&

(.. 6000033)

, 2007

..............................................................................................................4
: ..............................................6
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.................................................................................8
.............................................................12
.......................................................18
.........................21
.....................................................................................................25
............................26
..................................................................28
: ..........................................................................30
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...........................................................................................................31

..............................................................................35
: ..........................................36
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 ........40
MBI ........................................................................................41
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40% .

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1940, ,
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(Grint, 1991).

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10

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20 ,
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70 ).
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(Glicken, 1983).
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11

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William & Allen, 1975).
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).

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)
12

 (, 1995). ,
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)
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13

( & , 1999). , ,

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err & Newman (1978,
, 2007)
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(Potter, 1987).
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 Freudenberger (1974),
,
(burnout)
.
Cristine Maslach (1976), ,

.
burn out
(Maslach & Jackson,1986).

,

.
(Pines, 1993)
. , ,
.
.

. Shaufeli Enzmann (1998),

.
.
Pines & Aronson (1988)


, .
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Maslach Jackson (1986) ,

1.

, 2. 3.
16



.
(Maslach
Schaufeli, 1993).

, .

.
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.
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.
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,
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(, 1995).
, aslach & Jackson (1984)

,
, ,

.


.
Cook (1992) burnout

.

17

 Cherniss (1980), burnout

,
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(, 1997).
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18

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Enzman & Shaufeli (1998, , 2007)
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19

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, (Cherniss, 1995,
, 2007)

.
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(Rousseau, 1989, , 2007)

: ,

.
Russell, Altmaier Van Velzen (1987)
,
,

.

burnout. Lazarus Folkman (1984)

.

(Wessels, 1989, Selder & Paustian, 1989).

20

 Kobasa & al. (1982)

,
burnout.
, ,
. Byrne (1994), ,
,
, .

, .

(, .) (. , & ,
2000).
Cooper
Marshall (1976) Kyriacou Sutcliffe (1978),
burnout .
: 1. , 2.
, 3. , 4.
, 5.
6.
.
Cooper (1980)
.
(. Cherniss, 1988, Mazur Lynch, 1989,
, 1992)
burnout . :
1. ,
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4.
,
5. ,
.

21



.
Maslach (1986) , ,

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. , Firth-Cozens (1997,
, 2007) 1/3

,

.


.
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..).

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(Beechman, 2000, Dumelow, 2000 , 2007).

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23

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(Niholson, 1995 ,
2007).

38 .

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. ,
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(Kahn, Robert, Wolfe, Quinn
Robert, Snoek, Diedrich & Rosenthal, 1964).
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Lang (1991), Reynolds (1993) and Tabacchi and Krone (1989) , Tabacchi and
Farber (1990).
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(2005)

, , ,
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& Cushway, 1998 : , 2005).
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Don Unger, (Superitendent Burnout: Myth or Reality (1980),
, 2005).

26

/

/

/
/

.
. , 30

40

27

 (Mor & Laliberte, 1984, Birch et al., 1986, Poulin & Walter,
1993a, Shaufeli & Enzmann, 1998).

.
,
.
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burnout , .

Shaufeli & Enzmann (1998). (1995)

, . Preety, McCarthy
Catano (1992) ,

. ,
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.
,
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1993a, , 2007).

. , ,
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& Spence, 1994, van Horn et al.,1997, , 2007). ,


(Maslach, 2001).
,
(Mc
28

Dermott, 1984, Raquepaw & Miller, 1989 . Shaufeli & Enzmann,

1998, Maslach & Jackson, 1985, , 2007).


(Cash, 1988, Shaufeli & Enzmann, 1998).



(Nowack, 1986, Pierce & Molloy, 1990, ,
2007). .

(Glass & McKnight,
1996, , 2007).

/,

,
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(Maslach Burnout Inventory),
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.

29

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30

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Burnout Inventory MBI-),
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31


(, , ) (Maslach, 2001).
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5 ,
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Maslach (MBI).
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(0=, 6= ).

