooling and weighing until constant mass is
obtained?

32

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example 1

a) A sample of aluminium oxide contains 1.08 g of aluminium and 0.96 g of

oxygen. What is the empirical formula of this compound? [RAM: O, 16 ; Al, 27]
Element

Al

Mass of Element (g)

Number of Mole

Ratio of Mole
Simplest Ratio
Empirical Formula of Aluminium Oxide =
b) 0.20 g of calcium reacts with fluorine to give 0.39 g of calcium fluoride. Find
the empirical formula of the calcium fluoride produced. [RAM: F, 19 ; Ca, 40]

33

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

c) Find the empirical formula of a compound that consists of 32.4% of sodium,

22.6% of sulphur and 45.0% of oxygen. [RAM: O, 16, Na, 23 ; S, 32]

d) 60 g of aluminium sulphide contains 38.4 g of sulphur. Find the empirical

formula of the compound. [RAM: Al, 27 ; S, 32]

34

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example 2

a) Butane has empirical formula of C2H5 and relative molecular mass of 58. Find
its molecular formula.

b) Ethanoic acid is an important ingredient of vinegar. The empirical formula of

this acid is CH2O. Given that its molar mass is 60 g mol -1, find its molecular
formula.

c) 6.24 g of element X combines with 1.28 g of oxygen to produce a compound

with an empirical formula of X2O. What is relative atomic mass of X?
[RAM: O, 16]

35

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

d) Element Y react with oxygen to produce a compound with molecular

formula YO3. Given that the mass of 1 mol of the compound is 80 g.
Determine the relative atomic mass of element Y.

e) Determine the percentage composition by mass of water in hydrated

copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O. [RAM: H, 1 ; O, 16 ; S, 32 ; Cu, 64]

f) Due to its high nitrogen content, urea, CO(NH2)2 is commercially used as

fertilizers. Calculate the percentage composition by mass of nitrogen in urea,
CO(NH2)2. [RAM: H, 1 ; C, 12 ; N, 14 ;O, 16]

36

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Metal
Atom

Cation
(+ve ion)

Nonmetal
Atom

Anion
(-ve ion)

