Chapter 17, Solution 1.

(a) This is periodic with ω = π which leads to T = 2π/ω = 2.

(b) y(t) is not periodic although sin t and 4 cos 2πt are independently
periodic.

(c) Since sin A cos B = 0.5[sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)],

g(t) = sin 3t cos 4t = 0.5[sin 7t + sin(–t)] = –0.5 sin t + 0.5 sin7t
which is harmonic or periodic with the fundamental frequency
ω = 1 or T = 2π/ω = 2π.

(d) h(t) = cos 2 t = 0.5(1 + cos 2t). Since the sum of a periodic function and
a constant is also periodic, h(t) is periodic. ω = 2 or T = 2π/ω = π.

(e) The frequency ratio 0.6|0.4 = 1.5 makes z(t) periodic.

ω = 0.2π or T = 2π/ω = 10.

(f) p(t) = 10 is not periodic.

(g) g(t) is not periodic.

Chapter 17, Solution 2.

(a) The frequency ratio is 6/5 = 1.2. The highest common factor is 1.
ω = 1 = 2π/T or T = 2π.

(b) ω = 2 or T = 2π/ω = π.

(c) f3(t) = 4 sin2 600π t = (4/2)(1 – cos 1200π t)

ω = 1200π or T = 2π/ω = 2π/(1200π) = 1/600.

(d) f4(t) = ej10t = cos 10t + jsin 10t. ω = 10 or T = 2π/ω = 0.2π.

Chapter 17, Solution 3.

T = 4, ωo = 2π/T = π/2

g(t) = 5, 0<t<1
10, 1<t<2
0, 2<t<4

T 1 2
ao = (1/T) ∫ g( t )dt = 0.25[ ∫ 5dt + ∫ 10dt ] = 3.75
0 0 1

T 1 nπ 2 nπ
an = (2/T) ∫ g( t ) cos(nωo t )dt = (2/4)[
0 ∫ 5 cos(
0 2
t )dt + ∫ 10 cos( t )dt ]
1 2

1 2
2 nπ 2 nπ
= 0.5[ 5 sin t + 10 sin t ] = (–1/(nπ))5 sin(nπ/2)
nπ 2 0 nπ 2 1

an = (5/(nπ))(–1)(n+1)/2, n = odd
0, n = even

T 1 nπ 2 nπ
bn = (2/T) ∫ g( t ) sin(nω t )dt =
0
o (2/4)[ ∫ 5 sin( 2
0
t )dt + ∫ 10 sin(
1 2
t )dt ]

1 2
− 2x5 nπ 2 x10 nπ
= 0.5[ cos t – cos t ] = (5/(nπ))[3 – 2 cos nπ + cos(nπ/2)]
nπ 2 0 nπ 2 1

Chapter 17, Solution 4.

f(t) = 10 – 5t, 0 < t < 2, T = 2, ωo = 2π/T = π

T 2 2
∫ f ( t )dt = (1/2) ∫ (10 − 5t )dt = 0.5[10t − (5t / 2)] = 5
2
ao = (1/T)
0 0 0

T 2
an = (2/T) ∫ f ( t ) cos(nωo t )dt = (2/2)
0 ∫ (10 − 5t ) cos(nπt )dt
0

2 2
= ∫ (10) cos(nπt )dt –
0 ∫ (5t ) cos(nπt )dt
0

2 2
−5 5t
= 2 2 cos nπt + sin nπt = [–5/(n2π2)](cos 2nπ – 1) = 0
n π 0 nπ 0
 2
bn = (2/2) ∫ (10 − 5t ) sin(nπt )dt
0

2 2
= ∫ (10) sin(nπt )dt – ∫ (5t ) sin(nπt )dt
0 0

2 2
−5 5t
= 2 2 sin nπt + cos nπt = 0 + [10/(nπ)](cos 2nπ) = 10/(nπ)
n π 0 nπ 0

10 ∞ 1
Hence f(t) = 5 + ∑ sin(nπt )
π n =1 n

Chapter 17, Solution 5.

T = 2π, ω = 2π / T = 1
T
1 1
a o = ∫ z( t )dt = [1xπ − 2 xπ] = −0.5
T 2π
0

T π 2π
2 1 1 1 π 2 2π
an =
T ∫ z( t ) cos nωo dt = ∫ 1 cos ntdt −
π π ∫ 2 cos ntdt = nπ sin ..nt −
0 nπ
sin nt π = 0
0 0 π
T π 2π  6
2 1 1 1 π 2 2π  , n = odd
b n = ∫ z( t ) cos nωo dt = ∫ 1sin ntdt − ∫ 2 sin ntdt = − nπ cos nt 0 + nπ cos nt π =  nπ
T π π 0, n = even
0 0 π

Thus,

∞
6
z( t ) = − 0.5 + ∑ sin nt
n =1 nπ
n =odd
Chapter 17, Solution 6.

2π
T = 2, ωo = =π
2

1 2 1 6
ao = ∫
2 0
y( t )dt = (4 x1 + 2 x1) = = 3
2 2

Since this is an odd function, a n = 0.

2 2 1 2
bn = ∫
2 0
y( t ) sin( nωo t )dt = ∫ 4 sin( nπt )dt + ∫ 2 sin( nπt )dt
0 1

−4 1 2 2 −4 2
= cos(nπt ) 0 − cos(nπt ) 1 = (cos(nπ) − 1) − (cos(2nπ) − cos(nπ))
nπ nπ nπ nπ

4 2 2 0, n = even
= (1 − cos(nπ)) − (1 − cos(nπ)) = (1 − cos(nπ)) = 4
nπ nπ nπ , n = odd
nπ

4 ∞ 1
y( t ) = 3 + ∑ sin(nπt )
π n =1 n
n = odd

Chapter 17, Solution 7.

π
T = 12, ω = 2π / T = , a0 = 0
6
T 4 10
2 1
a n = ∫ f ( t ) cos nωo dt = [ ∫ 10 cos nπt / 6dt + ∫ (−10) cos nπt / 6dt ]
T 6
0 −2 4

10 10 10 10
=
4
sin nπt / 6 − 2 − sin nπt / 6 4 = [2 sin 2nπ / 3 + sin nπ / 3 − sin 5nπ / 3]
nπ nπ nπ
T 4 10
2 1
b n = ∫ f ( t ) sin nωo dt = [ ∫ 10 sin nπt / 6dt + ∫ (−10) sin nπt / 6dt ]
T 6
0 −2 4
 10 10 10 10
=−
4
cos nπt / 6 − 2 + cos nπnt / 6 4 = [cos 5nπ / 3 + cos nπ / 3 − 2 sin 2nπ / 3]
nπ nπ nπ

∞
f (t) = ∑ (a n cos nπt / 6 + b n sin nπt / 6)
n =1

where an and bn are defined above.

Chapter 17, Solution 8.

f ( t ) = 2(1 + t ), - 1 < t < 1, T = 2, ωo = 2π / T = π

T 1 1
1 1
a o = ∫ f ( t )dt = ∫ 2( t + 1)dt = t 2 + t =2
T 2
0 −1 −1

T 1 1
2 2  1 t 1 
an =
T ∫ f ( t ) cos nωo dt = ∫ 2( t + 1) cos nπtdt = 2
2  n 2π2
cos nπt +
nπ
sin nπt +
nπ
sin nπt  = 0
 −1
0 −1

T 1 1
2 2  1 t 1  4
bn =
T ∫ f ( t ) sin nωo dt = ∫ 2( t + 1) sin nπtdt = 2 −
2 2
 n π 2
sin nπt − cos nπt − cos nπt  = − cos nπ
nπ nπ  −1 nπ
0 −1

4 ∞ (−1) n
f (t) = 2 − ∑
π n =1 n
cos nπt

Chapter 17, Solution 9.

f(t) is an even function, bn=0.

T = 8, ω = 2π / T = π / 4

2  10 4
T 2
1 10
∫  ∫ 10 cos πt / 4dt + 0 = ( ) sin πt / 4
2
ao = f (t ) dt = = = 3.183
 4 π π
0
T 0 8 0
 T /2 2 2
4 40
∫ [ 10 cos πt / 4 cos nπt / 4dt +0] = 5∫ [cos πt (n + 1) / 4 + cos πt (n − 1) / 4]dt
8 ∫0
an = f (t ) cos nω o dt =
T 0 0

For n = 1,
2 2
2 
a1 = 5∫ [cos πt / 2 + 1]dt = 5 sin πt / 2dt + t  = 10
0 π 0

For n>1,
2
20 π (n + 1)t 20 π (n − 1) 20 π (n + 1) 20 π (n − 1)
an = sin + sin = sin + sin
π (n + 1) 4 π (n − 1) 4 0 π (n + 1) 2 π (n − 1) 2

10 20 20 10
a2 = sin π + sin π / 2 = 6.3662, a3 = sin 2π + sin π = 0
π π 4π π

Thus,

a 0 = 3.183, a1 = 10, a 2 = 6.362, a3 = 0, b1 = 0 = b2 = b3

Chapter 17, Solution 10.

T = 2, ωo = 2π / T = π

T  − jnπt 1 2e − jnπt 2 
1 − jnωo t 1  1 − jnπt 2 − jnπt  1 4e
T∫ 2  ∫0 ∫1
cn = h ( t ) e dt = 4 e dt + ( − 2 ) e dt  2  − jnπ 0 − − jnπ 1 
=
0  

[ ]
 6j
j j − , n = odd
cn = 4e − jπn − 4 − 2e − j2nπ + 2e − jnπ = [6 cos nπ − 6] =  nπ ,
2nπ 2nπ  0, n = even

Thus,
∞
 − j6  jnπt
f (t ) = ∑  e
n =−∞  nπ 
n =odd
Chapter 17, Solution 11.

