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    Propulsion

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    37 visualizações61 páginas

    Propulsion

    Enviado por

    k2kkhanna105
    Propulsion

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    de 61
    STR Fa SITS MISSILE SYSTEM DESIGN LECTURE NOTES ON PROPULSION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES BY Dr. V. RAMANUJACHARI, SC ‘F’ Institute of Armament Technology, PUNE RESEARCH CENTRE IMARAT DRDO, Ministry of Defence HYDERABAD -— 500 069 PROPULSION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIE: Dr. ¥.Ramanyjachari, Scientist ‘F”, Institute of Armament Technology, Pune ~ 411 025 Propulsion is the act of changing the motion of « body, Jet propulsion is a means of locomotion whereby a reaction is imparted to a device by the momentum of ejected matter. Rocket propulsion is a class of jet propulsion that produces called the propellant, Duci propulsion is a class of thrust by ejecting stored matter Jet propulsion and includes turbojets and ramjets; these engines are commonly called as air-breathing engines. Combinations of rockets and duct propulsion devices are attractive for some, applications Composite design of missiles is becoming 2 reality due to dramatic inerease in the speed and storage capacity of the computer. However, the fundamental constraint is our inability to develop adequate models of the physical, processes. The composite design is based on © building block approach where the components are labeled sub-elements, elements, sub-blocks and blocks. The component may be in various states of development and refinement and the objective is to have the entire system functioning as soon as the critical components have reached a stage where a skeleton model can provide useful results. In general, there will be multiple options for each of the components, which the designer will be able to select in accordance with the particular problem being addressed and the resources that can be expended A general functional diegram of the composite design of a missile is shown in Fig.1, The data inputs, sub-elements and elements are too numerous and not individually mentioned. The set of blocks labeled “system operations model” and “missile design model” support the “trajectory analysis model” block by getting inputs from a set of sub-blocks. The iteration loops are implicit and not shown in the figure. Implicit in the operations of the universal model is the liberal use of graphics in both an interactive and display made. For example, once the geometry and materials of a missile design have been formulated, it will be possible to depict the missile from any orientation, to display the sectional views, and to focus in detailed areas of interest. Trajectories with intercept engagements will be displayed, The sub-block, “propulsion cycle analysis” (PCA) is shown in Fig.2. This sub-block combines the outputs of the individual engine components (clements) in a variety of sequences to obtain the performance of any of the six basic cycles shown. In general, each of the elements provides a set of output parameters. The input parameters vary from one as simple as an assumption of. component's efficiency, to one as complex as the detailed solution of the flow field Compressor describes any compression process involving turbo: machinery. Shock interaction defines the details and effects of a “shook train” formed in the flow emanating from an inlet as a consequence of combustion-induced rk producing expansion processes that use disturbances, Turbine handles the w turbo machinery. The combustion process is described in one of the three elements (gaseous, solid or liquid) depending on the state of the fuel/oxidizer, Input from, two stream sources are used in the mixer element for both reacting and non- reacting flows. The nozzle element handles a variety of expansion processes from a simple unidirectional isentropic flow to a complex three-dimensional multiphase reacting flow, The principal outputs are thrust, fuel-flow rate and air-flow rates. Figure 3 shows the typical element, “inlet analysis” to indicate the sub-element modules and the input module. This shows the presence of numerous sub-elements and elements in the building block approach to achieve the goal of making the computer oriented composite design approach for the missiles In order to carry out such a modular design, it is essential to know the various processes occurring in the various components of the system, ‘The propulsion system basically consists of rockets and air-breathing engines and their related sub-components such as combustors, nozzles intakes and -fuel/oxidizer combinations. This lecture notes details the various types of propulsion systems such as solid rocket motor, liquid rocket engine and air-breathing engines. Hypersonic propulsion aspects incoiporating scramjet engine is also included as it is considered for the futuristic missions. SUB ELEMENTS exons] | DATA NUT TACTICAL MISSILE DESIGN SUBBLOCKS: -] earteescenanios |. GUIDANCE Laws FIRING DOCTRINE — L4} SYSTEN TARGET DESCRIPTORS |~ —{ PLATFORM DESCRIPTORS PROPULSION CYCLE ENGAGEMENT Lf OPERATIONS MODELS HOOEL BLOCKS mq ANALYSIS AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS GUIDANCE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS MISSILE DESIGN ORDNANCE SYSTEM ) —cHaractenistics Fy “imvctunes HY} cowrroes 1} Ly Fue svstem 4 LP suxiany SYSTEMS MISSION PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS cost LIFE CYCLE, MooEL cost ASSESSMENT FIG.1. FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM OF THE COMPOSITE DESIGN OF A MISSILE evemenTs a) rashes tuo. AIR TURBO RANNET oureut ast ute Flow ae ie TOWRA FIG.2, PROPULSION CYCLE ANALYSIS — SUB-BLOCK COATASUBELENENT INFUTSIT YE; ‘QUIPUT PARAMETES, peicreceunn se Te] ov RAY PROF ino aoe nour ] | icon on FN ceowray LY rence eepeteenis teeta | [pana rtor} | E0UNDARY LAYER canon ||) eee aon ~ oF state ANcAN vaLue OF PROPERTIES AT SELEET WNIT wetiaoO ——— ae conor f+ cnagactenstics || FLoWeROrERTES Hoss sections | | DOWRSTREAMOF J Wise FINE SONIC LINE pm riser rr _Towrences J] ] b SCJ je 1 || T eonwoany eaves ent a eon 1 ‘cones | owveRORERTY jf — mes. 1] | PRRELESAT ——— ow InTEGRAL SELECTED CHS eee é 7 cE vigegry METHOD SECTIONS | ie MODEL a eopy aa | contur | | INTEGRATION FINITE OF ERE ie PTT cae ll | fan a AIR CAPTURE BATIO at | - ==5 ores |! twregpaiCy jensen EXITPLANE | Ltécavioue ‘ADDITIVE AMAL FORCE | [sane 7 | Hectic aa a \ Cone fy hae Cov. RAG Lf) teresa ciency 1] asepouizeo