RAWATAN TANAH BAGI

PEMBINAAN JALAN DI
KAWASAN BERPAYA.
MESYUARAT PENGURUSAN JKR PAHANG
JULAI 2011C

1.0

LITERATURE

1.1 DEFINATION
Paya- Swamp is a wetland with some
flooding of large area of land by
shallow bodies of water. Also known
as peat, bogs, moors, muskegs,
mires and fens.
Swamp acts as a reservoir holding
water above ground water level

CUR (2001) telah menyenaraikan masalah

yang dihadapi oleh Jurutera semasa
menjalankan kerja tanah di kawasan
berpaya.
Sukar untuk dimasuki
Jalan masuk yang terhad.
Pemendapan akan berlaku dalam
jangkamasa yang lama.
Tanah tidak stabil.

Tanah lembut dan mudah tenggelam.

Keupayaan galas tanah yang rendah.
Paras air bawah tanah yang tinggi.
Tambakan akan mudah mendap dan
senang gagal.
Mendapan berlaku disebabkan
penurunan tekanan air bawah tanah.

1.2 COMMON EMBANKMENT FAILURE

Common Embankment Failure

PROJECT SCHEDULING FOR

CONSTRUCTION OF ROADWORKS
IN SWAMPY AREA

1.3

FOUNDATION TREATMENT

Common method of foundation

treatment used in road construction: R&R
Perforated Vertical Drain (PVD)
Surcharge
Stone Column
Soil Reinforcement

R&R

R&R

R&R

1.3.1

Remove and Disposed

Unsuitable
Materials
Unsuitable materials shell be excavated to

such depth and over such area as drawing

or as directed.
All excavated materials and unwanted
materials from clearing, grubbing, stripping
top soil shell be disposed from site.
Unsuitable materials include:

Running silt, peat, logs, stumps, slurry or mud.

Consisting of highly clay and silt
LL exceeding 80% and PI exceeding 55%
Lost weight greater than 2.5 % on ignition

3.1.2 Replacement of
Unsuitable
Materials
Under Standing Water.

The replacement of unsuitable

materials shell be done under
standing water, void created due to
removal of unsuitable materials shall
be backfilled with hard clean crushed
rock, natural gravel or sand.

1.3.3 Earth Embankment

Materials Shall be suitable materials obtained
from excavation in cutting or designated
borrow pit

Placement of Fill Materials

Shell be deposited in layer ( 300mm per
layer)
Each layer shall extended over the full
width of the fill area

.Earth Embankment
Compaction
Shall be compacted as soon as practicable
after being placed and spread.
Compaction of embankment slope,
compacted layer should extended beyond
the design slope.

Degree of Compaction
InSitu Density Test (Top 300mm) > 95% Dry
Density
(Below 300mm) >90% Dry Density

Perforated Vertical Drain

(PVD)

PROJECT SCHEDULING FOR

CONSTRUCTION OF ROADWORKS
IN SWAMPY AREA

14

PVD
Pipe with a thin vertical section of
drainage composite
Plastic tube with a non-woven
geotextile cover.
Digunakan bagi mempercepatkan
proses pemadatan (Consolidation
Process) dengan mempercepatkan
pengeluaran zarah air dari tanah.
PROJECT SCHEDULING FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF ROADWORKS
IN SWAMPY AREA

15

16

18

SURCHARGE

PROJECT SCHEDULING FOR

CONSTRUCTION OF ROADWORKS
IN SWAMPY AREA

20

SURCHARGE
Merupakan salah satu kaedah
rawatan tanah.
Kaedah untuk mempercepatkan
keupayaan galas tanah.

PROJECT SCHEDULING FOR

CONSTRUCTION OF ROADWORKS
IN SWAMPY AREA

21

SURCHARGE

22

PROJECT SCHEDULING FOR

CONSTRUCTION OF ROADWORKS
IN SWAMPY AREA

23

PROJECT SCHEDULING FOR

CONSTRUCTION OF ROADWORKS
IN SWAMPY AREA

24

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

INSTRUMENTATION

Instrumentation
SG EXT SM
Piezo

INC

SM

Purposes of instrumentation (design/prediction verification)

SM = Surface marker (to check surface deformation)

SG = Settlement gauge (to check ground settlement)
Piezo= Piezometer (pheumatic or electrical, to check excess
pore water pressure)
INC = Inclinometer (to check lateral deformation of subsoil)
EXT = Extensometer (to check deformation of deeper
compressible stratum)