T = 4, ω o = 2π / T = π / 2

T
1 1 0
c n = ∫ y( t )e − jnωo t dt =  ∫ ( t + 1)e − jnπt / 2 dt + ∫ (1)e − jnπt / 2 dt 
1
T 4  −1 0 
0

1  e − jnπt / 2 2 − jnπt / 2 0 2 − jnπt / 2 1 

cn =  2 2 (− jnπt / 2 − 1) − e −
−1 jnπ
e 0
4  − n π / 4 jnπ 

1 4 2 4 2 jnπ / 2 2 − jnπ / 2 2 
=  − + e jnπ / 2 ( jnπ / 2 − 1) + e − e +
4  n 2 π 2 jnπ n 2 π 2 jnπ jnπ jnπ 

But

e jnπ / 2 = cos nπ / 2 + j sin nπ / 2 = j sin nπ / 2, e − jnπ / 2 = cos nπ / 2 − j sin nπ / 2 = − j sin nπ / 2

1
cn = [1 + j( jnπ / 2 − 1) sin nπ / 2 + nπ sin nπ / 2]
n 2π2

∞
1
y( t ) = ∑ 2 2
[1 + j( jnπ / 2 − 1) sin nπ / 2 + nπ sin nπ / 2]e jnπt / 2
n = −∞ n π

Chapter 17, Solution 12.

A voltage source has a periodic waveform defined over its period as

v(t) = t(2π - t) V, for all 0 < t < 2π

Find the Fourier series for this voltage.

v(t) = 2π t – t2, 0 < t < 2π, T = 2π, ωo = 2π/T = 1

ao =
T 1 2π 1 2π 4π 3 2π 2
(1/T) ∫ f ( t )dt = ∫ (2πt − t 2 )dt = (πt 2 − t 3 / 3) = (1 − 2 / 3) =
0 2π 0 2π 0
2π 3
 2π
2 T 1  2π 2πt 
an = ∫ (2πt − t 2 ) cos(nt )dt =  2 cos(nt ) + sin(nt )
T 0 π n n 0

−
1
πn 3
[
2nt cos(nt ) − 2 sin(nt ) + n 2 t 2 sin( nt ) ] 2π

2 1 −4
= (1 − 1) − 3 4nπ cos(2πn ) = 2
n 2
πn n

2 T 1
bn = ∫
T 0
(2nt − t 2 ) sin( nt )dt = ∫ (2nt − t 2 ) sin(nt )dt
π

2n 1 π 1 2π
= (sin(nt ) − nt cos(nt )) 0 − 3 (2nt sin(nt ) + 2 cos(nt ) − n 2 t 2 cos(nt ))
π n 2
πn 0

− 4 π 4π
= + =0
n n

2π 2 ∞ 4
Hence, f(t) = − ∑ 2 cos(nt )
3 n =1 n

Chapter 17, Solution 13.

T = 2π, ωo = 1

T 1 π 2π
ao = (1/T) ∫ h( t )dt = [ ∫ 10 sin t dt + ∫ 20 sin( t − π) dt ]
0 2π 0 π

=
1
2π
[ π 2π
− 10 cos t 0 − 20 cos( t − π) π =
30
π
]
T
an = (2/T) ∫ h( t ) cos(nω t )dt
0
o

= [2/(2π)]  ∫ 10 sin t cos( nt )dt + 20 sin( t − π) cos( nt )dt 

π 2π

 0 ∫π 

Since sin A cos B = 0.5[sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)]

sin t cos nt = 0.5[sin((n + 1)t) + sin((1 – n))t]
sin(t – π) = sin t cos π – cost sin π = –sin t
sin(t – π)cos(nt) = –sin(t)cos(nt)
 1  π
10∫ [sin([1 + n ]t ) + sin([1 − n ]t )]dt − 20∫ [sin([1 + n ]t ) + sin([1 − n ]t )]dt 
2π
an =
2π  0 π 

5  cos([1 + n ]t ) cos([1 − n ]t )  π  2 cos([1 + n ]t ) 2 cos([1 − n ]t )  2 π 

=  − −  + +  
π  1+ n 1− n 0  1+ n 1− n  π 

5  3 3 3 cos([1 + n ]π) 3 cos([1 − n ]π) 

an =
π 1 + n + 1 − n − 1+ n
−
1− n 

But, [1/(1+n)] + [1/(1-n)] = 1/(1–n2)

cos([n–1]π) = cos([n+1]π) = cos π cos nπ – sin π sin nπ = –cos nπ

an = (5/π)[(6/(1–n2)) + (6 cos(nπ)/(1–n2))]

= [30/(π(1–n2))](1 + cos nπ) = [–60/(π(n–1))], n = even

= 0, n = odd

T
bn = (2/T) ∫ h ( t ) sin nωo t dt
0

π 2π
= [2/(2π)][ ∫ 10 sin t sin nt dt + ∫ 20( − sin t ) sin nt dt
0 π

But, sin A sin B = 0.5[cos(A–B) – cos(A+B)]

sin t sin nt = 0.5[cos([1–n]t) – cos([1+n]t)]

π
bn = (5/π){[(sin([1–n]t)/(1–n)) – (sin([1+n]t)/ (1 + n )] 0

2π
+ [(2sin([1-n]t)/(1-n)) – (2sin([1+n]t)/ (1 + n )] π }

5  sin([1 − n ]π) sin([1 + n ]π) 

=
π  − 1− n
+
1+ n  = 0

30 60 ∞ cos( 2kt )
Thus, h(t) =
π
− ∑
π k = 1 ( 4k 2 − 1)
Chapter 17, Solution 14.

Since cos(A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B.

∞
 10 10 
f(t) = 2 + ∑  3 cos(nπ / 4) cos( 2nt ) − 3 sin(nπ / 4) sin( 2nt ) 
n =1  n + 1 n +1 

Chapter 17, Solution 15.

(a) Dcos ωt + Esin ωt = A cos(ωt - θ)

where A = D 2 + E 2 , θ = tan-1(E/D)

16 1
A = + 6 , θ = tan-1((n2+1)/(4n3))
( n + 1)
2 2
n

∞
16 1  −1 n + 1 
2
f(t) = 10 + ∑ +
( n 2 + 1) 2 n 6
cos 10nt − tan 
4n 3 
n =1 

(b) Dcos ωt + Esin ωt = A sin(ωt + θ)

where A = D 2 + E 2 , θ = tan-1(D/E)

∞
16 1  4n 3 
f(t) = 10 + ∑ +
( n 2 + 1) 2 n 6
sin 10nt + tan −1

n 2 + 1 
n =1 

Chapter 17, Solution 16.

If v2(t) is shifted by 1 along the vertical axis, we obtain v2*(t) shown below, i.e.
v2*(t) = v2(t) + 1.

v2*(t)

2
1

t
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 Comparing v2*(t) with v1(t) shows that

v2*(t) = 2v1((t + to)/2)

where (t + to)/2 = 0 at t = -1 or to = 1

Hence v2*(t) = 2v1((t + 1)/2)

But v2*(t) = v2(t) + 1

v2(t) + 1 = 2v1((t+1)/2)

v2(t) = -1 + 2v1((t+1)/2)

8   t + 1 1  t + 1 1  t + 1 
= -1 + 1 − cos π 2  + 9 cos 3π 2  + 25 cos 5π 2  + "
π2        

8   πt π  1  3πt 3π  1  5πt 5π  
v2(t) = − cos 2 + 2  + 9 cos 2 + 2  + 25 cos 2 + 2  + "
π2        

8   π t  1  3 πt  1  5 πt  
v2(t) = − sin 2  + 9 sin 2  + 25 sin 2  + "
π2        

Chapter 17, Solution 17.

We replace t by –t in each case and see if the function remains unchanged.

(a) 1 – t, neither odd nor even.

(b) t2 – 1, even

(c) cos nπ(-t) sin nπ(-t) = - cos nπt sin nπt, odd

(d) sin2 n(-t) = (-sin πt)2 = sin2 πt, even

(e) e t, neither odd nor even.

Chapter 17, Solution 18.

(a) T = 2 leads to ωo = 2π/T = π

f1(-t) = -f1(t), showing that f1(t) is odd and half-wave symmetric.

(b) T = 3 leads to ωo = 2π/3

f2(t) = f2(-t), showing that f2(t) is even.

(c) T = 4 leads to ωo = π/2

f3(t) is even and half-wave symmetric.

Chapter 17, Solution 19.

This is a half-wave even symmetric function.

ao = 0 = bn, ωo = 2π/T π/2

4 T/2  4t 
an =
T ∫0 1 − T  cos(nωo t )dt

= [4/(nπ)2](1 − cos nπ) = 8/(n2π2), n = odd

= 0, n = even

8 ∞
1  nπt 
f (t) =
π2
∑
n = odd n 2
cos
 2 


Chapter 17, Solution 20.