STREANLINE —— TmeULENCE A |) ALONG PROPERTIESAT WALL ‘coe _———— \ soyse oF TekNiguE .TSHEAR. HEAT FLU rey ae Piiesicicin EUICHAVIER STORES] {| mmOPERTIES INTEGRATION (a aa — TECHNIQUE i ONE DIMENSIONS 7 eurncat 1 rovetnes i at pm curagast | armas | {eonrevation move (eee FIG.3, INLET ANALYSIS SOLID ROCKET PROPULSION One of the widely used propulsion power plants is the solid rocket motor Figure.1 shows the principal components of a solid rocket motor, including propellant grain, igniter, motor case, exhaust nozzle and mounting provisions, which in this design are thrust skirts. Solid propellants are used to provide thrust to @ rocket motor and to ju the actuation of various mechanical generate hot, high-pressure gas for doing wor devices, ‘The rocket mator’s operation and design depend on the combustion characteristics of the propellant, its buming rate, and burning surface area and grain geometry, : Busing Rate Burning rate is a function of the propellant composition itself and can be increased by hanging the propellant characteristics, The buening rate is influenced by 1. combustion chamber pressure initial temperature of the propellant combustion gas temperature velocity of the gas flow parallel to the burning surface wa en motor motion (acceleration and spin induced grain stress) For stable combustion, mass flow rate of the gas generated is given by th=p,Aui qa) where Ay is the burning surface area, 7 burning rate which varies with time and pressure, while p, is the density of propellant which is maintained constant “The empirical equation for the burning rate is given by ap Q where nis the combustion index and a is the temperature coefficient. Burning rate variation for different pressures is given in Pig. for double base (DB) and composite modified double base (CMDB) propellants Erosive Burning rosive burning refers to the increase in the propellant-burning rate caused Py high velocity fow of combustion gases over the burning propellant surface. It is very likely to occur when the port passage cross sectional aren A is small relative 0 the throat area A; with @ port-to-throat area ratio of 4 or less. The high velocity near the burning Surface and the turbulent mixing in the boundary layer increases the heat transler to the solid propellant and thus increases the burning rate, Figure.3 shows the augmentation Fatlo F/ Fo or the ratio of the burning rate with and without erosive burning as a function Of gas velocity for two similar propellants. Propellant Grain he grain is the shaped mass of propellant inside the rocket motor. The Propellant material and the geometrical configuration of the grain determine the motor Performance characteristics. Many grain configurations are available to the motor designers. The effect of propellant burning on surface area is readily apparent for simple geometric shapes such as rods, tubes, wedges and slots as shown in Fig.4 Solid propellant term.has several connotations, including 1) the rubbery or plastic-like mixture of oxidizer, fuel and other ingredients that have been processed and Constitute the finished grain; 2) the processed but uncured product; 3) a single ingredient, such as the fuel or oxidizer, Certain propellant formulations.are shown in Fig.5. Specific impulse is the figure-of -merit of the propellant performance in the propulsion system and is defined for a constant thrust and flow rate as, F = G) where F is the thrust developed by the power plant and th is the mass flow rate of fuel used to produce the necessary thrust. The theoretical performance evaluation of various = 71, Some of types of propellants can be performed by a sofware package, NASA CE the examples are given in the subsequent section, Figure.6 shows the characteristics of some operational solid propellants. Nozzle Supersonic nozale is the propulsion element and provides for the expansion and acceleration of the hot gases and has to withstand the severe environment of high heat transfer and erosion, Nozzles can be classified according to the design features as shown in Fig.7. Fixed nozzle is simple and used frequently. The movable nozzle provides some angular motion of the thrust vector to achieve pitch and yaw control for the flight vehicle The submerged nozzle allows a reduced overall motor length and thus a reduced vehicle It has a permanent low area ratio length. Extendible nozzle is used on upper stages nozzle, which is enlarged ta a higher area ratio by mechanically adding a nozzle cone extension piece, The extended nozzle improves the high attitude performance specific impulse by further gas expansion, Blast tube-mounted nozzle is often used in tactical imissiles to allow the centre of gravity of the propellant mass close to the centre of gravity of the vehicle. This makes the flight stabilization easier Nozale throat inser ft sia Aftshid Insulation Propellant grain Forward shirt ‘ *s Slots in grain oN Motor case body termination“ ™ oytinde in opening device Cylinder perforation TIG.1 A TYPICAL SOLID ROCKET MOTOR od ue 4 z - 4 3 05 4 z 2 Dia 4 E ar Gun 3 O dpe 0 7 be S spews 20 150 ® xrcumn 30 130 Davemon 30 18 orb ris als ithe TI, 10 20 50 PO 200 A. Focmutation avy a AP 72M AP 3% HTPB 26% HIPB 27% Fey0s 2% dy 20 jun dap 20 ym Ae te (687 enser ty 1.265 emvsec ~ x=9em p> 425 Mpu r=2250K +f Erosive buming augmei Freestreamt velocity, m/sec FIG.3 EFFECT OF EROSIVE BURNING Chamber Propellant Bonded insulation Anlernal burning tube, progressive Slots and tube, neutral barn Radial grooves and tube, neutral burn fan SY Dog Bone Dendrite (case bonded) FIG4 SEVERAL GRAIN CONFIGURATIONS Double-Base Composite Composite Double-Base UPN Propellant) (PBAN Propellant) (CMDB Propellant) Ingredient Ingredient Wee, Ingredient Wee, Nitrocellulose S15 Ammonium 700 Ammonium 204 perchlorate perehlorate Nitroglycerin ABW) Aluminum powder 16,0 Aluminum powder 2L1 Diethy! phthalate a2 Polybutadiene 1178 Nitrocellulose 219 acrylic act ylonitrile Ethy] centealite iB Epoxy curative 2.22 Nitroglycerin 29.0 Potassium sulfave 2 Triucetin St ‘bow black al Stabilizers 2 delills wax. Mtl Burning Pressure Stress ips Strain) “Temperature Density Comtnt Rate! Exponent. Haratd EG Tgp Prosesing Propellans Type? sce FT) + bin’) gat) tinge Casita Methad bn at 1058 a5 ON Mors 4Kus Extruded DBAP AL 50 6065 a) a i Extruded DB AP-HM As aru ates a) LL BB Solvent cast BVCAP AT 0 ie Ws Os 12 WAN MDI Castor extruded PSAP.AD 500 662 2 tO 3 ae Pu w SO GES 3 Cast PBAN PAL ‘ sat Oo SOB 3 Cast CTPHAP AL sonS80) MLS 526 BTS Cast HIPRAP AL BS SO OCGT ha Ot SI GIS Cas PUALAPAL 28268 SODA) w2 0s ail ANP NIKE 20) 6 @ 040 NA re DB, doble ha IMC sytney ee site: AP sronmum preg ppbualive PBA pcb tans asrybe asd pos PBAN, FIG.