Chapter

Objectives
Chapter 1: The Earliest Human Societies
Section 1
Analyze the reasons people study history and the tools they
use to do so
Describe the way of life of the hunter-gatherer
Summarize the development of key cultural features among
prehistoric peoples
Describe the beginnings of the domestication of animals and
plants
Section 2
Trace the impact of farming on the development of
settlements among early humans
Describe the processes by which the first significant
communities in human history emerged
Describe what life was like in these early complex villages

Chapter 2: Mesopotamia and the Fertile Cresent

Section 1
Describe the geographic features of Mesopotamia and the
ways in which they contributed to the spread of agriculture
Explain how early farmers managed to control water supplies
in the region

Summarize ways in which ancient people in Mesopotamia

managed in a land with scarce resources
Section 2
Discuss the characteristics that define a civilization
Describe the first civilization at Sumer Outline the key features
of Sumerian society
Identify the major scientific developments of the Sumerians
Section 3
Trace the development of the first empires in Mesopotamia,
Akkad and Babylon
Describe the rise and fall of the Assyrian and Chaldean
empires
Discuss the rise of the Persian Empire and analyze the
accomplishments of Cyrus and Darius, two notable Persian
leaders

Chapter 3: The Hebrew Kingdoms

Section 1
Explain the origins and significance of central beliefs of the
Hebrews
Describe the locations of the settlements of the Hebrew
people and Moses' role in Hebrew freedom
Summarize what happened when the Hebrews returned to
Canaan
Section 2
Identify important Israelite leaders and discuss how they
helped build a nation
Explain why the Israelites split into two kingdoms and describe
the outcome of this division

Describe the beliefs that sustained the Israelites during the

Babylonian Captivity
Section 3
Describe how the Jews regained control of Jerusalem
Explain the consequences of resistance to Roman control
Summarize how the Jews kept their faith alive after the
Diaspora

Chapter 4: Ancient Egypt and Kush

Section 1
Explain how the flooding of the Nile River benefited the
ancient Egyptians
Describe how Egyptians used the fertile land along the Nile
Identify other natural resources that Egyptians used
Section 2
Identify jobs and social roles of ancient Egyptians
Describe Egyptian advances in calendars, geometry, medicine,
and writing
Explain Egyptian religious beliefs
Section 3
Explain how government and religion were linked in ancient
Egypt
Describe how the Great Pyramid of Giza was built and what it
contained
Identify the differences between the Middle Kingdom and the
Old Kingdom
Section 4

Identify the main achievements of Queen Hatshepsut

Explain how Akhenaton tried to change Egyptian religion and
art
Describe the achievements of Ramses II

Chapter 5: Ancient India

Section 1
Describe the physical features, including the river systems, of
ancient India
Describe the development of early Indian cities
Analyze Harappan civilization
Section 2
Describe the significance of the Aryan migrations into India
Analyze the social structure of the caste system
Summarize the features of Brahmanism and Hinduism
Section 3
Describe the life and teachings of the Buddha and the spread
of Buddhism
Describe the growth of the Maurya Empire and the
achievements of Asoka
Analyze the golden age of the Guptas, including developments
in art and science
Section 4
Summarize the religious legacy, including Hinduism and
Buddhism, left to the world by ancient India
Describe the artistic legacy of the ancient Indians
Describe the contributions of the ancient Indians to the field of

mathematics

Chapter 6: Ancient China

Section 1
Analyze the physical features, including the river systems,
mountain ranges, and deserts, that characterized ancient
China
Describe the development of the earliest Chinese civilization,
the Shang Dynasty
Describe the Zhou Dynasty, which followed the Shang Dynasty
Section 2
Analyze the philosophy of Legalismwhat it was and why it
came about
Describe key details about the life of Confucius and his
teachings
Describe key details in the life of Laozi and the philosophy of
Daoism
Section 3
Summarize how China became unified under the Qin Dynasty
Explore the political contributions of the Han Dynasty
Describe daily life in Han China
Section 4
Explore the contributions and impact of the Silk Roads on
Chinese culture and history
Trace the influence of ideas such as Confucianism and Daoism
in Chinese history
Describe the many contributions of the ancient Chinese to our
world

Chapter 7: Ancient Greece

Section 1
Describe the effect of mountains on Greek life
Explain how the sea unified Greece and brought new ideas
Summarize the beginnings of Greek culture
Section 2
Describe how Greeks viewed interactions with gods
Explain how the Greeks honored their gods
Discuss what constitutes Greek epic poems and fables
Section 3
Explain how Greece was politically organized
Trace the evolution of Greek government from kingdom to
democracy
Describe limited democracy and ostracism
Section 4
Describe Spartan government and its militaristic society
Outline Athenian society and its politically active citizens
Explain how the Persian Wars led to Greek unification
Chapter 8: Classical Greece
Section 1
Describe how democracy grew under Pericles
Explain how Pericles expanded the wealth and power of Athens
Summarize Pericles' beautification program in Athens
Explain why Athens and Sparta went to war, and describe the
events of the war
Section 2

