Goldstein - big10E.testBank - Full 197246

CHAPTER 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Globalization is __________.
not concerned with terrorism
focused solely on economic development
the management of territorial conflict
the central trend in international relations today
Answer: D
Page Reference: 3
A-Head: Globalization, International Relations, and Daily Life
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
2.
A)
B)
C)
D)
International relations revolves around the key problem of how __________.

to deal with the issue of global warming
to solve global poverty
a group can reconcile its collective and individual interests
to properly negotiate treaties
Answer: C
Page Reference: 4-7
3.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The U.S. home mortgage market initiated the __________ of 2008-2009.

minor global economic spike
international bond market
global economic recession
international economic competition
Answer: C
Page Reference: 3
4.
A)
B)
C)
D)
International relations is largely a(n) __________ discipline.

historical
theoretical
economic
practical
Answer: D
Page Reference: 9
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Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
5.
A)
B)
C)
D)
International relations __________.

involves only presidents, generals, and diplomats
influences daily life only when war occurs
concerns the relationships among the worlds governments
is largely concerned with bilateral relations between states
Answer: C
Page Reference: 3
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
6. The collective-goods problem is the problem of how to provide something that benefits
__________ members of a group regardless of what each member contributes.
A) all
B) most
C) at least 65% of
D) the moral
Answer: A
Page Reference: 4
7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Why are collective goods easier to provide in small groups than large groups?
The defection of one member is harder to conceal.
The defection of one member has a smaller impact on the overall collective good.
Small groups tend to have a central authority to enforce rules on members.
Small groups want to cooperate more than large groups.
Answer: A
Page Reference: 4-10
8.
A)
B)
C)
D)
A current example of a collective-goods problem is that __________.

poverty is so common around the globe
states find it hard to cooperate on monetary policy
states have a hard time communicating
states find it hard to cooperate to reduce environmental damage
Answer: D
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
9. In 2010, Russia offered to give Iran nuclear fuel in return for its enriched uranium. This type
of nuclear deal can be considered an example of which principle?
A) Dominance
B) Reciprocity
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C) Identity
D) Collective interest
Answer: B
Page Reference: 8
10. The two major subfields of international relations are __________.
A) conflict and cooperation
B) comparative politics and international security
C) international security and international political economy
D) international political economy and comparative politics
Answer: C
Page Reference: 12
11. How do dominance and reciprocity compare as solutions to collective-goods problems?
Dominance __________.
A) relies on a power hierarchy acting as a central authority, whereas reciprocity operates without
any central authority
B) has advantages and disadvantages, whereas reciprocity has only advantages
C) forms the basis of most institutions in the international system, whereas reciprocity has
limited applications
D) is the basis of cooperation in IR, whereas reciprocity typically leads to conflict
Answer: A
Skill Level: Analyze It
12. The disadvantages of dominance as a solution to collective-goods problems include which of
the following?
A) A downward spiral as each side punishes what it believes to be negative acts by the other.
B) Stability that comes at a cost of constant oppression of the lower-ranking members in the
status hierarchy.
C) Other groups being unlikely to challenge the top groups power position.
D) Fueling arms races in which members respond to other members buildup of weapons.
Answer: B
13. How is the identity principle distinguished from the dominance and reciprocity principles?
A) The identity principle relies on mutually beneficial arrangements, whereas the dominance
and reciprocity principles rely on members to sacrifice their own interests to benefit others.
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B) Contributions to development assistance or UN peacekeeping missions are better explained

by the dominance and reciprocity principles than the identity principle.
C) The identity principle plays no role in preventing nuclear proliferation, whereas the
dominance and reciprocity principles do play a role.
D) The identity principle does not rely on self-interest, whereas the dominance and reciprocity
principles rely on achieving individual self-interest.
Answer: D
Page Reference: 5-9
14. __________ is a necessary component of a state.
A) Territory
B) Government
C) Sovereignty
D) Democracy
Answer: A
Page Reference: 12
A-Head: Actors and Influences
15. Among other things, a nation is a __________ share characteristics such as language and
culture.
A) collection of territories which
B) group of people who
C) set of relationships which
D) a group of elected politicians who
Answer: B
Page Reference: 12
16. __________ is only informally recognized as a state, despite being a political entity often
referred to as one.
A) Israel
B) Iraq
C) Taiwan
D) Western Sahara
Answer: C
Page Reference: 14
17. Which are two intergovernmental organizations?
A) IRS and Planned Parenthood
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B) WTO and UAW

C) OPEC and AAA
D) African Union and NATO
Answer: D
18. Which of the following is an example of a transnational actor?
A) The international diplomats guild
B) National trade unions
C) Intergovernmental organizations
D) The US State Department
Answer: C
19. There are as many as __________ NGOs and 5,000 IGOs globally.
A) 25,000
B) 20,000
C) 26,000
D) 5,000
Answer: A
Page Reference: 15
20. Sovereignty is __________.
A) a state government answering to no higher authority
B) a goal of international organizations in world affairs
C) the ability of one country to have influence over another
D) the development of participatory institutions of social life
Answer: A
21. The set of relationships among the worlds states, structured according to __________, is
referred to as the international system.
A) globalization
B) international institutionalization
C) certain rules and patterns of interaction
D) certain rules and transnational trade agreements
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Answer: C
Page Reference: 13
22. The so-called military-industrial complex in the United States could be considered a(n)
__________ actor.
A) governmental
B) substate
C) international
D) transnational
Answer: B
Page Reference: 17
23. Nongovernmental organizations are __________ organizations who act as __________
actors.
A) public, transnational
B) private, transnational
C) private, intranational
D) public, national
Answer: B
24. Groups within states that influence the states __________ are called substate actors.
A) foreign policy
B) political philosophy
C) nongovernmental organizations
D) economy
Answer: A
Page Reference: 17
25. The __________ level of analysis concerns the choices and actions of human beings.
A) domestic
B) global
C) individual
D) interstate
Answer: C
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26. The __________ level of analysis concerns the influence of the international system upon
outcomes, whereas the __________ level of analysis concerns the influence of trends and forces
that transcend the interactions of states upon outcomes.
A) domestic, interstate
B) global, individual
C) individual, domestic
D) interstate, global
Answer: D
27. Consideration of the political organizations, government agencies, and economic sectors of
states is the focus of the __________ level of analysis.
A) individual
B) domestic
C) interstate
D) global
Answer: B
28. Levels of analysis offer __________ explanations for international events.
A) military
B) uniform
C) different
D) individual
Answer: C
Page Reference: 19
29. What role do states play as economic units in the process of globalization, according to
economic liberalists?
A) They are the driving forces.
B) A handful of states dominate the process.
C) They share equal power in the process.
D) They oppose the process.
Answer: C
7
30. Which of the following theorists are most likely to believe that the European Union is
ultimately going to replace its individual member states?
A) Economic liberalists
B) Realists
C) Transformationalists
D) Globalization skeptics
Answer: C
Page Reference: 20
31. The __________the relatively rich industrialized countries and the relatively poor countries
is called the North-South gap.
A) conflict between
B) unity among
C) scarcity problem among
D) disparity between
Answer: D
32. Palestinians can be considered to be members of a __________.
A) sovereign state
B) non-sovereign state
C) failed state
D) nation
Answer: D
33. With respect to globalization, __________.
A) opponents are united in their goals and tactics
B) policies to expand free trade are a central focus of antiglobalization protesters
C) all sides agree that the North-South gap is disappearing
D) states are becoming stronger, more important actors in IR
Answer: B
Page Reference: 21
34. Which of the following is a point of view on globalization?
A) Globalization diffuses authority, transforming state power to operate in new contexts.
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B) The worlds major economies are more integrated today than before World War I, and the
North-South gap is decreasing.
C) Globalization is changing international security more quickly and profoundly than
international political economy.
D) Globalization is the fruition of conservative economic principles where a national
marketplace has brought a lack of prosperity.
Answer: A
35. Which of the following regions can claim the largest GDP per capita?
A) Europe
B) Japan/Pacific
C) China
D) North America
Answer: D
A-Head: Global Geography
36. In the global North, the GDP per capita is roughly __________ times as high as in the global
South.
A) three
B) four
C) five
D) six
Answer: D
37. The Marshall Plan was a policy or organization designed to fight __________.
A) the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
B) Nazi Germany
C) the Soviet Union
D) dtente
Answer: C
Page Reference: 31
A-Head: The Evolving International System
38. What was the result of the Korean War at the time of the 1953 truce?
A) North Korea controlled more of the Korean peninsula.
B) China shifted its support to South Korea.
9
C) The United States shifted its support to North Korea.

D) South Korea became a key political ally in Asia.
Answer: D
Page Reference: 31
39. The Sino-Soviet split resulted in China becoming extremely __________.
A) affluent
B) militaristic
C) philosophical
D) independent
Answer: D
Page Reference: 31
40. In the Cold War era, just as was the case for the United States in Vietnam, the Soviet Union
could not defeat rebel armies in __________.
A) Hungary
B) Czechoslovakia
C) Poland
D) Afghanistan
Answer: D
41. When Yugoslavia fell apart __________.
A) European countries joined forces and sent troops to defend the borders of the newly
independent, sovereign states
B) UN peacekeeping troops intervened and were able to keep casualties to a minimum
C) an arms embargo was placed on heavily armed Serbia, while Bosnia was allowed to build up
its arsenal so each side would be more equal
D) ethnic Serbs seized parts of Croatia and Bosnia, where they killed or forced non-Serbs from
their homes
Answer: D
Page Reference: 34
42. Recently North Korea and Iran were players in recent crises involving
A) arms sales to Nepal
B) overthrown governments
C) nuclear weapons programs
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D) massive oil spills

Answer: C
Page Reference: 36
43. During the Cold War, the alliance of states coordinated under the leadership of the
__________ was called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
A) Ukraine
B) European Union
C) Soviet Union
D) United States
Answer: D
Page Reference: 29
44. The Berlin Wall was built by __________.
A) West Germany
B) East Germany
C) Russia
D) the United States
Answer: B
45. An example of Cold War alliances between states is the __________.
A) Eastern Alliance
B) Warsaw Pact
C) Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
D) Baghdad Pact
Answer: B
46. In 1955 superpower leaders gathered in Geneva, deciding to reconstitute Austria. This type of
gathering can be considered an example of a __________.
A) crisis
B) summit meeting
C) containment effort
D) military strike
Answer: B
11

47. In 1975, South Vietnam fell signaling apparent U.S. weakness on the global stage; U.S.
involvement in the Vietnam conflict is an example of?
A) The Munich Agreement
B) A missile crisis
C) A proxy war
D) Globalization
Answer: C
Page Reference: 32
48. The United States attempted to contain Soviet influence around the world after World War II
by __________.
A) maintaining military bases and alliances only in Europe, close to Soviet borders
B) staging missile tests in the Arctic to intimidate the Soviets
C) providing aid to rebuild Western Europe
D) splitting with China
Answer: C
Page Reference: 31
49. Which of the following events in the post-World War II period probably brought the United
States and the Soviet Union closest to nuclear war?
A) Building of the Berlin Wall
B) Cuban Missile Crisis
C) Korean War
D) U.S. involvement in Vietnam
Answer: B
Page Reference: 32
50. The post-Cold War era is __________.
A) less complex and more predictable than the Cold War period
B) less peaceful than the Cold War period
C) characterized by a less global international economy
D) characterized by transnational concerns such as environmental degradation and disease
Answer: D
Page Reference: 37
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TRUE-FALSE
51. The stemming of global warming is an example of a collective interest.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 3
52. A sibling who achieves the position of power through a struggle between his/her siblings is
an example of dominance.
Answer: TRUE
53. The modern international system has only been in existence for 500 years.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 13
54. Hong Kong reverted from British to Vietnamese rule in 1997.
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 14
55. The head of state and of government are one in the same in every nation.
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 13
56. Russia/CIS has the lowest GDP per capita in The North Region.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 23
13
57. The Gulf War was initiated when Iraq invaded Qatar.
Answer: FALSE
58. In 2011 Osama bin Laden was killed by U.S. special forces in Pakistan as one of the major
goals of the U.S. intervention in Afghanistan.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 36
59. German utilization of speedy offensives via railroads in the Franco-Prussian War was an
example of the cult of the defensive.
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 28
60. The Soviet policies of perestroika (economic reform) and glasnost (openness in political
discussion), associated with a focus on domestic issues, took precedence over maintaining
external power in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Answer: TRUE
FILL IN THE BLANK
61. Comparative politics is the study of the __________ politics of foreign countries.
Answer: domestic
Page Reference: 11
62. Transnational actors operate below and across __________ borders.
Answer: state
Page Reference: 15
14
63. The International Committee of the Red Cross is an example of a(n) __________ because its
members are not governments.
Answer: nongovernmental organization, NGO
Page Reference: 1314
64. OPEC is an example of a(n) __________ because its members are governments.
Answer: intergovernmental organization, IGO
Page Reference: 15
65. Treaties between states occur at the __________ level of analysis.
Answer: interstate
66. Narrow definitions of the Middle East typically exclude __________ and __________.
Answer: North Africa, Turkey
Page Reference: 23
67. In 1962 the Soviet Union installed medium-range nuclear missiles in __________ and a
crisis erupted.
Answer: Cuba
68. The first summit meeting between Cold War superpowers took place in the country of
__________ in 1955.
Answer: Geneva
69. The United States pursuit of putting a halt to the expansion of Soviet influence during the
Cold War is an example of the policy of __________.
Answer: containment
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Page Reference: 31
70. In the 1970s, when an Ethiopian revolution spurred the new government to seek help from
the Soviets, the U.S. put its support behind Somalia, and the two superpowers often fought
for position in the global South. This is an example of a(n) __________.
Answer: proxy war
Page Reference: 32
SHORT ANSWER
71. Countering global warming is considered an example of a collective-goods problem. Based
on what you have learned, in what ways could you apply the principles of dominance,
identity, and reciprocity to help states reduce their greenhouse emissions?
Page Reference: 3
72. How has the world changed economically as a result of globalization?
Page Reference: 21
73. The most important actors in IR are considered to be States, which are defined in part by
their sovereignty. Why is sovereignty sometimes less clear or more fluid than one might
think?
74. Based on what you know, what are two potential causes and two potential consequences of
the so-called North-South gap?
75. What are the consequences of a perceived lack of U.S. support for the governments that came
to power in Egypt and Tunisia through the Arab Spring?
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ESSAY
76. How do international relations affect your daily life? How do you as a college student affect
international relations? Give three concrete examples of each.
Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1. Outline what international relations is, and how it impacts the students life.
2, Students should discuss particularly how voting plays a role in participation in
international relations.
3. Students should touch on the role that awareness of the news, work on political
campaigns, participation in the global marketplace, participation in the military, etc. also
provide opportunities to participate in international relations.
4. Conclude with an evaluation of the overall impact these kinds of involvement in
international relations might have.
77. How would you use the different levels of analysis to explain the causes of the 9/11 terrorist
attacks? How useful is the approach of categorizing a typically very complex world in terms of
simplified levels of analysis?
1. Describe the various levels of analysis.
2. Explain how each applicable level of analysis might be applied to the context
and events of 9/11 and the whys behind 9/11. For instance, as the individual level of
analysis concerns the perceptions, choices, and actions of individual human beings, one
might argue that had John Kerry been elected rather than George W. Bush, or had Bill
Clinton focused more strongly on issues of terrorism, that 9/11 might have never
occurred.
3. Evaluate how effective, or not, the application of levels of analysis is, and perhaps how
different contexts allow for more or less effective application.
4. Discuss the level of analysis that is most effective in analysis of the causes of 9/11.
5. Offer a concise summary and effective conclusion.
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78. Distinguish between the nine global regions of the world. How (according to what criteria)
were they grouped? Why are these factors important? Is there another set of criteria that should
be used? Why or why not?
1. Provide an outline of the various regions of the world, explaining how the nine regions
differ from each other.
2. Explain why factors such as the number of states a region contains and each
regions particular mix of cultures, geographical realities, and languages are important.
3. Suggest, and evaluate a potential relevant additional set of criteria that might be used
(perhaps religion, for example) or explain why no such additional set of criteria is
applicable.
4. Provide a concise and effective conclusion.
79. Would you say that the significant number of ethnic and civic conflicts that have occurred
since the Cold War were essentially inevitable? What barriers might IGOs or NGOs have created
in preventing such conflicts? Use key terms you have learned over the course of the chapter to
aid your analysis.
1. Describe a couple of the particular ethnic and/or civic conflicts that have occurred
since the Cold War perhaps the Syrian or Yugoslav civil wars.
2. Explain the governmental and/or international institutional limitations and attitudes
that could have complicated the prevention of these post-Cold War conflicts. Institutional
barriers associated with international laws or norms can prove a large hindrance to
prevention of conflict.
3. Using detailed evidence from the reading, assess how concepts such as international
security, containment, proxy wars, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental
organizations, sovereignty, etc. are key to issues of post-Cold War conflict.
4. Provide a succinct summary and conclusion.
80. What are three key events of the twentieth century that have shaped international relations
today? Describe the events you choose and explain each of your choices.
1. Outline what it is that makes a key event a key event.
2. Explain why particular chosen events were significant, not just in general, or
nationally, but crucial in shaping international relations. Such events might include 9/11,
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the fall of Communism/the Soviet Union, World War II, World War I, The Great
Depression, etc. In turn, this shaping might include the creation of new alliances, new
security or trade regimes, the moving of borders, and so on.
3. By way of explaining each choice of key event, perhaps compare and contrast these
events, emphasizing the particular ways in which each event shaped international
relations uniquely.
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CHAPTER 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Modern realist theory developed in reaction to __________.

the Cold War
idealism
Marxism
constructivism
Answer: B
Page Reference: 43
A-Head: Realism
2.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Thomas Hobbes belongs to the __________ school of thought.

Marxist
neo-conservative
realist
objectivist
Answer: C
Page Reference: 43
A-Head: Realism
3.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The most important feature of international relations according to a realist is __________.

international law
power
absolute gains
morality
Answer: B
Page Reference: 43
A-Head: Realism
4. According to the text, the best single indicator of a states power may be the size of its
__________.
A) army
B) air force
C) population
D) total GDP
Answer: D
Page Reference: 47
A-Head: Power
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5. The ability to get another actor to do what it would not otherwise have done, or not to do
what it would have done, is the definition of __________.
A) power
B) anarchy
C) rationality
D) realism
Answer: A
Page Reference: 45
A-Head: Power
6. With respect to power, __________.
A) it is not difficult to accurately measure the power of another state
B) the relative power of a state is more important to realists than the absolute power of a state
C) more powerful states will always defeat weaker states in a war
D) if a states own values become widely shared among other states, it is harder to exercise
power over them
Answer: B
A-Head: Power
7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following is a long-term power resource?

Open-mindedness of a states population
The refusal of one state to shape the thinking of other states
The quality of the states bureaucracy
Credibility of a states commitments
Answer: D
Page Reference: 47
A-Head: Power
8.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following is a short-term element of power?