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME OPERATIONAL SOLID PROPELLANTS Moveable nozzle with flexible’joint (allow controlled deflection of the thrust axis and this allows vehicle maneuvers) Fixed nozzle (simplest) {a) Submerged nozzle (shorter overall length) (c} Stored position Extendable exit cone, aft sliding Exiend Concept. Allows large nozzle at high positio, altitude, but minimizes vehicle length and volume during ascent. (d) Nozzle wilh blast tube (needed in some tactical missiles for balancing the center of gravity) . te) FIG.7 NOZZLE CONFIGURATIONS COMPUTATION OF EQUILIBRIUM KLAME TEM PERATURE, PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION AND NOZZLE PERFORMANCE V. Ramanujachari Institute of Armament Techiology, Pune 411025 Adiabatic Mame Temperature Wher a combustion process takes place, adiabatically, with no work or changes in Kinetic and potential energy, the temperature attained by the products is referred to as the adiabatic flame temperature Condition for Chemical Equilibrium From the first and the second laws of thermodynamics, for a general reaction, w where J, molal gidbs free energy or chemical potential for any species i hy no. of moles of any species i N total umber of species % vf stoichiometric coefficients of reactants and products M, species i {tis to be noted that the atomic spesies mass conservation and enetgy conservation will have to be simultaneously satisfied with Eq. (2) (or the calculation of product species composition and adiabatic flame temperate. Extensive coverage of combustion calculations is available in reference | Computational Software NASA CEC-71 computer software can be used to c#lculate the product ‘emporature and compositions based on minimisation of free energy approach under chemical equilibrium The thermedynamic states are assigned by specilying two thermodynamic Functions (code names are given in parameters) 1 Temperature and pressure (TP) 2 Enthalpy and pressure (HP) 3 Entropy and pressure (SP) 4 Tenpet:iture atid volume or density CLV) 3. Internal energy and volume or density (UV) 6 Entropy and volume or density (SV) Alter identifying the species as fivel or oxidiser various mixtures can be formed by MIX option Nozzle Performance, ‘The NASA software is also capable of calculating the rocket nozzle performance based on the equilibrium and frezen expansion processes The option to be assigned for the rocket performance is RKT= PRUE. The avea allo of the nozzle can be assigned by SUBAR and SUPAR options for subsonic and Supersonic regions of the flow, ‘The expansion Processes such as frozen and equilibrium are set by EQUS.TRUE, and FROZ=TRUB. respectively. Static Pressure in the exit of the nozzle can be fixed by PCP (PJp.) option, Organisation of the Program NASA ceC-71 Soltware Thermodaia Control Duta Por Probleim Definition | USER SUPPLIED DATA The tu‘orial is intended to provide a hands-on experience to the participants in the usage of the NASA CEC-71 software pac Kage. Extensive literature on this softwere is available in reference 2. Reactants and control data will have to be changed by the user depending on the problem to be solved by the software, Themmodata should not be changed unless there is a requirement to add verlain species which do not exist in the data file. Case Studies 1. Hy & Fy burning at a pressure of 6.8 atm. Oxidiser to fuel ratio by mass = 12. Initial temperature of the reactants = 298.15 K Calculate the temperature and products of combustion. Also calculate the properties when the products are expanded (0 1/100" of the combustor pressure based on both frozen and equilibrium processes. 2; Evaluate the solid rocket motor Igaiter performance using the following data’ Reactants Mass% Leat of Formation cal/mole Phase Mg 2% 00 Solid (Fuel) KCIO, 58% -103600 Solid (Oxidiser) Reactants are at 298.15 K V= 113.158 om/em 3 Consider the combustion of a homogeneous propellant in a close bomb “The ingredients of this propellant together with their chemical formule, weight fractions, and heats of formations are listed below: Ingredients Chemical Formula Heat of Formation Weight Calfnole Braction Nitrocellulose Colln290s (NO:)2671 =163810 0.73 (13.25% N) Nitroglycerin C3HsO3 (NOS) -88600 O15 Dibutyiphthalate — CycHs04 201400 0.09 Diphenylamine CNH 31070 0.01 Use the program to compute the adiabatic flame temperature, chamber pressure, and product concentrations for loading densities of 0.05, 0.25 and 0.4 gee. 4. Use the above ingredients for the performance evaluation of the solid rocket motor at a chamber pressure of 80 atm, Evaluate frozen and equilibrium expansion processes at pupe = 80; (A/A)sibsone = 2.0 and (AYAY)spasiniy 2.0. 5 Fvaluate the above problem by using MIX option. Hint: MIX = 0.176 6 Choose any fuel oxidiser combination fom the table given below and any Pressure and area ratio values, perform the combustor and nozzle calculations Substance Standard heat of formation keal/mole BE) 00 COs) 0.0 CHg) -17.895, CoHL(e) -20.236 CsHe(g) 724.82 CHOH (I) -57.02 CH;02N() (nitromethane) -21.28 HNO;(1) “41.4 NHAC104 (5) -70,69 NH, (1) 12.1 Mais) 0.0 Hae) “00 Fi(g) 0.0 Re! Ces. 1 Kuo,K., “Principles of Combustion", John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, 2 Gordon, $., and MeBride, B., "Computer program for calculation of complex chemical equilibrium calculations, Rocket Performance, Incident and Normal Shocks and Chepman-Jouguet detonations, NASA, SP-273, Washington, 1971 16 THERMO-DATA FITR NAME STD THERHG.D INPUT FILE NAME FLI(PROP DATA). RDATAL INPUT PILI NAME FLS (CONTROL) CEATAL OUTPUT FILE NAME FLO curt REACTANTS H 200 oo oo oo 00 1.00 00 299.35 GF F 2.00 00 00 00 00 1100 00 -298.15 Go TICAL ROCKET PERFORMANCE ASSUMING EQUILIBRIUM COMPOSITION DURING EXPANSION 22,0000 PERCENT FUEL= 7.5923 EQUIVALENCE RATIO= 1.5706 CHAMBER THROAT. EXIT Pore LDODE+0) .1748E401 ,1000E+03 FP MPA 6904F400 | 3950E100 8048-02 7 DEG K 4133E+04 .3893Ev0¢ 24s 1Ev04 BHO Gce 2769E~-03 “A7LDE-03 /53z1E-D5 H CALS G4S5E~02 ~.3200E+03 ~.2022E+04 S CALAG/K 386GH+01 13863E+01 3B68Er01 MMOL wr 23798402 lidoskeo2 |1572E102 (DLV/DLP)T — -. 