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What is Matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
(Volume)
All stuff is matter:

Air
Desks
People
Chalkboard

Energy is not matter

Atom The smallest particle into which an

element can be divided and still have the
properties of that element. All matter is
made of atoms.
Every atom that we know of (and some we
have created) are on the Periodic Table of
Elements.

Atoms
An atom has three
parts:
Proton = positive
Neutron = no charge
Electron = negative
The proton & neutron
are found in the center
of the atom, a place
called the nucleus.
The electrons orbit the
nucleus.

Atoms (Continued)
Atoms are identified by the number of
protons it has.
In atoms, the number of electrons equals the
number of protons (positives = negatives)
If the protons = electrons, it is called an ion.

Protons and neutrons have the same mass,

but electrons are so small, we say that they
have no mass.
The mass of an atom (atomic mass) is the
protons + neutrons.

What are elements?

Elements are the
building blocks of
all matter.
The periodic table
is a list of all of the
elements that can
build matter.

Elements are made

of atoms. While the
atoms may have
different weights
and organization,
they are all built in
the same way.
To make molecules,
you combine
elements.

Periodic Table
The periodic table contains information about
elements. It is organized by the Atomic Number
(number of protons in the atom).
Atomic Number:

Number of protons
and it is also the
number of
Elements
electrons in an
Symbol:
atom
of an
An
abbreviation
for
element.
the element.
Elements Name
Atomic Mass/Weight:
Number of protons +
neutrons.

O
Oxyge
n
16

Lets try it!

1
1

N
a

Sodium
22.99
Name of the element: _____________________
Chemical Symbol: _________________
Atomic #: ____________
Atomic Mass (rounded): ________________
# of protons: __________
# of neutrons: _________
# of electrons: __________

How Electrons Are Arranged

(Bohr Model)
The electron shells (orbital) surrounding the nucleus each hold
a particular number of electrons.
Shells are numbered:
1st shell/orbital
= 2 electrons
2nd shell/orbital = 8 electrons
3rd shell/orbital = 8 electrons
4th shell/orbital = 18 electrons
5-7 shells/orbital = up to 32 electrons
**Remember: The outer shell of an atom (no matter what
shell) can only hold 8 electrons. These are valence electrons.

Lewis Dot Structure

Valence (outer shell) electrons can be
diagrammed using Lewis Dot
diagrams.

Try these!

1
electron

Ar

8
electrons

Si

4
electrons

7
electrons

How the Periodic Table is

Organized
Something periodic
occurs at regular or

at least generally predictable intervals

The Periodic Table is organized in rows
and columns.
Dmitri Mendeleev (1860s) and Henry
Mosely (1914) are credited with
creating the periodic table that we use.
Organized by
the number
of protons
(atomic
number).

Organized by
atomic mass.
Left gaps where
unknown
elements should
You dont need to write
be.

Here is a periodic table. What is it?

The columns are called GROUPS or families.

What is represented by the groups on this periodic table? DAYS

The rows are PERIODS.

What information is in the horizontal periods? WEEKS

Certain information is missing.

How would you find the missing data?
Group 5

Period 3

Periods

Each row is called a period

The elements in each period have the
same number of electron shells
1st Period = 1 Shell
2nd Period = 2 Shells
3rd Period = 3 Shells
4th Period = 4 Shells
Hint:
A period comes at the end
of a sentence--a horizontal
line.
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Groups

orFamilies Group 8 = 8 electrons

1

Group 1 = 1 electron

Group 2 = 2 electrons
18

1
2

13 14 15 16 17
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Except for He, it

has 2 electrons
Each column is
called a group or
family.
Each element in a
group has the same
number of electrons
in its outer orbital,
also known as its
outer shell.
The electrons in the
outer shell are called
valence electrons.

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Hint: Your Family tree is

Transition Metals
Transition Metals
have slightly
different rules for
shells and
valence electrons.
For now, assume
they each have
two valence
electrons.

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Metalsare generally shiny, malleable, and

hard. Metals are also good conductors of
electricity.

Non-metalsdo not conduct heat or electricity

very well. Non-metals are typically brittle and
are not easily molded into shapes.

Metalloidsshare characteristics of both

metals and non-metals and are also called
semimetals. Metalloids are very useful as a
computer chip material.

Phases (states) of matter

Solid Has a definite shape and
volume.
Liquid Has a definite volume, but
takes the shape of its container.
Gas No definite shape or volume.
Plasma No definite shape or
volume. Made up of charged
particles.
Exists only at high temperatures
Ex. Lightning & Stars

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Plasma

Characteristics of Matter
Physical Properties: A characteristic
that can be observed without changing
the make-up or identity of the matter.
Used to classify substances.
State solid, liquid, gas
texture
color
density
boiling point, melting point, freezing
point

Chemical Properties: Describes the

ability of a substance to change into a
new substance. Also used to classify
matter.
Elements it can bond (combine) with
Flammability
Ability to react (rusting, oxidizing)

Compounds
Pure substances that are made up of
two or more elements. They can only
be separated by chemical means.
Ex: Water, Salt

Mixtures and Solutions

A mixture is a combination
of two or more components that
are NOT chemically combined,
and retain their identities.
Mixtures can be physically separated.
The identities of the substances DO NOT
change.