Forestry forces
Technological capacity
Quality of a states bureaucracy
Education of the population
Answer: C
Page Reference: 48
A-Head: Power
9. In 2011 Libyan revolutionaries fought dictator Muammar Gaddafi, eventually receiving
support from NATO and the U.S., leading to a rebel victory. This is an example in the altering of
what?
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A)
B)
C)
D)
State equality
Asymmetric warfare
Global influence
Power estimation
Answer: D
Page Reference: 47
A-Head: Power
10. __________ is an element of power on which an actor can draw over the long term, whereas
__________ is an element of power that allows an actor to exercise influence in the short term.
A) Economic capacity, geography
B) Technology, reputation
C) Natural resources, military force
D) Government, population
Answer: C
Page Reference: 49
A-Head: Power
11. What is a tangible long-term element of power?
A) National borders
B) Education
C) Public support for government policies
D) Mobility of the states military
Answer: B
A-Head: Power
12. Anarchy in the international system refers to __________.
A) complete chaos
B) the absence of structure and rules
C) the presence of disruptive states
D) the absence of a central government that can enforce rules
Answer: D
Page Reference: 49
A-Head: The International System
13. The theory that focuses on the importance of the structure of the international system, rather
than the internal makeup of individual states, is known as __________.
A) neoliberal institutionalism
B) the English school
C) constructivism
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D) neorealism
Answer: D
Page Reference: 56
14. The idea that the largest wars will result from challenges to the top position in the status
hierarchy is referred to as the __________.
A) security dilemma
B) power transition theory
C) hegemonic stability theory
D) fundamental attribution error
Answer: B
Page Reference: 57
15. Conflicts between middle powers and smaller states can be resolved or contained by
__________.
A) state leaders
B) economics
C) hegemons
D) diplomats
Answer: C
16. __________ are those who favor United States leadership and activism in world affairs.
A) Moralists
B) Internationalists
C) Realists
D) Unilateralists
Answer: B
17. Working through international institutions to achieve foreign policy goals is the preference of
__________.
A) isolationists
B) unilateralists
C) multilateralists
D) realists
23
Answer: C
Page Reference: p. 60
18. What treaty is commonly thought of as the start of the modern international system?
A) Treaty of Versailles
B) Treaty of Paris
C) Treaty of Rome
D) Treaty of Westphalia
Answer: D
19. Realists believe which of the following?
A) States are the least important actors in IR.
B) States act in an international system characterized by anarchy.
C) Absolute gains are more important than relative gains.
D) Human nature is altruistic.
Answer: B
Page Reference: 49
20. A security dilemma occurs when __________.
A) budget constraints do not allow for proper domestic security measures
B) the actions taken by a state to ensure its own security threaten the security of other states
C) governments are unable to decide on a comprehensive security strategy
D) supply lines are threatened
Answer: B
Page Reference: 51
21. The general idea that one or more states power is being used to counter that of another state
or group of states is called __________.
A) bandwagoning
B) balance of power
C) security dilemma
D) containment
Answer: B
Page Reference: 52
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22. How is a middle power distinguished from a great power?

A) Middle powers can be large geographically but not highly industrialized, whereas great
powers have the worlds strongest economies to pay for military forces and other power
capabilities.
B) Middle powers can be small geographically but not highly industrialized, whereas great
powers cannot be small geographically.
C) Middle powers operate in a balance-of-power system, whereas great powers operate in a
hegemonic system.
D) Middle powers do not have nuclear weapons, whereas great powers do.
Answer: A
23. According to IR research, a unipolar power distribution appears to be best at maintaining
__________.
A) free trade
B) conflict
C) peace
D) diplomacy
Answer: C
Page Reference: 57
24. States are not supposed to meddle in the __________ and decision processes of other states.
A) alliances
B) maritime regimes
C) internal affairs
D) philanthropic affairs
Answer: C
Page Reference: 50
25. A recent historical example of the principle of state sovereignty is __________.
1. Rebel strikes in Somalia
2. Iraqs invasion of Kuwait
3. North Koreas violation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty
4. Chinas withdrawal from the international system
Answer: C
Page Reference: 50
25
26. Based on the logic of the balance of power, which of the following is a good example of an
alliance that can be said to be currently balancing the United States?
A) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
B) The European Union (EU)
C) The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
D) The United Nations (UN)
Answer: B
27. Which of the following conclusions can be derived from the data presented in Figure 2.2?
A) At least part of the decrease in global opinion about the United States was not correlated to
the Bush administration.
B) The war on terror has led to an increase in favorability ratings among virtually all countries
surveyed.
C) Global public opinion of the United States varies widely based on regions.
D) Favorability ratings of the United States have continued to increase throughout the Obama
administration.
Answer: C
Page Reference: 53
28. The current constellation of power in the international system could best be described as a
__________ system.
A) unipolar
B) bipolar
C) tripolar
D) multipolar
Answer: A
29. According to power transition theorists, who argue that the most dangerous time for major
war is when power is relatively equally distributed, a war between __________ and __________
would be an example of this in action.
A) China, the U.S.
B) Haiti, Dominican Republic
C) Germany, France
D) Mexico, the U.S.
Answer: A
Page Reference: 57
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30. Which of the following is a potential realist explanation for why states engage in balancing
behavior? They __________.
A) do not trust each other
B) believe that a balance of power provides peace
C) are trying to maintain instability in the international system
D) believe that a balance of power provides influence
Answer: A
31. Hegemony __________.
A) causes instability in the international system
B) reduces anarchy and deters aggression in the international system
C) enhances the sovereignty of less-powerful states
D) tends to allow conflicts among middle powers or small states
Answer: B
Page Reference: 59
32. Which of the following is a factor that likely explains the choice of the United States to be
isolationist or internationalist in its foreign policy in the 20th century?
A) Regional economic considerations
B) International hegemony considerations
C) American security concerns
D) International law and organizations
Answer: C
33. Which of the following factors can explain why the United States is ambiguous about the use
of multilateralism in its foreign policy?
A) Americas superpower status
B) The cost of dues to multilateral organizations such as the UN
C) Skepticism about the abilities and goals of national organizations
D) Lack of the ability to disband international organizations
Answer: A
Page Reference: 60
27
34. How does the great power system of the 20th century compare to that of the 18th and 19th
centuries?
A) The great power system in the 20th century was global, whereas the great power system in
the 18th and 19th centuries was European.
B) The U.S. dominated the great power system of the 20th century, whereas France dominated
the great power system of the 18th and 19th centuries.
C) The Concert of Europe was a feature of the great power system of the 20th century, whereas
the great power system of the 18th and 19th centuries saw constant conflict in Europe.
D) World Wars I and II were major conflicts in the great power system of the 20th century,
whereas the great power system of the 18th and 19th centuries saw no conflicts between more
than two states.
Answer: A
Page Reference: pgs. 6163
35. The fluidity of alliances is underscored by __________.
A) democrats
B) anarchists
C) realists
D) Maoists
Answer: C
Page Reference: 63
A-Head: Alliances
36. After the Cold War ended NATO forces were __________.
A) cut
B) expanded
C) kept stable
D) attacked
Answer: A
Page Reference: 65
A-Head: Alliances
37. The Organization of African Unity reformed as the __________, a stronger organization with
a continent-wide Parliament, central bank, and court.
A) African Community
B) African Union
C) Organization of African States
D) Africans United
Answer: B
Page Reference: 70
28
A-Head: Alliances
38. Most modern alliances __________.
A) are formalized in written treaties
B) concern military and economic issues
C) exist for one issue at one time
D) are often broken without consequences
Answer: A
Page Reference: 63
A-Head: Alliances
39. Article V of the North Atlantic Treaty calls for members to come to the defense of a fellow
member under attack. It was invoked for the first time when __________.
A) the Soviet Union and East Germany constructed the Berlin Wall
B) Ethiopia attacked Somalia
C) Serbs attacked Bosnia in 1994
D) the United States came under terrorist attack in 2001
Answer: D
Page Reference: 65
A-Head: Alliances
40. Choices about how capabilities are used in situations and whether or not a state is willing to
use its capabilities are known as __________.
A) foreign policy
B) power strategies
C) bargaining decisions
D) negotiating decisions
Answer: B
Page Reference: 73
A-Head: Strategy
41. Which of the following best describes Chinas policy toward Taiwan?
A) Liberal institutionalism
B) Social Constructivism
C) Realism
D) Marxism
Answer: C
Page Reference: 73
A-Head: Strategy
42. Which of the following are MOST likely to benefit from extended deterrence in an alliance?
29
A)
B)
C)
D)
Great powers
Middle powers
Small powers
Fluid powers
Answer: A
Page Reference: 64
A-Head: Alliances
43. Which of the following is a concern connected to the recent expansion of NATO
membership?
A) Consensus in decision-making is becoming less difficult.
B) Enlargement may be seen as a threat by others.
C) Coordination and cooperation will become less difficult.
D) The costs of the organization will be larger for each individual member.
Answer: B
A-Head: Alliances
44. Rationality implies which of the following?
A) States are unitary actors that can think about their actions coherently and make choices.
B) States can identify their interests and put priorities on them.
C) States are capable of performing cost-benefit analysis on actions.
D) States decisions always have beneficial consequences.
Answer: A
A-Head: Strategy
45. How does a zero-sum game compare to a non-zero-sum game?
A) In a zero-sum game, one players gain is by definition equal to the others loss, whereas in a
non-zero-sum game, players gains and losses cancel each other out.
B) In a zero-sum game, one players gain is by definition equal to the others loss, whereas in a
non-zero-sum game, it is possible for both players to gain or lose.
C) In a zero-sum game, both players win, whereas in a non-zero-sum game, both players lose.
D) Zero-sum games are more typical in international political economy, whereas non-zero-sum
games are more typical in international security.
Answer: B
Page Reference: 77
A-Head: Strategy
46. The typical outcome in the Prisoners Dilemma is that __________.
A) neither prisoner confesses, thereby assuring the best outcome for both
30
B) both prisoners confess, thereby assuring the best outcome for both
C) one prisoner decides not to confess, believing he can do so later
D) both prisoners confess, thereby assuring each is worse off than if they both did not confess
Answer: D
A-Head: Strategy
47. Some liberalists have argued that introducing communication to the Prisoners Dilemma in
the form of a lawyer that can relay messages between both prisoners could change the payoff
matrix in favor of cooperation. Applied to international relations, who or what could play the role
of the lawyer?
A) A local neighborhood organization
B) A superpower like the United States
C) A regional organization like the South Asian Association
D) An individual like a military officer
Answer: B
A-Head: Strategy
48. India faces which of the following concerns with its neighbor China?
A) Both claim the region of Kashmir as part of their national territory.
B) China is blamed for Islamic militant attacks in India.
C) China is a major rival in the region but is willing to discuss trade and military cooperation.
D) India relies on Chinese pipelines to ship oil and gas into East Asia.
Answer: B
Page Reference: 72
A-Head: Strategy
49. An arms race is typically the result of __________ decisions made by the parties involved in
it.
A) paranoid
B) ill-informed
C) rational
D) pessimistic
Answer: C
Page Reference: 75
A-Head: Strategy
50. Which of the following is true about rationality?
A) Decision-makers often lack necessary information to accurately estimate the costs of an
action.
31
B) It is relatively easy to determine the national interest, because all states are interested in
power.
C) States arrive at decisions through their strongest leader, which is also known as the unitaryactor assumption.
D) It is easy to calculate intangible political benefits against the tangible costs of a war.
Answer: A
A-Head: Strategy
TRUE-FALSE
51. Realists believe that States are the least important actors in IR.
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 45
A-Head: Realism
52. A realist likely believes that, The national interest is defined as the acquisition, and
retention, of power.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 44
A-Head: Realism
53. Being landlocked is a geopolitical concern of states.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 49
A-Head: Power
54. The argument that a dominant state can enforce international rules, avoid collective-action
problems, and encourage peace is known as the democratic stability theory.
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 59
55. Cohesion within an alliance tends to be highest in an alliance among states with divergent
interests but a common enemy.
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 64
A-Head: Alliances
32
56. Scholars have a difficult time understanding international alliances due to their immense
fluidity.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 71
A-Head: Alliances
57. A potential problem of forming an alliance is that great powers will be dragged into wars
with each other if their respective client states go to war.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 64
A-Head: Alliances
58. Deterrence is defined as the threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 74
A-Head: Strategy
59. The wealth of trust between the two prisoners is the most likely explanation of the Prisoners
Dilemma.
Answer: FALSE
A-Head: Strategy
60. Some liberalists have argued that introducing communication to the Prisoners Dilemma in
the form of a lawyer that can relay messages between both prisoners could change the payoff
matrix in favor of cooperation. Applied to international relations, a regional organization like
NATO could play the role of the lawyer.
Answer: TRUE
A-Head: Strategy
FILL IN THE BLANK
61. The foundation of realism is the principle of __________.
Answer: dominance
Page Reference: 44
A-Head: Realism
33
62. The importance of the Suez Canal as a strategic trade route is an example of __________.
Answer: geopolitics
Page Reference: 49
A-Head: Power
63. The term __________ refers to the number of independent power centers in the system.
Answer: polarity
Page Reference: 56
64. Since the 1990s the U.S. Congress expressed skepticism of the __________ and other
international agencies.
Answer: U.N.
Page Reference: 60
65. According to the power transition theory, a superpower may initiate a __________ to ward
off a potential challenger.
Answer: preventive war
Page Reference: 57
66. The belief that the use of nuclear weapons in international relations is taboo is an example of
a global __________.
Answer: norm
67. A powerful states utilization of __________ to discourage attacks on weaker clients
describes extended deterrence.
Answer: threats
Page Reference: 68
A-Head: Alliances
68. The issue of __________ relates to the question of what country or countries bear the costs of
an alliance.
34
Answer: burden sharing

Page Reference: 64
A-Head: Alliances
69. A __________ refers to a situation in which what one player wins, but the other loses.
Answer: zero-sum game
Page Reference: 77
A-Head: Strategy
70. The assumption that states are single entities that can think about their actions coherently and
make choices when exercising power is known as the __________ assumption.
Answer: unitary-actor
Page Reference: 76
A-Head: Strategy
SHORT ANSWER
71. Sun Tzu, Thucydides, and Thomas Hobbes are all considered as to be thinkers who shaped
what we call a realist approach to politics. Use what youve learned about these thinkers and
about the realist approach across history, and discuss how the realist approach remains
relevant, as well as why it might be less useful than it was pre-9/11.
Page Reference: 43
A-Head: Realism
72. Critics of realism have sometimes referred to the theory as a self-fulfilling prophecy. What
do you supposed they mean by this?
A-Head: Realism
73. What does the power to influence look like in contemporary international relations? What
nations do you perceive to be growing in this ability to exert influence on the global stage?
A-Head: Power
74. Alliances necessarily obligate members to come to the aid of another, even if not all members
are under, or threatened by, attack. To what extent might this undermine sovereignty? In your
35
answer, be sure to explain the concept of sovereignty and the reasons why alliances form in
the first place.
A-Head: Alliances
75. Identify a real-world issue that exemplifies a Prisoners Dilemma. What is the significance of
Prisoners Dilemma for international relations scholars?
A-Head: Strategy
ESSAY
76. Realism is a theory of international relations with long and widespread intellectual roots.
While underlying assumptions have remained essentially the same, scholars and practitioners
have refined the principles and rules of behavior for centuries. Trace this development,
specifying who the primary contributors to realism have been and what the particular
contribution of each has been.
1. Outline what realist theory is.
2. Compare and contrast those foundational principles of realism as they have changed
or fallen out of favor over time, in the context of those which have remained constant.
Such principles may relate to power, human nature, international order, and potential for
peace.
3. If possible, students should cite examples such as World War I and the Vietnam War
from the text to illustrate the development of realism in international relations.
4. Outline the primary contributors to realism, such as Sun Tzu, Hobbes, Machiavelli,
Morgenthau, etc., and their particular contributions.
5. Perhaps conclude with an evaluation of the value of the contribution of each figure.
A-Head: Realism, Power
77. Libyan revolutionaries initially struggled to overthrow authoritarian leader Muammar
Gaddafi until these rebels received military support from the U.S. and NATO. How might
soft power and hard power have been utilized alternatively in the revolutionaries
struggle against the Libyan regime? How might each of these two types of power be said to
have contributed to the success in defeating that regime?
1. Describe the aspects of soft and hard power, and briefly profile the opposing sides
of the Libyan civil war.
36
2. Explain why the revolutionaries struggled to overthrow Gaddafi and how military
support from the U.S. and NATO made a critical difference in their struggle.
3. Evaluate the role of diplomacy, strategic communications, foreign assistance, civic
action and economic reconstruction and development (as soft power) in the Libyan
revolutionaries struggle, and the role of military and aggressive economic influence (as
hard power) in that same struggle.
4. Assesses how key elements of each type of power might have aided in the defeat of the
Gaddafi regime.
A-Head: Power
78. The concept of balance of power is fundamental in international relations. What does it
mean? How meaningful can it be at the beginning of the 21st century, given the impact of
globalization and modern warfare in which ones opponents may not be attached to any
particular state? Is it possible that it requires redefinition? If so, what should it mean? If not,
why not?
1. Provide a satisfactory explanation of how balance of power is crucial to international
relations, employing the key terms military capabilities and dominance.
2. Explain how the complexities created by globalization and modern warfare impact the
significance of balance of power, noting the fluidity of alliances and policies necessary
when ones opponents may not be attached to any particular state, as well as the
increasing emphasis on economic power over military power.
3. Describe the redefinition that such an evolving and evolved role of balance of power
appears to demand, taking into account the details already touched upon, and perhaps
those elements of future international relations that might require this redefinition.
4. If the concept of balance of power does not appear to require definition, a vigorous
analysis of why not will be necessary.
Page Reference: 50
79. When might states involve themselves in chicken? Why? Describe an historical instance of
chicken that has occurred on the world stage between the 1960s and today. What was at stake
for the players, and what were their particular interests in pursuing this game. Be sure to
support your interpretation with logical argumentation and empirical evidence.
37
1. Describe the nations who might be most likely to engage in chicken, and why. Such
states might include, most prominently, North Korea, Iran, Cuba, and perhaps Russia or
China, etc.
2. Explain that China and Russia might be most likely to engage in chicken because
they have significant power and yet not entirely stable nations, and North Korea, Iran,
and perhaps Cuba might be most likely to engage in chicken because they have a
relatively limited amount of power and international support, contributing to their
relatively unstable regimes.
3. Describe a specific modern instance of chicken. The Cuban Missile Crisis, or Iraqs
invasion and occupation of Kuwait would serve well.
4. Assesses the risks and rewards for both sides, citing, in the case of the Cuban Missile
Crisis, the risk to both sides of nuclear war and the appearance of weakness in the face of
backing down, while peace and the projection of power were the potential rewards for
both sides, not to mention the rewards of continued containment of Cuba and Soviet
influence in the Caribbean for the U.S., on the one hand, and expanded Soviet influence
in the Caribbean, on the other.
A-Head: Alliances
80. The central theme of international relations is not evil but tragedy. States often share
common interest, but the structure of the situation prevents them from bringing about the
mutually desired situation. (Robert Jervis)
The above quote symbolizes an overwhelming problem in international relations today. What is
that problem, and why does it plague international relations in particular? What, if anything, can
be done about it? Justify your response.
1. Provide an outline of the role of tragedy in international relations.
2. Explain why Jervis might emphasize the word tragedy, rather than the word evil.
3. Describe how a more cooperation-based international community creates greater
opportunity for tragedy to be created or allowed to persist.
4. Evaluate how this problem is particularly prominent in international relations, and how
cooperation does not inherently have to equate to slowness of action, or lack of action
altogether.
A-Head: Realism, Power, The International System, Alliances, Strategy
38
CHAPTER 3
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
The most destructive war in 2012 was located in __________; and in 2013 French forces
entered __________, in sub-Saharan Africa, to repel a rebellion against that nations government.
A)
Jordan, Mozambique
B)
Syria, Mali
C)
Libya, Angola
D)
Kosovo, Kenya
Answer: B
Page Reference: 85
A-Head: The Waning of War
2.
With respect to warfare, __________.
A)
the long-term trend is that there are fewer wars but more people being killed in
them
B)
the advances in technology lead us to fear annihilation of the world more than
destruction of a city
C)
major wars will continue regardless of trends toward fewer wars
D)
todays most serious conflicts consist mainly of skirmishing rather than all-out
battles
Answer: D
Page Reference: 85
A-Head: The Waning of War
3.
That trade increases wealth, cooperation, global well-being, and, ultimately, peace is
__________.
A)
a key belief of orthodox Marxism
B)
an explanation by Thomas Hobbes of how peace and cooperation are possible
C)
a theory developed to facilitate greater sovereignty
D)
an explanation by Immanuel Kant of how peace and cooperation are possible
Answer: D
Page Reference: 87
A-Head: Liberal Theories
4.
Realists argue that one states reliance on another spurs __________ tensions in short
term contexts.
A) productive
B) fewer
C) balanced
39
D) more
Answer: D
Page Reference: 87
5.
A)
B)
C)
D)
International regimes __________.

can exist only when there is a concentration of power in the international system
can exist only when there is a dispersion of power in the international system
are stronger when embedded in permanent institutions
are weaker when embedded in permanent institutions
Answer: C
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The first attempt at creating a collective security system was the __________.
United Nations
League of Nations
European Community
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Answer: B
Page Reference: 93
7.
With respect to international regimes, which of the following statements is true?
A)
The concept of international regimes includes elements of liberalism but not
realism.
B)
International regimes coordinate the behavior of states to assist them in
overcoming collective-goods problems.
C)
International regimes assist states in realizing their interests even when they could
do so through unilateral Apply What You Knows of leverage.
D)
International regimes are actors that are more important in the international
system than are states.
Answer: B
Page Reference: 90
8.
Which of the following is true regarding international regimes?
A) They refer to a set of rules, norms, and procedures around which the expectations of actors
converge in a certain issue area.
B) They can help solve gender gap problems by increasing transparency.
40
C) They undermine the concept of sovereignty.