10588401 ~11050E401 ~.100eE +01 (oEvocr iE, 1ee6a+oT D1 1189E+at CP CAL/G K —‘2896E+01 | 2407H+01 /1087Ev01 GAMHA (S) A163E+01 11162E+01 |i189E+01 SON VEL Mes | l1702E+04 “eaeE+04 /124)E+04 MACH NO 0000E¥00 .;o0NE+01 | aaisEsar ABAT 1O00E+0i /1278E+02 ows 2asinso4 | 2¢6sE+04 cr 6648E100 1670H02 TAG KG-5/KG SLOSEVDI | 4515E403 ISP KG-SXG Asesusoa 141948403 MOLE FRACTIONS F 4314F-01 .ann0R-01 , 24498-03 H 2347E+00 | 2144E+00 | 3445E-01 He G260E+00 le530E0O | 7643E400 Ha 9536E-01 :1027E+00 | 2010R+00 THEORETICAL ROCKET PERFORMANCE ASSUMINS FROZEN COMPOSITION DURING EXPANSICN O/F= 12.0000 PERCENT FUEL= 7.6923 “EQUIVALENCE RATIO= 1.5705 CHAMBER THROAT. EXIT pep ao00r+o; .se58e+01 , 1000E +03 P MPA “69048400 37155400 | 69a4F-02 T DEG K 4133E+04 (38338404 i190Rv04 RHO Gvco 2765E-01 117408-03 | 9600805 H CALZG 6455H-02 ~13417E+03 -.1595E404 5 CAL/G/& SUGBEFO1 38602401 |3y6@E101 MMOL wr 1379E+02 /1379E+02 1379H402 CP CAL/G K .57I4E+00 15655E400 | 490SE+00 GAMMA (5) 1936E+O1 '1342E¥01 ‘1416E+01 SON VEL M/S 11824E+04 1691F+04 | 1009E+04 MACH NO D000E+O0 .10008+01 . 3¢azE401 AECAT, Looorror “ase4e+01 cows 2342r+08 | .2342E+04 : cr 72228400 | 1560E+01 TVAC ke-sKG 300srr03 )3s25z403 ISP KG-S/KG 1724Bs03 137252403 MOLE FRACTIONS F .4314E-0l HH 2347E400 HE 62600 9536E-01 le EXAMPLE — 11 THERNQ-DATA. PILE NAME STD THERMO. D INPUT FILE WAME FLI{PROP DATA) :RDATA? INPUT FILE NAME FLS| CONTROL) :CDATAS OUTPUT FILE NAME ELO ourz REACTANTS MG 1.09 60 oo. oo oo 42 v0 oose k 1. uct. 1,000 4.00 vo oo 58 1036.00 ous THERMODYNAMIC EQUILTERTUM COMBUSTION PROPERTIES AT ASSIGNED VOLUME 1.0282 OvF= 1.3610 PERCENT FUEL= 42.0000 EQUIVALENCE RAT ‘THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES ucata) ~.4337B+01 PoMpa [3565E+01 T DEG Kk 43308404 RHO G/CC 5 8804E-02) WcaLaG Lieder 03 S CALC 34226401 HM MOL wr S706E +02 (DLV/DLP Jr 35308002 (DLV/DLT)P 32148402 GP CALG K 1 1g61E+02 Gavia “(S) 11258401 “ SON VEL WS 164253403 MOLE FRACTIONS ct. 1952801 cto 2154E-03, ca 1304-04 K 5234E-o1, Kau. 1079400 KO [1072k-o1 k2 1036E-03 Kactz 1965E-03 MG, 1407E+00 MGcr, 2319E-91 Mocca 1015E-01 MGO(L) '2820E+00 Ngo) 2518E+00 ° 5105R-01 02 4016E-01, i 298.15 298.15 EXAMPER — TTL THERHO-DATA FILE NAME Siro INPUT FILE NAME FLI(PROP DATA) INPUT FILE NAME FLS(CONTSOL) OUTPUT FILE NAME ELO REACTANTS c 6. 00H 7.330 vose 3, 00H 5.000 ooLo Co 36,00H 22, 000 OLE cl! 12.00N a.coH oosr THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM COMBUSTION PROPERTIES AT ASSIGNED VOLUME EQUIVALENCE RATIO= 7 1768 ‘THERMODYNANTC PROPERTIES (cate) = P MPA DEG K RHO G7ce H CALS 3 ALIGK MOL We (DLV /DLP)T (DEV/DETIP cP CALZG K GAMMA (5) SON VEL M/S NOLE FRACTIONS eiz0 Hs cua co coz B HON HO Ha. 120 nia rere NO N2 oH PERCENT FUBL= €5, 0000 THERNO.D ROATAS ATAS curs 2.670 9.00 4.00 11.00 10.34 3.00 oo oo 5570E+09 -.s570E+03 ~,53700+03 5029E+02 12765E+04 [s0008-01 {31 71E403 12335E401 22908402 L1001R+0i 10092401 4501E+00 1290E+01, LLSE+O4 2207E-04 6798-06 3679E-05 4723E400 7250E-01 [igsensve 2035-04 3203E-03 a71sE+00 A770E+00 6778-05 9392E-04 | 2588-04 :1045E+00 3797603 2516E+0) 27720404 25005100 = 131695403 ‘21 76E+04 .2294E+02 ~!1o0zze01 [1006E+01 4504E+00 1239E+01 TL1L6E+O4 a130p-03, [7372-05 88798-01 4720E400 2848-01 12576E-03 72088-03, i708Ero0 :1776E+00 1532E-04 4645E-03 1203E-04 [1044E+o 1 7838-03 49240403 2773+04 ‘4000E soa 131708403 2iseH0L -22968+02 ~)10038+01 Lnoe=+01 4505E+00 32398401 SE+04 a716E+00 3178-01 148358-03 40825-03, £91083-03 [1 7008+00 L7708+00 1934E-04 7678-03 9634E-05 1043E+00 34008-03 00 00 oo 00 75-163010 15 -88600 09-2040 oO Leia 33070 oo 00 298 298 298.1 EXAMPLE — Ty ‘THERMO-DATA FILE NAME STD THERMO. D INPUT, PILE NAME FLI(PROP DATA) :RDATAS. INPUT FILE NAME FLS(CONTROD | OUTPUT FILE NAME FLO REACTANTS c 6.00H 7.33N o c 3.00H 5.000 oLo c 16.00% 22.000 oF c’ 42.00 1.00t OsF CHAMBER Peep 1000R+01 P MPA 2123E+07 T DEG k 22356404 RHO Gree 1004-01 H CAL?G ~:5570E+03 S CAL/G-K +2398E+01 MMOL wr 2a91E+02 (DLY/DLP yr (DLVDLT)P 1 002B +01 CR CALG K 143808400 Gamnia (Ss) 11249401 SON VEL Ms |1004E+04 MACH NO 0000B+00 AEZAT crs cr IVAC KG-S/KG. ISP KG-S/*G MOLE FRACTIONS aus -12228-05 co 146378400 coz €159E-01 H 3058E-03 Hew 9394E-05 HCO 4720E-04 He 1813E+00 20 16835400 Ng 2906E-04 Na 10468+00 OH 4118E-04 ‘THEORETICAL ROCKET PERFORMANCE ASSUMING HCDATAS ours 2.670 10.34 3.00n 3.00 4.00 00 31.00 00 FUEL= 85.0000 THROAT 18045401, 45035401 19788406 16265E-02 166432403 23988401 2as2n+o2 ~!1000E+01 1001E+01 4312E+00 1252E+01 94778403 10008401 -1000E+01 1366E+04 6942E+00, 1738E+03, 3664E+02 -19778-05 -4570E+00 803eE-01 9958-04 5707E-05 11855E-04 18826400 16165400 24748-04 11047E+00 *7379-05, 02 1015E+00 96776403 +29338-03 = 11 19EH04 2398E+01 2328R+02 11026401 i4l6E+01 1003E401, 1167E+01, 6350E+03 [3416E+01 8330K+02 1366E+04 1589E+01 2375E+03 22128403 79638-02 3631E+00 1831E+00 “0000E+00 4128-06 0000800 /2606E+00 7886E-01 3172804 1063E+00 0000E+00 O-F= 41765 PERCENT FUEL= 85.0000 CHAMBER THROAT EXIT Peer :1000E+01 .1609E+01 . so00Reo2 PB Mpa 81236401 144916401‘ toistr00 T DEG k 22aSE+04 1971Ee04 |ea9eEt09 RHO Gcc 0048-01 6269E-02 13200803 H CALeG, ~13820E+03 -(6646e+03 —‘tiomivos 8 CALG/K 2390E+01 .2396E+01 | 239¢E101 M Now wr 2291B+02 .2291E+02 2291 R402 Ganane7g,® 42708400 Atgensoa seed 102 GAMMA [s) :2255B+01 '1260E+01 ‘33: 9EroF macH Ro, “S 20068404 Jo4saztoa leatgetet MACH NO. 9000E+00 ‘1000E+01 33688301 49 -00 +00 oo 00 EQUIVALENCE RATIO= EXIT 1062E+01 7650E+01 21998404 9572802 ~:5685E+03 23988401, s2291B402 =-10008+01 1002E+01 43716400 1249R+01 2979E493 31128400 -2000B+01 11366E+04 22758+00 2936E+03 [3167E+02 .1270B-05 4631E+00 2218-03 :27238-03 +8920E-05 4315E-04 1815E+00 1677E 400 2851E-04 i047E+00 13499504 FROZEN COMPOSITION EQUIVALENCE RTH EXIT -1062E+01 7640E401 21908404 9572B-02 ~/5685E+03 239eE+01 2291E+02 4263E+00 12558401 1000E+04 3107E+00 75-163810,00 298,15 18 -80600.00 298.15 09-201400.00 298.15 61 31070,00 296.25 EXPANSION a.e113 EXIT oesE+o1 9138E+00 1431E404 17578-02 8980E+03 23988401 2292R402 1000801 10015401 4274R+00 11255E401 [e070E+03 2093E+01 20008+01 (1366E404 1237E+01 2036E+03 17238403 -2767B-04 42908400 ‘1164E+00 1129-05 17228-05 9217806 2162E+00 11336E+00 22758-04 ‘1047E+00 1542E-07 DURING EXPANSION rans EXIT 90728401 09548400 1399E+04 1760E-02 8903E+03 :2398E+01 2291E+02 133648400 12008401 B061E +03 2097E+0i AE/AT ows cE IVAG KG-S/KG Ise KG-S/4G MOLE. FRACTIONS co 4637E+00 9394r-05 HOO 4288-04 2068-04 2 L046E+00 2OOOE+DL 13626404 69605100 L736E+03, 36808+02 cor He oH e435Ee01 . 2000E+04 1a6IE404 13638104 A575E101 |2282E00 23a4Ee03 29928109 21G6E+03 31705402 wiped 1e1sEt0o = H20 41188-04 20 2000Bt02 1369EH08 12418901 20208403 1723E+03 3058F-03 1682E+00 Hen wap EXAMPLE - V THERMO-DATA FILE NAME STD INPUT FILE NAME FLS( CONTROL) OUTPUT FILE NAME FLO REACTANTS © 6. 00H ose c 3.00H C16. 