32


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Maslach (),

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Maslach
Christine Maslach:
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22
MBI.
Maslach
:

33

0 =
0 ()
6 ( ),


:

1 =
2 = 1
3 =
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5 =
6 =

0-o

1-o

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.
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Maslach (1986)
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.
Maslach,

,

.
.

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:

37

 MBI
MBI

( )

( )

( )

<16

17-26

>27

<6

7-12

>13

>39

38-32

<31

, ,
. , Maslach (1986),

,
,
. ,
.

/ , :
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).
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38

-
;
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: , ;
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: , ;
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39

30 / , /
(10%)
(90%). (90%)
(10%) (. , 1 2).
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(..
).
, 10
(. , 3).

.
10-15 (29%), 5-10 (26%), 15-20 (17%),
20 (16%), 5 (12%) (.
, 4).

(33,1%).

1-3 (27,2%), 3-5 (16,6%)
(6,6%) (. , 5).
( 70%)
30-50 . : 30-40 (35,8%), 40-50
(33,8%), 50 (18,5%), 25-30 (7,9%),
25 (4%) (. , 6).

40


(76,8%). / (11,3%),

(11,9%)

/ (11,3%). /
/ ,
(. , 7).

.
1-3 (30,6%),
7 (25,2%), 3-5 (21,8%),
(13,6%), 5-7 (8,8%).
1-3
, 44%

(. , 8).
,
,

(=30) (. ,
9).

, 12 . 69,5%
,
20,5% , 9,9%
(. , 10).

/ :

10-15

41

30-40

/ /

1-3

10

40

..:

12

12

MBI

22,25

(., 27).

10,05

(., 27).

35,43

(., 27).

/,
.

(. , ) ,

42

 : ,
.
:
(22,4),
,
Maslach,
(22,25). 20,4 ,
Maslach,
(22,25) (. , 14).
11.16
( )
Maslach,
(10,05).
9,96 (
10,05).

(36,69 35,43
),
35,49 (
35,43 ).
:
,
,
(=3) (14-16) (.
, 15).
5

31,09

( ),
, Maslach,
(40%)
(22,25).

,
43

 .
15-20 24,59.
5-10
23,44 10-15 (19,52)
Maslach. 20
15,94,
Maslach,

,

5 .
5
14,85 (
),
, Maslach,
(56%)
(10,05). 5 10
10,18, 15 20 (10,09)
10 15 (9,05),
Maslach. 20 , 15,44,
Maslach.


120% ( 5
20 .
5 ,
30,89
( ),
Maslach, 15%
( )
(35,43).

5 -10

34,57 , 10 - 15 36,45 ,
15 20 36,63
.

20
44

 37,65, . .
22% ( 5
) (
20 ).

,
5 ,
.

20
.

1
36,54 (
),
Maslach, 73%
(22,25).

/ .
3 5 23,49, 1 3
22,64 , 7
20,56 ( Maslach.
5 7 17,05
Maslach,
.
, , 2,14

( 1
)
( 5 7 ) (. , 16).
1
19,84 (
),
Maslach,
10,05.
1 3 (10,12), 3 5 (9,74), 5 7
45

 (8,48), Maslach.
7 8,09
.

140%

( )
(
7 ).
1
24,37 (
) 40%
( )
, 35,43. 1 3
35,40 , 5 7 35,71 , 3 5 36,02 ,
7 37,08 , ,
Maslach.
48%

( 1 )
(
7 ).

,
1 ,

.



()
.
.

46

 1 ,
.
: 25
41,58 (

),

Maslach,
, 22,25. 25 30
24,73 , , 30 -40 22,20 , 40 50
21,64.

Maslach. 50 17,13.

( 25 )
(
50 ) (. , 17).

25

23,08 (

),

Maslach, 2,30
, 10,05. 25 30
11,47 , , 30 -40 9,32, 40 50
8,04.
Maslach.

50 7,84.

300%

25

( 50 ).

,
.
,
.

25

25,02 (
47

),

Maslach, 33% (
) , 35,43.
25 30 33,56, , 30 -40
35,34, 40 50 36,04.
Maslach.
50 39,01
Maslach. 47%
25 (
)
50 ( ).