This is an even function.

bn = 0, T = 6, ω = 2π/6 = π/3

2 2 2
4 dt 
T/2 3
ao =
T ∫
0
f ( t )dt =

6 ∫1
( 4 t − 4 ) dt ∫2 
 1 2
( 2 t − 4 t ) + 4(3 − 2) = 2
2
=
3  1 

4 T/4
an =
T ∫
0
f ( t ) cos( nπt / 3)dt
2 3
= (4/6)[ ∫ ( 4 t − 4) cos( nπt / 3)dt + ∫ 4 cos( nπt / 3)dt ]
1 2

2 3
16  9  nπt  3t  nπt  3  nπt  16  3  nπt 
=  cos + sin − sin  + sin 
6 n π
2 2
 3  nπ  3  nπ  3 1 6  nπ  3  2


= [24/(n2π2)][cos(2nπ/3) − cos(nπ/3)]

24 ∞ 1   2πn   πn    nπt 
Thus f(t) = 2 + ∑
π 2 n =1 n2 cos 3  − cos 3   cos 3 
      
At t = 2,

f(2) = 2 + (24/π2)[(cos(2π/3) − cos(π/3))cos(2π/3)

+ (1/4)(cos(4π/3) − cos(2π/3))cos(4π/3)

+ (1/9)(cos(2π) − cos(π))cos(2π) + -----]

= 2 + 2.432(0.5 + 0 + 0.2222 + -----)

f(2) = 3.756

Chapter 17, Solution 21.

This is an even function.

bn = 0, T = 4, ωo = 2π/T = π/2.

f(t) = 2 − 2t, 0<t<1

= 0, 1<t<2
1
2 1  t2 
4 ∫0
ao = 2(1 − t )dt =  t −  = 0.5
 2 0

4 T/2 4 1  nπt 
an =
T ∫
0
f ( t ) cos( nωo t )dt = ∫
4 0
2(1 − t ) cos
 2 
dt
 = [8/(π2n2)][1 − cos(nπ/2)]

1 ∞
8   nπ    nπt 
f(t) =
2
+ ∑n π 2 2 1 − cos 2   cos 2 
   
n=1 

Chapter 17, Solution 22.

Calculate the Fourier coefficients for the function in Fig. 16.54.

f(t)
4

t
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 17.61 For Prob. 17.22

This is an even function, therefore bn = 0. In addition, T=4 and ωo = π/2.

2 T2 2 1 1
ao =
T ∫ 0
f ( t )dt =
4 ∫0
4 tdt = t 2 = 1
0

4 T2 4 1
an =
T ∫ 0
f ( t ) cos(ωo nt )dt =
4 ∫0
4 t cos( nπt / 2)dt

1
 4 2t 
= 4  2 2 cos( nπt / 2) + sin( nπt / 2)
n π nπ 0

16 8
an = (cos( nπ / 2) − 1) + sin( nπ / 2)
n π
2 2
nπ

Chapter 17, Solution 23.

f(t) is an odd function.

f(t) = t, −1< t < 1

ao = 0 = an, T = 2, ωo = 2π/T = π
 4 T/2 4 1
bn =
T ∫ 0
f ( t ) sin( nωo t )dt =
2 ∫0
t sin( nπt )dt

2
= [sin(nπt ) − nπt cos(nπt )] 10
n π 2
2

= −[2/(nπ)]cos(nπ) = 2(−1)n+1/(nπ)

2 ∞
( −1) n + 1
f(t) =
π
∑
n =1 n
sin( nπt )

Chapter 17, Solution 24.

(a) This is an odd function.

ao = 0 = an, T = 2π, ωo = 2π/T = 1

4 T/2
bn =
T ∫0
f ( t ) sin(ωo nt )dt

f(t) = 1 + t/π, 0<t<π

4 π
bn =
2π ∫0
(1 + t / π) sin( nt )dt

π
2 1 1 t 
=  − cos( nt ) + 2 sin( nt ) − cos( nt )
π n n π nπ 0

= [2/(nπ)][1 − 2cos(nπ)] = [2/(nπ)][1 + 2(−1)n+1]

a2 = 0, b2 = [2/(2π)][1 + 2(−1)] = −1/π = −0.3183

(b) ωn = nωo = 10 or n = 10

a10 = 0, b10 = [2/(10π)][1 − cos(10π)] = −1/(5π)

Thus the magnitude is A10 = a 210 + b10

2
= 1/(5π) = 0.06366

and the phase is φ10 = tan−1(bn/an) = −90°

 ∞
2
(c) f(t) = ∑ nπ [1 − 2 cos(nπ)] sin(nt ) π
n =1

∞
2
f(π/2) = ∑ nπ [1 − 2 cos(nπ)] sin(nπ / 2) π
n =1

For n = 1, f1 = (2/π)(1 + 2) = 6/π

For n = 2, f2 = 0

For n = 3, f3 = [2/(3π)][1 − 2cos(3π)]sin(3π/2) = −6/(3π)

For n = 4, f4 = 0

For n = 5, f5 = 6/(5π), ----

Thus, f(π/2) = 6/π − 6/(3π) + 6/(5π) − 6/(7π) ---------

= (6/π)[1 − 1/3 + 1/5 − 1/7 + --------]

f(π/2) ≅ 1.3824

which is within 8% of the exact value of 1.5.

(d) From part (c)

f(π/2) = 1.5 = (6/π)[1 − 1/3 + 1/5 − 1/7 + - - -]

(3/2)(π/6) = [1 − 1/3 + 1/5 − 1/7 + - - -]

or π/4 = 1 − 1/3 + 1/5 − 1/7 + - - -

Chapter 17, Solution 25.

This is an odd function since f(−t) = −f(t).

ao = 0 = an, T = 3, ωo = 2π/3.

4 T/2 4 1
bn =
T ∫
0
f ( t ) sin( nωo t )dt =
3 ∫0
t sin(2πnt / 3)dt
 1
4 9  2πnt  3t  2πnt 
=  sin − cos 
3  4π n
2 2
 3  2nπ  3  0

4 9  2 πn  3  2 πn  
=  sin − cos 
3  4π n
2 2
 3  2nπ  3 

∞
 3  2 πn  2  2π n    2π t 
f(t) = ∑ π n 2 2
sin −
 3  nπ
cos   sin
 3   3 

n =1 

Chapter 17, Solution 26.

T = 4, ωo = 2π/T = π/2

1 T 1 1
2 dt + ∫ 1 dt  = 1
3 4

T ∫0 4  ∫0 ∫
ao = f ( t ) dt = 1 dt +
1 3 

2 T
T ∫0
an = f ( t ) cos( nωo t )dt

2 2
2 cos( nπt / 2)dt + ∫ 1 cos( nπt / 2)dt 
3 4

4  ∫1 ∫
an = 1 cos( nπt / 2)dt +
2 3 

2 nπt
2
4 nπt
3
2 nπt 
4

= 2  sin + sin + sin 

 nπ 2 1 nπ 2 2 nπ 2 3 

4  3nπ nπ 
=
nπ sin 2 − sin 2 

2 T
T ∫0
bn = f ( t ) sin( nωo t )dt

2 2 nπt 3 nπt 4 nπt 

= 
4 ∫1
1 sin
2
dt + ∫
2
2 sin
2
dt + ∫
3
1 sin
2
dt 


 2 nπt
2
4 nπt
3
2 nπt 
4

= 2− cos − cos − cos 

 nπ 2 1 nπ 2 2 nπ 2 3 
 4
= [cos(nπ) − 1]
nπ

Hence

f(t) =
∞
4
1+ ∑ nπ [(sin( 3nπ / 2) − sin(nπ / 2)) cos( nπt / 2) + (cos( nπ) − 1) sin(nπt / 2)]
n =1

Chapter 17, Solution 27.

(a) odd symmetry.

(b) ao = 0 = an, T = 4, ωo = 2π/T = π/2

f(t) = t, 0 < t < 1

= 0, 1<t<2

1
4 1 nπt  4 nπt 2 t nπt 
bn = ∫
4 0
t sin
2
dt =  2 2 sin
n π 2
−
nπ
cos
2  0

4 nπ 2 nπ
= sin − cos −0
n π
2 2
2 nπ 2

= 4(−1)(n−1)/2/(n2π2), n = odd

−2(−1)n/2/(nπ), n = even

a3 = 0, b3 = 4(−1)/(9π2) = 0.045

(c) b1 = 4/π2, b2 = 1/π, b3 = −4/(9π2), b4 = −1/(2π), b5 = (25π2)

∑ (a 2n + b 2n )
1
Frms = a 2o +
2

Frms2 = 0.5Σbn2 = [1/(2π2)][(16/π2) + 1 + (16/(8π2)) + (1/4) + (16/(625π2))]

= (1/19.729)(2.6211 + 0.27 + 0.00259)

Frms = 0.14659 = 0.3829

2 1
∫ t dt = 1 / 6 = 0.4082
2
Compare this with the exact value of Frms =
T 0
Chapter 17, Solution 28.

This is half-wave symmetric since f(t − T/2) = −f(t).

ao = 0, T = 2, ωo = 2π/2 = π

4 T/2 4 1
an =
T ∫ 0
f ( t ) cos( nωo t )dt =
2 ∫0
( 2 − 2 t ) cos( nπt )dt

1
1 1 t 
= 4  sin( nπt ) − 2 2 cos( nπt ) − sin( nπt )
 nπ n π nπ 0

= [4/(n2π2)][1 − cos(nπ)] = 8/(n2π2), n = odd

0, n = even

1
bn = 4 ∫ (1 − t ) sin( nπt )dt
0

1
 1 1 t 
= 4 − cos( nπt ) − 2 2 sin( nπt ) + cos( nπt )
 nπ n π nπ 0

= 4/(nπ), n = odd

∞
 8 4 
f(t) = ∑  n
k =1 π
2 2
cos( nπt ) +
nπ
sin(nπt )  , n = 2k − 1


Chapter 17, Solution 29.

This function is half-wave symmetric.

T = 2π, ωo = 2π/T = 1, f(t) = −t, 0 < t < π

2 2
[cos(nt ) + nt sin(nt )] 0π = 4/(n2π)
π
For odd n, an =
T ∫ 0
( − t ) cos( nt )dt = −
n π
2

2 2
[sin(nt ) − nt cos(nt )] 0π = −2/n
π
bn =
π ∫ 0
( − t ) sin( nt )dt = −
n π
2
Thus,
∞
 2 1 
f(t) = 2∑  2 cos( nt ) − sin(nt ) , n = 2k − 1
k =1  n π n 

Chapter 17, Solution 30.