00H OLE Cc 12.00N ose 2.338 5.000 22.000 2.008 Tuer. INPUT. FILE NAME FLI(PROP DATA) :RDATA3 eparas ours, 2.670 10.34 9.008 3.00 400 00 11,00 oo vo co oo co. 75~163610.00 15 ~86600,00 09-201400.00 01 91970, 00 ase 298 290 THEORETICAL ROCKET PERFORMANCE ASSUMING FQUILIBRIUM COMPOSITION DURING EXPANSION ors 176 rere BP MPA T DEG K RHO Gee H caLre S CAL/GK MMOL Wr (DLW/DLE )T (OLV/DLT Ie CP ALG K Gann “(5) SON VEL M/S MACH NO. AE/AT Cows cr IVAC KG-S/K ISP &G-S7KG MOLE rRACTI cua co coz H How Hoo He N20) NHS Nz oH ‘THEORETICAL oF .1760 PCP P MPA T DEG K RHO G/CC H CALG S CAL/GAK MMOL Wr CP CAL/G K GAMMA (S) SON VEL M/s HACH NO 0 PERCENT CHAMBER -1000E +02 01238401 22248404 100sc-o1 158708403 23985401 - 22918402 ~lioooz+o1 [1002E+01 4380E+00 a240er02 1004E+04 D000E+00 G CNS 1232-05 46308400 8154F-01 3045E-03, 4125-08 4721E-04 [1BL4E4 06 16sameod 2912E-04 LoseEvou 4089E-04 ROCKET PERFORMANCE ASSUMING FROZEN COMPOSITION DURING EXPANSION FUELS 05.03 THROAT 1903E+01 4504E+01 1977E+04 l6260n-02 65435403 ~. [a398E+aL 2358E 401, 2291E+02 LoouE+o1 ~~ 1001E+01 43126400 9476E+03 i000E+01 Lop0E+o1 L365E+04 5436400 1738E+03 [96635+02 -19958-05 45715400 6335-01 18 9475-04 57102-05 18528-04 i0a3E+00 1615E+00 24795-04 Loase+ou 7318805 PERCENT FUEL= 85.0340 CHAMBER 1000E+OL 1e129E+01 2224E+04 100SE-04 ~15570E103 2398E+01 2291E102 4270E+00 12556401 05E104 00008+00 THROAT 1909E+01 4491E+01 1970E+04 2708-02 6ei7Ero3 - 2380E401 2asiero2 4158E+00 1260E+01 5451E03 1000E+01, EQUIVALENCE RATT EXIT s000Fr02 1015E400 S675E+03 2994E-09 1119E+04 2320E+02 qozsni01 1418E+02 i013E+a1 lane7E+o1 63498403 3417E+01 sgg2ne01 1365E+04 1509F+01 8015-02 3632400 1831E400 a00cE+00 4117E-06 0000E+00 1 2506E400 2708-03 3L76E-04 1063400 ‘aoo0r.00 EQUIVALENCE RATIO= ExIT s0o0E+02 1015200 84938403 32898-03 1107E+04 2398E+01 2291B+02 3605E+00 i3071+401 63698103 3358E+01 ea eXIT 1052Er01 2649E+01 2158E+04 19574B-02 Seackro3 2398E+01 2291Ee02 1000EF 0) i002E+01 437 1E+00 1249Er03 9978403 [a1l2E+o0 2000E+01 1365E+04 2275E90 2928E+03 S1b6E-02 -1280E-05 a632E+00 8216E-01 2711E-03, 9358-05 43038-04 18208400 1676E.00 2857E-04 104sE400 34748-04 EXIT -1062E401 7648E+01 21978404 9573E-92 568ck+03 2398He01 2291E+02 4263E+00 [1255E+01 1000E+04 3LO7E+00 agua? exIT es7E+01 91408400 14308404 3750E-02 89795403 12398E+01 22918402 LoovE+0r ioore+o1 4275E¥00 12958401 B069E+03 2093EOL 2oaor+or 1365E+04 1237n+01 2035E+03 1722E+03 27978-04 42918400 1164z+00 4120E-05 1726E-08 9194B-06 21635400 2995Ev00 (2818-04 1046E+00 1525E-07 1.817 EXIT -9072E+01 b353E+00 [i399E+04 1761E-02 B983E+03 24986401 z2srEt02 3964E400 12808+01 e060Er03 2097E401 aEAT cows cr IVAC KG-s/KG ISP _KG-S/KG MOLE FRACTIONS o 4530E+00 9411B-05 Hoo 4721B-04 2012804 na 16468+00 rocor+o1 1363Be04 5960E+OG 1736 ¥09 9678E+02 coz He on oazauvo2 , 2000E401 1363804 | 1363R+04 1575E+01 22626400 2994803 2932E+03 21078403 | 3169E+02 -8154u-01 1814K+00 4089E-04 yo Re H 20 2o00EVOL 23838004 12418401 2029E03 17236403 3045E-03 16825400 uN mH NT ROCKETS LIQUID PROP. Dr.V.Ramanijachari Institute of Atmament Technology, Pune - 411025 L._Iatroduction A rocket engine is a jet propulsion device that develops thrust by imparting energy and momentum to @ propellant, which is carried with the device. Depending upon the energy source, rocket engines are classified as chemical, nuclear, electrical and solar. Chemical rocket engines can be further classified as solid and liquid propellant engines. The solid propellant is stored inside the combustion chamber, while the liquid propelhunt is stored in tanks outside the combustor, and then injected into the combustion chamber through a feed system and injector. Liquid propellants used in chemical rockels and guns can be classified as monopropeliants and bipropellanis (fuel and oxidiser). A monopropeliant contains an oxidiser and combustible matter (fuel) in a single substance. It may be a homogencous material, such es hydrazine (NzHs) and nityomethane (CHsNO;), or a mixture of several compounds. A bipropellant rocket employs two separate liquid propellants, oxidiser and a fuel. Most common bipropellant combination is LH2-LOz, which provides the highest specific impulse Liquid propellant rockets are used for boosters of satellite launch vehicles, for station keeping and altitude: contiol of satellites and for orbit transfer applications. The bipropellant rockets using cither earth storable propellants of cryogenic propellants have been mainly used for booster and orbit transfer applications. The mono and bipropellant rockets are used for satellite propulsion and control. Some commonly used liquid propeliants for chemical rockeis are given in Table 1 fiom Ref | TABLE 1 LIQUID PROPELLANTS FOR CHEMICAL ROCKETS Oxidiser Fuel Ox/Fu Flame Bulk Sp. Impulse | Mass Ratio | Temp. K | Density s glee LOr Lb 413 30)3 0.29 | 389 LO2 RP-| 258 3676 1.03 300 {CHi sy) - — LP Li 734 3962 0.46 air N04 MMH |__217 3396 Lg 288) 2._Monopropellant Rockets ‘A schematic sketch of the mono propellant rocket is shown in Fig, 1. Mono propellant fuels such as hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide are stored in fuel tanks and injected into catalyst bed as shown, The catalyst accelerates the exothermic decomposition and forms combustion products at about 800 K. ‘The hot gases ate expanded in the nozzle to generate the thrust. Hydtazine is most widely used. The extent of decomposition of hycrazine in the catalyst bed depends on the size of the catalyst bed, the residence time of the hydrazine in the catalyst bed and chamber pressure, ‘The ammonia formed during the decomposition furiher gets dissociated, The design is normally done for 30 to 49 % of ammonia dissociation. ‘The dissociation is beneficial as it provides lighter combustion products and hence entiances the performance. The catalysts used for hydrazine dissociation arc in the form of fine granules. Single and mullilayered beds of catalyst with bed loading beoween 1 p/em’s and 50 g/cn’s are used, The injector pushes the monopropellant through the catalyst bed. The cresion of catalyst due to hydraulic impact, altrition by rubbing and poisoning by contaminants are important points to be taken vare of 14 the design The heat transfer from the catalyst bed during combustion, if conducted appreciably to the injector head and feed line, can lead to explosion. Hence the thermal managernent of the thruster is very imporiant, ‘The monopropellants have low positive heat of formation and are therefore susceptible (0 spontaneous combustion and detonation when heated, ‘The injector arid flow control valves are maintained relatively cool by radiating out the heat. ‘The hold up volume of the propellant in the injector is @ critical parameter. ‘This is known as ‘dribble volume", ‘The temperature