D) They deconstruct frameworks to coordinate states actions.
Answer: A
Page Reference: 90
9.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following IGOs perform collective security functions?

The African Union
The Organization of Islamic Conference
The Organization of Armenian States
The Southern League
Answer: A
Page Reference: 93
10.
Which of the following is true?
A)
Democracies almost never fight each other.
B)
Democracies are generally more peaceful than authoritarian governments.
C)
A country in transition to democracy is as peaceful as a stable democratic country.
D)
A country in transition to democracy is as peaceful as a stable authoritarian
country.
Answer: A
Page Reference: 95
11.
A)
B)
C)
D)
UN cooperative defense is an example of __________.

regional stability
hegemonic stability
collective security
bandwagoning
Answer: C
12.
The first Gulf War against Iraq is considered as an example of __________.
A) deterrence
B) preventive war
C) preemptive war
D) collective security
41
Answer: D
13.
How can liberal theories of IR be distinguished from realism?
A)
Realism believes people learn from negative historical events, whereas liberalists
believe they learn from positive ones.
B)
Realism is less likely to believe in the unitary-actor assumption than liberal
theories.
C)
Realists see the rules of IR as timeless and unchanging, whereas liberal theorists
see the rules of IR as evolving incrementally.
D)
Realists favor absolute gains, whereas liberals favor relative gains.
Answer: C
14.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The success of collective security depends on __________.

the presence of a UN Security Council resolution
a formal treaty that outlines the member commitments
the aggressor being internationally isolated and therefore easy to oppose
the level of commitment and agreement among member states
Answer: D
Page Reference: 93
15.
That there is a multiplicity of experiences and perspectives that defy easy categorization
rather than a solitary, objective reality is a key idea of __________.
A)
Marxism
B)
militarism
C)
modernism
D)
postmodernism
Answer: D
Page Reference: 102
A-Head: Social Theories
16.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What does postmodernism fundamentally call into question altogether?

The concept of states as actor
International organizations
Nuclear proliferation among developing nations
The concept of state sovereignty
Answer: A
42

17.
Which of the following do postmodernists mainly focus on when attempting to
deconstruct dominant beliefs?
A)
Human behavior
B)
State behavior
C)
Discourse
D)
Psychology
Answer: C
Page Reference: pgs. 102-103
18.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following is a critique of realism from the postmodern perspective?

State interests are objective.
A single set of values or interests applies to all states.
States are not the central actor in IR.
International institutions are important actors in IR.
Answer: C
19.
Which of the following countries represent recent examples of armed struggle by a
nations people for regime change?
A)
Vietnam and Indonesia
B)
Martinique and Qatar
C)
Mali and Colombia
D)
Syria and Libya
Answer: D
Page Reference: 96
20.
For postmodernists, the breakup of the Soviet Union into 15 sovereign states is evidence
of a problem with which belief of realists? States __________.
A)
are the central actors in IR
B)
pursue objective interests through international power politics
C)
have universal interests
D)
are unitary
Answer: D
43

21.
Constructivists argue that state identities are constructed through socialization. Based on
the definition of the term, which of the following are likely agents of socialization?
A)
Philanthropic institutions
B)
Elements of power
C)
Education
D)
Private discourse
Answer: C
Page Reference: 97
22.
Who was the revolutionary who believed that Russia should make its greatest ambition
the spreading of revolution to other nations in order to build a worldwide alliance?
A)
Chairman Mao
B)
Leon Trotsky
C)
Fidel Castro
D)
Mikhail Bulgakov
Answer: B
Page Reference: 106
A-Head: Marxism
23.
Marxist approaches to IR hold that both IR and domestic politics arise from unequal
relationships between __________.
A)
political elites
B)
economic classes
C)
governmental agencies
D)
economic agencies
Answer: B
A-Head: Marxism
24.
The theory of imperialism that argued that European capitalists were investing in colonies
where they could earn big profits, and then using part of those profits to buy off the working
class back home, was developed by __________.
A)
Stalin
B)
Lenin
C)
Mao
D)
Marx
Answer: B
A-Head: Marxism
44

25.
Nonviolent approaches were successfully spread in the U.S. during the 1960s by civil
rights leader __________.
A)
Karl Marx
B)
Martin Luther King
C)
Malcolm X
D)
Stokely Carmichael
Answer: B
Page Reference: 110
A-Head: Peace Studies
26.
What approach was utilized to decide whether Serbs or Bosnians would get the city of
Brcko?
A)
Citizen diplomacy
B)
Militarism
C)
Arbitration
D)
Confidence-building
Answer: C
Page Reference: 107
27.
The glorification of war and military force, and the structuring of society around war, is
known as __________.
A)
the military-industrial complex
B)
national security
C)
militarism
D)
warrior cult
Answer: C
Page Reference: 107
28.
Scholars of peace studies emphasize the __________ level of analysis when
recommending strategies for achieving peace.
A)
individual
B)
national
C)
international
D)
global
Answer: A
45
29.
The leader of Indias struggle for independence from Britain who emphasized
nonviolence was __________.
A)
Nelson Mandela
B)
Indira Gandhi
C)
Golda Meir
D)
Mahatma Gandhi
Answer: D
30.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Positive peace __________.

is the absence of war
resolves the underlying reasons for war
is the absence of war between great powers
sets the stage for the next war
Answer: B
Page Reference: 108
31.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following describes the levels of analysis on which peace studies focuses?
Individual and interstate
Global and interstate
Individual, domestic, and global
Interstate, individual, and global
Answer: C
Page Reference: 106
32.
In the early 1970s Pakistan passed messages between China and the U.S., leading to a
breakthrough in relations between those two nations. This illustrates the concept of __________.
A)
mediation
B)
citizen diplomacy
C)
arbitration
D)
linkage
Answer: A
33.
Which is likely the most significant obstacle to using a strategy such as unilateral
pacifism or nonviolence, given the context of the Prisoners Dilemma?
46
A)
B)
C)
D)
National interests
Social injustice
Lack of communication
Lack of trust
Answer: D
Page Reference: 110
34.
In terms of their beliefs about objectivity, peace studies scholars are most comparable to
__________.
A)
realists
B)
liberalists
C)
Marxists
D)
postmodernists
Answer: D
Page Reference: 106
35.
Proponents of positive peace call for which of the following?
A)
Emphasis on war as a method of state expansion
B)
The deconstruction of a global identity transcending national, ethnic, and religious
divisions
C)
The strengthening of norms against the use of violence
D)
The elimination of armed forces
Answer: C
Page Reference: 108
36.
A)
B)
C)
D)
__________ rallied the French in defeating the English, in the 15th century.
Joan of Arc
Thomas Hobbes
Margaret Thatcher
Boudica
Answer: A
Page Reference: 119
A-Head: Gender Theories
37.
__________ do not believe there is any fixed, inherent meaning or essence in the female
gender.
A)
Postmodern feminists
B)
Poststructuralist feminists
47
C)
D)
Difference feminists
Liberal feminists
Answer: A
38.
__________ feminists find important differences between men and women that are
arbitrary and flexible, whereas __________ feminists consider those differences trivial.
A)
Revolutionary, postmodern
B)
Postmodern, liberal
C)
Liberal, difference
D)
Difference, revolutionary
Answer: B
Page Reference: 112
39.
An international system based on feminine principles would include which of the
following characteristics?
A)
Independence of states
B)
Respect for sovereignty outweighing human rights
C)
Responsibility of the people to care for each other regardless of national borders
D)
Violence as a form of leverage being the most prevalent choice
Answer: C
Page Reference: 113
40.
A __________ feminist focuses on valorizing the feminine and valuing the unique
contributions of women as women, a __________ feminist tends to reject the assumptions about
gender made by other feminists, and a__________ feminist seek to include women more often as
subjects of study.
A)
liberal, constructivist, postmodern
B)
postmodern, revolutionary, militarist
C)
revolutionary, pacifist, liberal
D)
difference, postmodern, liberal
Answer: D
41.
With respect to the impact of gender on war and peace, difference feminists believe that
__________.
A)
men are inherently more peaceful than women
48
B)
C)
D)
women are inherently more peaceful than men

neither men nor women are more peaceful than the other
war would be less likely with more women as combatants
Answer: B
Page Reference: 114
42.
When women won the right to vote after World War I they __________.
A)
voted for peace and against war
B)
established a newsletter, Sisterly Voices, in order to express their views on
elections
C)
generally voted like their husbands
D)
changed the nature of foreign policy with their votes
Answer: C
Page Reference: 115
43.
A)
B)
C)
D)
With respect to women in the military, __________.

the evidence suggests that they perform well in a variety of military roles
only the United States excludes them from combat roles
the United States allows women to serve as mechanics, pilots, and on submarines
low performance ratings in training have kept them out of combat roles
Answer: A
Page Reference: 118
44.
A)
B)
C)
D)
With respect to women in politics, __________.

the number of women serving in legislatures is increasing
the number of women serving in political party leadership positions is increasing
they tend to be softer on tough foreign policy issues than their male counterparts
they are more peaceful and less committed to state sovereignty than male leaders
Answer: A
Page Reference: 117
45.
A)
B)
C)
D)
In order for women to have a profound influence on IR, they need to __________.
adopt the realist beliefs of men
participate as combatants in regional conflicts
have positions as state leaders rather than in the foreign policy bureaucracy
participate in key foreign policy positions in large numbers around the world
49
Answer: D
46.
Which of the following statements describe a feminist argument with respect to IR?
A)
Gender is typically irrelevant for understanding how IR works because most
heads of state are male.
B)
Femininity is associated with private and domestic areas, whereas masculinity is
associated with public and political spaces.
C)
Males influence IR more often through nonstate channels than females do.
D)
The gender identity of actors does not affect their views and decision processes.
Answer: B
47.
An example of a postmodern feminist approach to an assessment of military force should
include the _________.
A)
roles of commanding officers and military wives
B)
support of common security
C)
deconstruction of progressive language
D)
roles of prostitutes at military bases and military wives
Answer: D
48.
Difference feminists argue that realism involves assumptions of masculinity because of
the principle of __________.
A)
unified actors
B)
permanent alliances
C)
pursuit of local interest
D)
anarchic international politics and ordered domestic politics
Answer: D
Page Reference: 112
49.
The historical facts that Margaret Thatcher went to war to recover the Falkland Islands
from Argentina, Indira Gandhi led a war against Pakistan, and Golda Meir led a war against
Syria and Egypt contrast with the assumptions of which branch of feminism?
A)
Liberal feminism
B)
Difference feminism
C)
Postmodern feminism
50
D)
Revolutionary feminism
Answer: B
50.
How can one distinguish between difference and liberal feminism?
A)
Difference feminists believe individual women in foreign policy and the military
differ from their male counterparts, whereas liberal feminists believe women as a group do not
differ.
B)
Difference feminists believe women can be just as realist as men, whereas liberal
feminists believe realism reflects a masculine perception of social relations.
C)
Difference feminists believe that womens unique abilities can be used to
transform the entire system of IR, whereas liberal feminists believe that female participation in
foreign policy will enhance state capabilities.
D)
Difference feminists believe that a few well-placed women in key foreign policy
positions can change the foundations of IR, whereas liberal feminists believe many women
participating in foreign policy decisions are necessary to change IR.
Answer: C
TRUE-FALSE
51. Consensus around decisions is requisite among all members in institutions like the World
Trade Organization and European Union.
Answer: TRUE
52. Because it is in their interest to do so, States often achieve cooperation fairly.
Answer: TRUE
53. Democracies almost always fight wars against each other, leaving authoritarian states to their
own devices.
Answer: FALSE
51

54. A current example of an international regime is the International Monetary Fund.
Answer: TRUE
55. The teasing apart of words in order to uncover subtle meanings, searching for what is perhaps
left out is a particularly Marxist approach to texts.
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 103
56. The utilization of taxes to sway the working classes at home is an example of a buy off.
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 105
A-Head: Marxism
57. In practically all international conflicts, peaceful strategies for resolving those conflicts are in
competition with violent approaches.
Answer: TRUE
58. Mahatma Gandhi led Indians to struggle against British colonial occupation by utilizing
actions of violence against the British.
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 110
59. Asia has had several notable female state leaders in recent decades.
Answer: TRUE
52
60. Power and potency are likely to be key terms for postmodern feminists as they describe both
male virility and state capability.
Answer: TRUE
FILL IN THE BLANK
61. Regardless of their individual contributions, __________ are benefits received by all
members of a group.
Answer: collective goods
62. Liberalism largely relies on the __________ principle, whereas constructivism relies on the
__________ principle.
Answer: reciprocity, identity
63. The growing __________ between states makes wars increasingly costly, because states need
each other.
Answer: interdependence
Page Reference: 87
64. The difficulty of Israelis and Palestinians to trust each other to adhere to a peace deal
illustrates the __________ game.
Answer: Prisoners Dilemma
Page Reference: 89
65. Constructivists believe that a states __________ and its __________ are intertwined and that
both are socially constructed.
Answer: interests, identity
Page Reference: 97
53

66. The framework and language of __________ is rejected by postmodernists.
Answer: realism
Page Reference: 103
67. If President Yanukovych of the Ukraine withdrew his support for his countrys NATO
membership due to fear of Russias reaction, this would best be explained by __________
assumptions.
Answer: realist
Page Reference: 100
68. Activists and scholars have debated the creation of a __________ for quite some time.
Answer: world government
Page Reference: 109
69. Poverty, hunger, and oppression are forms of __________ because they are caused by the
framework of social relations rather than by direct actions.
Answer: structural violence
70. Feminist IR scholars believe that actors __________ identity affects their behavior.
Answer: gender
Page Reference: 111
SHORT ANSWER
71. How does reciprocity in international relations aid international cooperation despite the lack
of central authority? How does the WTO exemplify this scenario?
54
72. Is it possible to successfully argue that there is an international norm against terrorism? Why,
or why not? In your answer, explain the role of norms and international regimes in global
politics.
73. What are the postmodernist concerns with realist interpretations of reality? Select once
concept specific to realism and offer a postmodern critique.
74. Provide a current example of a struggle driven by Marxist and/or Leninist theories. How
important are Marxist theories in the post-Cold War world?
A-Head: Marxism
75. Which school of peace studies do you believe is more likely to achieve its articulated goals?
Why, or why not?
ESSAY
76. Compare and contrast realist and liberal theories of international relations. What are the
strengths and weaknesses of each theory? In your view, which one of the two represents a
more accurate picture of todays world politics? Provide examples to support your argument.
1. Outline what realist and liberal theories are.
2. Compare and contrast the two theories. If possible, students should include discussion
of nation states as main actors, the anarchy of the international system, and state selfreliance, on the one hand, and mutually beneficial cooperation, democratic peace, the
building of norms, regimes, institutions, etc., on the other hand.
3. Explain using the key terms, mentioned above, of each theory to expand upon the
strengths and weaknesses of each theory.
4. Students should utilize the details theyve explored to this point in the exercise to
outline which theory is the most accurate picture of todays global politics.
5. Conclude with examples to support your argument, which might include nations which
exemplify either or each theory: For example, perhaps Denmark on the side of liberal
theory, and/or North Korea on the side of realist theory.
55

77. Write an essay considering the contribution of peace studies and feminism to the study of
international relations, and the obstacles they have overcome. Use current and concrete
examples you can to support your claim.
1. Outline what peace studies and feminism are.
2. Compare and contrast the two concepts and how each affects study of the international
system. If possible, students should cite examples, for instance, of the role of arbitration
and world government, on the one hand, and the gender gap and women in the military,
on the other hand, to illustrate their explanations.
3. Explain how obstacles to these two concepts have been overcome. Students should
touch on the particular examples such as the successful use of arbitration in war in
Yugoslavia, and the integration of women into the worlds militaries.
A-Head: Peace Studies, Gender Theories
78. Describe the international situation in which a postmodernist interpretation of IR is most
relevant. Explain how and why this is the case. Evaluate the validity of the claims made by
postmodernist IR scholars.
1. Identify the key characteristics of postmodernism in international relations.
2. Describe a current international situation the above key characteristics best fit.
Students might provide an example like Iran or North Korea a state which is viewed by
many as a monolith, but is in fact more complex than that.
3. Explain how the consideration of concepts such as subtext, of the fractured nature of
states, or of the fluidity of norms might back up the chosen example above.
4. Analyze the legitimacy and prescience of claims made by postmodernist IR scholars.
Students should do so in light of what theyve written to this point, and using central
terms of postmodernist theory.
79. Discuss how Marxism is still a relevant theory in the post-Cold War era. Discuss recent
political or armed struggles that are driven, at least in part, by significant class issues. Why
might it be difficult to separate class issues from other issues that also drive political and
arms struggles, such as religion, military power, or political oppression and freedom?
56

1. Define Marxism, as it exists in the post-Cold War era.
2. Explain how Marxism has remained relevant to the global south, in particular. Students
might use as examples the modern political struggles of Marxist leaders in Venezuela,
Brazil, and elsewhere, and in the military struggles of the FARC in Colombia, the Shining
Path in Peru, etc.
3. Analyze how the scarcity of capital and extremely poor labor conditions make it
difficult to separate class issues from issues such as religion, military power, etc.
4. Analyze why the express clause forbidding a state religion helps to maintain the
separation of church and state.
A-Head: Marxism
80. Is a male-dominated global political power-structure unavoidable? Why or why not? Using
terms central to the chapters coverage of feminism to assist your analysis.
1. Identify the historical events that contributed to the upholding of a male-dominated
power-structure.
2. Recall the fundamental breakthroughs women have made in becoming integrated into
that power-structure, events such as the election of female government leaders, the
integration of women into militaries, the founding of the Womens Peace Party, the
mandating of greater inclusion of women and attention to gender in UN peacekeeping
and reconstruction, etc.
3. Explain how these breakthroughs have come about, and how the future might bode
well or negatively for gender equality among the global political power structure.
4. Discuss feminist scholarship; difference, liberal, and postmodern feminism; difference
and autonomy; suffrage; gender gap, and other terms key to feminism to assist analysis.
57
CHAPTER 4
MULTIPLE CHOICE
2. Which of the following characterize decision-making during crises?
A)
Important options are more likely to be discussed.
B)
Biases become far less likely.
C)
Groupthink occurs more easily.
D)
Decision makers are more likely to play devils advocate.
Answer: C
A-Head: Making Foreign Policy
3. Which of the following is a strategy that can prevent groupthink?
A)
Bypassing relevant agencies
B)
Limiting the number of advisers
C)
Bringing in external advisers
D)
Appealing to the majority interest
Answer: C
4. Which of the following might be a key aspect of a decision-making process that involves
informal consultations?
A)
Visiting state leaders
B)
Rigorous control of the agenda
C)
Friends outside of the government
D)
Active debate
Answer: C
5. Cognitive bias refers to the limitations of the __________ in making choices.
A)
government leaders
B)
diplomats
C)
human brain
D)
military
Answer: C
58
6. Affective bias refers to the emotions felt by decision makers when they consider the
consequences of __________.
A)
existing policy
B)
the actions of others
C)
their own actions
D)
low-level staff
Answer: C
Page Reference: 130
7. The __________ model of decision-making consists of negotiations between bureaucratic
agencies with divergent interests.
A)
rational
B)
organizational-process
C)
risk aversion
D)
government bargaining
Answer: D
8. The __________ model of decision-making relies on standard operating procedures.
A)
rational
B)
organizational-process
C)
risk aversion
D)
individual
Answer: B
9. Which of the following is consistent with the activities pursued in the process of rational
decision-making?
A)
Divergent interests
B)
Satisficing
C)
Utilization of standardized responses
D)
Identification of alternatives
Answer: D
10. The sequence of steps in the rational model of decision-making is __________.
59
A) clarify goals, order goals by importance, list alternatives to achieve goals, investigate
consequences of alternatives, and choose the course of action
B) order goals by importance, list alternatives to achieve goals, clarify goals, investigate
consequences of alternatives, and choose the course of action
C) list alternatives to achieve goals, order goals by importance, investigate consequences of
alternatives, clarify goals, and choose the course of action
D) clarify goals, list alternatives to achieve goals, investigate consequences of alternatives, order
goals by importance, and choose the course of action
Answer: A
11. Decisions of individuals can most frequently diverge from __________ because of
information screens.
A)
a cognitive bias
B)
a nonreferential perspective
C)
the rational model
D)
the affective model
Answer: C
12. Which of the following historical analogies did decision makers utilize when debating the
intervention in Vietnam?
A)
Munich 1938
B)
Pearl Harbor
C)
The Korean War
D)
The Prague Spring
Answer: A
Page Reference: 131
13. According to the concept of bounded rationality, decision makers __________.
A)
will choose the best response to a situation
B)
will choose a response that is good enough to meet some minimal criteria
C)
use historical analogies in responding to a situation
D)
make choices within the boundaries established by groups within the government
Answer: B
60
14. A kitchen cabinet is __________.