25
, .
MBI ,
,
, , / (..
, , .).
,

.
:

,
,
(=3), .
(
) 23,04 (
Maslach -22,25-).
15,05 ( Maslach).
40%
(. , 18).

10,44 ( )
48

 Maslach
(10,05). 7,08
Maslach.
42%
,
.

35,04 (
), Maslach,
( )
(35,43).
38,12 Maslach.
8% .
,

.
:
23,24 (
)
Maslach,
(22,25). 20,41 (
).
17,07,
Maslach. 37%

( )
( ) (. ,
19).

(10,51 )
Maslach 5%
(10,05). 9,17,
7,24,
Maslach. 45%
49

 ( )
(
).


34,94 ( )
Maslach,
(35,43).
36,53, Maslach.
37,94,
Maslach.

7%

) (
).

( -
) .

1: / ; (/)
, ,
60% (18 ), 12
(40%) (. , 24).

,
,

- ( 1),

-( 1).

50

 1: / ,
/ /;
( 4 : /

/).
/

(35%),

/ (17%),

(39%),

/ (8%) (. ,

12).
1: , /
;
( 4 : /

/).
/

(16%),

(36%),

/ (32%), / (16%) (. ,
11).
,
1 (60%),

(48%),
, (25%
).
,
()
.
1, 2,
( )
.
2:
,
, ; ( , )

51


, 86,7% (26 )

.

(
, ,
, , ,
..),
,
(, ,
.)
& (. , 26).
3: ; (
)
(=60),


.
,

, 1
2 (
,
,
),
: /
(30%), (10%), / (10%),
/ (25%),

(5%),

(5%), / /
(5%), / (5%), ( 5%) (. ,
25).

52


, ()

(, , ..) 30% ,

(25%),
(
),
. .

, 100%

.
()

,
,
, ,
( )
.
4: ,

;

,
4 : .
: (35%), (54%), (11%),

(0%).

53

 5: ; (
)
( : <1, 1-3, 3-5, 5-7, >7 )
1

29,77 ( )
Maslach,
39%

(22,25).

1 3 22,66,
5 7 21,45 , 3 5 20,05 ,
7 19,67. ,
Maslach. 53%

1
( )
7 (. , 20).
1

14,61 (
)
Maslach, 50%
(10,05). 1 3
9,89 , 3 5 9,44 , 5 7 9,16 ,
7 7,35. ,
Maslach.

200%

1 ( )
7 (. ,
20).
1
( )

31,65 (

)
54

Maslach,

12%

) (35,43).
1 3 34,46 , 5 - 7
36,54 , 7 36,62 ,
3 - 5 37,08. ,
Maslach.

17%

1
( )
3 5 .

)
1 ,
.

,
-

.

,

( ,
) (. , 20).
6: *
12 : , ;
(*) ( , , ,
, , ,
, .. ,
.
)

12
55

' , ,
(29,98, )
Maslach, 35%
(22,25).
23,19,

20,99. , Maslach.
50%
(
12 )
(
12
) (. , 21).

12 ,

14.56

), Maslach,
50% (10,05).
12
, 9,97 ,
8,95. Maslach.
70%
( )
( ) (. ,
21).

12 ,
, 31,61 (

),

Maslach, 12% ( .
) (35,43).
12
, 34,73,
36,47. Maslach.
56

 15%
(
- ).

12 ,

: , ,
. ,

(
) (.
, 21).
7: * 12
: , ;
(*) ( , , ,
,

, .. ,
.
)

12
, ,

(32,44,

Maslach,
50%
(22,25).
22,23,
20,52. ,
Maslach. 63%

(
12 )

(
57

 12 )
(. , 22).

12 ,

16,90

), Maslach,
70% (10,05).
12
, 9,83 ,
9,06. Maslach.

( ) (.
, 22).

12 ,
, 29,78 (

),

Maslach, 20% ( .
) (35,43).
12
, 35,64,
36,21. Maslach.
20%
(
- ).