Zinc
Zn

Zn2+

Oxygen
O

IONIC
COMPOUND

Ionic
Formulae

Zinc Oxide
ZnO

Ionic
Formulae

O2-

Silver
Silver
Chloride

Ionic
Formulae

Chlorine

37

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Charge

1+

2+

3+

Charge

1-

23-

Name of Cation

Formula of Cation

Hydrogen ion

H+

Lithium ion

Li +

Sodium ion

Na +

Potassium ion

K+

Silver ion

Ag +

Ammonium ion

NH4 +

Barium ion

Ba 2+

Calcium ion

Ca 2+

Magnesium ion

Mg 2+

Zinc ion

Zn 2+

Copper(II) ion

Cu 2+

Iron(II) ion

Fe 2+

Lead(II) ion

Pb 2+

Aluminium ion

Al

3+

Iron(III) ion

Fe 3+

Name of Anion

Formula of Anion

Hydroxide ion

OH -

Chloride ion

Cl -

Fluoride ion

F-

Bromide ion

Br -

Iodide ion

I-

Nitrate ion

NO3 -

Oxide ion

O 2-

Sulphate ion

SO4 2-

Carbonate ion

CO3 2-

Phosphate ion

PO4 3-

38

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Name of Cation

Formula of
Cation

Name of Cation

Hydrogen ion

Hydrogen ion

Lithium ion

Magnesium ion

Sodium ion

Barium ion

Potassium ion

Potassium ion

Silver ion

Iron(II) ion

Ammonium ion

Ammonium ion

Barium ion

Zinc ion

Calcium ion

Aluminium ion

Magnesium ion

Lithium ion

Zinc ion

Iron(III) ion

Copper(II) ion

Sodium ion

Iron(II) ion

Calcium ion

Lead(II) ion

Silver ion

Aluminium ion

Copper(II) ion

Iron(III) ion

Name of Anion

Formula of
Cation

Lead(II) ion
Formula of
Anion

Name of Anion

Hydroxide ion

Phosphate ion

Chloride ion

Bromide ion

Fluoride ion

Oxide ion

Bromide ion

Carbonate ion

Iodide ion

Iodide ion

Nitrate ion

Chloride ion

Oxide ion

Sulphate ion

Sulphate ion

Nitrate ion

Carbonate ion

Hydroxide ion

Phosphate ion

Fluoride ion

Formula of
Anion

39

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Name of Cation

Formula of
Cation

Name of Cation

Hydrogen ion

Hydrogen ion

Lithium ion

Lithium ion

Sodium ion

Sodium ion

Potassium ion

Potassium ion

Silver ion

Silver ion

Ammonium ion

Ammonium ion

Barium ion

Barium ion

Calcium ion

Calcium ion

Magnesium ion

Magnesium ion

Zinc ion

Zinc ion

Copper(II) ion

Copper(II) ion

Iron(II) ion

Iron(II) ion

Lead(II) ion

Aluminium ion

Aluminium ion

Iron(III) ion

Iron(III) ion

Lead(II) ion

Name of Anion

Formula of
Anion

Name of Anion

Hydroxide ion

Hydroxide ion

Chloride ion

Chloride ion

Fluoride ion

Fluoride ion

Bromide ion

Bromide ion

Iodide ion

Iodide ion

Nitrate ion

Nitrate ion

Oxide ion

Oxide ion

Sulphate ion

Sulphate ion

Carbonate ion

Carbonate ion

Phosphate ion

Phosphate ion

Formula of
Cation

Formula of
Anion

40

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Name of Cation

Formula of
Cation

Name of Cation

Hydrogen ion

Hydrogen ion

Lithium ion

Lithium ion

Sodium ion

Sodium ion

Potassium ion

Potassium ion

Silver ion

Silver ion

Ammonium ion

Ammonium ion

Barium ion

Barium ion

Calcium ion

Calcium ion

Magnesium ion

Magnesium ion

Zinc ion

Zinc ion

Copper(II) ion

Copper(II) ion

Iron(II) ion

Iron(II) ion

Lead(II) ion

Aluminium ion

Aluminium ion

Iron(III) ion

Iron(III) ion

Lead(II) ion

Name of Anion

Formula of
Anion

Name of Anion

Hydroxide ion

Hydroxide ion

Chloride ion

Chloride ion

Fluoride ion

Fluoride ion

Bromide ion

Bromide ion

Iodide ion

Iodide ion

Nitrate ion

Nitrate ion

Oxide ion

Oxide ion

Sulphate ion

Sulphate ion

Carbonate ion

Carbonate ion

Phosphate ion

Phosphate ion

Formula of
Cation

Formula of
Anion

41

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example
Construct the chemical formula for each of the following ionic compound.
a)Magnesium hydroxide

b) Silver iodide

c) Potassium Bromide

d) Zinc nitrate

e) Sodium carbonate

f) Aluminium oxide

g) Copper(II) iodide

h) Iron(II) sulphate

i) Magnesium oxide

j)Calcium carbonate

l) Ammonium phosphate

m) Sodium hydroxide

n) Zinc bromide

o) Lead(II) nitrate

p) copper(II) sulphate

42

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example
1.

Write the formula of the following substances.

a) Potassium iodide

1) Nitric acid

b) Magnesium oxide

2) Lead(II) iodide

c) Carbon dioxide

3) Copper(II) nitrate

d) Copper(II) oxide

4) Zinc sulphate

e) Lead(II) bromide

5) Iron(II) chloride

f) Calcium chloride

6) Iron(III) chloride

g) Hydrochloric acid

7) Chlorine gas

h) Copper(II) sulphate

8) Potasium nitrate

i) Hydrogen gas

9) Silver nitrate

j) Water

10) Magnesium bromide =

k) Sulphuric acid

11) Zinc chloride

l) Silver chloride

12) Sodium hydroxide

m) Potassium nitrate

13) Ammonia

n) Calcium carbonate

14) Iron(II) sulphate

o) Aluminium oxide

15) Lead(II) oxide

p) Oxygen gas

16) Carbon monoxide

q) Oleum

17) Magnesium sulphate =

r) Ammonium sulphate

18) Ammonium nitrate

s) Sodium chloride

19) Potassium hydroxide =

t) Zinc oxide

20) Lithium oxide

43

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example
1.