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

INSTALLATION OF PNEUMATIC PIEZOMETER IN PROGRESS

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

SETTLEMENT GAUGE

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

SETTLEMENT MARKER

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

INSTALLATION OF STAND PIPE PIEZOMETER IN PROGRESS

 Tujuan pemasangan instrument geoteknik dibuat adalah :

a. Untuk menentusahkan parameter yang digunakan
semasa rekabentuk
b. Untuk memerhatikan tingkahlaku tambakan di bawah
bebanan.
c. Digunakan sebagai alat untuk pemantauan.
Kerja penambakan akan diberhentikan sekiranya :
U/ > 0.7
H/V > 0.5
Max. surface heave
> 0.2
Max. Vertical Settlement

PROJECT SCHEDULING FOR

CONSTRUCTION OF ROADWORKS
IN SWAMPY AREA

35

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA
Ground Treatment - Type A
Treatment (Remove and Replace) in areas where weak residual sub-grade material is
encountered with SPT (N) < 4 and Mackintosh probe < 30 .
Typical sketch - Figure 1 and Figure 1a

Ground Treatment - Type B

This treatment is proposed where weak compressible soft clay < 6m thick. A
1000mm thick drainage blanket layer shall be provided and the embankment shall be
preloaded with 1.0m high surcharge (rest period of between 4 - 6 months).
Typical sketch - Figure 2 and Figure 2a

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA
Ground Treatment - Type C
Treatment Type C is proposed where deep compressible soft clay > 6m thick.
A 1000mm thick drainage blanket layer shall be provided and the embankment shall be,
Preloaded with 1.5m high surcharge complimented with vertical drains. (rest period of between 4 - 6 months).
Typical sketch - Figure 3 and Figure 3a

Ground Treatment - Type D

This treatment, to be introduced at approach embankments abutting the bridges, comprises of RC slab of 450mm thick supported
by 250mm x 250mm square piles.
Typical sketch -Figure 4

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

GROUND TREATMENT TYPE A

Figure 1a
AHMAD ZAKI SENDIRIAN BERHAD

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

GROUND TREATMENT TYPE A

Type B
Figure 2
AHMAD ZAKI SENDIRIAN BERHAD

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

GROUND TREATMENT TYPE B

Figure 2a
AHMAD ZAKI SENDIRIAN BERHAD

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

GROUND TREATMENT TYPE B

Type C
Figure 3
AHMAD ZAKI SENDIRIAN BERHAD

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

GROUND TREATMENT TYPE C

Figure 3a
AHMAD ZAKI SENDIRIAN BERHAD

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

GROUND TREATMENT TYPE C

Type D
Figure 4
AHMAD ZAKI SENDIRIAN BERHAD

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

EXCAVATION WORKS FOR GROUND TREATMENT WORKS

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA
PROGRESS PHOTOS

GROUND TREATMENT CH 2950 CH 3400 RHS

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA
FIXED LOCATION

EMBANKMENT FILL AT CH 10100 CH 11000

LHS

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

SURCHARGE

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA
GROUND TREATMENT TYPE B & C

SAND BLANKET

PREFABRICATED VERTICAL DRAIN

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

300mm SAND LAYER

GEOTEXTILE SEPERATOR

AHMAD ZAKI SENDIRIAN BERHAD

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

EMBANKMENT FILL

SURCHARGE FILL

KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

GROUND TREATMENT TYPE D

AHMAD ZAKI SENDIRIAN BERHAD

DOS & DONTS : GEOTECHNIC WORKS

Best Practice
Follow the latest code practice.
Full time supervision from soil investigation to construction works must be
done by competent personal only.
Recording have to be done on proper recording sheet at site.
Construction sequence on site should always follow Method Statements
and Approved Drawings.
All lab test for design purpose must be witnessed and approved by
experience geotechnical personal.

> 300 mm

Uncontroled filling rate can

cause immediate failure to the
embankment

Filling rate of embankment

not following the
specification (300mm/layer)

Decaying tree trunks

used with USM as filling
material

Undulating
surface

USM as fill material

Improper compaction and poor selection fill material during

construction leads undulating surface to the pavement

Filling rate of 300mm/layer and proper

compaction with correct recording and field
test

Sand
Replacement
Test
Field test must be carried out to ensure degree of
compaction according to specification

Geotextile not
stitched

Encroachment of USM due

unstitched Geotextile

Deterioration of geotextile
due long exposure

Common mistake of geotextiles installation during

construction

Geotextile are
laid properly

Immediate filling after

installation of geotextile

Geotextile stitched using

proper tools

Best practice of geotextile installation

TERIMA KASIH