of the propellant in the region under no condition should exceed the allowable Operating temperature. Performance improvements of monopropetlant rockets are nade possible by augmenting the temperature of the decomposition produ al heating’, Such ‘ype of rockets are known as Augmented Electrothermal Hydrazine Thruster (AEHT). Taclical tnissile systems are typically required to operate at 230 K and are capable of storage (emperatures to 220 K, Hydrazine fteezes at 275 K, rendering it unsuitable for tactical applications. Almost all tactical liquid monopropellant systerns require a hydrazine propellant blend to achieve the required operating storage temperature. Hydrazine- water blends containing 70% hydrazine bave been used for gas generation but the tarust is only about 70% ef thet achieved with hydrazine alone. A hydrezine propellant ‘biend containing 20% HN aid 12% water achieves about 95% of the specific impulse of hydrazine (200 s). For tactical missile applications the hydrazine blend will be prepacked for long-term storage, and the toxicity risks are expected to be minimal 5 using electr 3. Bipropellant Rockets Two propellants such as fuel and oxidiser are used in liquid phase, A schematic sketch of the bipropellant rocket is given in Fig, 2. ‘The liquid fuel and liquid oxidiser are stored separately in different tanks. They are pumped into the combustion chamber at the desired flow rates using Pumps. ‘The pumps are driven by a turbine using hot gases produced in a gas generator, ‘The fuel and oxidiser are admitted at high pressures and velocities into the combustion chamber where they atomize into fine droplets. The vapour from the droplets, mix and bum in the combustion chamber to generate the high temperature gases. The high temperature gaseous combustion Products are expanded in a nozzle to produce the large velocities for: generating; the necessary” jon or thrust, 4. Propellant Feed Sysiem ‘The selection of a patticular feed system and its components is governed primarily by the ‘pplication of the rocket, ils size, propellant, thrust, flight program, duration, number of type of ihrust chambers, mission velocity; and by goneral requirements of simplicity of design, case of manufacture, reliability of operation, and minimum weight. ‘There are two major feed systems Such As uss pressure aysiems and tubepump sysienis, which are used for supplying the bi- propellants to the thrust chamber. ‘They are briefly explained below: - 4d Gas-Pressure Systems: One of the simplest and the most commion means of pressurising the propellants is to fave them out oF their respective tanks by displacing them with high pressure gas, ‘This pas ie {it into the propellant tanks at a contvolled pressure; thereby giving controlled propeliant discharge. A simple pressurised feed system is shown in Fig, 3, Itconsists of a higher. pressure war Maks @ gas shut Off and starting valve, a pressure regulator, propellant tanks, propellant valves, and feed lines, After all tanks are filled, the high gas pressure ges valve is remotely ‘ictialed and admits gas through the pressure regulator at a constant pressure to the propellant tanks. ‘The propellants are fed (o the thrust chamber by opening valves, When the propellants ae oubletely consumed, the’ pressurising ges can also scavenge and elean lines and valves, With monopropellants, the yas pressure feed system becomes simpler since there is only ane Propellant and no wo, reducing the number of pipes, valves and tanks, 4.2 Lurbopump system: ” ‘The principal components and a simple flow disgram of a turbopump system are shown vitae cre fopump rocket feed system pressurises the propellant by rieans of pumps, which in (urn are driven by turbines. The (urbines derive their power from the expansion of he; bases, Tubopump rocket systens are usually used on high thrust and long duration rocket units; they are lighter than other types of these applications. 42.1 Turbopump Fed Rocket Engine Cycles: There are two classes namely, epen cycles and elosed cycles, Open denotes that the working fluid exhausting from the tuibine is discharged overboard, after having been expanded iia nozzle ofits own, or discharged inte the engine nozzle at a point in the expanding section for downstream of the nozzle thtval, 'n closed cycles or " toppling cycles" all the working fluid from the turbine is injected into the engine combustion chamber to make the most efficient use of ils remaining energy. In Glosed cycles the turbine exhaust gas is expanded through the full pressure ralio of the gai {hws chamber nozzle, thus giving a lille more performance than the open eyeles, whore thee cahaust gases expand only Uuough a relatively small pressure malic. ‘The overall engine performance difference is typically between 1 and 5% of specific impulse, and this is relleceal in even larger differences in vehicle performance, Fig: 5 shows schematically several cycles for liquid rockets, OF these the gas generator cycleand the staged combustion cycle are the most commenly sed 4.2.1.1 Open Cycles: In the gas generator eyele, the propellants, whether mono or bipropeltants, can come from ihe main propeltant feed system or From separate propellant tanks. In bipr opellant gas generators ihe lurbine inlet gases are reacted in a mixture ratio different from the ratio of the nea thrust chamber, s0 as (0 generate gases at 900 to 1400 K suitable for use with uncooled turbine blades. he gas genciater typically consumes between 1 and 5% of the total propellants. The "combustion tp-off eycle has the advantage that it eliminates the gas generale ‘the har gases needed by the turbine are bled from the engine combustion chamber ata point near the injector a5 face, which supplies-gases at the desired ‘cmperature, usually less than half of peak temperature Ir lle chamber. In the "coolant tap-off" or "bleed eyele" vaporised hydrogen is bled from the thrust chamber jacket and supplied to the wrbite, Like the cembustic, tap-off cycle, the main advange is the absence of the yas generator. ‘The energy level of the urine working fluid is sot by the permissible cooling jacket, (emperature and the coolant Propettics, which invariably Fesitiet the turbine power to relatively low levels compared to the other open eyeles. 