A)
the group of opposition party members who would form the actual cabinet if the
party came to power
B)
a trusted group of friends with no formal positions in government who discuss
policy issues with the leader
C)
a small group of cabinet members who meet in the kitchen of the old executive
office building
D)
a group of low-level bureaucrats representing cabinet departments and meeting
informally
Answer: B
15. Politicians have a difficult time running formal bureaucratic agencies because __________.
A)
the agencies can be too large and too routinized to easily control
B)
only lower-level career officials owe loyalty to the politicians
C)
the power of agencies is based on their proximity to the president
D)
they are in their positions longer than high-level bureaucrats
Answer: A
A-Head: Domestic Influences
16. The Iran-Contra scandal resulted from the activities of which government agency?
A)
The National Security Agency (NSA)
B)
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
C)
The Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR)
D)
The National Security Council (NSC)
Answer: D
Page Reference: 133
17. Cognitive balance, or the maintenance of a logically consistent mental model of the world,
can be achieved through __________.
A)
wishful thinking
B)
mirror imaging
C)
affective bias
D)
projection
Answer: A
61
18. Which of the following may diverge despite individuals acting rationally?
A)
Goals
B)
Determination
C)
Emotions
D)
Levels of risk acceptance or averseness
Answer: A
Page Reference: 127
19. Which of the following must be associated with each possible outcome of an action when
there is uncertainty about costs and benefits of actions?
A)
Probabilities
B)
Standard operating procedures
C)
The pursuit of national interests
D)
Low-level decisions
Answer: A
Page Reference: 127
20. Standard operation procedures include the following?
A)
Apply what you know of general principles
B)
Ensuring efficient outcomes
C)
Reconsideration of goals
D)
Challenging policy precedents
Answer: A
Page Reference: 128
21. When British Prime Minister Chamberlain signed the nonaggression pact with Hitler in
Munich in 1938, he did not want to see the clear signs of Hitlers aggression and chose to
appease him instead. Some scholars argue this was due to Chamberlains not wanting to lead
Britain into a major war. If true, this would best illustrate __________.
A)
justification of effort
B)
information screens
C)
cognitive bias
D)
affective bias
Answer: B
62
22. Groupthink is the tendency for groups to reach decisions without accurately __________
since individual members tend to go along with ideas they think the others support.
A)
utilizing reverse psychology
B)
controlling the agenda
C)
assessing consequences
D)
applying internal dissonance
Answer: C
Page Reference: 132
23. When students exhibit a tendency to not want to challenge a professors arguments, because
they assume he or she is an expert and knows better, this could be an example of __________.
A)
affective bias
B)
selective perception
C)
cognitive bias
D)
groupthink
Answer: C
24. Which of the following is an element of prospect theory? Decision makers __________.
A)
work to avoid future catastrophic events
B)
attach their own feelings onto another actor
C)
asses the value of other decision makers
D)
use a reference point for comparison
Answer: D
25. Some scholars believe that former secretary of state John Foster Dulles had such great
personal prejudice against communism that he always assumed the worst of Soviet decision
makers. This is an example of __________.
A)
misperception
B)
wishful thinking
C)
cognitive bias
D)
affective bias
Answer: D
63
26. What did Harry Trumans sign The buck stops here illustrate about his role in foreign
policy decision-making?
A)
He was not willing to waste money.
B)
He was the sole decision-maker.
C)
Foreign policy decisions were ultimately his responsibility.
D)
His opinion was more important than anyone elses.
Answer: C
Page Reference: 129
27. What about democracies makes the justification effort especially prevalent as compared to its
prevalence in the context of other forms of government?
A)
The multiplicity of actors to keep track of
B)
The secrecy of the government
C)
Voters face an overabundance of information
D)
Politicians are judged by the electorate
Answer: D
28. The concept of groupthink suggests that the __________ the decision-making affect(s) the
outcome.
A)
individuals involved in
B)
timing of
C)
structural context of
D)
information available for
Answer: C
29. Citizens of a given ethnic background are among a number of __________ which might form
to lobby governments on foreign policy.
A)
propagandists
B)
interest groups
C)
pollsters
D)
government leaders
Answer: B
64
30. Bureaucrats in the foreign policy decision-making process pursue which of the following
goals?
A) Groupthink
B) Liberal Analyze It
C) National goals
D) Political domination
Answer: C
31. Governments survive by relying on __________.
A) legitimacy
B) force
C) persuasion
D) bribes
Answer: A
32. The part of the population that stays informed about international issues is called the
__________ public.
A)
international
B)
expert
C)
savvy
D)
attentive
Answer: D
Page Reference: 144
33. Politicians have a difficult time running formal bureaucratic agencies because __________.
A)
the agencies can be too large and too routinized to easily control
B)
only lower-level career officials owe loyalty to the politicians
C)
the power of agencies is based on their proximity to the president
D)
they are in their positions longer than high-level bureaucrats
Answer: A
34. Which of the following aspects regarding interest groups is correct?
A) They have a nearly endless supply of funding.
B) They are organized in order to influence the outcome in political issues.
65
C) They are coalitions of people who share a common interest in the outcome of a neighborhood
issue.
D) They have a great deal of influence on foreign policy.
Answer: B
35. Which president warned of the growing influence of the military-industrial complex in his
farewell speech?
A)
Truman
B)
Eisenhower
C)
Kennedy
D)
Johnson
Answer: B
36. Which of the following is a way in which the components of the military-industrial complex
influence foreign policy decision-making?
A)
The spreading out of weapons projects into many constituencies
B)
Promotion of hawkish officers within the military
C)
Military-themed blockbuster movies
D)
The appointment of executives in military industries as church officials
Answer: A
37. Public opinion __________.
A)
has greater force in authoritarian governments than in democracies
B)
has greater force in democracies than in authoritarian governments
C)
influences foreign policy decisions but is not influenced by them
D)
has more effect on foreign policy than domestic policy in democracies
Answer: B
38. Public support for involvement in a war __________.
A)
typically starts low and increases over the long run
B)
typically starts high and decreases over the long run
C)
typically starts high and continues to remain high
D)
will typically not affect the popularity ratings of a countrys leader
66
Answer: B
39. Diversionary foreign policy is __________.
A) trying to confuse an adversary by sending mixed policy signals
B) adopting a foreign policy to distract public attention from domestic issues
C) trying to influence elite opinions, which will, in turn, influence mass opinion
D) lobbying foreign governments to change their foreign policy
Answer: B
Page Reference: 144
40. With respect to legislatures playing a role in deciding whether to use military force,
__________.
A)
most legislators know little about foreign affairs
B)
having a legislative debate over the potential use of military force can complicate
the issue
C)
legislatures can reach decisions quickly on the use of military force
D)
debate over the use of military force demonstrates a states resolve to its
adversaries
Answer: A
41. Which of the following characteristics of a state do comparative foreign policy analysts
consider?
A)
Bureaucratic rivalries
B)
Location
C)
Wealth
D)
Technical abilities
Answer: B
42. The study of foreign policy in various states in order to discover whether similar types of
governments have similar types of policies is known as __________.
A)
foreign policy studies
B)
the foreign policy process
C)
comparative foreign policy
D)
governmental policy studies
67
Answer: C
43. The military-industrial complex consists of __________.
A)
the military, defense contractors, and research institutes
B)
the military, Congress, and the executive branch
C)
defense contractors, lobbyists, and Congress
D)
the executive branch, Congress, and the judiciary
Answer: A
44. Diplomats __________.
A)
are career civil servants, not political appointees
B)
work in embassies and consulates abroad
C)
provide information that goes into making foreign policies but do not carry out
those policies
D)
are employed by the defense ministry or department
Answer: B
45. The backing of opposite sides in the Laotian civil war in 1960 by the CIA and the U.S. State
Department is an example of __________.
A)
interest groups
B)
the military-industrial complex
C)
interagency tension
D)
diversionary foreign policy
Answer: C
46. The military-industrial complex predicts that close relationships between __________ the
military, and __________ will encourage spending on weapons systems regardless of strategic or
military effectiveness.
A) the president, lobbyists
B) protesters, the media
C) defense contractors, Congress
D) the state department, intelligence agencies
Answer: C
68

47. With respect to the role of bureaucratic agencies in foreign policy making, __________.
A)
the various agencies of a state are generally in agreement on the foreign policies
to be pursued
B)
the various agencies of a state always take the same side on an issue (e.g., defense
ministries always favor military strength)
C)
bargaining among agencies suggests that a state does not have a single national
interest
D)
representatives of agencies promote only the interests of their own bureaucracy
Answer: C
48. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict concerns which of the following issues?
A) The right of the Israeli state to take part in U.N. peacekeeping missions
B) The right of a Palestinian state to exist
C) The right of Palestinians to access Israeli natural resources at discount rates
D) The right of the Israeli state to deconstruct settler housing
Answer: B
49. Which of the following is an obstacle to reaching peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?
A)
Unified leadership
B)
A lack of credible commitments
C)
The absence of small, extremist parties
D)
The high costs associated with peace
Answer: B
50. Journalists serve as __________ of information passing from foreign policy elites to the
public.
A)
proponents
B)
promoters
C)
filters
D)
audiences
Answer: C
69

51. Which of the following might explain the small size of the attentive public in the United
States?
A)
A lack of access to information
B)
American isolationism
C)
The American educational system
D)
A lack of a direct connection with foreign policy issues
Answer: D
Page Reference: 144
TRUE-FALSE
52. Uncertainty rarely plays a role in the rational model decision making process.
Answer: FALSE
53. The struggle between the Japanese Agriculture Ministry and the Japanese Foreign Ministry
over whether or not to allow the importation of sushi from California was an example of the
government bargaining model.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 128
54. Former U.S. Defense Secretary William Cohens statement: The unrelenting flow of
information, the need to digest it on a minute-by-minute basis, is quite different from
anything Ive experienced before. . . . Theres little time for contemplation; most of it is
action, is representative of prospect theory.
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 132
55. Information is often screened out as it passes from one person to another in the decisionmaking process.
Answer: TRUE
70

56. A great deal of the information that contributes to the making of foreign policy is provided by
diplomats.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 136
57. A number of agreements regarding its nuclear program have been made and adhered to by
North Korea.
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 143
58. The planning and pursuit of the Cold War played in integral role in the conception and
growth of American military-industrial complex.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 139
Skill Level: Level: Remember the Facts
59. The ability to access busy officials, pitch cogent rationales for ones case, and trade infusions
of cash in return for positive action on an issue are all key elements of successful lobbying.
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 138
60. Rally round the flag syndrome is exemplified by the sharp rise in public approval ratings
received by President Bush due to the commencing of war.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 144
61. The descriptive area of foreign policy involves an attempt to comprehend how specific
mechanisms of foreign policy formation function in various states.
71
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 147
FILL IN THE BLANK
61. In the __________ model of decision making, decisions result from routine administrative
procedures.
Answer: organizational process
Page Reference: 128
62. __________ is the subconscious effort to make the world match a logically consistent mental
model.
Answer: Cognitive dissonance
63. The study of individual decision-making revolves around the question of __________.
Answer: rationality
64. When two sides in a conflict maintain very similar enemy images of each other, this is known
as a __________.
Answer: mirror image
Page Reference: 131
65. Sometimes leaders purposely designate someone to play __________ in order to prevent
groupthink among decision makers.
Answer: devils advocate
72
66. When applying __________, the decision maker asks whether he or she can do better than a
given reference point, but the value placed on outcomes depends on how far from the reference
point they are.
Answer: prospect theory
Page Reference: 132
67. The __________ is the movement of people back and forth between top-level government
and industry jobs.
Answer: revolving door
Page Reference: 141
68. __________ is the public promotion of a governments policy or belief.
Answer: Propaganda
69. Because American legislatures hold the __________, they can stop a war in its tracks.
Answer: purse strings
70. Japan is an example of the rare democracy where __________ generally has a strong impact
on curtailing the military spending of the government.
Answer: public opinion
SHORT ANSWER
71. Why is it important to consider the individual when trying to analyze foreign policy decisionmaking?
72. Crises are considered a special category of foreign affairs. What are the particular factors that
make them so special?
73

73. What are the consequences of the fact that even foreign policy decision makers are often
under-uninformed?
74. Many diplomats in the United States are political appointees, frequently in exchange for
political and/or financial support. What is the upside of this practice and what is the downside,
compared to using career diplomats?
75. Why do you suppose that beyond the so-called attentive public, Americans tend to be
relatively uninformed about foreign policy issues?
ESSAY
76. Compare and contrast the three foreign policy decision-making models. How are they
similar? How are they different? What are the consequences of these differences and
similarities for policy decisions and outcomes? Which model do you think is most effective
and why?
1. Describe the rational, organizational, and government bargaining models.
2. Explain how key characteristics of each create differences among the three.
3. Investigate, alternately, the impacts of goals and cost-benefit analysis; standard
responses; and the bargaining process.
4. Assess the strengths and deficiencies of the three processes, offering suggestions for
which offers the most useful approach to policy.
5. Offer a compelling summary and conclusion.
77. What role might group psychology play in an analysis of foreign policy selection? Select an
historical event, and use elements of group psychology to explain how policies leading up to this
event were selected and implemented. How could this have been prevented?
74

1. Describe groupthink.
2. Explain how groupthink played out in an event like the Iran-Contra Affair.
3. Investigate how the structure of a decision-making process played out in this event
who was involved in the decision-making process and how was that process conducted.
Decision rules and control of the agenda might be addressed, as well.
4. Assess how such an event could have been prevented. Students should discuss a
concept like the kitchen cabinet in the prevention of such events.
78. Would you say the rally round the flag syndrome is a positive or a negative phenomenon
for U.S. foreign policy (or both)? Why? What historical example can you provide to solidify
your argument?
1. Describe rally round the flag syndrome.
2. Explain whether this syndrome is beneficial or detrimental for U.S. foreign policy (or
both).
3. Evaluate how important short-run popular support for a President is to the functioning
of a global crisis or war, and offer some examples, such as the Cuban Missile Crisis,
Operation Desert Storm, the Iran hostage crisis, etc.
79. In what ways might interest groups influence U.S. policy toward Cuba? What role has
lobbying played?
1. Define interest groups.
2. Explain what common interests interest groups might have around the issue of Cuba,
and how they attempt to influence U.S. foreign policy toward Cuba. The consideration of
pro- and anti-Castro groups might be considered, along with interest groups invested in
the expansion of the free-market in Cuba.
3. Discuss how lobbying might further the goals and interests of these groups.
4. Evaluate how effective such lobbying has been or might be in such a context.
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80. If you could design a structure and process for foreign policy decision-making, what would it
look like? What role would political culture play? What type of government would you prefer?
Justify your choice.
1. Define the foreign policy process.
2. Explain how foreign policy would be arrived at and implemented. The application of
comparative foreign policy might be applied to aid in this process of decision-making.
3. Discuss how understanding of a nations historical political experiences might influence
foreign policy.
4. Evaluate what types of governments (communist, military dictatorship, democracy, etc.)
best fit the students chosen foreign policy regime.
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CHAPTER 5
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. __________ war is a war over control of the entire world order, whereas __________ war is
warfare by one state waged to conquer and occupy another.
A) Total, limited
B) Limited, civil
C) Civil, hegemonic
D) Hegemonic, total
Answer: D
A-Head: The Wars of the World
2. Included in limited war are military actions carried out to gain __________ and occupation
of the enemy.
A) some objectives short of surrender
B) complete and unambiguous surrender
C) some influence
D) cultural dominance over
Answer: A
3. War between __________ within a state trying to create, or prevent, a new government for
the entire state or some part of it is civil war.
A) families
B) factions
C) militias
D) guerillas
Answer: B
4.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Warfare without __________ involving irregular forces is called guerilla war.

hegemonic intentions
lethal gasses
frontlines
armies
Answer: C
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5. Which of the following is characteristic of guerrilla war?
A) Civilians often expose the guerrillas to opposing forces.
B) Civilians are often punished along with guerrilla forces because the two cannot be
distinguished.
C) Guerrilla fighters directly confront the enemy army.
D) Guerilla fighters do not control any specific territory.
Answer: B
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The most crucial aspect of __________ is demobilizing and disarming militias.

