AM Noise Analysis

Professor Z Ghassemlooy
Electronics and IT Division
School of Engineering
Sheffield Hallam University
U.K.
Z. Ghassemlooy

Contents
DSBC

(AM)
Receiver model
Envelope detection
Synchronous Detection
Signal-to-noise ratio

DSB-SC - Signal-to-noise ratio

SSB-SC - Signal-to-noise ratio
Z. Ghassemlooy

AM Receiver - Envelope Detector

Receiver
DSB-C

BPF
(B)

White noise
w(t)

Demodulator
SNRi

SNRo

Diode + LPF
(B)

vi(t) = cr(t) + vn(t)

cr (t ) Ec [1 M cos mt ] cos c t

E 2c
Received modulated signal power Si PT
2

Message
signal
+ noise

vo(t) = m(t) + vn(t)

M2
1

R = 1

Band-limited noise power Pn vn2 2 o B N i

Input signal-to-noise ratio

E
SNR
i

2
c

/ 2)(1 ( M 2 / 2) Ec2 (1 0.5M 2 )

o B
2o B

Z. Ghassemlooy

AM Receiver - Envelope Detector - cont.

The vector diagram of AM + noise at the input of the demodulator is
RT(t)

y(t)
R(t)

Ec [1 M cos mt ]
The envelope of AM + noise is

x(t)

RT (t ) [ Ec (1 M cos mt ) x(t )]2 y 2 (t )

Assuming SNRi >> 1, thus [.]2 >> y2(t), therefore: RT (t ) Ec Ec M cos mt x(t )
Recovered signal vo (t ) Ec M cos m t vn (t )

DC blocked by a capacitor

Recovered message signal power S o Ec M / 2

( Ec M ) 2 / 2

2
2
2
Output noise power N o x (t ) vn (t ) o B Pn

Z. Ghassemlooy

AM Receiver - Envelope Detector - cont.

( Ec M ) 2
2
(
E
M
)
2
Thus the output signal-to-noise ratio SNRo
c
No
2o B

Modulation noise improvement factor

SNRo
M2

MNI 10 log
2
SNR
1

0
.
5
M
i

For M = 1 (i.e 100%) MNI = 1.75 dB

SNRo

Threshold

The demodulator exhibits a threshold

effect where below certain SNRi the
SNRo deteriorate rapidly.
SNRi

Z. Ghassemlooy

AM Receiver - Envelope Detector - cont.

For the case where SNRi << 1 the vector diagram is

Ec [1 M cos mt ]

R(t)
RT(t)

The envelope of AM + noise is RT (t ) R (t ) Ec (1 M cos mt ) cos (t )

Dominant term

Note: output containes no term proportional to the information m(t) = ECMcos wmt.
The last term is the signal multiplied by time-varying noise, therefore is of no use
in recovering m(t).

Z. Ghassemlooy

AM Receiver - Synchronous Detector

Receiver
cr (t ) Ec [1 M cos mt ] cos c t

DSB-C

White noise
w(t)

BPF
(B)

Demodulator

SNRi

z(t)

cos ct

LPF
(B)

SNRo
Message
signal
+ noise

vo(t) = m(t) + vn(t)

vi(t) = cr(t) + vn(t)

z (t ) [ Ec (1 M cos mt ) cos c t vn (t )] cos c t
Ec cos 2 c t

Note that

Ec M
EM
cos (c m )t cos c t c cos (c m )t cos c t vn (t ) cos c t
2
2

vn (t ) x(t ) cos c t y (t ) sin c t

Z. Ghassemlooy

AM Receiver - Synchronous Detector cont.

z (t ) 0.5 Ec

DC

0.5 Ec cos 2c t

Output signals
High frequency

EM
c cos (2c m )t High frequency
4
EM
Information
c cos mt
4
EM
c cos (2c m )t High frequency
4
EM
c cos (mt )
Information
4
Low frequency noise
x(t ) / 2
0.5 x(t ) cos 2c t
High frequency
0.5 y (t ) cos 2c t

Ec M
vo (t )
cos mt
4
Ec M

cos (mt )
4
x(t ) / 2

vo (t ) 0.5 Ec M cos mt
0.5 x(t )

High frequency

Z. Ghassemlooy

AM Receiver - Synchronous Detector cont.