4.2.1.2 Closed Cycles; In the “expander cycle " most of the engine coolant (usually hydrogen fuel) is fed 10 low the costae eureines alter passing through the cooling jacket where it picks up energy part of the coolant, about 5-15%, bypasses the turbine and rejoins the turbine exhaust flow before the Whe the ant How is injected into the engine combustion chamber where it mixes and burns with ‘the oxidiser. In the expander eycle the propellants. are fully buted in the engine ombustion chamber and expanded in the engine exhaust nozzle. Hence it provides high specific agg eer ensine simplicity and low weight, This eyele is not practical shore chamber pressure G10 bars as the cnergy required fo drive the turbine is larger than wi ee practically possible by the vaporised fuel, i In the "staged combustion" eyéle, the coolant ow path through the cooling jacket is the Same as that of the expander cycle. Here a high -pressure combustor (gas generator) burns all the fuel with part of the oxidiser to provide high-energy gas lo the turbine. The total turbine exhaust How is injected into the main combustion chamber where it buon with the remaining oxidisor, ‘This cycle is eapable of providing the highest specific impulse, Space shuttle main engine uses this (ype of the feed system cycle. It is used in USSR liquid engine RD 253 too, The nitrogen {elroxide oxidiser and some of the unsymmettical dimethyl hydrazine fel are burned in the Precombustor and the remaining fuel is injected directly into the main combustion chamber, 5. ‘Thru ‘han ihe thrust chamber comprises injector, combustion chamber and nozzle, ‘The injector incters the fuel and oxidiser and breaks them into droplets, Impinging jets and swirl atomisers are used in the bipropellant rockets, ‘These not only. give adequately small droplets but also listiibute the propellants such that the region near the chamber walls has a rich mixture ratio and ipaslerefore kept eool. Some ofthe injector configurations ave shown in Fig, 6, It is to be noted that the chamber walls are further cooled by Providing regencrative cooling or film cooling or radiative cooling. Transpiration cooling is used for speciiie clements of the liquid propellant rockets such as injector and the throat of the nozzle, Conventional convergent-divergent nozzles are used in the present day engines. 6. ice of Props ants The choice of liquid propellants are, in general, classified as low cnergy, medium energy and high energy propellants. In order to achieve high performance, the heat of formation of the propellants needs to be small while that of the combustion Products need to be large and iegative. The produets of combustion should also have. low molecular weights in order to achieve high, exhaust jet velocity in the nozzle. ‘These considerations favour the choice of Propellants containing elements of tow atomic masses. ‘The cryogenic propulsion combination a6 will the luwest atomic mass gives about the best performanee, ‘The Mane temperatures do nol znificanily vary between the different propellants and are generally about 3000 lo 3500 K. © | gives the order of magnitude of the specific impulse obtained using different propellants, Liquid propellants are classified as cither earth storable or space storable, The space storable ropellants are those which can be stored in deep space for several years of life of a satellite. For hoster rockets and missiles such long term storability is not a requirement. ‘The storability comands relatively high boiling and freezing temperatures. Propellants are also classified te cilher Hypergolie or non-hypergolic according to whether they ignite when fuel and oxidiser eee gig Contact with each other or net. The cryogenic propellants comprising liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen appents to be the higher energy propellants in the neor future. Hydrazine in a big way for upper stage propulsion and booster application, The addition of Huhfum, beryllium, boron and magnesium to liquid propellants has been studied in Navieus places around the world. Aluminun seems to be favoured over other metals. Metal hiydtides and colloidal or gel mixiares of metal powders and liquid propellant are also being investigated. Experimental rocket engines have shown these gelled propellants to be generally safer than ordinary liquid propellant and to have good performance and operational characteris! This makes thom less susceptible to field accidents. Experimental thrust Chambers and rocket engine systems have been satisfactorily demonstrated with gelled propellant combinations, but so far no such rocket engine has yet been put into production or Night operation" fuels aj mnetals such a 7 Performance Optimisation of Liquid Propellant Rockets Rocket performance is improved by augmenting the C* elficieney parameter and the thrust Gpamcient. “the C* efficicnsy eau bs enhanced by improving the mixing and enbaneing the uniformity of the mixture catio distibuted by the injector in the combustion chamber. A let of work is in progress in various laboratories (© improve the injector performance. Experiments and computational stuies are being exvried ut, Generally, the incomplete combustion pieaheter And the non-uniformity distribution parameter are described to quantify the combustion efficieney. A lirge amount of work in sprays neods to be incorporated inthe design OF high performance liquid propellant rockets. ‘The use of hightemperature. mateciale ot construction of rockets would also help improving rocket engine performance, References © Augarwal, S.C," Atomisation, Ignition and Combustion of Liquid Propellants", in Modelling and Performance Prediction in Rockets and Guns", Edited by Chakravarthy, SR, ni Krishnan, S., Courses votes of the Pvofessional Development Short Term Course, LT. Madras, 1998, pp 151-195 2. Ramamurthi, K., "Liquid Propellant Rockets - A Review", Lecture notes for CEP Course on Advanced Propulsion Technology, IAT, Pune, 1998 pp 16-29 F Jensen, G.L- and Netzer, D.W," Tactical Missile Propulsion, AIAA sories Vol. 170, 1996, 4 Suton, GP," Rocke! Propulsion Elements ", Sixth Edition, tobn Wilely & Sons, Ine , 1992, ae p PROPELLANT UNE [] HOLD UP VOLUME oa =] | To | OF PROPELLANT = = STANDLORF VALVE INTERFACE FIG.|. MONOPROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINE Liquip FUEL GAS GENERATOR OXIDIZER PUMP ‘TURBINE AUXILIARY NOZZLE . FUEL. PUMP INJECTOR: s+COMBUSTION CHAMBER } \ sozae u FIG.2 SCHEMATIC OF A BIPROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINE 23 Fig. 3” Sctiomatic aia, Cheek Cheek 3) to protect the turbojet and to use all available air to produce thrust from the ramjet. Generally there are tm lzpes of turboranjets,parélel and tandem. In the parallel type, a flow spliter dfreets sir from the inet 10 ethera turbojet or ramjet, of both, a shown tn Fig, € 54 63.2 The turbojet may or may not have an aflerburner and may or may not use @ variable angle compressor or a variable area turbine. However, the weight and complexity associated with these variable cycle components generally make them unsuitable for tactical missiles. The parallel type of turboramjet is also known as the over/under or wrap-around lurboramjet depending on the configuration of the famjet combustor. The over/under turboramjet, as shown in Fig, 6, has an advantage over the wrap-around and in that it is easier to employ a flow splitter to divert flow to the ramjet and completely close off flow to the turbojet at high speed to protect the engine from high air temperature. However, the wrap around, as shown in Fig. 7, is more compact and lightweight. ‘The other type of turboramjet is the tandem turboramjet, shown in Fig. 8 Lt operates as an afterburning turbojet at low speed. At high speed (M>3), flow is ducted into the afterbumer section. Unlike the parallel type, which has independent ramburners, the tandem type has less combustor wall surface that must be cooled. The tandem {ype has the sinallest cross sectional area, which implies a smaller fuselage cross section requirement, and lower drag. ‘However, the length required for the afterburning section results in substantially greater engine lengih than in the wrap around design. Air Turborocket The air turborocket (ATR) is an air-breathing engine cycle similar to a turbojet. However, the compressor is driven by the gas generator exhausting through a turbine, as shown in Fig. 9. In a sense, it is actually a combination of turbojet, ramjet and rocket. After mixing with the air discharged from the compressor, the fuel rich gas generator exhaust burns in a combustor downstream of the turbine. ‘The gas generator, a fuel rich rocket engine, can use cither liquid monopropellants pumped through a catalyst bed or bipropellants. Alternatively, a fuel-rich solid propellant gas generator grain is preferred for some tactical missiles because of its logistic advantages over liquid propellants but with the attendant problems of either erosion or deposition on the turbine vanes. The solid propellant gas flow can be throtiled by a hot gas valve. The key feature of ATR is that the turbine is not in the main airflow path but is separately powered by a gas generator. This gives the ATR the ability to operate over a wide range of flight speeds. Another advantage of ATR is high thrust to weight ratio combined with moderately high specifie impulse and a simpler engine than a turbojet. Particularly on accelerating missiles, high thrust to weight ratio is of paremount importance, with specific impulse of secondary importance. Ejector Ramjet The ejector ramjet (also called shrouded ramjet) usually refers to an air- breathing engine with a rocket situated at the head end of the combustion chamber shown in Fig. 10. Its supersonic exhaust has a momentum high cnough that it increases cyele pressure ratio and overall engine performance over that obtainable in the conventional ramjet, In contrast to the ducted rocket, the rocket in the ejector ramjet has a near stoichiometric exhaust rather than a fuel rich exhaust as ina ducted rocket, Its stoichiometric operation precludes excess fuel combustion 55 with the air during mixing and diffusion, Fuel energy is later added to the mixed flow following full diffusion by means of an afterburner type combustor. This maximises cycle performance, since heat is added at the highest static pressure and lowest subsonic Mach number. To minimise mixing length, multiple nozzles can be used, as shown in Fig. 10. At subsonic flight speed, the rocket primary flow acts as an ejector and draws additiona) air in to the engine that increases the total cycle pressure ratio. At higher speeds, the rocket can be tumed off and the engine can function as a ramjet. If the rocket is restartable, the rocket can provide additional thrust at supersonic spi by increasing total pressure in the Mow stream through jet compression, ‘This enables higher ramjet fucl-air ratios and ayoids the need for a variable nozzle throat area to maintain a specified inlet supercritical margin. ‘This isa classic example of a synergism offered by two different propulsion cycles operating simultaneously References |. Miller, H.R., “Thinking hypersonic”, Astronautics & Aeronautics, pp. 40-44, (1971). 2. Cheng, .S., “Hypersonic propulsion”, Progress in Energy & Combustion Science, vol. 15, pp. 183-202 (1989) 3. Ferri, A., “Mixing-contiolled combustion", Annual Rev. Fluid Mech, Vol.5, pp.301-388 (1973) 4. Kumar, A., Bushnell, D.M, and Ilussaini, M.Y., “Mixing augmentation technique for hypervelocity scramjets”, J. of Propulsion and Power, 5(5), pp. 514-522 (1989). 5 Marble, F.E., “Gas dynamic enhancement of non-premixed combustion”, Twenty- fifth Symposium (Intemational) on Combustion, pp. 1-12 (1994). 6 Miller, M.F., Rawlins, W.T., Allen, M.G. and Parker, T.8., “Observation in the supersonic combustion of Hy by high-enthalpy air", Twenty sixth Symposium (Intemational) on Combustion, pp. 2895-2902 (1996). 7, Timnat, Y.M., “Recent developments in ramjets, ducted rockets and scramjets”, Progress in Acrospace Sciences, vol. 27, pp. 201-235 (1990), & Jensen, G.E. and Netzer, D.W., "Tactical Missile Propulsion", Progress in Astronautics of Aeronautics, vol. 170, 1996, cist NUNUER Vie ake ‘ sf oe : 3|- Foanen — JP.US Sst sa ails conconnes ~ WES my ir a t— SUBSONIC JETS Stange ORIVEN po, woo 1360 1980 done YEAR 1 Historical ‘Trend of Transport Speed. smn — Rant 4000 Specie 3000 Tmpulte (ea) Tanja SY | el 200 Seimei ° oe Mach pe 1 Fig.2 Propulsion Alternatives . . I ! i | i a a | a | “FUEL ' twsecrion |counustion | oi | cWAMoER | Nozzle | | mes Il 4 | 4 3 3 7 Fig. Basic Components of a Sceanyjet 57 CHARACTERISTIC SATELLITE VeLocity oF VELocITY HYOROGEN /aiq ESCAPE Vevocity Jy 0 6000 j2000 e000 FLIGHT VELOCITY ~m/aec FUEL SPECIFIC IMPULSE-se¢ » ° s ° A WAXIMUN PossiBLe sheciric IMPULSE @ [MPULSE OUE TO KINETIC ENEMOY oF FUEL © IMPULSE DUE To CHEMICAL EWEnGY OF HYoROGEN iction of Flight Velocity Vig.4 Specific Imputse as a Fi Scudsherorsiatc aouNDARy L Fig.S Air-Breathing Cerritos 58 ‘Seconeary power aunt Pavlos Fue ante \ Gas turbine ongine Pin acuators \ jae oar View | Front Vow iz Hone rnp avbaauotse (ibe cota thorax acute Ranyet combuster Ranjt ttopanp Vig.6 Over/mder turbaranyjet missile configuration, Seconda omer ast eon sored fate! at aa) Peylowa Front view foun Fig. 7 Wrnp-around turboramjet missile configuration, Payloed puter Gas twine

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