12 ,

: , ,
(. , 22).
23

. ).
58


,
,
( ,

):


/
,
:
:
: 5
: 1
: 25
:
:
: 1
12 :
,
12 : ,

/
,
:

59

:
:

20

5 7

: 50
:
: ,
: 7
12 :
,
12 : ,

/
,
:
:
:

: 25
:
:
: 1
12 :
,
12 : ,

60

/
,
:
:
:

20

: 7
: 50
:
: ,
: 7
12 :
,
12 : ,

, :
:
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: 1
: 25
:
:
: 1
12 :

61

,
12 : ,

, :
:
: 20
: 7
: 50
:
: ,
: 3 5
12 :
,
12 : ,

62

,
,
.

, :

,

22,25-

. 10,05
, .
35,43.
-
. ,



.
-

, ,
. , (90%)
,
.
, (
) .
-
.
. ,
5
,

63

 . ,

.
,

.
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.
.
. . ,


.

.
(-, 1990).
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,
.
-
,
.
.
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,

. .
,

.
,
.

,
64


. , ,
,
. ,


.

(Mor & Laliberte, 1984, Birch et al., 1986, Poulin & Walter,
1993a, : Shaufeli & Enzmann, 1998) ,
.



.

,
5
. ,

.

Shaufeli & Enzmann (1998) ,

, ,

(Bussing & Perrar, 1991, Poulin & Walter,
1993a, , 2007), Maslach (2001)


.
,
.
65

, .
.
,
,
.
, (Mc
Dermott, 1984, Raquepaw & Miller, 1989 . Shaufeli & Enzmann,
1998, Maslach & Jackson, 1985, , 2007)
.

. ,
,

-
.

,

(..
).
, 10
. , ,
(..
).
,
,
.

(=30).
66

.
(
, , , ,
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.

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.

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67


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68

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(Grassi & Magnani, 2000,
, 2007).
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.
:
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,
70

71

Byrne B.M. (1994). Burnout: Testing for the validity, replication, and
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, ., , . (1992).

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3, . 183-202.

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, . . , (2005).
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.

77

, ., (1999). .
, 106, . 101-110.

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: 2007.

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,

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:

1.

2.

: ..........
( ):


: ..................................................................

: .........
: .........

,
:

0 =
0 ()
6 ( ),


:

1 =
2 = 1
3 =
4 = 1
5 =
6 =

80

1. /
0

2. / ,

3. /

0

4.
0

5.
0

6.
0

7.
0

8. /
0

9.
0

10. /

11. -
/
0

12. /
0

81

13. /
0

14.
0

15. , '
0

16.

17.
0

18. ,
0

19. '
0

20. ,
0

21.
0

22.

82

1: / ;
)
)

1: / ,
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83

 3: ; (
)

4: ,
;
)
)
)
)

5: ; ( )
<1

1-3

3-5

5-7

>7

6: 12
: , ;
)
)
)

7: 12
: , ;
)
)
)

84

22,4
20,4

9,96
11,16

35,49
34,53

22,25

10,05

35,43

<5
5-10
10-15
15-20
>20

31,09
23,44
19,52
24,59
15,94

14,85
10,18
9,05
10,09
15,44

30,89
34,57
36,45
36,63
37,65

22,25

10,05

35,43

<1
1-3
3-5
5-7
>7

36,54
22,64
23,49
17,05
20,56

19,84
10,12
9,74
8,48
8,09

23,47
35,4
36,02
35,71
37,08

22,25

10,05

35,43

<25
25-30
30-40
40-50
>50

41,58
24,73
22,2
21,64
17,13

23,08
11,47
9,32
8,04
7,84

25,02
33,56
35,34
36,04
39,01

22,25

10,05

35,43

23,04
15,05

10,44
7,08

35,04
38,12

22,25

10,05

35,43

23,24

10,51

34,94

47,07

7,24

37,94

20,41

9,17

36,53

22,25

10,05

35,43

<1

29,77

14,61

31,65

85

1-3
3-5
5-7
>7

22,66
20,05
21,45
19,67

9,89
9,44
9,16
7,35

34,46
37,08
36,54
36,62

22,25

10,05

35,43

29,98
23,19
20,99

14,56
9,97
8,95

31,61
34,73
36,47

22,25

10,05

35,43

32,44
22,23
20,52

16,9
9,83
9,06

29,78
35,64
36,21

22,25

10,05

35,43

MBI

Burnout
(
)