SNRi is the same as in envelope detector

Recovered message signal power S o Ec M / 2

( Ec M ) 2 / 8

Output noise power N o x 2 (t ) / 4 vn2 (t ) / 4 Ni / 4 o B / 4

( Ec M ) 2 ( Ec M ) 2
SNRo

8No
2o B
Synch. detection
Envelope detection

SNRo

SNRo
2M 2

MNI 10 log
2
SNRi 2 M
For M =1, MNI = -1.76 dB, i.e.
degradation in SNR.

Threshold

SNRi

Z. Ghassemlooy

AM Receiver - Synchronous Detector cont.

Receiver

Demodulator

SNRi

BPF
(B)

DSB-C

White noise
w(t)
Ec
0.5MEc

c-m

z(t)

LPF
(B)

SNRo
Message
signal
+
C
noise

LO

Sw(f)
o/2

c+m

-c+m
c

o/2
-(c+m)

0.5PT
c-m

PT

o
c+m

Z. Ghassemlooy

-m 0
B

DSB-SC Noise Analysis

Receiver
cr (t ) Ec M cos mt cos c t
DSB-SC

+
White noise
w(t)

Demodulator

SNRi

BPF
(B)

z(t)

cos ct

LPF
(B)

SNRo
Message
signal
+ noise

vo(t) = m(t) + vn(t)

vi(t) = cr(t) + vn(t)

z (t ) [ Ec M cos mt cos c t vn (t )] cos c t

0.5 Ec M cos mt 0.25Ec M cos (2c m )t 0.25 Ec M cos (2c m )t
vn (t ) cos c t
Substituting for vn (t ) x(t ) cos c t y (t ) sin c t

Z. Ghassemlooy

DSB-SC Noise Analysis - cont.

z (t ) 0.5MEc cos 2mt

Information

x(t ) / 2
Noise
0.25Ec M cos (2c m )t
0.25 Ec M cos (2c m )t
0.5 x(t ) cos 2c t

Output signals
vo(t ) 0.5 Ec M cos mt

High frequency

x(t ) / 2

0.5 y (t ) cos 2c t

Power analysis

( MEc ) 2
Received modulated signal power Si
4

R = 1

Band-limited noise power Pn vn2 2 o B N i

( Ec M ) 2
SNRi
4o B

Z. Ghassemlooy

DSB-SC Noise Analysis - cont.

Recovered message signal power S o 0.5 Ec M / 2

( Ec M ) 2 / 8

Output noise power N o x 2 (t ) / 4 vn2 (t ) / 4 Ni / 4 o B / 4

( Ec M ) 2 ( Ec M ) 2
SNRo

8No
2o B

SNRo
3 dB
MNI 10 log
SNRi
This improvement is due to presence of two sidebands in the received signal which is
translated down to the baseband and added coherently. Noise power on the other hand
does not add coherently (quadrature component is reject by the detector).

Z. Ghassemlooy

SSB-SC Noise Analysis

Receiver

cr (t ) 0.5 Ec M cos (c m )t
SSB-SC

SNRi

BPF
(B)

+
White noise
w(t)

Demodulator

z(t)

cos ct

LPF
(B)

SNRo
Message
signal
+ noise

vo(t) = m(t) + vn(t)

vi(t) = cr(t) + vn(t)

z (t ) [0.5 Ec M cos (c m )t x(t ) cos c t y (t ) sin c t ] cos c t

0.25 Ec M cos mt 0.25 Ec M cos (2c m )t 0.5 x(t ) 0.5 x(t ) cos 2c t
0.5 y (t ) sin c t

vo(t ) 0.25Ec M cos mt 0.5 x(t )

Z. Ghassemlooy

SSB-SC Noise Analysis - cont.

Power analysis

R = 1

( MEc ) 2
Input signal power Si
8

Output signal power S o ( Ec M ) 2 / 32

Noise power Pn 2 o B N i

Output noise power N o x 2 (t ) / 4 Ni / 4

( Ec M ) 2 ( Ec M ) 2
SNRi

8No
8o B

SNRo
0 dB
SNRi

MNI 10 log

( Ec M ) 2 ( Ec M ) 2
SNRo

32 N o
8o B

SNRo
SNRi

Z. Ghassemlooy