Describe Philip of Macedonia's conquest of Greece

Trace the expansion of Alexander's empire across parts of
Europe and Asia
Explain the influence of Greek culture in Alexander's empire
Section 3
Describe how the concepts and styles of Greek architecture
and art are still influential today
Name some important Greek historians and philosophers and
summarize their contributions
Trace the development of the scientific standards from
Hellenistic science
Chapter 9: The Rise of Rome
Section 1
Understand geographic factors that helped Rome build a
civilization
Analyze what life was like in early Roman society
Describe how Rome's republican government was organized
Analyze the causes and effects of Roman expansion
Section 2
Trace the events that led to the overthrow of the Roman
Republic
Describe the influence of Julius Caesar and Augustus on the
transition from republic to empire
Section 3
Understand how Roman families and society were organized
Trace the influences of other cultures on Roman religious
beliefs
Describe what life was like in Roman cities

Section 4
Summarize the key points in the life and teachings of Jesus
Analyze the activities of the disciples and their efforts to
spread the Christian faith after the death of Jesus
Describe the early church
Summarize Paul's role in spreading Christianity
Chapter 10: Rome's Decline and Legacy
Section 1
Analyze the relationship between Rome and the early Christian
church
Describe the conversion of Constantine and his impact on the
Christian church
Trace the early development of the Roman Catholic Church
Section 2
Summarize the weaknesses that emerged in the Roman Empire
during the A.D. 200s
Describe Diocletian's attempt to strengthen the empire by
dividing it
Analyze Constantine's ongoing efforts at reform in the Roman
Empire
Section 3
Summarize the history of the Byzantine Empire
Describe how the Byzantine Empire preserved Roman culture
Describe the division of the Christian church into the Roman
Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches
Section 4
Analyze the artistic and cultural legacy of Rome

Analyze the technological and architectural legacy of Rome

Analyze the legal and religious legacy of Rome
Chapter 11: The Rise of Islam
Section 1
Explain how the desert climate of the Arabian peninsula
affected the ways of life of different groups of people
Summarize the life and teachings of Muhammad
Explain how the teachings of Islam provide laws and guidelines
for the religious practice and everyday life of Muslims
Section 2
Describe the role of Islamic leaders in the spread of Islam after
Muhammad's death
Analyze the issues behind the split in the Islamic community
Describe the features of the Umayyad Empire
Explain the causes of the Umayyad downfall
Section 3
Explain the ways in which the Abbasids controlled their empire
and trace the causes of their decline
Identify the cultural contributions of the Abbasids
Describe the rise of Crdoba under Abd al-Rahman III
Identify the achievements of scholars during the golden age of
al-Andalus
Chapter 12: African Civilizations
Section 1
Describe Africa's physical geography
Summarize the history of the Bantu migrations
Analyze the importance of family, labor specialization, and oral

tradition in African civilizations

Section 2
Analyze how natural resources contributed to West Africa's
success in trade
Describe how trade brought religious and cultural changes to
Ghana
Describe the rise and fall of the Mali empire
Analyze the importance of strong leadership and government
organization in the rise of the Songhai empire
Section 3
Summarize the development of the kingdom of Aksum and
describe the notable features of the civilization
Trace the growth of coastal trading networks and city-states
Explain the relationship between the gold trade and the
growth of Great Zimbabwe
Describe the development of the Kongo kingdom and the
effect of relations between Kongo and Portugal
Chapter 13: American Civilizations
Section 1
Analyze physical features of the Americas, including rivers,
mountain ranges, and climate
Give details about the geography of the Andes
Locate Mesoamerica and list details about its geographical
features
Section 2
Trace the role of agriculture in the development of the Olmec
culture
Examine historical evidence relating to Olmec culture

Analyze the effects of Olmec beliefs and practices on other

cultures
Section 3
Describe the technologies of Southwestern peoples
Explain how Native Americans in four different regions
adapted to their environments
Chapter 14: Dynasties of China
Section 1
Explain how the fall of the Han Dynasty affected China
Describe how Buddhism and Confucianism influenced Chinese
society
Analyze how the Sui and Tang dynasties reunified China
Section 2
Explain how the Tang and Song dynasties created a powerful
imperial state
Describe how the agricultural and commercial booms created a
prosperous economy in Tang and Song China
Identify arts and technologies that arose in China and
influenced the world
Section 3
Describe how the Mongols created and expanded their empire
Explain how the Mongols changed Chinese government
List ways the Mongols expanded trade and foreign contacts
Section 4
Describe how the Chinese overthrew the Mongols and started
the Ming Dynasty
Explain why the Ming emperors isolated China

Identify the Qing Dynasty and explain how they governed

Chapter 15: Civilizations of Asia
Section 1
Describe the effects of geography on Japan's development
Examine the unique qualities of Japanese culture
Discuss the rise of the military in Japanese society
Section 2
Describe the influence of China on the development and
culture of Korea, Khmer, and Vietnam
Recognize that India had a strong impact on the development
of Khmer
Trace the history of Korea, the Vietnamese kingdoms, and the
Khmer Empire through the 1400s
Section 3
Explain the early history of the Mughal Empire
Describe how Akbar ruled the Mughal Empire
Compare Akbar's approach to ruling to that of the three
emperors after him
Summarize the reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire
Section 4
Explain the structure of the Ottoman Empire and its legal
system
Trace the expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Describe the status of various religious groups, enslaved
people, and women in the Ottoman Empire
Chapter 16: Feudal and Late Medieval Europe
Section 1