postwar transition
representing factions
economic reconstruction
international organizations
Answer: A
Page Reference: 156
7. The purpose of __________ is to help the postwar society to heal and move forward by
bringing to light what really happened during the war by offering asylum from punishment to the
participants.
A) peacekeeping forces
B) the United Nations Security Council
C) the Human Rights Watch
D) truth commissions
Answer: D
Page Reference: 156
8. On the individual level of analysis, __________.
A) wars may be the result of rational decisions of national leaders
B) wars may be the result of government bureaucracies decisions
C) Marxists believe capitalism leads to violence
D) the expansionist and totalitarian nature of communist states made them prone to using
violence
Answer: A
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9. Which of the following have been found to be more prone to warfare than contemporary
society?
A) Interstate actors
B) Pre-agricultural hunter-gatherer societies
C) East-Asian societies
D) Domestic political leaders
Answer: B
10. Theories of the causes of war at the interstate level of analysis __________.
A) are not as contradictory as at the individual or domestic levels of analysis
B) provide an accurate basis for predicting future wars
C) predict that war occurs when power is relatively equally distributed and a rising power is
threatening to overtake a declining one
D) refute the position that todays military technology is too powerful to use in most conflicts
Answer: C
11. Democratic states are unlikely to go to war with each other. This statement constitutes an
example of a(n) __________ level of analysis of war.
A) domestic
B) rational
C) individual
D) interstate
Answer: A
12. __________ is characterized by the principle that people who identify as a nation should
have the right to create a state and pursue sovereignty over their affairs.
A) Ethnicity
B) Territorial expansion
C) Facism
D) Self-determination
Answer: D
Page Reference: 161
A-Head: Conflicts of Ideas
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13. In 20112013, in the __________ civil war, Kurdish regions obtained substantial autonomy.
A) Kurdish
B) Syrian
C) Israeli
D) East Timorese.
Answer: B
14. Nonviolent Sunni fundamentalists, called Salafists, prospered in the 2012 elections of what
nation?
A) Egypt
B) Algeria
C) Jordan
D) Nigeria
Answer: A
15. Which of the following is a tangible interest over which conflict might occur?
A) Control of national governments
B) Religious differences
C) Gender differences
D) Military culture
Answer: A
A-Head: Conflicts of Interests
16. Perhaps the most crucial source of conflict in the myriad wars currently taking place all over
the world is __________.
A) kinship
B) fascism
C) forestry resources
D) ethnic conflict
Answer: D
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17. According to the clash of civilizations thesis proposed by Samuel Huntington,

__________.
A) liberal democracies will prevail over other types of governance in the post-Cold War world
B) international conflicts in the coming years will take place between the worlds major cultural
groupings
C) there is nothing inherent in cultural differences that would cause conflict
D) global financial crises will be the most important source of international conflict in the postCold War world
Answer: B
18. How many members of the Islamic conference played host to conflicts with non-Muslims or
secular authorities?
A) 2
B) 20
C) 21
D) 22
Answer: C
19. Shiite Muslims live predominantly in __________.
A) Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Jordan.
B) southern Iraq, Kuwait, and Qatar.
C) United Arab Emirates, Syria, and Afghanistan.
D) Iran, southern Iraq, and southern Lebanon.
Answer: D
20. The dissolving of huge multinational states like Austria-Hungary is an example of the
influence of what powerfully disruptive force?
A) Nationalism
B) Internationalism
C) Socialism
D) Territorialism
Answer: A
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21. Examples of conflict resulting from states worrying about the fate of members of the same
ethnic group living as a minority in a neighboring state are __________.
A) Kurdistan-Turkey and Rwanda-Zaire
B) Albania-Serbia and Armenia-Azerbaijan
C) Poland-Czech Republic and Albania-Serbia
D) Argentina-Brazil and North Korea-South Korea
Answer: B
22. Ethnic groups __________.
A) share ancestral, language, cultural, or religious ties and a common identity
B) all want a state of their own
C) all have a state of their own
D) resist ethnocentrism to keep tensions low
Answer: A
23. Religious conflicts are difficult to resolve because __________.
A) people feel particularly vulnerable about religion
B) they involve infidels
C) there is something inherent in religion that creates conflict
D) religions deal with core values that are held as absolute truth
Answer: D
24. Which of the following statements about Islamist movements is false?
A) Not all Islamist groups are violent.
B) Islamists reject Western-oriented secular states in favor of governments more explicitly
oriented to Islamic values.
C) Sunni and Shiite Muslims cooperate and are unified under the Islamist movement.
D) Some Islamists aspire to create a single political state encompassing most of the Middle East.
Answer: C
25. How do the different types of Islamists compare with each other?
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A) Traditional Islamists are often apolitical, scholarly, and conservative Islamic clerics, whereas
progressive Islamists are devout Muslims who are rational and analytical, and reconcile
progressive Islam with modern science.
B) Revolutionary Islamists are puritanical, whereas radical Islamists are committed to
establishing an Islamic state based on Islamic law.
C) Conservative Islamists emphasize power politics and pursuing national interests, whereas
liberal Islamists emphasize cooperation and working through international organizations.
D) Globally, Shiites are in the majority, whereas Sunnis are in the minority.
Answer: A
26. Islam has played a role in many recent conflicts because it is __________.
A) inherently warlike
B) less peaceful than other religions
C) predominant in an area of the world where geographical and historical circumstances
encourage conflict
D) moving into traditionally secular areas
Answer: C
27. Ideology does which of the following?
A) It decreases conflicts between states more than it causes them.
B) It tends to increase in importance after a revolution, replaced by national interests.
C) It has a weaker hold on core values and absolute truth than religions do.
D) It causes conflict more frequently than any other factor.
Answer: C
28. __________ is a unique style of conflict over borders, which involves efforts by a province
or region to separate from an existing state.
A) Ethnic cleansing
B) Secession
C) Corruption
D) Irredentism
Answer: B
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29. A historical practice in which foreign economic policies and trade were manipulated to build
up a monetary surplus that could be used to finance war , __________ influences many states
foreign policies.
A) nationalism
B) economic growth
C) lateral pressure
D) mercantilism
Answer: D
30. The theory of __________ connects economic competition with security concerns.
A) economic linkage
B) economic liberalism
C) lateral pressure
D) globalization
Answer: C
31. Irredentism is the regaining of __________ lost to another state.
A) resources
B) political opposition
C) territory
D) sovereignty
Answer: C
32. Outer space is considered __________.
A) national territory
B) international territory
C) UN territory
D) open for conquest
Answer: B
Page Reference: 184
33. The value states place on home territory __________.
A) has declined with the development of technology and trade as bases of wealth
B) is equivalent to that of colonies
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C) is far beyond any economic or strategic value it holds

D) is low enough that states will often exchange territory for money or other considerations
Answer: C
34. With respect to international conflicts over the control of governments and territorial
disputes, which of the following is true?
A) They are less likely to lead to the use of violence than other types of conflicts of interest.
B) They are more likely to lead to the use of violence than other types of conflicts of interest.
C) They do not involve core issues of the status and integrity of states.
D) The interests of involved actors are often diametrically aligned.
Answer: B
35. Since World War II, an international norm has developed __________.
A) that prefers the redrawing of borders to the toppling of a states government
B) against attempting to alter borders by force
C) to support international intervention in secessionist conflicts
D) to allow irredentism even if violence is necessary
Answer: B
36. Interstate border disputes remain today in __________.
A) Kashmir, the Middle East, and Japan/China
B) the Golan Heights, Peru/Ecuador, and Hong Kong
C) Czechoslovakia, the West Bank, and the Crimean peninsula
D) the Gaza Strip, Kurdistan, and Yugoslavia
Answer: A
37. A states exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is recognized to extend how far from the coastline?
A) 3 miles
B) 10 miles
C) 12 miles
D) 200 miles
Answer: D
85

38. Control of the __________ Islands in the South China Sea is a source of conflict among
several countries.
A) Macau
B) Malvinas
C) Spratly
D) East Timor
Answer: C
39. Territorial waters traditionally are recognized to extend how far from a states coastline?
A) 3 miles
B) 10 miles
C) 12 miles
D) 100 miles
Answer: A
40. During the Cold War, the superpowers tried to affect the composition of the government in
__________ by supporting different sides in a civil war, whereas the Soviet Union actually
invaded __________ to change its government.
A) Cambodia, Nicaragua
B) Iraq, Afghanistan
C) Angola, Czechoslovakia
D) Grenada, Iran
Answer: C
41. The breakup of multinational states was peaceful in which instance?
A) Yugoslavia
B) Kurdistan
C) Georgia
D) Czechoslovakia
Answer: D
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42. An example of an action without United Nations approval was __________.
A) Canada conducting trade with Venezuela
B) North Korea shipping nuclear weapons technology to Vietnam
C) Syria invading Iraq
D) Kosovo declaring independence from Serbia
Answer: D
43. The U.S.-led war against Iraq in 1991 is an example of __________ war.
A) total
B) hegemonic
C) civil
D) limited
Answer: D
44. A current example of a lingering dispute is __________.
A) the Hungarian-Romanian dispute, heightened by Saami migration
B) the Soviet-American conflict, fueled by the proliferation of nuclear weapons
C) the Argentine-Chilean dispute, worsened by the expansion of Chilean oil exploration
D) the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, fueled by the building of Jewish settlements in the West Bank
Answer: D
45. Which of the following statements describes an argument in favor of the position that a new
Cold War will emerge between the United States and Russia?
A) The United States is committed to NATO expansion that Russia considers a direct threat to its
security.
B) Strong Russian democracy creates tensions with the United States.
C) Russia promotes good relations with U.S. allies and confronts U.S. enemies.
D) Europe is divided in its support of either the U.S. or Russia.
Answer: A
87
46. The __________ are an historical example of the control of small islands causing potentially
serious interstate territorial disputes.
A) Spratly Islands
B) Solomon Islands
C) Marshall Islands
D) Midway Islands
Answer: A
47. Poor peasants in Latin America who benefit substantially, in terms of income, from the drug
trade pose a challenge to the United States in its attempts to restrict __________.
A) lateral pressure
B) Latin American. military forces
C) great wealth and power
D) the trafficking of cocaine
Answer: D
48. Which of the following is a reason why the control of small islands causes serious interstate
territorial disputes?
A) They add to the overall size of a country.
B) They can provide strategic advantages to the state in control.
C) They may contain important oceanic resources.
D) They can provide forest rights to the state in control.
Answer: B
49. Which factor contributes to determining whether or not economic conflict leads to violence?
A) It is rarely an issue as most economic powers do not have strong military forces.
B) The use of violence would diminish the profit of economic transactions more than could be
gained by such violence.
C) Privateering has been outlawed by the World Court, which has eliminated most conflicts.
D) The naval strength of the states in conflict deters economic conflict.
Answer: B
88
50. Why is drug trafficking considered an international security issue when other types of
smuggling are not?
A) It is illegal trade across international borders.
B) It violates states legal control of their borders.
C) Military forces participate regularly in operations against heavily armed drug traffickers.
D) Conflicts involve states on one side and nonstate actors on the other.
Answer: C
TRUE-FALSE
51. A war over control of the rules of the international system as whole is a hegemonic war.
Answer: TRUE
52. A central player among Syrian rebels in their battle against the Assad regime is an Islamist
faction.
Answer: TRUE
53. Some IR scholars argue that because war and military force are not very impactful in todays
world, these means of influence are becoming obsolete.
Answer: TRUE
54. Backwardness is a useful explanation of genocide because genocide occurs primarily in
developing nations.
Answer: FALSE
55. A current example of ethnic conflict is the use of force by the Sri Lankan government against
Tibetans.
Answer: FALSE
89

56. The Rwandan genocide of Tutsis is an historical example of the concept of a crime against
humanity.
Answer: TRUE
57. The explosive split between Shiites and Sufis in Iraq played a key role in the regime of
Saddam Hussein.
Answer: FALSE
58. Serbians vehemently claim that Kosovo is under Serbian sovereignty, and yet most of the
citizens of Kosovo hope to secede and become an internationally recognized state.
Answer: TRUE
A-Head: Conflicts of Interest
59. Because positive gains from economic activities are more effective inducements than
negative threats of violence, economic conflicts lead to violence much less often.
Answer: TRUE
60. Conflicts over the control of entire states are relatively unlikely to lead to the use of force.
Answer: FALSE
FILL IN THE BLANK
61. __________ hear testimony to bring to light what really happened during civil wars in
exchange for offering participants asylum from punishment.
Answer: Truth commissions
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62. The idea of wars occurring according to predictable cycles refers to the __________ level of
analysis.
Answer: global
63. The U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 is an example of __________ war.
Answer: total
64. Most major armed Islamist groups belong to the _________ branch of Islam.
Answer: Sunni
65. The Rwandan genocide is treated by social psychology theories as _________a deviation
from both rationality and social norms.
Answer: pathological
66. The tendency to see ones own group in favorable terms and other groups in unfavorable
terms is __________.
Answer: ethnocentrism
67. When the so-called Hutu Hate Radio described the Tutsis as cockroaches in the weeks
leading up to the genocide in Rwanda, this can be characterized as a strategy of __________.
Answer: dehumanization
68. The more radical Islamist movements not only threaten some existing governments but also
undermine traditional norms of __________.
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Answer: state sovereignty

69. A form of nationalism that often leads directly to substantial interstate conflicts via its goal of
regaining territory lost to another state, is called _________.
Answer: irredentism
70. Of all the worlds regions, ___________ is one of the most peaceful.
Answer: Latin America
SHORT ANSWER
71. Identify and briefly describe the types of war discussed in the textbook. Provide a real-world
example of each. In doing so, discuss the ways in which these types of war can overlap.
72. Describe the role of nationalism before World War I through World War II. Why does the
concept play differently in different contexts?
73. Define nationalism and discuss its origins. What is its role in conflict in the world today? In
what ways, if any, does globalization changing nationalism?
74. Describe the characteristics of Islamist groups and movements. Why are these groups and
movements in conflict with the West?
92

75. Trade in illegal drugs promises to remain a serious issue into the near future. Discuss the
causes, consequences, and possible remedies to this situation. Why is it considered a problem
for international security?
ESSAY
76. We had to destroy the village to save it. Explain the origins of this quote. What does it
mean? Under what conditions is it most likely to occur? What can be done to avoid such a
situation? Give a concrete example to explain this phenomenon.
1. Provide an explanation for the quote at hand, paying attention to its nuances.
2. Explain the context for the quotethe Vietnam Warand what it means, focusing on
the difficulty guerilla warfare creates in distinguishing civilians from enemy combatants.
3. Describe what can be done to avoid such situations, allowing for the general decrease
in guerilla warfare globally.
4. Evaluate a particular example: Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan, in further explaining the
phenomenon.
77. Discuss the historical trends in the development of warfare. How are wars different today
than in the 19th and 20th centuries? What has changed? What has remained the same? What
predictions of the future regarding warfare can be made based on what has transpired to date?
In your lifetime, how do you think warfare will change?
1. Outline warfare in the 19th, and alternately, the 20th centuries.
2. Explain what has changed and what has remained constant, perhaps focusing on the
likelihood, or lack thereof, of conflict; the development of technology; evolving
international norms, etc.
3. Discuss how the future of warfare may be based not only on what has transpired to
date, but based on the logical evolution of, and obstacles to the continued development of
technology, international norms, etc.
4. Analyze how warfare will change during your own lifetime.
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78. The norms of noninterference in the internal affairs of states are stronger than the norms
against genocide. Do you agree or disagree? Why? Provide examples to support your answer.
1. Define noninterference and genocide.
2. Recall the implications of self-determination, sovereignty, intervention, social norms,
dehumanization, and other key concepts around the two issues.
3. Explain why you agree or disagree with the notion that norms of noninterference in
internal affairs of states are stronger than the norms against genocide.
4. Discuss how relevant examples, such as Rwanda, demonstrate the prescience of your
answer.
79. European textbooks were revised after World War II to reduce ethnic and national stereotypes
and to give a fairer portrayal of Europes various nations. What about the textbooks you used
to learn your countrys history? Did they give an accurate picture, or did they overstate the
virtues of your own ethnic group or nation at the expense of others? How?
1. Outline what the textbooks used were like in their portrayal of ethnic groups and
nations.
2. Compare and contrast the textbooks used to learn the countrys history and the
character provided of post-World War II European textbooks. If possible, students should
cite examples from each.
3. Explain how accurate or inaccurate your textbooks were in their portrayal of your own
ethnic group or nation.
4. Outline those textbooks did so
80. Compare and contrast conflicts of interest and conflicts of ideas as presented in the textbook.
Which of these types of conflict is more serious (i.e., difficult to prevent and likely to lead to
armed conflict)?
1. Outline the conflicts of interest and conflicts of ideas.
94
2. Explain how two areas of conflicts differ.

3. Investigate the effects of each area of conflict, assessing which is more and which is
less difficult to prevent. Particular examples may be implemented to aid in this
assessment.
4. Utilize key terms from the text to aid in analysis terms such as: nationalism, limited
war, Islamist, ethnic cleansing, ethnic conflict, etc.
A-Head: Conflicts of Ideas and Conflicts of Interest
95
CHAPTER 6
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Violence as a means of leverage __________.

is the most cost-effective means of leverage
is costly to the attacked, but not to the attacker
tends to be a last resort
typically is used before economic actions or foreign aid
Answer: C
Page Reference: 193
A-Head: Conventional Forces
2. Military forces are used by States to fight or threaten wars, for surveillance of drug
trafficking, for human assistance, and for __________.
A) creating policy
B) the surveillance of trafficking in automobiles
C) the repression of domestic political dissent
D) controlling domestic violence
Answer: C
Page Reference: 193
3. A general weakness in U.S. intelligence gathering activities exists in the area of __________
intelligence.
A) signal
B) electronic
C) human
D) satellite
Answer: C
4. The National Security Agency __________.
A) is a unit within the National Security Council
B) is primarily involved with encoding U.S. communications and breaking codes of foreign
communications
C) was created by President Roosevelt to oversee the State Department
D) is one of the smallest intelligence agencies
Answer: B
Page Reference: 201
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5.
A)
B)
C)
D)
__________ is provided by satellites.

Surveillance
Counterinsurgency
Attack capability
Early warning of asteroid incursions
Answer: A
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Piracy has become a problem in what region of the world?

The western Mediterranean near Gibraltar
South of the Cape of Good Hope near South Africa
The Straits of Antigua near Sierra Leone
South of the Suez Canal near Somalia
Answer: D
7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Three types of military capabilities are __________.

intelligence groups, conventional forces, and irregular forces
regular forces, chemical weapons, and counterinsurgency
tactical forces, strategic forces, and nuclear forces
conventional forces, irregular forces, and weapons of mass destruction
Answer: D
Page Reference: 193
8.
A)
B)
C)
D)
With respect to conventional forces, which of the following is true?

Infantry, armor, and blacksmiths are part of armies
Marines move to battle in ships but fight on land
In most armed forces, the minority of soldiers are involved in logistics
Electronics, especially radar, are relied on most by artillery
Answer: B
9. In what way have technological developments changed the nature of military force?
A) The resort to peace pacts now has more profound costs and consequences.
97
B) Military engagements now occur across greater distances.

C) Electronics now have a lesser role in command and control.
D) Allied computer networks are increasingly targeted by military forces and terrorists.
Answer: B
10. A current example of a naval blockade is the __________.
A) Mexican blockade of U.S. ports in Texas
B) Israeli blockade of Hamas-ruled Gaza ports
C) Spanish blockade of Gibraltarian ports
D) Turkish blockade of Qatari ports
Answer: B
Page Reference: 203
11. The following is true about counterinsurgency: __________.
A) it is a complex type of warfare because it has both a military strategy and political goals
B) it is less widespread than during the Cold War
C) the government need not conduct a public relations campaign to convince the population to
abandon the insurgency
D) the government must show its responsiveness to the educational industry in order to convince
the population to abandon the insurgency
Answer: B
Page Reference: 196
12. Which of the following statements regarding aircraft carriers is false?
A) They are instruments of power projection.
B) They are used as an instrument to imply a threat to use force.
C) They are extremely expensive.
D) Russia is the world leader in terms of operating aircraft carriers.
Answer: D
13. Which of the following statements regarding the use of technology in the military is true?
A) Electronic warfare refers to the uses of nuclear spectrum in war.
B) Naval technology uses special radar-absorbent materials and unusual shapes in the design of
aircraft, missiles, and ships to scatter enemy radar.
C) Cyberwar refers to disrupting enemy computer networks to degrade command and control.
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D) War has become more deadly over the years.