T/2
1 1  T/2
f ( t ) sin nω o tdt 
T/2
cn = ∫ f ( t )e − jnωo t dt =  ∫ f ( t ) cos nω o tdt − j∫ (1)
T T  −T / 2 −T / 2 
−T / 2

(a) The second term on the right hand side vanishes if f(t) is even. Hence

T/2
2
cn =
T ∫ f (t ) cos nωo tdt
0

(b) The first term on the right hand side of (1) vanishes if f(t) is odd. Hence,

T/2
j2
cn = −
T ∫ f (t ) sin nωo tdt
0

Chapter 17, Solution 31.

2π 2π
If h ( t ) = f (αt ), T' = T / α 
→ ωo ' = = = αωo
T' T / α

T' T'
2 2
an '=
T' ∫ h ( t ) cos nωo ' tdt = ∫ f (αt ) cos nωo ' tdt
T'
0 0

Let αt = λ, , d t = dλ / α , αT ' = T

T
2α
T ∫
an '= f (λ) cos nωo λdλ / α = a n
0

Similarly, bn ' = bn
Chapter 17, Solution 32.

When is = 1 (DC component)

i = 1/(1 + 2) = 1/3

For n ≥ 1, ωn = 3n, Is = 1/n2∠0°

I = [1/(1 + 2 + jωn2)]Is = Is/(3 + j6n)

1
∠0°
n 2 1
= = ∠ − tan(2n )
3 1 + 4n 2 ∠ tan −1 (6n / 3) 3n 2 1 + 4n 2
Thus,
∞
1 1
i(t) =
3
+ ∑ cos( 3n − tan −1 ( 2n ))
n =1 3n 2
1 + 4n 2

Chapter 17, Solution 33.

For the DC case, the inductor acts like a short, Vo = 0.

For the AC case, we obtain the following:

Vo − Vs V jnπVo
+ o + =0
10 j2nπ 4

  5 
1 + j 2.5nπ −  Vo = Vs
  nπ  

Vs
Vo =
 5 
1 + j 2.5nπ − 
 nπ 

4 1 4
A n ∠Θ n = =
nπ  5  nπ + j(2.5n 2 π 2 − 5)
1 + j 2.5nπ − 
 nπ 

4  2.5n 2 π 2 − 5 
An = ; Θ n = − tan −1  
2 2 2 2 2  n π 
n π + (2.5n π − 5)  
 ∞
v o (t) = ∑ A n sin(nπt + Θ n ) V
n =1

Chapter 17, Solution 34.

For any n, V = [10/n2]∠(nπ/4), ω = n.

1 H becomes jωnL = jn and 0.5 F becomes 1/(jωnC) = −j2/n

2Ω jn

+
+ −j2/n
V Vo
−
−

Vo = {−j(2/n)/[2 + jn − j(2/n)]}V = {−j2/[2n + j(n2 − 2)]}[(10/n2)∠(nπ/4)]

20∠((nπ / 4) − π / 2)
=
n 2
4n + (n 2 − 2) 2 ∠ tan −1 ((n 2 − 2) / 2n )
2

20
= ∠[(nπ / 4) − (π / 2) − tan −1 ((n 2 − 2) / 2n )]
n 2
n +4
2

∞
20  nπ π n2 − 2
vo(t) = ∑ cos nt +
4
− − tan −1
2 2n

n =1 n2 n2 + 4  

Chapter 17, Solution 35.

If vs in the circuit of Fig. 17.72 is the same as function f2(t) in Fig. 17.57(b),
determine the dc component and the first three nonzero harmonics of vo(t).

1Ω 1H

+
+ 1F 1Ω
vS vo
−
−

Figure 17.72 For Prob. 17.35

 f2(t)

2
1

t
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 17.57(b) For Prob. 17.35

The signal is even, hence, bn = 0. In addition, T = 3, ωo = 2π/3.

vs(t) = 1 for all 0 < t < 1

= 2 for all 1 < t < 1.5

2 1 4
2dt  =
1.5

3  ∫0 ∫
ao = 1dt +
1  3

4 1
2 cos(2nπt / 3)dt 
1.5

3  ∫0 ∫
an = cos(2nπt / 3)dt +
1 

4 3 1 6 1.5  2
= sin( 2 nπ t / 3) + sin( 2 nπ t / 3) = − sin(2nπ / 3)
3  2nπ 0
2nπ 1  nπ
4 2 ∞ 1
vs(t) = − ∑ sin(2nπ / 3) cos(2nπt / 3)
3 π n =1 n

Now consider this circuit,

1Ω j2nπ/3

+
+ -j3/(2nπ) 1Ω
vS vo
−
−

Let Z = [-j3/(2nπ)](1)/(1 – j3/(2nπ)) = -j3/(2nπ - j3)

Therefore, vo = Zvs/(Z + 1 + j2nπ/3). Simplifying, we get

− j9 v s
vo =
12nπ + j( 4n 2 π 2 − 18)
 For the dc case, n = 0 and vs = ¾ V and vo = vs/2 = 3/8 V.

We can now solve for vo(t)

3 ∞  2nπt 
vo(t) =  + ∑ A n cos + Θ n   volts
 8 n =1  3 

6
sin( 2nπ / 3)
nπ  nπ 3 
where A n = and Θ n = 90 o − tan −1  − 
 4n π
2 2

2
 3 2n π 
16n 2 π 2 +  − 6 
 3 

9 sin( 2nπ / 3)
where we can further simplify An to this, A n =
nπ 4n 4 π 4 + 81

Chapter 17, Solution 36.

∞
vs(t) = ∑A
n =1
n cos( nt − θ n )
n = odd

where θn = tan−1[(3/(nπ))/(−1/(nπ))] = tan−1(−3) = 100.5°

9 1 πn 1 nπ
An = + 2 2 sin 2 = 9 + sin 2
n π
2 2
n π 2 nπ 2

ωn = n and 2 H becomes jωnL = j2n

Let Z = 1||j2n = j2n/(1 + j2n)

If Vo is the voltage at the non-reference node or across the 2-H inductor.

Vo = ZVs/(1 + Z) = [j2n/(1 + j2n)]Vs/{1 + [j2n/(1 + j2n)]}

= j2nVs/(1 + j4n)

But Vs = An∠−θn

Vo = j2n An∠−θn/(1 + j4n)

 Io = Vo/j = [2n An∠−θn]/ 1 + 16n 2 ∠tan−14n

1  nπ 
 9 + sin 2 2n
nπ  2 
= ∠−100.5° − tan−14n
1 + 16n 2

Since sin(nπ/2) = (−1)(n−1)/2 for n = odd, sin2(nπ/2) = 1

2 10
∠ − 100.5° − tan −1 4n
Io = π
1 + 16n 2

2 10 ∞ 1
io(t) = ∑
π n =1
cos(nt − 100.5° − tan −1 4n )
1 + 16n 2
n = odd

Chapter 17, Solution 37.

From Example 15.1,

20 ∞ 1
vs(t) = 5 + ∑ sin(nπt ),
π k =1 n
n = 2k − 1

For the DC component, the capacitor acts like an open circuit.

Vo = 5
For the nth harmonic,
Vs = [20/(nπ)]∠0°

10 mF becomes 1/(jωnC) = −j/(nπx10x10−3) = −j100/(nπ)

100 5
− j Vs 100∠ − 90° + tan −1
nπ − j100 20 nπ
vo = = =
100
+ 20 20nπ − j100 nπ nπ 25 + n π2 2
− j
nπ

100 1 5
vo(t) =
π
∑ sin(nπt − 90° + tan −1
nπ
)
n 25 + n 2 π 2
Chapter 17, Solution 38.

1 2 ∞ 1
v s ( t ) = + ∑ sin nπt , n = 2k + 1
2 π k =1n

jω n
Vo = Vs , ω n = nπ
1 + jω n

For dc, ω n = 0, Vs = 0.5, Vo = 0

2
For nth harmonic, Vs = ∠ − 90 o
nπ

nπ∠90 o 2 2∠ − tan −1 nπ
Vo = ∠90 o =
•
1 + n 2 π 2 ∠ tan −1 nπ nπ 1 + n 2π2

∞
2
v o (t) = ∑ cos(nπt − tan −1 nπ), n = 2k − 1
2 2
k =1 1+ n π

Chapter 17, Solution 39.