Write the formula of the following substances.

a) Potassium iodide

1) Nitric acid

b) Magnesium oxide

2) Lead(II) iodide

c) Carbon dioxide

3) Copper(II) nitrate

d) Copper(II) oxide

4) Zinc sulphate

e) Lead(II) bromide

5) Iron(II) chloride

f) Calcium chloride

6) Iron(III) chloride

g) Hydrochloric acid

7) Chlorine gas

h) Copper(II) sulphate

8) Potasium nitrate

i) Hydrogen gas

9) Silver nitrate

j) Water

10) Magnesium bromide =

k) Sulphuric acid

11) Zinc chloride

l) Silver chloride

12) Sodium hydroxide

m) Potassium nitrate

13) Ammonia

n) Calcium carbonate

14) Iron(II) sulphate

o) Aluminium oxide

15) Lead(II) oxide

p) Oxygen gas

16) Carbon monoxide

q) Oleum

17) Magnesium sulphate =

r) Ammonium sulphate

18) Ammonium nitrate

s) Sodium chloride

19) Potassium hydroxide =

t) Zinc oxide

20) Lithium oxide

44

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example
1.

Write the formula of the following substances.

a) Potassium iodide

1) Nitric acid

b) Magnesium oxide

2) Lead(II) iodide

c) Carbon dioxide

3) Copper(II) nitrate

d) Copper(II) oxide

4) Zinc sulphate

e) Lead(II) bromide

5) Iron(II) chloride

f) Calcium chloride

6) Iron(III) chloride

g) Hydrochloric acid

7) Chlorine gas

h) Copper(II) sulphate

8) Potasium nitrate

i) Hydrogen gas

9) Silver nitrate

j) Water

10) Magnesium bromide =

k) Sulphuric acid

11) Zinc chloride

l) Silver chloride

12) Sodium hydroxide

m) Potassium nitrate

13) Ammonia

n) Calcium carbonate

14) Iron(II) sulphate

o) Aluminium oxide

15) Lead(II) oxide

p) Oxygen gas

16) Carbon monoxide

q) Oleum

17) Magnesium sulphate =

r) Ammonium sulphate

18) Ammonium nitrate

s) Sodium chloride

19) Potassium hydroxide =

t) Zinc oxide

20) Lithium oxide

45

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example
Name the following ionic compound by using their IUPAC name.
Ionic
Formula

Name

Ionic
Formula

NaCl

KI

MgO

BaSO4

Cu(NO3)2

CaCO3

Al2O3

FeCl3

ZnCl2

LiOH

CuO

FeSO4

AgNO3

NaOH

MgBr2

ZnO

PbSO4

PbI2

Name

NaBr
Br Bromide

Na +
Sodium

Sodium Bromide

46

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
a) Qualitative Aspect

K(S) + H2O(l)

KOH(aq) + H2(g)

Reactant

Product

Meaning: Solid Potassium react with water liquid to give

potassium hydroxide solution and hydrogen gas
p/s: 1) Able to classify reactant and product.
2) Able to balance the equation.
Example 1
For each equation, identify the reactant(s), product(s) and the state of each
of them. Then, balance the equation.
a)

H2 (g) +

O2 (g)

b)

CuO (s) +

c)

Cl2 (g) +

NaBr (aq)

d)

Mg (s) +

HCl (aq)

HCl (aq)

H2O (l)

CuCl2 (aq) +

H2O (l)