Answer: C
14. The use of terrorist groups by states to achieve political aims is __________.
A) counterterrorism
B) counterinsurgency
C) possible only in wartime
D) state-sponsored terrorism
Answer: D
A-Head: Terrorism
15. The main difference between war and classic terrorism is that __________.
A) the former has military targets, whereas the latter has civilian targets
B) the former has political goals, whereas the latter has military goals
C) the former utilizes nonuniformed forces, whereas the latter utilizes uniformed forces of the
state
D) the former seeks a psychological impact, whereas the latter seeks a territorial impact
Answer: A
A-Head: Terrorism
16. Which of the following statements regarding terrorism is true?
A) It refers to political peace acts that target civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.
B) It aims to embolden a civilian population in order to use its discontent as an advantage.
C) Terrorism is an irrational, random use of violence.
D) The primary effect of terrorism is psychological.
Answer: D
A-Head: Terrorism
17. Which of the following describes a recent cyberattack?
A) The U.S.-Israeli virus targeting North Koreas nuclear centrifuge
B) The U.S.-Israeli virus targeting Irans nuclear centrifuge
C) The Saudi virus targeting Turkish oil industry computers
D) The Iranian virus targeting Iraqi military industries
Answer: B
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A-Head: Terrorism
18. As of 2009, which of the following states was a nation that the United States accused of
supporting international terrorism?
A) Iceland
B) Liberia
C) Sudan
D) North Korea
Answer: C
A-Head: Terrorism
19. With respect to terrorism, which of the following is true?
A) Suicide bombings occur most frequently against autocracies rather than democracies.
B) Terrorists are more willing than states are to violate the norms of the international system.
C) Terrorist activities frequently achieve political ends.
D) Terrorism is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States, Europe, and South Asia.
Answer: B
A-Head: Terrorism
20. Which of the following is characteristic of terrorism?
A) Acts of terrorism kill hundreds of thousands of people every year.
B) The primary effect of terrorism is psychological.
C) Terrorists are acting to gain leverage against nonstate actors.
D) Terrorist acts are typically random acts with no clear goal in mind.
Answer: B
A-Head: Terrorism
21. The __________ missile is capable of navigating across thousands of miles, and is a small
winged missile.
A) biological
B) cruise
C) ballistic
D) tomahawk
Answer: B
A-Head: Weapons of Mass Destruction
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22. Causing skin blisters and lung damage, __________ was used broadly in artillery shells in
World War I.
A) mustard gas
B) chlorine
C) tear gas
D) sulfur
Answer: A
23. Mutually assured destruction (MAD) is based on which of the following?
A) Launch on warning
B) Launch on impact
C) First-strike capability
D) Second-strike capability
Answer: D
24. The nonproliferation treaty attempts to prevent the spread of __________.
A) missile technology
B) conventional weapons
C) nuclear weapons
D) biological weapons
Answer: C
25. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty calls for the end to testing of which type of weapon?
A) Nuclear
B) Chemical
C) Biological
D) Conventional
Answer: A
26. A short but very intensive wave of energy that destroys or disrupts electrical equipment as a
result of a nuclear explosion is __________.
A) an electromagnetic pulse
B) a thermal pulse
101
C) blast pressure
D) radioactive fallout
Answer: A
27. Weapons of mass destruction include __________.
A) nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons
B) nuclear, conventional, and biological weapons
C) chemical, ballistic, and biological weapons
D) biological, conventional, and chemical weapons
Answer: A
Page Reference: 209
28. The explosive power of fission weapons is measured in __________, whereas the explosive
power of fusion weapons is measured in __________.
A) kilotons, gigatons
B) megatons, gigatons
C) gigatons, millions
D) kilotons, megatons
Answer: D
29. Which of the following is fissionable material?
A) Deuterium-242
B) Hydrogen
C) Uranium-235
D) Chromium-225
Answer: C
30. Ballistic missiles __________.
A) were replaced by airplanes as the main strategic delivery vehicles
B) vary in range and throw weight, but have similar accuracy
C) have trajectories that typically rise out of the atmosphere and then descend
D) must be fired from fixed sites
E) are small winged missiles
102
Answer: C
31. With respect to chemical weapons, __________.
A) they must be inhaled to be fatal
B) they are impossible to defend against
C) they have been used only rarely
D) they never remain in the target area for long
Answer: C
32. Toxic substances that can create diseases and epidemics when launched against enemy troops
or populations are __________.
A) chemical weapons
B) biological weapons
C) neutron weapons
D) nuclear weapons
Answer: B
33. Because they are uncontrollable, which of the following weapons has virtually never been
used in war?
A) Chemical weapons
B) Biological weapons
C) Neutron weapons
D) Conventional weapons
Answer: B
34. The agency charged with inspecting the nuclear power industry in member states to prevent
secret military diversions of nuclear materials is the __________.
A) International Atomic Energy Agency
B) Non-Proliferation Inspection Agency
C) Civilian-Military Nuclear Power Agency
D) World Nuclear Energy Agency
Answer: A
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35. The U.S. withdrew from which arms control treaty in 2002?
A) Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty
B) Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
C) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I
D) Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II
Answer: B
36. The major difficulty in building a fission weapon is that __________.
A) the weapon is too technologically complex for most states to build
B) large amounts of fissionable material are required
C) fissionable material is difficult to acquire
D) fission occurs at only extreme temperatures
Answer: C
37. Fission weapons are also known as __________, and fusion weapons are also known as
__________.
A) thermonuclear bombs, atomic bombs
B) hydrogen bombs, thermonuclear bombs
C) atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs.
D) H-bombs, A-bombs
Answer: C
38. A recent arms control agreement, which included strict verification measures and the
possibility of sanctions against nonsignatories, was completed for what type of weapons?
A) Chemical
B) Biological
C) Nuclear
D) Conventional
Answer: A
104
39. In 2012 Israels new Iron Dome system shot down short-range missiles from Gaza. This
type of action is an example of __________ beginning to enter the strategic calculus.
A) defense against missiles
B) chemical warfare
C) first-strike capability
D) conventional weapons
Answer: A
40. An example of a state that either acknowledges having nuclear weapons or that has exploded
a nuclear weapon?
A) India
B) Japan
C) Austria
D) Turkmenistan
Answer: A
41. __________ tested nuclear weapons in 1998. This is an example of a regional increase of
tensions.
A) Argentina and Brazil
B) India and Pakistan
C) South Africa and Egypt
D) Israel and Syria
Answer: B
42. North Korea, in 2012, succeeded in testing a long-range missile with a transcontinental reach.
This is an example of the failure of __________.
A) the Chemical Weapons Convention
B) the Missile Technology Control Regime
C) weapons proliferation
D) the Biological Weapons Convention
Answer: B
Page Reference: 214
43. Which of the following is true about weapons of mass destruction?
105
A) They include nuclear, chemical, and theoretical weapons.

B) They are distinguished from conventional weapons by their relative abundance of
discrimination in whom they kill.
C) They prove to be more lethal than conventional weapons despite their smaller size.
D) They are primarily intended to deter explosions.
Answer: C
44. How do strategic weapons compare to tactical weapons?
A) Strategic weapons are short-range weapons, whereas tactical weapons are long-range
weapons.
B) Strategic weapons are long-range weapons, whereas tactical weapons are short-range
weapons.
C) Strategic weapons are integrated into air, sea, and land forces using delivery systems such as
artillery shells and land mines, whereas tactical weapons are carried mainly on missiles.
D) Theft or accidents are a concern regarding strategic weapons, but not tactical weapons.
Answer: B
45. Tactical nuclear weapons __________.
A) are not integrated into conventional forces because of concerns about theft or accident
B) were phased out by the United States and Russia when the Cold War ended
C) remain in the former Soviet republics of Ukraine and Kazakhstan
D) were once carried on long-range bombers
Answer: B
46. Government leaders may decide against acquiring nuclear weapons for the following reason:
__________.
A) scientific knowledge about their construction
B) norms against using conventional weapons
C) fear of retaliation
D) theoretical constraints
Answer: C
47. When it comes to nonproliferation treaties, the United States __________.
106
A)
B)
C)
D)
has always led by example

has often unilaterally initiated arms reductions
has typically claimed exemption
has a mixed record
Answer: D
48. How does a first strike compare to a second strike?
A) A first strike is the basis of mutually assured destruction, whereas a second strike is the basis
of nuclear utilization theory.
B) A first strike is an attack intended to destroy a states nuclear weapons before they can be
used, whereas a second strike means that a state can retaliate even after sustaining a nuclear
attack.
C) A first strike entails launching a conventional attack before using nuclear weapons, whereas a
second strike uses nuclear weapons first.
D) A first strike is an attack against civilian targets, whereas a second strike is an attack against
military targets.
Answer: B
49. CIA covert operations in the 1950s overthrew governments unfriendly to the United States in
__________.
A) Cuba and Vietnam
B) Iran and Guatemala
C) Korea and South Africa
D) Romania and Iraq
Answer: B
A-Head: States and Militaries
50. A new concern of activists about the sale of weapons is __________.
A) sales of fusion weapons to Middle Eastern countries
B) sales of ballistic missiles to South America
C) U.S. sales of biological and chemical weapons to Israel
D) sales of small arms, especially assault rifles, to unstable conflict zones
Answer: D
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TRUE-FALSE
51. With respect to conventional forces, electronics, especially radar, are relied on most by
artillery.
Answer: FALSE
52. The most fundamental and traditional purpose of conventional forces is to take, hold, or
defend territory.
Answer: TRUE
53. State attempts to achieve political aims through the use of terrorist groups are called
counterterrorism.
Answer: FALSE
A-Head: Terrorism
54. Those cases of terrorism in which a nonstate actor utilizes violence against civilians by secret
nonuniformed forces, operating across international borders, as a leverage against state actors are
considered classic cases of terrorism
Answer: TRUE
A-Head: Terrorism
55. Fusion weapons have more explosive power but are more difficult to design and build than
atomic weapons.
Answer: TRUE
56. Agents that disrupt the functions of the human body, killing or paralyzing enemy troops or
populations are chemical weapons.
108
Answer: FALSE
57. Shock pulse is an effect of a nuclear explosion.
Answer: FALSE
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts.
58. A recent historical example of chemical weapons being used deliberately against civilians is
that of the Iraqi governments attack against Iraqi Sufis in the 1980s.
Answer: FALSE
59. Were a nation a participant in the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and it were to keep nuclear
facilities secret it would be in violation of the NPT.
Answer: TRUE
60. The choices about military capabilities that leaders have to make include how much to spend
on military capabilities.
Answer: TRUE
FILL IN THE BLANK
61. __________ is a navigation satellite network.
Answer: GPS, Global positioning system
Page Reference: 201
62. __________ uses special radar-absorbent materials and unusual shapes in the design of
aircraft, missiles, and ships to scatter enemy radar.
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Answer: Stealth technology

Page Reference: 203
63. Weapons with a trajectory rising out of the atmosphere are known as __________.
Answer: ballistic missiles
Page Reference: 211
64. __________ are toxic substances that create diseases.
Answer: Biological weapons
65. Electromagnetic pulse is the wave of energy from a _______ explosion.
Answer: nuclear
Page Reference: 211
66. Chemical weapons are agents that disrupt the functions of the human body, killing or
__________ enemy troops or populations.
Answer: paralyzing
67. With respect to __________, they have been used only rarely.
Answer: chemical weapons
68. __________ tested nuclear weapons in 1998, leading to an increase in tension in their region.
Answer: India and Pakistan
Page Reference: 222
69. ___________ might include Pakistan searching for a credible nuclear deterrent to an invasion
by India.
110
Answer: Nuclear strategy

70. ___________ literally means blow against the state.
Answer: Coup dtat
SHORT ANSWER
71. How have technological advances influenced the use of force? You might consider
descriptions of how technology is likely to affect one of the following: conventional
weapons, weapons of mass destruction, military costs and configurations, and future combat.
72. Imagine you are an adviser to the president of the United States. Given what you know about
terrorism and counterterrorism, briefly describe what strategy you would advise in the global
war on terror.
A-Head: Terrorism
73. What purpose(s) do three types of weapons of mass destruction serve? Who is most likely to
deploy which type?
74. Briefly, where do you stand on this so-called guns vs. butter debate, in which critics of
military spending often argue that this money takes away from a governments other critical
responsibilities, such as spending on education?
75. To what extent has a peace dividend, which is the expected economic benefit of a decrease
in defense spending, become a reality in the post-Cold War world? Why? Why not?
111

ESSAY
76. Among the more vexing problems of state policy-making is the fact that the different
branches of the military disagree often with each other over priorities and policy preferences.
Since the military exists largely to provide security for the citizens of a state, how can it be
that they could end up competing for scarce resources?
1. Outline the priorities and policy preferences of the different branches of militaries.
2. Explain the concept of scarce resources.
3. Discuss the role of security for civilians.
4. Analyze how the priorities and policy preferences of the different branches aid in
deciding where scarce resources should be applied.
Page Reference: 193-204 and 222-226
A-Head: Conventional Forces, States and Militaries
77. Terrorism is an often-discussed and not-very-well-understood issue in international relations.
Analyze what we know about terrorism and the role of state and nonstate actors in either
promoting or preventing its use. What do you think the most effective means of combating
terrorism might be? Why? Provide a specific current example to illustrate your argument.
1. Describe what the average aware citizen knows about terrorism, and how prevention or
promotion of it is carried out by state and nonstate actors.
2. Explain how terrorism might be best combated, focusing on economic development,
policing activities, and organized military conflict.
3. Investigate why particular efforts at combating terrorism might best effect prevention
of terrorism.
4. Assess a current example perhaps via Afghanistan, Yemen, Iraq, Israel, the horn of
Africa, etc.
A-Head: Terrorism
112
78. Describe one international agreement that is in place and designed to control the production
and use of weapons of mass destruction. What incentives motivate compliance? What
incentives motivate defiance? Who is most likely to violate which agreement?
1. Describe the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, Non-Proliferation Treaty, the
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, etc.
2. Explain how economics/trade, diplomacy, and military incentives may motivate
compliance.
3. Evaluate the incentives that motivate defiance, including civilian perception of
government, the challenging or balancing of power, hegemonic drive, etc.
4. Assesses who is most likely to violate which agreement, using historical precedence to
aid estimation of this perhaps Iran, India, Pakistan, Russia, the U.S.
79. Nuclear deterrence is often presented as a Prisoners Dilemma game. Why? Describe the
logic of nuclear deterrence and demonstrate how it can be analyzed as a PD game on the
basis of a real-world example.
1. Outline nuclear deterrence and the Prisoners Dilemma game.
2. Assess how nuclear deterrence might be presented as the Prisoners Dilemma game,
perhaps focusing on the Cold Wars opposing alliances of NATO and the Warsaw Pact,
where each side had the choice to arm or disarm.
3. Explain how the consequences of the following three options demonstrate the
complexities of nuclear deterrence as PD game: disarming while ones opponent
continues to arm, both sides deciding to arm, or both sides disarming.
4. Utilize real world examples to illuminate explanation and assessment.
5. Conclude with a concise and effective conclusion.
80. You have just been appointed the equivalent of the secretary of defense for (1) a great power,
(2) a middle power, or (3) a weak power (select one, and specify which one). Write a
memorandum in which you design a military organization suitable to your states goals
(briefly specify what those are). Explain why you have selected this particular configuration.
1. Outline the relevant characteristics of each power-size option.
2. Assess how to design a military organization best suited to the chosen states goals,
113
considering goals as related to such issues as economic and military power, regional
politics, balancing of power, diplomatic relations, civil-military relations, etc.
3. Explain why the particular configuration was chosen, using the above goals to assist in
doing so.
4. Conclude with a concise and effective conclusion
Page Reference: 193-204 and 222-226
A-Head: Conventional Forces, States and Militaries
Skill Level: Analyze It and Apply What You Know
114
CHAPTER 7
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
A)
B)
C)
D)
NGOs include organizations such as __________.

Greenpeace and the International Olympic Committee
Amnesty International and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
the International Red Cross and the European Union
the International Political Science Association and the United Nations
Answer: A
A-Head: Roles of International Organizations
2. National leaders can expect certain behaviors from their international counterparts. These
behaviors are known as __________.
A) international covenants
B) international norms
C) international standards
D) global expectations
Answer: B
Page Reference: 233
3. The IGOs that have been more successful are ones that are __________ in scope with a
_________ purpose.
A) regional, general
B) regional, specific
C) continental, general
D) global, specific
Answer: B
4.
A)
B)
C)
D)
A current example of a regional IGO is the __________.

Central Asian Union
Association of South East Asian Nations
Northern Hemisphere Common Market
United Nations
Answer: B
115

5. International norms __________.
A) can be effective because they become irregular over time
B) are most effective when different states or regions hold different expectations of what is
normal
C) are frequently ineffective
D) are sometimes institutionalized through organizations in which states participate to manage
specific issues
Answer: D
6. Which of the following can explain why regional and specific IGOs have been the most
successful in international relations compared to other types of IGOs?
A) Power is less concentrated.
B) States are likely less invested in the IGO.
C) Interests are likely to overlap more.
D) There are fewer problems to deal with.
Answer: C
7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The UN Standby High Readiness Brigade __________.

is controlled by the General Assembly
is headquartered in Denmark
is available for deployment to conflict areas in two to three months
has not yet been used in an area of conflict
Answer: B
Page Reference: 249
A-Head: The United Nations
8.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The UNs peacekeeping forces are __________.

a standing army ready to be deployed at a moments notice
assembled by the secretary-general each time a mission is deemed necessary
able to serve in a country even if the government does not want them there
funded out of the general UN budget
Answer: B
116
9.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following is a permanent member of the UN Security Council?