Comparing vs(t) with f(t) in Figure 15.1, vs is shifted by 2.5 and the magnitude is
5 times that of f(t).
Hence
10 ∞ 1
vs(t) = 5 + ∑ sin(nπt ),
π k =1 n
n = 2k − 1

T = 2, ωo = 2π//T = π, ωn = nωo = nπ

For the DC component, io = 5/(20 + 40) = 1/12

For the kth harmonic, Vs = (10/(nπ))∠0°

100 mH becomes jωnL = jnπx0.1 = j0.1nπ

50 mF becomes 1/(jωnC) = −j20/(nπ)

I 20 Ω 40 Ω Io

+ −j20/(nπ)
VS − j0.1nπ

Z
 j20
−
( 40 + j0.1nπ)
Let Z = −j20/(nπ)||(40 + j0.1nπ) = n π
j20
− + 40 + j0.1nπ
nπ

− j20( 40 + j0.1nπ 2nπ − j800

= =
− j20 + 40nπ + j0.1n π2 2
40nπ + j(0.1n 2 π 2 − 20)

802nπ + j( 2n 2 π 2 − 1200)
Zin = 20 + Z =
40nπ + j(0.1n 2 π 2 − 20)

Vs 400nπ + j( n 2 π 2 − 200)
I = =
Z in nπ[802nπ + j( 2n 2 π 2 − 1200)]

j20
− I
nπ − j20I
Io = =
j20 40nπ + j(0.1n 2 π 2 − 20)
− + ( 40 + j0.1nπ)
nπ

− j200
=
nπ[802nπ + j( 2n 2 π 2 − 1200)]

200∠ − 90° − tan −1{(2n 2 π 2 − 1200) /(802nπ)}

=
nπ (802) 2 + ( 2n 2 π 2 − 1200) 2
Thus
∞
1 200
io(t) =
20
+
π
∑I
k =1
n sin(nπt − θ n ) , n = 2k − 1

2n 2 π 2 − 1200
where θ n = 90° + tan −1
802nπ

1
In =
n (804nπ) + (2n 2 π 2 − 1200)
2
Chapter 17, Solution 40.

T = 2, ωo = 2π/T = π

1
1 T 1 1  t2 
ao =
T ∫0 v ( t ) dt =
2 ∫0
( 2 − 2 t ) dt = 

t −
2  0
= 1/ 2

2 T 1
an =
T ∫ v( t ) cos(nπt )dt =
0 ∫ 2(1 − t ) cos(nπt )dt
0

1
1 1 t 
= 2  sin( nπt ) − 2 2 cos( nπt ) − sin( nπt )
 nπ n π nπ 0

0, n = even
2
= 2 2 (1 − cos nπ) = 4 4
n π , n = odd = 2
n π
2 2
π ( 2n − 1) 2

2 T 1
bn = ∫
T 0
v ( t ) sin( nπt )dt = 2 ∫ (1 − t ) sin( nπt )dt
0

1
 1 1 t  2
= 2− cos( nπt ) − 2 2 sin( nπt ) + cos( nπt ) =
 nπ n π nπ  0 nπ

1
vs(t) =
2
+ ∑A n cos( nπt − ϕ n )

π( 2n − 1) 2 4 16
where φn = tan −1 , An = + 4
2n n π
2 2
π ( 2n − 1) 4

For the DC component, vs = 1/2. As shown in Figure (a), the capacitor acts
like an open circuit.

1Ω Vx 2Vx
Vo
− +
+ +
i
+ Vx 3Ω Vo
0.5V −
− −
(a)
 1Ω Vx 2Vx
Vo
− +
+
+
(1/4)F 3Ω Vo
VS −
−
(b)

Applying KVL to the circuit in Figure (a) gives

–0.5 – 2Vx + 4i = 0 (1)

But –0.5 + i + Vx = 0 or –1 + 2Vx + 2i = 0 (2)

Adding (1) and (2), –1.5 + 6i = 0 or i = 0.25

Vo = 3i = 0.75

For the nth harmonic, we consider the circuit in Figure (b).

ωn = nπ, Vs = An∠–φ, 1/(jωnC) = –j4/(nπ)

At the supernode,
(Vs – Vx)/1 = –[nπ/(j4)]Vx + Vo/3

Vs = [1 + jnπ/4]Vx + Vo/3 (3)

But –Vx – 2Vx + Vo = 0 or Vo = 3Vx

Substituting this into (3),

Vs = [1 + jnπ/4]Vx + Vx = [2 + jnπ/4]Vx

= (1/3)[2 + jnπ/4]Vo = (1/12)[8 + jnπ]Vo

12A n ∠ − φ
Vo = 12Vs/(8 + jnπ) =
64 + n 2 π 2 ∠ tan −1 (nπ / 8)

12 4 16
Vo = + 4 ∠[tan −1 (nπ / 8) − tan −1 (π(2n − 1) /(2n ))]
64 + n π 2 2 n π
2 2
π (2n − 1) 4
 Thus
∞
3
vo(t) =
4
+ ∑V
n =1
n cos( nπt + θ n )

12 4 16
where Vn = + 4
64 + n 2 π 2 n π
2 2
π ( 2n − 1) 4

θn = tan–1(nπ/8) – tan–1(π(2n – 1)/(2n))

Chapter 17, Solution 41.

For the full wave rectifier,

T = π, ωo = 2π/T = 2, ωn = nωo = 2n

Hence
2 4 ∞ 1
vin(t) = − ∑ 2 cos (2nt )
π π n =1 4n − 1

For the DC component,

Vin = 2/π

The inductor acts like a short-circuit, while the capacitor acts like an open circuit.
Vo = Vin = 2/π

For the nth harmonic,

Vin = [–4/(π(4n2 – 1))]∠0°

2 H becomes jωnL = j4n

0.1 F becomes 1/(jωnC) = –j5/n

Z = 10||(–j5/n) = –j10/(2n – j)

Vo = [Z/(Z + j4n)]Vin = –j10Vin/(4 + j(8n – 10))

j10  4∠0° 
= −  − 
4 + j(8n − 10)  π(4n 2 − 1) 
 40∠{90° − tan −1 (2n − 2.5)}
=
π(4n 2 − 1) 16 + (8n − 10) 2

∞
2
Hence vo(t) =
π
+ ∑A
n =1
n cos( 2nt + θ n )

where
20
An =
π( 4n 2 − 1) 16n 2 − 40n + 29

θn = 90° – tan–1(2n – 2.5)

Chapter 17, Solution 42.

20 ∞ 1
vs = 5 + ∑ sin nπt, n = 2k - 1
π k =1n

Vs − 0 j
= jω n C(0 − Vo ) → Vo = Vs , ω n = nω o = nπ
R ω n RC

For n = 0 (dc component), Vo=0.

For the nth harmonic,

1∠90 o 20 o 20 10 5
Vo = ∠ − 90 = =
nπRC nπ n 2 π 2 x10 4 x 40 x10 −9 2n 2 π 2
Hence,
10 5 ∞ 1
v o (t) = ∑ cos nπt , n = 2k - 1
2π 2 k =1 n 2

Alternatively, we notice that this is an integrator so that

1 10 5 ∞ 1
v o (t) = −
RC ∫
v s dt = ∑ cos nπt, n = 2k - 1
2π 2 k =1n 2
Chapter 17, Solution 43.

1 ∞ 2 1
(a) Vrms = a 02 + ∑
2 n =1
(a n + b 2n ) = 30 2 + (20 2 + 10 2 ) = 33.91 V
2

1
(b) Irms = 6 2 + (4 2 + 2 2 ) = 6.782 A
2

1
(c) P = VdcIdc +
2
∑ Vn I n cos(Θ n − Φ n )

= 30x6 + 0.5[20x4cos(45o-10o) – 10x2cos(-45o+60o)]

= 180 + 32.76 – 9.659 = 203.1 W

Chapter 17, Solution 44.

(a) p = vi =
1
2
[ ]
60 cos 25 o + 10 cos 45 o + 0 = 27.19 + 3.535 + 0 = 30.73 W

(b) The power spectrum is shown below.

p 27.19

3.535

0 1 2 3 ω

Chapter 17, Solution 45.

ωn = 1000n
jωnL = j1000nx2x10–3 = j2n

1/(jωnC) = –j/(1000nx40x10–6) = –j25/n

 Z = R + jωnL + 1/(jωnC) = 10 + j2n – j25/n

I = V/Z

For n = 1, V1 = 100, Z = 10 + j2 – j25 = 10 – j23

I1 = 100/(10 – j23) = 3.987∠73.89°

For n = 2, V2 = 50, Z = 10 + j4 – j12.5 = 10 – j8.5

I2 = 50/(10 – j8.5) = 3.81∠40.36°

For n = 3, V3 = 25, Z = 10 + j6 – j25/3 = 10 – j2.333

I3 = 25/(10 – j2.333) = 2.435∠13.13°

Irms = 0.5 3.987 2 + 3.812 + 2.435 2 = 3.014 A

1 3
p = VDCIDC + ∑ Vn I n cos(θ n − φ n )
2 n =1

= 0 + 0.5[100x3.987cos(73.89°) + 50x3.81cos(40.36°)
+ 25x2.435cos(13.13°)]

= 0.5[110.632 + 145.16 + 59.28] = 157.54 watts

Chapter 17, Solution 46.

(a) This is an even function

1 T 2 2 T/2 2
T ∫0 T ∫0
Irms = f ( t )dt = f ( t )dt

2 − 2t, 0 < t <1

f(t) =
0, 1< t < 2

T = 4, ωo = 2π/T = π/2

2 1 1
Irms2 = ∫
4 0
4(1 − t ) 2 dt = 2( t − t 2 + t 3 / 3)
0
 = 2(1 – 1 + 1/3) = 2/3 or

Irms = 0.8165 A

(b) From Problem 16.14,

an = [8/(n2π2)][1 – cos(nπ/2)], ao = 0.5

a1 = 8/π2, a2 = 4/π2, a3 = 8/(9π2), a4 = 0, a5 = 9/(25π2), a6 = 4/(9π2)

1 ∞ 2 1 1  64 64 16 
Irms = ao + ∑ An ≅
2 n =1
+ 4  64 + 16 +
4 2π 
+ +  = 0.66623
81 625 81 

Irms = 0.8162 A

Chapter 17, Solution 47.

Let I = IDC + I1 + I2

For the DC component

IDC = [5/(5 + 10)](3) = 1 A

I j8

5Ω 10 Ω
Is

For AC, ω = 100

jωL = j100x80x10–3 = j8

In = 5Is/(5 + 10 + j8)
For Is = 0.5∠–60°
I1 = 10∠–60°/(15 + j8) or |I1| = 10/ 15 2 + 8 2

For Is = 0.5∠–120°
I2 = 2.5∠–120°/(15 + j8) or |I2| = 2.5/ 15 2 + 8 2

p10 = (IDC2 + |I1|2/2 + |I2|2/2)10 = (1 + [100/(2x289)] + [6.25/(2x289)])x10

p10 = 11.838 watts

Chapter 17, Solution 48.