/
Burnout
( )

Burnout
(
)

<16

17-26

>27

<6

7-12

>13

>39

38-32

<31

MBI

86

 1

90
100
80
60
40
20
0

10

. /

90
100
80
60
40
20

10

3

10

10

10

10
8
()

6
4
2
0

87

29

26

30
25

<5
17

20

(%)
15
10
5

16

5-10

12

10-15
15-20
>20

. 5

35
30
(%) 25
20
15
10

5
0

33,1
27,2

<1
1-3

16,6

3-5 & 5-7

6,6

>7
>7

35,8

40
30
(%)

20

10
0

33,8
<25
18

7,9

25-30
30-40
40-50
>50

88

76,8
80
(%) 60

40
.
20

.

11,9

11,3

0
.

35
30
25
(%) 20
15
10
5
0

30,6
25,2

21,8

<1
1-3

13,6

3-5

8,8

5-7
>7

9
. 12

70
60
(%) 50
40

30

20
10
0

65,5

13,9

20,5

. 12

. 12

89

 10
. 12

69,5
70
60
(%) 50
40

30

20
10
0

20,5

. 12

9,9

. 12

11
/ '
/
12%
/; 18%

/ 23%

/ 47%

12

/
17%

/ 8%

/
35%

/
39%

90

 13

0%
11%
35%

54%

. 14

9,96

20,4
11,16

22,4

34,53

35,43
22,25
10,05

35,49

40
35
30
25

20

15
10
5
0

()

91

 15

>20

1 0 -1 5

<5

40
36,4536,6337,6535,43
35 30,8934,57
31,09
30
24,59
25
23,44
22,25
19,52
20
15,94
15,44
15 14,85
10,18 9,05 10,09
10,05
10
5
0

()

16

>7

5-7

3-5

1-3

<1

40
36,54
35,4 36,02 35,71 37,08 35,43
35
30
25
23,47
22,64 23,49

20,56 22,25
19,84
20
17,05

15
10,12 9,74 8,48
10,05
10
8,09
5
0

()

92

 17

>50

40-50

30-40

25-30

<25

45 41,58
39,01
36,04
40
35,43
33,56 35,34
35
25,02
30
22,25
25 23,0824,73 22,2 21,64
17,13
20
11,47 9,32
15
8,04 7,84 10,05
10
5
0

()

18

40
35
30
25 23,0422,25
20
15,05
15
10,4410,05
10
7,08
5
0

38,12
35,0435,43

19

50
40

47,07
34,94

37,94

30

23,24
20
10

10,51

36,53
20,41

7,24

9,17

35,43
22,25

10,05

()

93

 20

40
37,08 36,54 36,62 35,43
34,46
35
31,65
30 29,77
25
22,66
22,25

20,05 21,45 19,67

20

15 14,61
10,05
9,89 9,44 9,16
10
7,35
5
0
<1

1-3

3-5

5-7

>7

()

21

12
40
36,47
35,43
34,73
35
31,61
29,98
30
23,19
25
22,25
20,99

20
15
14,56
10,05
9,97
8,95
10
5
0

()

94

 22
12

40
35

36,21

35,64

35,43

32,44

29,78

30

20

22,25

22,23

25

20,52

16,9
()

15
9,83

9,06

10,05

10
5
0

95

 23

>7

5-7

3-5

1-3

<1

>50

MBI

40-50

30-40

25-30

<25

>7

5-7

3-5

<1

1-3

>20

15-20

10-15

<5

.
.

5-10

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

()

96

 24

40%

60%

25

/

5%
5%

5% 5%

5%

25%

30%

10%

10%

/
/


/ /

26

13,3%

86,7%

97

 27

MBI

32

26

31
27

12

13

22,25

17
10,05

16

35,43

(max)

10
5
0

38

(Aver
max)

30
25
20
15

39

(Aver
min)

40
35

(min)

45

98