Colombia
Russia
Japan
Wales
Answer: B
10. The UN peacekeeping mission in __________ took over actual control of the government
after a long civil war until elections could be held to choose a new government.
A) Cambodia
B) Bosnia
C) Rwanda
D) Haiti
Answer: A
Page Reference: 245-249 (Table 7.2)
11. As of 2011, which region of the world has hosted the most UN Peacekeeping Missions?
A) South Asia
B) Latin America
C) Middle East
D) Africa
Answer: D
Page Reference: 245-249, (Table 7.2)
12. All UN members are represented in which institution?
A) Security Council
B) Economic and Social Council
C) Secretarys Assembly
D) General Assembly
Answer: D
13. What has the United Nations done to provide longer-term support to countries after
peacekeeping missions end?
A) Asked NATO or African Union troops to replace UN peacekeepers
B) Installed the UN Standby High Readiness Brigade to maintain order and stability
117
C) Worked with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to provide funding to the
countries
D) Created a Peacebuilding Commission to coordinate reconstruction, institution-building, and
economic recovery
Answer: D
14. According to the UN Charter, states __________.
A) are not inherently equal under international law
B) have full sovereignty over their own affairs
C) may have full independence and territorial integrity
D) should take disputes to the International Court of Justice
Answer: B
Page Reference: 237
15. How frequently has the veto by Security Council members been used since 1991?
A) Once every two years
B) Once a year
C) Once a month
D) Six times a year
Answer: B
16. What can the permanent members of the UN Security Council do that nonpermanent
members cannot?
A) Abstain on resolutions
B) Veto resolutions
C) Request a meeting of the Security Council
D) Ignore the content of a resolution
Answer: B
17. What is one way in which the power of the UN Security Council is limited?
A) Its decisions depend entirely on the interests of its member states.
B) The UN General Assembly can override its decisions.
C) Member states adhere to Security Council resolutions.
D) Eight of the ten nonpermanent members can override a permanent members veto.
118
Answer: A
18. Which of the following is a purpose of the UN Secretariat?
A) To administer UN policy and programs.
B) To serve as theoretical experts and military advisers on various programs and projects.
C) To represent their respective member states at the UN.
D) To develop national civil servants whose loyalties are at the state level.
Answer: A
19. Which of the following is a function of the UN General Assembly?
A) Controlling embassies
B) Passing binding resolutions
C) Electing members of certain UN agencies
D) Coordinating NATO programs and agencies
Answer: C
20. Autonomous agencies affiliated with the UN, but not under its control, include the
__________.
A) World Health Organization and the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
B) World Intellectual Property Organization and the Office of the UN High Commissioner for
Refugees
C) World Meteorological Association and the UN Childrens Fund
D) International Civil Aviation Organization and the UN Environment Program
Answer: A
21. When many colonies in Africa and Asia gained independence in the 1950s and 1960s and
joined the United Nations, what was the impact on voting?
A) The large numbers of new members meant that the United States found itself in the minority
on many issues in the General Assembly.
B) Voting in the General Assembly shifted to one state, one vote, regardless of size.
C) The Soviet Union used its veto in the Security Council more often to counterbalance the new
members.
D) The Peoples Republic of China took control of the Chinese vote in the UN.
119
Answer: A
22. The UN Security Councils decisions depend entirely on the interests of its member states,
and although Security Council resolutions in theory bind all UN members, member states in
practice often try to evade or soften their effect. These characteristics of the Council are both
examples of its __________.
A) plenary sessions
B) expansive influence
C) disregard for nations sovereignty
D) limited power
Answer: D
23. With respect to UN peacekeeping, __________.
A) soldiers are typically armed with artillery and tanks
B) soldiers are typically sent to a country only when a cease-fire has been arranged
C) soldiers are under the joint command of generals from each of the countries represented on
the peacekeeping force
D) member states have accepted a proposal to upgrade forces to take on a peacemaking role
Answer: B
24. UN involvement in the Darfur region of Sudan and the Democratic Congo in 2012 were the
UNs two biggest __________ that year.
A) plenary sessions
B) peace tribunals
C) rebel movements
D) peacekeeping missions
Answer: D
Page Reference: 245249, (Table 7.2)
25. In 2011 a no-fly zone was authorized in Libya. This type of action can be considered an
example of which principle?
A) The reciprocity principle
B) Collective security
C) Peace enforcement
120
D) Executive Board power

Answer: B
26. In 1971, in place of the nationalists in Taiwan, the delegation of the Peoples Republic of
China was given Chinas seat in the UN. This is an example of the UN General Assemblys
power to __________.
A) administer Security Council policy and programs
B) provide council on economic and social issues
C) accredit national delegations as members of UN tribunals
D) accredit national delegations as members of the UN
Answer: D
27. What is the impact of state sovereignty on the United Nations?
A) It creates a need for the UN because it provides services that no single state would.
B) It allows the UN to use armed force for humanitarian purposes.
C) It enhances the power of the UN because states rely on it.
D) It creates an opportunity for the UN to use the dominance principle when dealing with states.
Answer: A
Page Reference: 236
28. The functions of the United Nations include which of the following?
A) Providing a forum in which tribes can settle disputes without the use of force
B) Promoting oceanic and forestry development in the global South
C) Coordinating information and planning by international agencies and programs
D) Coercing states into abiding by international law
Answer: C
29. With respect to changes in the structure of the UN Security Council, __________.
A) Japan and Australia would like to be permanent members because they contribute a great deal
of money to the UN and have a stake in a stable security climate.
B) Brazil developed a plan that would give permanent seats with veto power to at least six
additional countries.
C) Any expansion of permanent seats might include India, with 20 percent of the worlds
population and a predominantly Islamic country.
121
D) Britain and Turkey would be reluctant to give up their individual seats for one European
seat.
Answer: C
30. Peace operations of the United Nations include which of the following?
A) War regulation
B) The use of force to protect shipping
C) The supervision of elections
D) Intervening in ethnic conflicts to create a ceasefire
Answer: C
31. International law depends on __________, collective action, and international norms for
enforcement?
A) reciprocity
B) organizations
C) diplomatic accreditation
D) courts
Answer: A
A-Head: International Law
32. Reprisals are actions that would have been __________ under international law, but which
may be __________ if taken in response to the __________ actions of another state.
A) illegal, illegal, illegal
B) legal, illegal, illegal
C) illegal, legal, illegal
D) legal, legal, illegal
Answer: C
33. In 2010, Kosovo unilaterally made a __________ of its independence from Serbia, which
was upheld by the World Court.
A)
resolution
B)
simulation
C)
declaration
D)
statement
122
Answer: C
34. Only states can be parties to cases before the __________.
A) World Court
B) Ad hoc committee
C) Just war tribunal
D) Secretariat
Answer: A
35. International custom is __________.
A) limited in its overall import on the international stage
B) often a failure in peacekeeping
C) a source of international law
D) analogous to international constitutions
Answer: C
Refer Page Reference: 254-256
36. Why is the United States a favorite jurisdiction within which to bring cases?
A) It is considered the most just system in the world.
B) It is the most effective system in the world.
C) It tends to award the largest settlements.
D) It insists on having cases brought in the United States.
Answer: B
37. Which of the following is an advantage to having international cases heard in a national
court?
A)
Judgments are sometimes enforceable.
B)
Private individuals and companies can pursue legal complaints through national
courts.
C)
There is a lack of choice as regards in which state the case can be heard.
D)
The authority of national courts can extend beyond the states borders.
Answer: B
123

38. If the U.S. were to ask Great Britain to arrest a suspect on British territory and hand him or
her over for trial, this is known as __________.
A)
jurisdiction
B)
arbitration
C)
extradition
D)
extraterritorial seizure
Answer: C
39. Most states voluntarily observe international law most of the time because __________.
A) compliance with international law requires no sacrifice of a states self-interest or autonomy
B) states interests are served by the maintenance of an orderly and predictable international
environment
C) the great powers enforce international law
D) international law simultaneously protects the weak against the strong and provides the rich
with legally sanctioned procedures for exploiting the poor
Answer: B
40. What is the great weakness of the World Court?
A) It only has 15 judges to hear all the cases that come before it.
B) It cannot force states to abide by its decisions.
C) Parties to a case may not have one of their nationals as a judge.
D) The Court cannot hear a case if one side is not participating.
Answer: B
41. The just war doctrine __________.
A)
allows the repelling of an attack and punishment of the aggressor
B)
is based on nonviolence
C)
allows only the victim of aggression to respond
D)
applies only to actual aggression (tanks swarming across the border) but not to
threatened aggression (tanks massing at the border)
Answer: A
A-Head: Law and Sovereignty
124
42. Which of the following is the principle that diplomats are beyond the jurisdiction of the host
countrys national courts?
A)
Diplomatic recognition
B)
Diplomatic immunity
C)
Diplomatic accreditation
D)
Diplomatic freedom
Answer: B
Page Reference: 262
43. Which of the following undermines the laws of warfare?
A)
The increase in the issuance of declarations of war by participants
B)
The just-war doctrine
C)
The convening of war crimes tribunals
D)
The increase in nonconventional warfare
Answer: D
44. A just war can __________.
A)
be waged to change another states government, if it is violating human rights
B)
be waged for ethnic or religious reasons
C)
be waged only in response to aggression
D)
involve the use of nuclear weapons
Answer: C
45. Twice in 1997 diplomats from Georgia and Zaire, respectively, were prosecuted by the U.S.
and France, when those diplomats killed children by driving recklessly. These are examples
exceptions to __________.
A)
diplomatic immunity
B)
national representation
C)
accreditation
D)
bureaucratic freedom
Answer: A
Page Reference: 261
125
46. According to the laws of war, __________?

A)
effort needs to be made to expand warfare to the combatants and to expose civilians
when possible
B)
leaders of government may not be killed, mistreated, or forced to disclose information
beyond their name, rank, and serial number
C)
armed forces must respect the neutrality of the Red Cross in its support of civilians
and POWs during war
D)
states are allowed to use overwhelming force, if it ends the conflicts early and
prevents further casualties
Answer: C
47. Created during the Nuremburg trials after World War II, __________ were conceived as
inhumane acts and persecutions against civilians on a vast scale in the pursuit of unjust ends.
A)
crimes against liberty
B)
civil rights violations
C)
crimes against humanity
D)
militia-led violations
Answer: C
A-Head: Human Rights
48. The principle of free passage on the open seas was established __________.
A)
to make long-distance trade less dangerous and more profitable
B)
to benefit all states in the international system
C)
in the 19th century
D)
by the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Answer: A
Page Reference: 276
49. Despite tens of thousands of civilians being killed by their government, in 2011-2013, the
Syrian people were not defended. Had they been, as Libyans were in 2011, this would have been
an example of which principle?
A)
The responsibility to protect
B)
Immunity
C)
Amnesty
D)
Negative rights
Answer: A
126

50. How is the idea of universal human rights distinguished from relativism?
A)
Universal human rights have their roots in non-Western societies, whereas relativism
argues human rights are Western in origin.
B)
Universal human rights are civil-political rights, whereas relativism focuses on
economic-social rights.
C)
Universal human rights are the same for all people regardless of nationality or
ethnicity, whereas relativism emphasizes due respect for local traditions and histories.
D)
Universal human rights are based on religion, whereas relativism bases human rights
on political and legal philosophy.
Answer: C
TRUE-FALSE
51. The argument that it was natural for autonomous individuals (or states) to cooperate for
mutual benefit was put forward by philosophers such as Kant.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 233
52. The European Union is a global IGO.
Answer: FALSE
53. Permanent observer missions are sometimes sent by some political entities that fall short of
state status.
Answer: TRUE
54. UN secretaries-general often come from the great powers.
Answer: FALSE
127
55. A recent example of collective security, under Chapter 7 of the UN Charter, was the 2011
authorization of a no-fly zone in Libya.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 239
56. An early example of the granting of authority for peacekeeping forces was the Suez crisis in
1956.
Answer: TRUE
57. Recognized by the World Court as subsidiary to the others, one source of international law is
historical scholarship.
Answer: FALSE
58. Diplomats, once accredited, enjoy special rights and protections in host countries.
Answer: TRUE
59. Under the law of war, soldiers have the right to surrender, abandoning their role as
combatants and becoming prisoners of war.
Answer: TRUE
60. The three sources from which the concept of human rights arises are religion, political and
legal philosophy, and evolution.
Answer: FALSE
FILL IN THE BLANK
128
61. The invasion of Kuwait by Iraq went against international __________ and was illegal.
Answer: norms
62. Peacekeeping soldiers are commonly known as __________.
Answer: blue helmets
63. An autonomous agency and leading advocate in the global battle against AIDS is the
__________.
Answer: WHO (World Health Organization)
64. The __________ of its membership is a major strength of the UN structure.
Answer: universality
65. The General Assembly comes together every few years for __________ sessions on general
topics.
Answer: special
66. The __________ enjoys the status of home country territoriality.
Answer: diplomatic pouch
67. The ABM __________ is one from which the U.S withdrew legally in 2001.
Answer: treaty
129
68. In a recent example of a __________ case, Uruguay won in a dispute between that nation and
Argentina.
Answer: World Court
Page Reference: 258-259 (Figure 7.4)
69. Banning dehumanizing, degrading, and inhumane treatment of individuals even in times of
war, the __________ was instituted in 1987.
Answer: CAT (Convention against Torture)
70. Within a nations embassy a host countrys laws may not be enforced without the
__________ of the embassys country.
Answer: consent
SHORT ANSWER
71. How does the UN embody a tension between supranational authority and sovereignty? How
does the UN manage to do its job while deferring to the sovereignty of nations, particularly
great powers?
72. Describe why international law is difficult to enforce, and how it is enforced. Provide an
example.
73. Compare and contrast the value and use of the World Court and national courts in
international dispute resolution. What types of cases should always be heard at the World
Court, and what types of cases should never be heard there?
130

74. Explain how there can be a concept such as a just war. How does this relate to terrorism in
the 21st century?
75. Why are international norms concerning human rights becoming stronger and more widely
accepted? Why is human rights law problematic as regards state sovereignty?
ESSAY
76. Explain why the United Nations and the United States share a unique relationship. In your
answer, be sure to discuss what has shaped this relationship over time and how that
relationship has changed since its inception.
Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should:
1. Identify the tension in the relationship shared by the United Nations and the
U.S.
2. Explain why the relationship has the character it does, illuminating the historical
evolution of the relationship.
3. Discuss aspects key to the evolving relationship, including the U.S. resistance to the
League of Nations, the headquartering of the UN in New York, the U.N. as a balancing
agent against the power of the U.S., and the isolationism of the United States
77. International law is often criticized as ineffective because of the difficulty associated with
enforcement. What is the issue surrounding enforcement? Explain why states often decide to
comply with international law. In your discussion, examine the various sources of
international law.
1. Outline the role of enforcement in international law.
2. Explain why enforcement of the UNs mandatory directives can be so difficult,
allowing for the impact of such directives on powerful and less powerful states.
3. Discuss why states often comply with international law, considering reciprocity,
collective action and international norms.
131
4. Recall the many sources of international law: treaties, custom, general principles of
law, and legal scholarship.5. Offer a concise summary and effective conclusion.
78. The United Nations serves as an important international governmental organization. Compare
and contrast its strengths and weaknesses, using examples to support your claims. If the UN
did not exist, would there be a need to create one? Why or why not?
1. Outline the role of the UN in the international system, paying close attention to
international security affairs.
2. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of the UN, illuminating such points as
impressive world-level maintenance, and failure in the face of state sovereignty.
Examples may include, but need not be limited to: Cold War-era instances, Central
America in the 80s, U.S involvement in Iraq, and the wars in the former Yugoslavia.
3. Discuss the necessity, or lack thereof, for a UN.
4. Analyze why there is or isnt a need for an institution like the UN, utilizing information
and examples above to aid in doing so.
79. Examine the connection between international law, diplomacy, and world order. What are the
costs and benefits associated with compliance with international law? Why is it important to
have rules, such as those related to diplomatic relations and diplomatic immunity, among
others?
1. Provide an outline of international law, diplomacy and world order.
2. Explain the costs and benefits of compliance with international law with an emphasis
on the roles of economics, diplomacy, and national politics.
3. Describe the import of the relevant rules. For example, the war on terrorism has
expanded international legal and law enforcement cooperation.
4. Evaluate the consequences if such rules did not exist.
A-Head: International Law, and Law and Sovereignty
80. Discuss the issue of human rights laws at the international level. How, and why, has human
rights law developed? What types of rights would you add to this legal body in the 21st
century, and why?
132

1. Define human rights law.
2. Explain the intersection of human rights law and the international system.
3. Analyze how and why human rights law developed, taking into consideration the
complications sovereignty creates for enforcement, insofar as human rights law is
problematic via the way in which it entails interference by one state in anothers
internal affairs.
4. Discuss what types of rights and/or protections might be added to human rights law in
the 21st century, taking into account recent history and historical precedence as regard,
for example, enemy combatants and the complicated distinction between civilian
and combatant brought about by contemporary conflicts. Private military forces
may also be taken into consideration, given their expanding role in contemporary
military actions. Further, as food and water scarcity become more widespread
human rights issues around those problems will certainly become more prominent
in the 21st century.
133
CHAPTER 8
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Proponents believed a positive balance of trade was essential to a state because it was a
significant source of __________.
A) diplomacy
B) power
C) democracy
D) capitalism
Answer: B
A-Head: Theories of Trade
2.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Applying quotas on imports is a policy that would be followed by a __________.

bureaucracy
conspirator
free-market capitalist
protectionist state
Answer: D
3.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The balance of trade is the value of a states imports relative to its __________.
budget balance
trade status
exchange rate
exports
Answer: D
Page Reference: 286
Skill Level: Remember the facts
4. When states specialize in producing the goods that they produce best and trading for goods
that other states are better at producing, they are operating according to __________.
A) the comparative advantage
B) the absolute advantage
C) transaction costs
D) patterns of trade
Answer: A
134

5. A state that avoids trading altogether and instead tries to __________ everything it needs by
itself is following a strategy of autarky.
A) steal
B) borrow
C) produce
D) distribute
Answer: C
Page Reference: 291
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Autarkic states tend to exhibit what type of growth?

Average
High
Low
Cyclical
Answer: C
Page Reference: 291
7. Predatory practices are efforts to __________ capture a large share of world markets, or even
a near-monopoly, so that eventually a company or state can raise prices without fearing
competition.
A) legitimately
B) liberally
C) unfairly
D) autarkically
Answer: C
8.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following policies would be followed by a protectionist state?

Imposing tariffs
Dumping
Eliminating export duties
Disallowing quotas on imports
Answer: A
135
9.
A)
B)
C)
D)
A tariff is a type of tax imposed on __________ by a state.

luxury goods
revenues
imports
exports
Answer: C
Page Reference: 293
10. A unilateral method of protecting domestic producers from __________ by imposing a limit
on the maximum volume of allowable imports is known as a quota.
A) tariffs
B) foreign competition
C) subsidies
D) predatory loans
Answer: B
11. Tax breaks, loans, and guaranteed high prices are examples of what type of protectionism?
A) Tariffs
B) Quotas
C) Standards
D) Subsidies
Answer: D
12. A state will have a positive balance of trade, or trade surplus, when it __________.
A) imports a surplus of consumer goods
B) exports more than it imports
C) imports more than it exports
D) exports progressively more over a fiscal period
Answer: B
13. How does liberalism compare with mercantilism?
A) Liberalism is not concerned with whether one state gains more or less than another, just
whether the states wealth is increasing in absolute terms, whereas mercantilism emphasizes that
each state must protect its own interests at the expense of others.
136
B) Liberalism emphasizes conflicting interests in economic exchanges, whereas mercantilism

emphasizes shared interests.
C) Liberalism asserts that the most important goal is the creation of the most favorable possible
distribution of wealth, whereas mercantilism asserts that the most important goal of economic
policy is the maximum creation of total wealth.
D) Liberalism advocates a role for politics in market processes, whereas mercantilism advocates
for market processes to be relatively unhindered by political elements.
Answer: A
14. Protectionism hurts an economy in which of the following ways?
A) Consumers usually pay higher prices for products.
B) Domestic industries become more efficient.
C) Domestic industries become more competitive.
D) It leads to a declining balance of trade.
Answer: A
15. A __________ would agree that a Governments most useful role is to interfere in
economics only to regulate markets in order to help them function efficiently. That is, politics
should serve the interests of economic efficiency.
A) liberal
B) mercantilist
C) Marxist
D) socialist
Answer: A
16. A __________ would agree that The creation of wealth underlies state power. Economics
should serve politics.
A) liberal
B) mercantilist
C) Marxist
D) neorealist
Answer: B
137
17. The U.S. trade deficit is approaching $1 trillion, with about a quarter accounted for by trade
with China and another quarter by oil imports. This is an example of the principle of
__________.
A) surplus of consumer goods
B) trade deficit
C) trade surplus
D) restricted free trade
Answer: B
18. For decades, the country of Albania chose not to participate in world markets instead relying
on a centrally planned economy. This approach to trade is an example of what strategy?
A) Self-reliance
B) Cultural revolution
C) Competition
D) Embargo
Answer: A
19. The mercantilist approach to trade is similar to what theoretical framework?
A) Liberalism
B) Realism
C) Structuralism
D) Feminism
Answer: B
20. Mercantilist practices were seen as essential to state power because __________.
A) the accumulation of precious metals could be converted into military assets when needed.
B) these practices were known to broadly increase domestic living standards.
C) liberal theories of trade were thought to be a wealth destroyer.
D) prioritizing exports over imports allowed the exporting state to export culture in addition to
products.
Answer: A
138
21. The fact that supply and demand do not always produce stability is demonstrated by the wild
swings in the price of __________.
A) automobiles
B) steel
C) food
D) oil
Answer: D
22. With respect to deficits, __________.?
A) A state cannot have a budget deficit and a trade deficit at the same time.
B) If a state has a trade deficit, it must have a budget deficit.
C) A state can have either a budget deficit or a trade deficit, but not both.
D) A state can have a trade deficit without having a budget deficit.
Answer: D
23. Why may the existence of world markets reduce the leverage that one state can exert over
another in economic affairs?
A) Because the supply and demand curves cross at the equilibrium price.
B) Because the second state can find other partners.
C) Because bilateral relations between states are more important in economic affairs than they
are in security affairs.
D) Because the distribution of benefits from trade may not be divided equally among
participating states.
Answer: B
24. Which of the following topics is on the agenda of the Doha Round of WTO trade
negotiations?
A) Forestry
B) Industrial products
C) Electronics
D) Maritime treaties
Answer: B
A-Head: Trade Regimes
139
25. The IMF is an organization promoting __________ trade relationships.