(a) For the DC component, i(t) = 20 mA. The capacitor acts like an open circuit so that
v = Ri(t) = 2x103x20x10–3 = 40

For the AC component,

ωn = 10n, n = 1,2

1/(jωnC) = –j/(10nx100x10–6) = (–j/n) kΩ

Z = 2||(–j/n) = 2(–j/n)/(2 – j/n) = –j2/(2n – j)

V = ZI = [–j2/(2n – j)]I

For n = 1, V1 = [–j2/(2 – j)]16∠45° = 14.311∠–18.43° mV

For n = 2, V2 = [–j2/(4 – j)]12∠–60° = 5.821∠–135.96° mV

v(t) = 40 + 0.014311cos(10t – 18.43°) + 0.005821cos(20t – 135.96°) V

1 ∞
(b) p = VDCIDC + ∑ Vn I n cos(θ n − φ n )
2 n =1

= 20x40 + 0.5x10x0.014311cos(45° + 18.43°)

+0.5x12x0.005821cos(–60° + 135.96°)

= 800.1 mW

Chapter 17, Solution 49.

π 2π 
1 
T
2 1 2 1
(a) Z rms = ∫ z ( t )dt =  ∫ 1dt + ∫ 4dt  = (5π) = 2.5
T 2π   2π
0 0 π 

Z rms = 1.581
(b)
1 ∞ 2 1 1 ∞ 36 1 1  1 1 1 1 
Z 2 rms = a 2 o + ∑
2 n =1
( a n + b 2
n ) = + ∑ = +
4 2 n =1n 2 π 2 4 18π 2
1 + + + +
 4 9 16 25
+ ... = 2.9193


Z rms = 1.7086

 1.7086 
(c ) %error =  − 1 x100 = 8.071
 1.581 
Chapter 17, Solution 50.

1 T 2n
cn =
T ∫
0
f ( t )e − jωo nt dt, ωo =
1
=π

1 1 − jnπt
2 ∫−
= te dt

Using integration by parts,

u = t and du = dt
dv = e–jnπtdt which leads to v = –[1/(2jnπ)]e–jnπt

1
t 1 1 − jnπt
2 jnπ ∫−1
cn = − e − jnπt + e dt
2 jnπ −1

=
j − jnπ
nπ
e [
+ e jnπt +
1
2n π ( − j)
2 2 2
]
e − jnπt
−1

= [j/(nπ)]cos(nπ) + [1/(2n2π2)](e–jnπ – ejnπ)

j( −1) n 2j j( −1) n
cn = + sin( nπ) =
nπ 2n 2 π 2 nπ
Thus
∞ ∞
j jnπt
f(t) = ∑ c n e jnωot =
n = −∞
∑ ( −1)
n = −∞
n

nπ
e

Chapter 17, Solution 51.

T = 2, ωo = 2π / T = π

( )
T 2
1 − jnωo t 1 2 − jnπt 1 e − jnπt 2
− n 2 π 2 t 2 + 2 jnπt + 2 0
T∫ 2∫
cn = f ( t ) e dt = t e dt =
2 (− jnπ) 3
0 0

1 2
cn = (−4n 2 π 2 + j4nπ) = (1 + jnπ)
j2n 3 π 3 n 2π2

∞
2
f (t) = ∑ (1 + jnπ)e jnπt
2 2
n = −∞ n π
Chapter 17, Solution 52.

1 T 2n
cn =
T ∫
0
f ( t )e − jωo nt dt, ωo =
1
=π

1 1 − jnπt
2 ∫−
= te dt

Using integration by parts,

u = t and du = dt
dv = e–jnπtdt which leads to v = –[1/(2jnπ)]e–jnπt

1
t 1 1 − jnπt
2 jnπ ∫−1
cn = − e − jnπt + e dt
2 jnπ −1

=
j − jnπ
nπ
e [
+ e jnπt +
1
2n π ( − j)
2 2 2
e − jnπt ]
−1

= [j/(nπ)]cos(nπ) + [1/(2n2π2)](e–jnπ – ejnπ)

j( −1) n 2j j( −1) n
cn = + sin( nπ ) =
nπ 2n 2 π 2 nπ
Thus
∞ ∞
j jnπt
f(t) = ∑c e
n = −∞
n
jnωo t
= ∑ ( −1)
n = −∞
n

nπ
e

Chapter 17, Solution 53.

ωo = 2π/T = 2π

T 1
cn = ∫0
e − t e − jnωo t dt = ∫ e −(1+ jnωo ) t dt
0

=
−1
1 + j2πn
e − (1 + j2 nπ ) t =
−1
1 + j2nπ
[
e − (1 + j 2 n π ) − 1]
0

= [1/(j2nπ)][1 – e–1(cos(2πn) – jsin(2nπ))]

= (1 – e–1)/(1 + j2nπ) = 0.6321/(1 + j2nπ

0.6321e j2 nπt
∞
f(t) = ∑
n = −∞ 1 + j2nπ
Chapter 17, Solution 54.

T = 4, ωo = 2π/T = π/2

1 T
cn =
T ∫
0
f ( t )e − jωo nt dt

1  1 − jnπt / 2
1e − jnπt / 2 dt 
2 4

4  ∫0 ∫ ∫
= 2e dt + 1e − jnπt / 2 dt −
1 2 

=
j
2nπ
[
2e − jnπ / 2 − 2 + e − jnπ − e − jnπ / 2 − e − j2 nπ + e − jnπ ]

=
j
2nπ
[
3e − jnπ / 2 − 3 + 2e − jnπ ]
∞
f(t) = ∑c e
n = −∞
n
jnωo t

Chapter 17, Solution 55.

T = 2π, ωo = 2π/T = 1

1 T
cn =
T ∫
0
i( t )e − jnωo t dt

sin( t ), 0<t<π
But i(t) =
0, π < t < 2π

1 π 1 π 1 jt
cn =
2π ∫ 0
sin( t )e − jnπt dt =
2π ∫
0 2j
(e − e − jt )e − jnt dt

π
1  e jt (1 − n ) e − jt (1 + n ) 
= +
4πj  j(1 − n ) j(1 + n )  0

1  e jπ (1− n ) − 1 e − jπ ( n + 1) − 1
=− +
4  1 − n 1 + n 
 =
1
4π( n − 1)
2
[
e jπ (1 − n ) − 1 + ne jπ (1 − n ) − n + e − jπ (1 + n ) − 1 − ne − jπ (1+ n ) + n ]

But ejπ = cos(π) + jsin(π) = –1 = e–jπ

1 + e − jnπ
cn =
1
4 π( n 2 − 1)
−e − jnπ
[
−e − jnπ
− ne − jnπ
+ ne − jnπ
−2 = ]
2 π(1 − n 2 )
Thus
∞
1 + e − jnπ
i(t) = ∑ 2π(1 − n
n = −∞
2
)
e jnπt

Chapter 17, Solution 56.

co = ao = 10, ωo = π

co = (an – jbn)/2 = (1 – jn)/[2(n2 + 1)]

∞
(1 − jn) jnπt
f(t) = 10 + ∑ 2(n
n = −∞
2
+ 1)
e
n≠0

Chapter 17, Solution 57.

ao = (6/–2) = –3 = co

cn = 0.5(an –jbn) = an/2 = 3/(n3 – 2)

∞
3
f(t) = − 3 + ∑n
n = −∞
3
−2
e j50nt
n≠0

Chapter 17, Solution 58.

cn = (an – jbn)/2, (–1) = cos(nπ), ωo = 2π/T = 1

cn = [(cos(nπ) – 1)/(2πn2)] – j cos(nπ)/(2n)

Thus
π  cos(nπ ) − 1 cos(nπ )  jnt
f(t) = + ∑ −j e
 2πn
2
4 2n 
Chapter 17, Solution 59.

For f(t), T = 2π, ωo = 2π/T = 1.

ao = DC component = (1xπ + 0)/2π = 0.5

For h(t), T = 2, ωo = 2π/T = π.

ao = (3x1 – 2x1)/2 = 0.5

Thus by replacing ωo = 1 with ωo = π and multiplying the magnitude by five,

we obtain
1 ∞
j5e j( 2n +1) πt
h(t) = − ∑
2 n = −∞ ( 2n + 1)π
n≠0

Chapter 17, Solution 60.

From Problem 16.17,

ao = 0 = an, bn = [2/(nπ)][1 – 2 cos(nπ)], co = 0

cn = (an – jbn)/2 = [j/(nπ)][2 cos(nπ) – 1], n ≠ 0.

Chapter 17, Solution 61.

(a) ωo = 1.

f(t) = ao + ∑A n cos(nω o t − φ n )

= 6 + 4cos(t + 50°) + 2cos(2t + 35°)

+ cos(3t + 25°) + 0.5cos(4t + 20°)

= 6 + 4cos(t)cos(50°) – 4sin(t)sin(50°) + 2cos(2t)cos(35°)

– 2sin(2t)sin(35°) + cos(3t)cos(25°) – sin(3t)sin(25°)
+ 0.5cos(4t)cos(20°) – 0.5sin(4t)sin(20°)

= 6 + 2.571cos(t) – 3.73sin(t) + 1.635cos(2t)

– 1.147sin(2t) + 0.906cos(3t) – 0.423sin(3t)
+ 0.47cos(4t) – 0.171sin(4t)
 1 ∞ 2
(b) frms = a o2 + ∑ An
2 n =1

frms2 = 62 + 0.5[42 + 22 + 12 + (0.5)2] = 46.625

frms = 6.828

Chapter 17, Solution 62.