NaCl (aq)

Br2 (l)

MgCl2 (aq) +

H2 (g)

47

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example 2
Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions.

a) Carbon monoxide gas + oxygen gas

Carbon dioxide gas

b) Hydrogen gas + nitrogen gas

Ammonia gas

c) Aluminium + iron(III) oxide

Aluminium oxide + iron

d) Ammonia gas react with oxygen gas to yield nitrogen monoxide gas and
water.

e) Silver nitrate solution is added to calcium chloride solution. Silver chloride

precipitate and calcium nitrate solution are produced.

f) When solid zinc carbonate is heated, it decomposes into zinc oxide powder
and carbon dioxide gas.

48

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

Example 3
1. Construct balanced chemical equations:
a) Magnesium react with oxygen will produce magnesium oxide.
b) Sodium metal react with chlorine gas will produce sodium
chloride.
c) Potassium oxide react with water will produce potassium
hydroxide.
d) Lithium metal react with water will produce lithium hydroxide
and hydrogen gas.
e) Zinc metal react with water will produce zinc oxide and
hydrogen gas.
f) Calcium carbonate react with hydrochloric acid will produce
calcium chloride, water and carbon dioxide.

g) Hydrochloric acid react with sodium hydroxide will produce

sodium chloride and water.

h) Potassium oxide react with nitric acid will produce potassium

nitrate and water.

49

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

i) Iron metal react with chlorine gas will produce iron(III) chloride.
j) Magnesium metal react with nitric acid with produce
magnesium nitrate and hydrogen gas.
k) Zinc metal dissolved in copper(II) chloride will produce zinc
chloride and copper metal.
l) Chlorine gas react with potassium bromide will produce
potassium chloride and bromine gas.
m)Copper(II) carbonate when heated will produce copper(II)
oxide and carbon dioxide.
n) Lead(II) nitrate when heated will produce lead(II) oxide,
nitrogen gas and oxygen gas.
o) Potassium iodide react with lead(II) nitrate will produce lead(II)
iodide and potassium nitrate solution.
p) Sodium hydroxide react ammonium chloride will produce
sodium chloride, water and ammonia gas.
q) Zinc metal react with hydrochloric acid will produce zinc
chloride and hydrogen gas.
r) Magnesium oxide react with sulphuric acid will produce
magnesium sulphate react with water.
50

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

b) Quantitative Aspect

2H2 (g) +
2 molecule
Or
2 mol

O2 (g)

2H2O(l)

1 molecule
Or
1 mol

2 molecule
Or
2 mol

Note: The coefficient in the reaction tell the exact proportions of

reactant and product in chemical reaction.
Example
1. Copper(II) oxide, CuO reacts with aluminium according to the following
equation.
3CuO (s) + 2Al (s)

Al2O3 (s) + 3Cu (s)

Calculate the mass of aluminium required to react completely with 12 g of

copper(II) oxide, CuO. [RAM: O, 16 ; Al, 27 ; Cu, 64]

51

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

2. A student heats 20 g of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 strongly. It decomposes

according to the equation below.
CaCO3 (s)

CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

a) If the carbon dioxide produced is collected at room conditions, what is its

volume?
b) Calculate the mass of calcium oxide, CaO produced.
[RAM: C, 12 ; O, 16 ; Ca, 40 ; Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol-1]

52

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3

3. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 decomposes according to the following equation.

2H2O2 (l)

2H2O (l) + O2 (g)

Calculate the volume of oxygen gas, O2 measured at STP that can obtained
from the decomposition of 34 g of hydrogen peroxide.
[RAM : H, 1 ; O, 16 ; Molar volume = 22.4 dm3 mol-1]

4. 16 g of copper(II) oxide, CuO is reacted with excess methane, CH4. Using the
equation below, find the mass of copper that is produced.
4CuO (s) + CH4 (g)

4Cu (s) + CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

[RAM : H, 1 ; C, 12 ; O, 16 ; Cu, 64]

53