Describe Europe's geography

Identify changes in Europe after the fall of the Western Roman
Empire
Explain the growth of the Frankish empire and the
corresponding spread of Christianity
Analyze causes of feudalism and its structure
Section 2
Analyze the reasons the Church was so powerful in medieval
Europe
Identify causes of conflict between the Church and monarchs
Describe the contributions of the Church to education
Section 3
Describe the effects of the plague on European society
Identify the causes and outcome of the Hundred Years' War
Explain the significance of new warfare technologies
developed during the Hundred Years' War
Trace the emergence of modern European nations
Section 4
Describe changes in England's legal system in the 1100s and
1200s
Explain the growth of representative government in England
Identify the influence of English legal and political innovations
on later governments
Chapter 17: The Renaissance and Reformation
Section 1
Review the events that led to the end of feudalism and the
growth of trade

Describe humanism and its relationship to the emergence of

the Renaissance
Explain why the Renaissance began in Italy
Describe advances in the arts, literature, architecture, and
engineering
Section 2
Identify reasons for the spread of the Renaissance to northern
Europe
Examine the styles and accomplishments of significant artists
and writers of the Northern Renaissance
Explain the impact of the scientific and technological advances
of the Renaissance
Section 3
Trace the events leading up to the Great Schism
Identify some of the early critics of the Church and the ideas
for reform
Describe the factors leading to Martin Luther's decision to
write the Ninety-Five Theses
Section 4
Describe how Luther's message spread and how it affected
Europe
Explain the development of other Protestant religions in
Europe
Analyze the methods used by the Catholic Church in the
Counter Reformation
Chapter 18: Scientific Revolution and the Age of Exploration
Section 1
Identify important theories advanced by Greek scientists
Examine contributions to scientific and mathematical

knowledge by Muslim, Christian, and Jewish scholars in the

Middle Ages
Explain how humanism and global exploration led to the
Scientific Revolution
Section 2
Trace the establishment of Portugal's trading network in Africa
and India
Explain the results of Columbus' voyages
Identify later European explorations of the Americas and their
effect on Europe's worldview
Section 3
Describe the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the
populations and trading patterns of the Americas, Europe,
Africa, and Asia
Explain the competition between European countries to
establish colonies
Identify the factors that led to the growth of capitalism and
the adoption of mercantilist policies in Europe
Chapter 19: From Monarchy to Revolution
Section 1
Describe the roots of Enlightenment ideas
Compare and contrast the ideas of Voltaire, Montesquieu, and
Rousseau
Summarize how women argued for human rights
Explain the difference between an absolute monarch and an
enlightened despot
Section 2
Trace the effect of Enlightenment ideas on the American
Revolution

Explain how the French Revolution descended into the bloody

Reign of Terror
Describe what happened in Europe after Napoleon's downfall
Section 3
Summarize how some Latin American countries gained
independence
Explain why revolution spread across Europe at this time
Describe how political revolutions influenced changes in the
arts
Chapter 20: Industry and Empire
Section 1
Explain why the Industrial Revolution began in Britain
Describe how the Industrial Revolution affected the United
States
Summarize the reforms implemented during the Industrial
Revolution
Section 2
Describe how new inventions made life easier
Explain what medical advances helped to improve life
expectancy
Summarize some important achievements in science and social
science during the 1800s
Section 3
Explain why European nations wanted land in Africa
Describe how European powers competed to gain control of
the Ottoman Empire and Persia
Analyze why India was important to Britain's economy
Identify reasons why territory in Asia was important to

European imperialists
Chapter 21: The World at War
Section 1
Describe the tensions in Europe that led to World War I
Explain why World War I lasted so long
Summarize the events that helped end World War I
Section 2
Explain Germany's economic problems after World War I
Describe how the economic depression occurred in the United
States
Summarize how the Great Depression affected countries
around the world
Section 3
Describe how fascism spread throughout Europe
Trace Hitler's rise to power
Explain how Japan gained territory in Asia
Section 4
Explain how the Axis powers gained an advantage early in
World War II
Describe the three-pronged strategy used by the Allied forces
Summarize the steps used by Hitler to eliminate the Jews
Explain how the Allied forces won the war in both Europe and
Asia
Chapter 22: The World Since 1945
Section 1
Describe the basic conflicts between the United States and the
Soviet Union

Trace the steps that led to U.S. involvement in Korea and

Vietnam
Summarize the events that ended the Cold War
Section 2
Explain how India gained independence
Compare and contrast Ghana's and Kenya's paths to
independence
Section 3
Explain the steps South Africa took toward democracy in the
1990s
Describe how successful the Soviet Union, Eastern European
countries, and China have been in establishing democracies
Summarize the obstacles that make establishing democracies
difficult in Latin American countries
Section 4
Explain what terrorism is and how it threatens global security
Summarize the measures that have been taken to guarantee
human rights
Describe how the global economy affects the environment