2π
(a) ωo = 20 = 2π / T 
→ T= = 0.3141s
20

∞
(b) f ( t ) = a o + ∑ A n cos(nωo t + φ n ) = 3 + 4 cos(20t + 90 o ) +5.1cos(40t + 90 o ) + ...
n =1

f ( t ) = 3 − 4 sin 20 t − 5.1sin 40t − 2.7 sin 60 t − 1.8 sin 80t − ....

Chapter 17, Solution 63.

This is an even function.

T = 3, ωo = 2π/3, bn = 0.

1, 0 < t < 1
f(t) =
2, 1 < t < 1.5

2 T/2 2 1
f ( t )dt =  ∫ 1dt + ∫ 2 dt  = (2/3)[1 + 1] = 4/3
1.5
ao = ∫
T 0 3  0 1 

4 T/2 4 1
f ( t ) cos(nωo t )dt =  ∫ 1cos(2nπt / 3)dt + ∫ 2 cos(2nπt / 3)dt 
1.5
an = ∫
T 0 3  0 1 

4 3 
1 1.5
 2nπt  6  2nπt 
=  sin   + sin   
3  2nπ  3  0 2nπ  3  1 

= [–2/(nπ)]sin(2nπ/3)
 4 2 ∞ 1  3nπ   2nπt 
f2(t) = − ∑ sin   cos 
3 π n =1 n  3   3 

ao = 4/3 = 1.3333, ωo = 2π/3, an = –[2/(nπ)]sin(2nπt/3)

2  2nπ 
An = a 2n + b 2n = sin  
nπ  3 

A1 = 0.5513, A2 = 0.2757, A3 = 0, A4 = 0.1375, A5 = 0.1103

The amplitude spectra are shown below.

1.333

An

0.551

0.275

0.1378 0.1103

n
0 1 2 3 4 5

Chapter 17, Solution 64.

The amplitude and phase spectra are shown below.

 An

3.183

2.122

1.591

0.4244

0 2π 4π 6π ω

φn

0 2π 4π 6π ω

-180o

Chapter 17, Solution 65.

an = 20/(n2π2), bn = –3/(nπ), ωn = 2n

400 9
An = a 2n + b 2n = + 2 2
n π
4 4
n π

3 44.44
= 1 + 2 2 , n = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, etc.
nπ n π

n An
1 2.24
3 0.39
5 0.208
7 0.143
9 0.109
 φn = tan–1(bn/an) = tan–1{[–3/(nπ)][n2π2/20]} = tan–1(–nx0.4712)

n φn
1 –25.23°
3 –54.73°
5 –67°
7 –73.14°
9 –76.74°
∞ –90°
2.24 0 2 6 10 14 18

ωn

–30° –25.23°
An
0.39

–60° –54.73°
0.208
0.0.143 0.109 –67°
–73.14°
–76.74°
φn
–90°
ωn
0 2 6 10 14 18

Chapter 17, Solution 66.

The schematic is shown below. The waveform is inputted using the attributes of
VPULSE. In the Transient dialog box, we enter Print Step = 0.05, Final Time = 12,
Center Frequency = 0.5, Output Vars = V(1) and click enable Fourier. After simulation,
the output plot is shown below. The output file includes the following Fourier
components.
 FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(1)

DC COMPONENT = 5.099510E+00

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED

NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)

1 5.000E-01 3.184E+00 1.000E+00 1.782E+00 0.000E+00

2 1.000E+00 1.593E+00 5.002E-01 3.564E+00 1.782E+00
3 1.500E+00 1.063E+00 3.338E-01 5.347E+00 3.564E+00
4 2.000E+00 7.978E-01 2.506E-01 7.129E+00 5.347E+00
5 2.500E+00 6.392E-01 2.008E-01 8.911E+00 7.129E+00
6 3.000E+00 5.336E-01 1.676E-01 1.069E+01 8.911E+00
7 3.500E+00 4.583E-01 1.440E-01 1.248E+01 1.069E+01
8 4.000E+00 4.020E-01 1.263E-01 1.426E+01 1.248E+01
9 4.500E+00 3.583E-01 1.126E-01 1.604E+01 1.426E+01

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 7.363360E+01 PERCENT

Chapter 17, Solution 67.

The Schematic is shown below. In the Transient dialog box, we type “Print step = 0.01s,
Final time = 36s, Center frequency = 0.1667, Output vars = v(1),” and click Enable
Fourier. After simulation, the output file includes the following Fourier components,
FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(1)

DC COMPONENT = 2.000396E+00

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED

NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)

1 1.667E-01 2.432E+00 1.000E+00 -8.996E+01 0.000E+00

2 3.334E-01 6.576E-04 2.705E-04 -8.932E+01 6.467E-01
3 5.001E-01 5.403E-01 2.222E-01 9.011E+01 1.801E+02
4 6.668E-01 3.343E-04 1.375E-04 9.134E+01 1.813E+02
5 8.335E-01 9.716E-02 3.996E-02 -8.982E+01 1.433E-01
6 1.000E+00 7.481E-06 3.076E-06 -9.000E+01 -3.581E-02
7 1.167E+00 4.968E-02 2.043E-02 -8.975E+01 2.173E-01
8 1.334E+00 1.613E-04 6.634E-05 -8.722E+01 2.748E+00
9 1.500E+00 6.002E-02 2.468E-02 9.032E+01 1.803E+02

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 2.280065E+01 PERCENT

Chapter 17, Solution 68.

The schematic is shown below. We set the final time = 6T=12s and the center frequency
= 1/T = 0.5. When the schematic is saved and run, we obtain the Fourier series from the
output file as shown below.

FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(1)

DC COMPONENT = 1.990000E+00
HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE
NORMALIZED
NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE
(DEG)
1 5.000E-01 1.273E+00 1.000E+00 9.000E-01 0.000E+00
2 1.000E+00 6.367E-01 5.001E-01 -1.782E+02 1.791E+02
3 1.500E+00 4.246E-01 3.334E-01 2.700E+00 1.800E+00
4 2.000E+00 3.185E-01 2.502E-01 -1.764E+02 -1.773E+02
5 2.500E+00 2.549E-01 2.002E-01 4.500E+00 3.600E+00
6 3.000E+00 2.125E-01 1.669E-01 -1.746E+0 -1.755E+02
7 3.500E+00 1.823E-01 1.431E-01 6.300E+00 5.400E+00
8 4.000E+00 1.596E-01 1.253E-01 -1.728E+02 -1.737E+02
9 4.500E+00 1.419E-01 1.115E-01 8.100E+00 7.200E+00

Chapter 17, Solution 69.

The schematic is shown below. In the Transient dialog box, set Print Step = 0.05 s, Final
Time = 120, Center Frequency = 0.5, Output Vars = V(1) and click enable Fourier. After
simulation, we obtain V(1) as shown below. We also obtain an output file which
includes the following Fourier components.

FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(1)

DC COMPONENT = 5.048510E-01

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED

NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)

1 5.000E-01 4.056E-01 1.000E+00 -9.090E+01 0.000E+00

2 1.000E+00 2.977E-04 7.341E-04 -8.707E+01 3.833E+00
3 1.500E+00 4.531E-02 1.117E-01 -9.266E+01 -1.761E+00
4 2.000E+00 2.969E-04 7.320E-04 -8.414E+01 6.757E+00
5 2.500E+00 1.648E-02 4.064E-02 -9.432E+01 -3.417E+00
6 3.000E+00 2.955E-04 7.285E-04 -8.124E+01 9.659E+00
7 3.500E+00 8.535E-03 2.104E-02 -9.581E+01 -4.911E+00
8 4.000E+00 2.935E-04 7.238E-04 -7.836E+01 1.254E+01
9 4.500E+00 5.258E-03 1.296E-02 -9.710E+01 -6.197E+00

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 1.214285E+01 PERCENT

Chapter 17, Solution 70.

The schematic is shown below. In the Transient dialog box, we set Print Step = 0.02 s,
Final Step = 12 s, Center Frequency = 0.5, Output Vars = V(1) and V(2), and click
enable Fourier. After simulation, we compare the output and output waveforms as
shown. The output includes the following Fourier components.
FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(1)

DC COMPONENT = 7.658051E-01

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED

NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)

1 5.000E-01 1.070E+00 1.000E+00 1.004E+01 0.000E+00

2 1.000E+00 3.758E-01 3.512E-01 -3.924E+01 -4.928E+01
3 1.500E+00 2.111E-01 1.973E-01 -3.985E+01 -4.990E+01
4 2.000E+00 1.247E-01 1.166E-01 -5.870E+01 -6.874E+01
5 2.500E+00 8.538E-02 7.980E-02 -5.680E+01 -6.685E+01
6 3.000E+00 6.139E-02 5.738E-02 -6.563E+01 -7.567E+01
7 3.500E+00 4.743E-02 4.433E-02 -6.520E+01 -7.524E+01
8 4.000E+00 3.711E-02 3.469E-02 -7.222E+01 -8.226E+01
9 4.500E+00 2.997E-02 2.802E-02 -7.088E+01 -8.092E+01

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 4.352895E+01 PERCENT

Chapter 17, Solution 71.