Mixtures
Heterogeneous mixture: When a
mixtures components are easily
recognizable.
ex: pizza
Homogeneous mixture: The component
particles cannot be distinguished,
even though they still retain their
original properties. Also called a solution.
ex: koolaid, milk

Examples of heterogeneous
mixtures
Sand and pebbles
Oil and water
Powdered iron and powdered sulfur

Examples of homogeneous
mixtures

Milk, toothpaste, and mayonnaise are homogeneous

mixtures. They are also colloids.

Solutions
A mixture that appears to be a
single substance but is composed
of particles of two or more
substances that are distributed
evenly
amongst
eachgaseous,
other. or solid.
A
solution
may be liquid,
Examples of solutions
Liquid - seawater
Gas - air
Solid - alloys

Solutions
Dissolving The process in which
particles of substances separate and
spread evenly amongst each other.
Solute substance that is dissolved. A solute is
soluble, or able to dissolve.

Solvent substance in which solute is dissolved.

**Water is known as the Universal Solvent.

Colloids
A mixture in which the particles are
dispersed throughout but are not heavy
enough to settle out.
Made up of solids, liquids and gases.
Examples :

Mayonnaise
Stick deodorant
Milk
fog

Suspension
A heterogeneous mixture in which
particles of a material are
dispersed through-out a liquid or
gas but are large enough that
they settle out.
Examples:
Salad dressing
Medicines that say shake well
before use

Matter

Pure
Substance

Compound

Mixture

Homogeneo
us

Element

Solution

Colloid

Heterogene
ous

Suspension

How to write a chemical

formula

H 20

Write the symbols for each of

the elements. Metals are first
and nonmetals are second.
This is a subscript. It tells us
how many atoms of each
element are in the compound.
Water is made of 2 H atoms
and 1 O atom.
No subscript is used when only
one atom of an element is
present.

And some more formulas

Carbon Dioxide CO2
1 Carbon
2 Oxygen

Carbon Monoxide CO
1 Carbon
1 Oxygen

Calcium Carbonate
1 Calcium
1 Carbon
3 Oxygen

(Found in shells, eggshells, antacid)

CaCO3

Naming
Rule 1: When
two elements combine
Compounds
the ending is usually ide.
metal goes first

Sodium Chloride

Mg

Magnesium Oxide

Fe
Iron Sulphide

Cl

Na

O
S

Rule 2: When three or more different

elements combine and one of them is
Oxygen, the ending will be ate.
metal goes first
O
O
Cu
Copper Sulphate
S
O
O
Calcium Carbonate

O
Ca

O
O

Rule 3: When two identical elements

combine, the name does not change.
H2 = Hydrogen
F2 = Fluorine

F
N

N2 = Nitrogen
Cl

N
Cl

Cl2 = Chlorine
O

= Oxygen

Name the following compound

Na2O
Sodium Oxide

Name the following compound

CuSO4
Copper Sulphate

Name the following compound

ZnO
Zinc Oxide

Name the following molecule

H2
Hydrogen

How Matter is
Measured

SI prefixes in everyday use

Scientists use the SI

(Systeme International)
to measure matter. It's
almost the same as the
metric system.
See page R-8 of your
planner.

Text

Symbo
l

Factor

tera

1,000,000,000,00
0

giga

1,000,000,000

mega

1,000,000

kilo

1,000

hecto

100

(none)

(none)

centi

0.01

milli

0.001

micro

0.000001

Dont copy the table

--its on p. R-8 of your
planner.

Length: -- The measure of how

long or how far.
Usually measured in meters (m)
or centimeters (cm)
Measured by using a ruler or
meter stick.

Volume The amount of space that the

matter occupies. Usually measured in
liter (L) or milliliters (mL) for smaller
amounts.
Can also be measured in m or cm for
solid volumes.
1 cm = 1mL
Liquid Volume is measured using a
graduated cylinder.
Solid Volume (Regularly Shaped) a
ruler is used.
A solid, irregularly shaped object is

Mass The amount of matter a

substance contains.
Measured in grams (g) or
kilograms (kg)
Measured using a balance.

Density The amount of matter

per unit volume. (How heavy is it
The units for
for its size?)
density are:

g/ml or g/cm3
Density = mass
For larger
Volume
objects, kg/L

** The density of water is 1.0

g/mL ----- Why?