The schematic is shown below. We set Print Step = 0.05, Final Time = 12 s, Center
Frequency = 0.5, Output Vars = I(1), and click enable Fourier in the Transient dialog box.
After simulation, the output waveform is as shown. The output file includes the
following Fourier components.
FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE I(L_L1)

DC COMPONENT = 8.374999E-02

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED

NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)

1 5.000E-01 2.287E-02 1.000E+00 -6.749E+01 0.000E+00

2 1.000E+00 1.891E-04 8.268E-03 8.174E+00 7.566E+01
3 1.500E+00 2.748E-03 1.201E-01 -8.770E+01 -2.021E+01
4 2.000E+00 9.583E-05 4.190E-03 -1.844E+00 6.565E+01
5 2.500E+00 1.017E-03 4.446E-02 -9.455E+01 -2.706E+01
6 3.000E+00 6.366E-05 2.783E-03 -7.308E+00 6.018E+01
7 3.500E+00 5.937E-04 2.596E-02 -9.572E+01 -2.823E+01
8 4.000E+00 6.059E-05 2.649E-03 -2.808E+01 3.941E+01
9 4.500E+00 2.113E-04 9.240E-03 -1.214E+02 -5.387E+01

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 1.314238E+01 PERCENT

Chapter 17, Solution 72.

T = 5, ωo = 2π/T = 2π/5

f(t) is an odd function. ao = 0 = an

4 T/2 4 10
bn = ∫
T 0
f ( t ) sin(nωo t )dt = ∫ 10 sin(0.4nπt )dt
5 0

1
8x 5 20
= − cos(0.4πnt ) = [1 − cos(0.4nπ)]
2 nπ 0 nπ

20 ∞ 1
f(t) = ∑ [1 − cos(0.4nπ)]sin(0.4nπt )
π n =1 n

Chapter 17, Solution 73.

2
VDC 1 V2
p = + ∑ n
R 2 R

= 0 + 0.5[(22 + 12 + 12)/10] = 300 mW

Chapter 17, Solution 74.

(a) An = a 2n + b 2n , φ = tan–1(bn/an)

A1 = 6 2 + 8 2 = 10, φ1 = tan–1(6/8) = 36.87°

A2 = 3 2 + 4 2 = 5, φ2 = tan–1(3/4) = 36.87°

i(t) = {4 + 10cos(100πt – 36.87°) – 5cos(200πt – 36.87°)} A

(b) p = I 2DC R + 0.5∑ I 2n R

= 2[42 +0.5(102 + 52)] = 157 W

Chapter 17, Solution 75.

The lowpass filter is shown below.

+ +
vs C vo

- -

Aτ 2A ∞ 1 nπτ
vs =
T
+ ∑
T n =1n
sin
T
cos nωo t

1
jω n C 1
Vo = Vs = Vs , ω n = nωo = 2nπ / T
1 1 + jω n RC
R+
jω n C

Aτ
For n=0, (dc component), Vo = Vs = (1)
T
For the nth harmonic,

1 2A nπτ
Vo = sin ∠ − 90 o
•
2 2 2 −1
1 + ω n R C ∠ tan ω n RC nT T

2A nπτ 1
When n=1, | Vo |= sin • (2)
T T 4π2
1+ R 2C 2
T

From (1) and (2),

Aτ 2A π 1 4π 2 2 2 30.9
= 50 x sin 
→ 1+ R C = = 3.09 x10 4
T T 10 4π 2 2 2 T τ
1+ R C
T

4π 2 2 2 T 10 −2 x 3.09 x10 4
1+ R C = 1010 → C= 10 5 = = 24.59 mF
T 2πR 4πx10 3

Chapter 17, Solution 76.

vs(t) is the same as f(t) in Figure 16.1 except that the magnitude is multiplied by
10. Hence
20 ∞ 1
vo(t) = 5 + ∑ sin( nπt ) , n = 2k – 1
π k =1 n

T = 2, ωo = 2π/T = 2π, ωn = nωo = 2nπ

jωnL = j2nπ; Z = R||10 = 10R/(10 + R)
Vo = ZVs/(Z + j2nπ) = [10R/(10R + j2nπ(10 + R))]Vs

10R∠ − tan −1{(nπ / 5R )(10 + R )}

Vo = Vs
100R 2 + 4n 2 π 2 (10 + R ) 2

Vs = [20/(nπ)]∠0°

The source current Is is

20
(10 + R )
Vs Vs nπ
Is = = =
Z + j2nπ 10R 10R + j2nπ(10 + R )
+ j2nπ
10 + R
 20
(10 + R ) ∠ − tan −1{( nπ / 3)(10 + R )}
= nπ
100R 2 + 4n 2 π 2 (10 + R ) 2

1
ps = VDCIDC +
2
∑ Vsn I sn cos(θ n − φ n )

For the DC case, L acts like a short-circuit.

5 5(10 + R )
Is = = , Vs = 5 = Vo
10R 10R
10 + R

  −1  π 
 2 (10 + R ) cos
 tan  (10 + R )  
25(10 + R ) 1  20   5 
ps = +  
10R 2  π  100R 2 + 4π 2 (10 + R ) 2


  2π  
(10 + R ) 2 cos tan −1  (10 + R )  
2 
 10    5 
+  + "
 π 100R + 16π (10 + R )
2 2 2 



VDC 1 ∞ Von
ps = + ∑
R 2 n =1 R

25 1  100R 100R 
= +  + + "
R 2 100R + 4π (10 + R )
2 2 2
100R + 10π (10 + R )
2 2 2


We want po = (70/100)ps = 0.7ps. Due to the complexity of the terms, we

consider only the DC component as an approximation. In fact the DC component
has the latgest share of the power for both input and output signals.

25 7 25(10 + R )
= x
R 10 10R

100 = 70 + 7R which leads to R = 30/7 = 4.286 Ω

Chapter 17, Solution 77.

(a) For the first two AC terms, the frequency ratio is 6/4 = 1.5 so that the highest
common factor is 2. Hence ωo = 2.

T = 2π/ωo = 2π/2 = π

(b) The average value is the DC component = –2

1 ∞ 2
(c) Vrms = ao + ∑
2 n =1
(a n + b 2n )

1
2
Vrms = (−2) 2 + (10 2 + 8 2 + 6 2 + 3 2 + 12 ) = 121.5
2

Vrms = 11.02 V

Chapter 17, Solution 78.

2
2
VDC 1 2
Vn2 VDC Vn ,rms
(a) p = + ∑ = +∑
R 2 R R R

= 0 + (402/5) + (202/5) + (102/5) = 420 W

(b) 5% increase = (5/100)420 = 21

2
VDC
pDC = 21 W = 2
which leads to VDC = 21R = 105
R

VDC = 10.25 V

Chapter 17, Solution 79.

From Table 17.3, it is evident that an = 0,

bn = 4A/[π(2n – 1)], A = 10.

A Fortran program to calculate bn is shown below. The result is also shown.

 C FOR PROBLEM 17.79
DIMENSION B(20)

A = 10
PIE = 3.142
C = 4.*A/PIE
DO 10 N = 1, 10
B(N) = C/(2.*FLOAT(N) – 1.)
PRINT *, N, B(N)
10 CONTINUE
STOP
END

n bn
1 12.731
2 4.243
3 2.546
4 1.8187
5 1.414
6 1.1573
7 0.9793
8 0.8487
9 0.7498
10 0.67

Chapter 17, Solution 80.

From Problem 17.55,

cn = [1 + e–jnπ]/[2π(1 – n2)]

This is calculated using the Fortran program shown below. The results are also
shown.
C FOR PROBLEM 17.80
COMPLEX X, C(0:20)

PIE = 3.1415927
A = 2.0*PIE
DO 10 N = 0, 10
IF(N.EQ.1) GO TO 10
X = CMPLX(0, PIE*FLOAT(N))
C(N) = (1.0 + CEXP(–X))/(A*(1 – FLOAT(N*N)))
PRINT *, N, C(N)
10 CONTINUE
STOP
END
 n cn
0 0.3188 + j0
1 0
2 –0.1061 + j0
3 0
4 –0.2121x10–1 + j0
5 0
6 –0.9095x10–2 + j0
7 0
8 –0.5052x10–2 + j0
9 0
10 –0.3215x10–2 + j0

Chapter 17, Solution 81.

(a)

0 T 2T 3T

2A 4A ∞ 1
f(t) =
π
− ∑
π n =1 4n − 1
2
cos(nωo t )

The total average power is pavg = Frms2R = Frms2 since R = 1 ohm.

1 T 2
Pavg = Frms2 =
T ∫0
f ( t )dt = 0.5A2
(b) From the Fourier series above

|co| = 2A/2, |cn| = 4A/[π(4n2 – 1)]

 n ωo |cn| 2|cn|2 % power
0 0 2A/π 4A2/(π2) 81.1%
1 2ωo 2A/(3π) 8A2/(9π2) 18.01%
2 4ωo 2A/(15π) 2A2/(225π2) 0.72%
3 6ωo 2A/(35π) 8A2/(1225π2) 0.13%
4 8ωo 2A/(63π) 8A2/(3969π2) 0.04%

(c) 81.1%

(d) 0.72%

Chapter 17, Solution 82.

2
VDC 1 ∞ Vn2
P = + ∑
R 2 n =1 R

Assuming V is an amplitude-phase form of Fourier series. But

|An| = 2|Cn|, co = ao

|An|2 = 4|Cn|2
Hence,
c o2 ∞
c 2n
P = + 2∑
R n =1 R
Alternatively,
2
Vrms
P =
R
where
1 ∞ 2 ∞ ∞
2
Vrms = a o2 + ∑
2 n =1
A n = c 2
o + 2 ∑
n =1
c 2
n = ∑
n = −∞
c 2n

= 102 + 2(8.52 + 4.22 + 2.12 + 0.52 + 0.22)

= 100 + 2x94.57 = 289.14

P = 289.14/4 = 72.3 W