A) naval
B) African
C) national
D) regional
Answer: D
26. Which country that has used its large supply of oil to ensure the functioning of OPEC?
A) Kuwait
B) Venezuela
C) Saudi Arabia
D) Qatar
Answer: C
27. Trade in services includes __________.
A) banking and insurance
B) telecommunications and arms
C) tourism and textiles
D) computer technology and aerospace
Answer: A
Page Reference: 2, 307
28. The leading arms-importing region of the global South is __________.
A) Africa
B) South Asia
C) Latin America
D) the Middle East
Answer: D
29. The most profitable goods involved in illicit trade are __________.
A) gaming software and sound recordings
B) pharmaceuticals and weapons
C) weapons and drugs
D) drugs and DVD films
140
Answer: C
30. The World Trade Organization replaced the __________ in 1995.
A) UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
B) International Trade Organization (ITO)
C) Global Trade Organization (GTO)
D) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Answer: D
31. Enforcement of trade agreements __________.
A) takes place under universal agreement on what is fair trade
B) depends on reciprocity
C) usually involves the United Nations Economic and Social Council
D) involves incrementally increasing the retaliation above and beyond the initial infraction
Answer: B
32. The current round of multinational trade negotiations, which began in 2001 and is struggling
to reach a conclusion, is the __________ Round.
A) Bruges
B) Uruguay
C) Tokyo
D) Doha
Answer: D
33. The largest, and most comprehensive, regional free trade area is in __________.
A) North America
B) South America
C) Europe
D) Asia
Answer: C
141
34. Cartels form to __________ the price of a certain product, usually are formed by producers,
most often __________ production by each member so as to lower supply, and can suffer from
serious collective-goods problems.
A) manipulate, inflate
B) reduce, inflate
C) manipulate, limit
D) inflate, reduce
Answer: C
35. The most prominent cartel in the international economy is the __________.
A) International Energy Agency (IE)
B) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
C) International Bauxite Association (IB)
D) Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries (AIOEC)
Answer: B
36. Major actors in trade negotiations regarding agriculture are __________.
A) the United States and Japan
B) Canada and Great Britain
C) Australia and Argentina
D) Chile and Brazil
Answer: A
37. The intergovernmental organization that attempts to regularize patent and copyright law
across borders is the __________.
A) International Patent and Copyright Organization (IPCO)
B) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
C) Global Organization for Copyrights and Patents (GOCP)
D) Copyrights and Patents Association (CP)
Answer: B
38. Retaliation for cases of dumping usually comes in the form of __________.
142
A)
B)
C)
D)
dumping in the offending states market

quotas on the products being dumped
tariffs to raise the price back to market levels
subsidies for those companies being harmed
Answer: C
39. The Industrial Revolution began in __________ in the __________ century.
A) Germany, 20th
B) Britain, 18th
C) the United States, 19th
D) France, 18th
Answer: B
40. In 2013, the WTO said Antigua and Barbuda could steal $21 million annually in U.S.
intellectual property because the U.S. blocked the countrys online gambling sites. This WTO
decision is an example of what concept?
A) Patenting
B) Retaliation
C) Dumping
D) Enforcement
Answer: B
41. The principle that whenever one __________ member-state lowers tariffs on certain kinds of
imports from another member-state, all member-states are entitled to the same treatment with
regard to their goods is known as most-favored nation (MFN) principle.
A) WTO
B) UN
C) NAFTA
D) World Bank
Answer: A
42. When industries seek to influence a states foreign economic policy, they __________.
A) all have a common goal
143
B) often face other industries with different goals

C) rely on their labor unions to develop appropriate strategies and goals
D) usually are seeking protection from foreign competitors
Answer: B
43. By the beginning of the 20th century, __________ replaced __________ as the state with the
worlds largest and most advanced economy.
A) Germany, France
B) Japan, the United States
C) the United States, Britain
D) Britain, Germany
Answer: C
A-Head: Economic Globalization
44. The protectionist Smoot-Hawley Act, adopted by the United States in 1930 in response to the
Great Depression, contributed to the severity of the depression by __________.
A) allowing home industries to fail
B) provoking retaliation and reducing world trade
C) lowering consumer prices below profitable levels
D) easily allowing foreign competitors access to U.S. markets
Answer: B
45. The Soviet Union set prices and quotas for production and consumption of commodities,
following communist principles. This approach to economics is an example of a __________.
A) centrally planned economy
B) locally planned economy
C) stagnant economy
D) leading economy
Answer: A
46. Which of the following is true about the capitalist world economy immediately after World
War II?
A) The United States provided major assistance to rebuild Western Europe and Japan.
B) World trade declined as countries focused on rebuilding their domestic economies.
144
C) The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe began their transition to capitalism.
D) The capitalist world economy was restructured under joint U.S.-British-French leadership.
Answer: A
47. Despite a critical shift toward a(n) __________, Chinas government continues to follow a
Marxist political line.
A) industrial economy
B) global economy
C) mixed economy
D) market economy
Answer: D
48. Which of the following is characteristic of centrally planned economies?
A) Government officials set prices.
B) Religious authorities decide production quotas.
C) They were dominant in Africa during the Cold War.
D) Governments cannot guarantee the basic needs of citizens.
Answer: A
49. Which of the following contributed to the industrialization of the United States?
A) Limited natural resources as a result of territorial expansion
B) Conversion from imported oil to domestic coal as a primary energy source
C) New technical innovations, such as electricity and airplanes
D) Small numbers of immigrants coming to work in the United States
Answer: C
50. Which groups oppose free trade because of its negative impacts?
A) agriculture and manufacturing groups
B) labor and environmental groups
C) financial services and human rights groups
D) environmental and financial services groups
Answer: B
145

TRUE-FALSE
51. A trade deficit is what mercantilists hope to produce for their own state.
Answer: FALSE
52. Economic sanctions are used as political leverage on target states as a means of political
interference.
Answer: TRUE
53. Despite aiding particular industries, protectionist policies tend to slow down the global
creation of wealth.
Answer: TRUE
54. Emphasizing worldwide free trade, liberal economics advocates for international
cooperation.
Answer: TRUE
55. Completed in 1994, the Uruguay Round of the GATT, added little to the global creation of
wealth.
Answer: FALSE
146
56. Leading producers, sometimes in conjunction with leading consumers, occasionally use
national cartels to control and stabilize prices for a commodity on world markets.
Answer: FALSE
57. In Europe, North America, and in several other less important instances regional free trade
areas have been created.
Answer: TRUE
58. Certain economic sectors have a tendency to deviate more than others from market
principles, especially sectors pertaining to agriculture, intellectual property, services, and
military goods.
Answer: TRUE
59. The world economy is decreasingly integrated on a global scale, generating wealth at a
decelerating pace.
Answer: FALSE
60. A backlash from politically active interest groupsincluding environmental and human
rights NGOs, labor unions, and certain consumersadversely affected by globalization has
been a result of free trade agreements.
Answer: TRUE
FILL IN THE BLANK
61. Industrialized states give trade concessions to less-developed countries to help with their
economic development through the __________.
147
Answer: Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)

62. Industrial policy is the action of __________ to work actively with industries to promote
their growth and tailor trade policy to their needs.
Answer: governments
63. The consumer cartel formed in response to OPEC is the ___________.
Answer: International Energy Agency (IE
64. In a free market, the supply and demand curves cross at the __________.
Answer: equilibrium price
65. Assuring that participants keep their commitments, that contracts are binding, and that buyers
pay for goods they purchase all refer to the __________ for markets.
Answer: legal framework
66. When states decide to reduce trade barriers and adopt a common tariff toward states that are
not members of the group, they have created a(n) __________.
Answer: customs union
67. The free trade area comprising many countries in South America is the ____________.
Answer: Southern Cone Common Market, Mercosur
148
68. The potential free trade area in the Western hemisphere, from Alaska to Argentina, is called
the __________.
Answer: Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTA)
69. Because they contain both government control and private ownership, the industrialized
economies of the West are often called ___________.
Answer: mixed economies
70. Economies that are changing to a market-based economy, usually from a centrally planned
economy, are referred to as __________ economies.
Answer: transitional
SHORT ANSWER
71. Compare and contrast mercantilism and liberalism. What are the assumptions of each
regarding the economy and politics? What are the weaknesses of each?
72. If you were an adviser to the president, would you recommend the creation of a Free Trade
Area of the Americas? Why or why not?
73. Explain what is meant by the term interdependence with respect to world trade. What are its
consequences for the international community of states? Give concrete examples of
interdependence in your response.
149

74. What are the impacts of industry and interest groups on trade? Pay particular attention to a
particular nation and its most important industries and interest groups.
75. Explain why, generally speaking, unrestricted trade tends to force countries to equalize their
regulations in a variety of areas not limited to labor and environmental rules. Please provide
examples from the text.
ESSAY
76. Even in a world in which the principles of free trade prevail, states frequently impose
protectionist policies. Discuss the motivations for protectionist behavior in a liberal market
and assess how acceptable each motivation would be in todays world economy.
1. Outline the primary protectionist policies discussed in the text
2. Compare and contrast a number of motivations for a protectionist posture, focusing on
attempts to gain advantage for the state in a particular way.
3. Explain whether motivations such as the desire to cater to the political demands of
domestic industries, the desire to provide established or new domestic industries room to
adjust to unfamiliar or shifting market conditions, etc. are acceptable in the modern world
economy.
77. Identify and briefly describe the variety of protectionist tools that are available to states.
Examine their value in terms of the costs and benefits that one can expect to derive from
each.
1. Describe protectionism.
2. Explain the variety of protectionist tools, such as tariffs or duties, nontariff barriers,
quotas, subsidies, and regulations.
150
3. Investigate the effects of such protectionist tools.

78. What has been the impact of tree trade agreements for various interest groups? What role has
globalization had on the impact?
1. Identify particular interest groups impacted by free trade and outline the intersection of
free trade agreements with each interest group.
2. Explain how these groups have been impacted.For example, focus might be given to
the way in which unrestricted trade tends to compel countries to equalize their regulation
in a variety of areas, including labor and environmental rules.
4. Discuss the global impact of the world-expansion of trade, as well as the changing
nature of money, business, communication, environmental management and the extent to
which these issues impact interest groups.
A-Head: Trade Regimes and Economic Globalization
79. Discuss economies based on state ownership as an alternative to those with private
ownership. How prominent are they today? What are the pros and cons of state ownership as
opposed to private ownership? Include the concepts of transitional economies and mixed
economies in your discussion.
1. Provide a definition of both state ownership and private ownership.
2. Explain how prominence of state ownership, providing examples of economies
employing state ownership.
3. Describe transitional economies, and alternately, mixed economies, by providing links
between them and state ownership economies.
4. Evaluate the positives and negatives of state ownership in opposition to private
ownership.
5. Discuss the way in which state-owned assets can be run like joint-stock corporations
with the government owning a controlling stake of the shares, and the fact that the
government-owned corporation may not be required to generate a profit. However, profits
may be used to support the general government.
A-Head: Theories of Trade, Trade Regimes, and Economic Globalization
151
80. What role has the United States played in creating the current global economic system? How
important has U.S. leadership been in the global economic system? What are some of the
consequences of that leadership both for the United States and the world?
1. Define the current global economic system.
2. Explain how the U.S. has played a role in this system. For example, NAFTA could be
used as an example of the intersection between the United States and the global
economic system.
3. Discuss the nature of U.S. leadership on GATT or the WTO.
4. Analyze the consequences of U.S. leadership for both the world and the U.S.
A-Head: Trade Regimes and Economic Globalization
152
CHAPTER 9
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
countries was __________.
A) the U.S. dollar
B) the British pound
C) precious metals
D) the tolar
For centuries, the global currency that had value in all
Answer: C
Page Reference: 322
A-Head: The Currency System
2.
On average, what has the annual inflation rate of the
industrialized Western states been over the past three decades?
A) Around 15%
B) Around 50%
C) Around 5%
D) Around 13%
Answer: C
3.
the world today?
A) Pegged-rate system
B) U.S. dollar system
C) Planned system
D) Floating-rate system
What type of exchange rate system is typically utilized in
Answer: D
4.
Many states will bridge the gap between floating and fixed
exchange rates by periodically intervening in the currency markets, usually to promote stability.
This type of intervention is called a(n) __________.
A) interventionist system
B) periodic-float system
C) primary-float system
D) managed-float system
153
Answer: D
5.
Though private speculators may lose out because of it, a
successful intervention in __________ can make money for governments.
A) stock markets
B) money markets
C) large economies
D) international currency markets
Answer: D
6.
__________.
A) China
B) Liberia
C) Argentina
D) Zimbabwe
The largest default in IMF history was made by
Answer: C
7.
The principle determinant of the long-term value of a
states currency is __________.
A) speculation
B) its fiscal health
C) whether it incurs a trade surplus or deficit
D) the supply and demand of the currency
Answer: D
8.
Central banks in industrialized countries maintain the value
of the states currency by limiting the amount of __________ and by preventing high inflation.
A)
B)
C)
D)
gold on the market

money printed
credit
distribution
154
Answer: B
9.
The system established after World War II to manage
international monetary relations was the __________.
A) Paris Club
B) Bretton Woods system
C) Concert of Europe
D) UN Monetary Organization (UNMO)
Answer: B
10.
The pillars of the international monetary system continues
to be __________ and the World Bank.
A) The International Monetary Fund
B) The World Trust
C) The Organization of Petroleum Producing Countries
D) The World Trade Organization
Answer: A
11.
gold as a world standard.
A) Special Drawing Rights
B) silver
C) floating exchange rates
D) international exchange coins
Answer: A
The IMF established __________ as the replacement for
12.
Under President Nixon, the international economic system
moved from __________ exchange rates to __________ exchange rates.
A) managed-float, soft
B) hard, managed-float
C) fixed, floating
D) floating, hard
Answer: C
155

13.
The interest rate the government charges when it loans
money to private banks is known as the __________ rate.
A) central bank
B) government
C) reserve
D) discount
Answer: D
14.
An exchange rate is the rate at which a states __________
can be exchanged for a different states __________.
A) currency, goods
B) currency, currency
C) goods, currency
D) goods, goods
Answer: B
15.
A) converted into
B) difficult to convert into
C) devalued against
D) combined with
A hard currency is __________ leading world currencies.
Answer: A
16.
If a national currency is convertible, this means that
__________.
A) it has flexible values
B) it can be exchanged for another currency
C) citizens can use several different currencies to purchase domestic goods
D) its value floats between upper and lower limits
Answer: B
156

17.
__________ exchange rates exist when a government
establishes official rates of exchange for its currency, whereas __________ exchange rates exist
when exchange rates are determined by global currency markets.
A) Managed-float, soft
B) Fixed, floating
C) Floating, hard
D) Hard, managed-float
Answer: B
18.
International monetary relations immediately after World
War II were based on __________.
A) floating exchange rates
B) fixed exchange rates
C) the silver standard
D) managed exchange rates
Answer: B
19.
How does the IMF assist countries in balancing their
economies?
A) By providing loans for particular development projects
B) By allowing states to borrow against their deposits of financial reserves and repay the loans
in subsequent years
C) By entering currency markets to support faltering currencies
D) By regulating the amount of currencies available to speculators
Answer: B
20.
A) one-nation, one-vote
B) consensus voting
C) weighted voting
D) hegemonic voting
The IMF and the World Bank use a __________ system.
Answer: C
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21.
Even as late as 2013, there is lingering poverty in much of
the global south. This is despite the IMF and World Bank both attempting to promote
__________ in poor countries, as part of each of their missions.
A) state rebuilding
B) economic integration
C) global unity
D) economic development
Answer: D
22.
The U.S. economy no longer held the overwhelming
dominance it had in 1944, thus the U.S. dropped the __________ in the 1970s.
A) gold economy
B) platinum standard
C) gold standard
D) exchange rate
Answer: C
23.
In the first three weeks of 2009, after the price of its main
export, oil, plummeted, Russia depreciated its ruble six times. This is an example of the principle
of __________.
A) currency devaluation
B) currency easing
C) upsurging currency
D) reduced inflation
Answer: A
24.
In recent years, China has maintained a low currency value,
relative to other states, in order to __________.
A) promote exports and boost export-related industries
B) force an increase in domestic consumption
C) improve trade relations with Western states
D) improve trade relations with Southeast Asian states
Answer: A
158

25.
Which of the following is a consequence of the
globalization and integration of financial markets?
A) Banks investment portfolios often contain millions of dollars in assets located in other
countries.
B) Economic crises are less common and typically less severe than they used to be.
C) Investors and businesses are denied access to overseas markets.
D) It fails to provide a better return on investment for investors.
Answer: A
Page Reference: 321
26.
Why would one want to hold the currencies of particular
countries?
A) They may increase in value rapidly.
B) One may hope to diversify ones investments.
C) One may be able to trade that currency for another currency.
D) They may have fixed exchange rates to other currencies.
Answer: D
27.
What is the common interest of states with respect to
currencies?
A) A low value, so that all states can import more
B) Stability in exchange rates for the purpose of international financial transactions
C) A high value, so that all states can export more
D) Instability in exchange rates, so that governments can make money when the value of their
currency increases
Answer: B
28.
With respect to the decisions of the Federal Reserve,
__________.
A) If the Fed allows too much money into circulation, deflation will result.
B) Other states monetary policies do not affect decisions of the Fed.
C) Decisions about interest rates can affect foreign investment.
D) Decisions are generally dependent upon the political process.
Answer: C
159

29.
Which of the following is true about the Bretton Woods
system?
A) It was closely tied to Mexican leadership.
B) It was based on a mixture of economic liberalism and protectionism.
C) It included the gold standard.
D) It was designed to diffuse global economic unity.
Answer: C
30.
How does the International Monetary Fund compare to the
World Bank?
A) The International Monetary Fund works to balance international payments, whereas the
World Bank works to balance national accounts.
B) The IMF coordinates international currency exchange, the balance of international payments,
and national accounts, whereas the World Bank provides loans to developing countries for capital
programs.
B) The International Monetary Fund has states as members, whereas the World Bank has
regional banks such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the InterAmerican Development Bank as members.
C) The International Monetary Fund prefers the operation of multinational corporations across
borders, whereas the World Bank prefers the operation of national companies across borders.
Answer: B
31.
for further production.
A) extractions
B) loans
C) inputs
D) standing
Capital goods are products that can be used as __________
Answer: C
A-Head: State Financial Positions
32.
The __________ is basically the balance of trade, whereas
__________ are foreign investments in and by a country.
160
A)
B)
C)
D)
capital account, changes in foreign exchange reserves

current account, capital flows
trade account, remittances
national account, government investments
Answer: B
33.
national debt today?
A) 1 trillion
B) 3 trillion
C) 5 trillion
D) 10 trillion
What is the approximate amount of the United States
Answer: D
34.
The 1997 Asian crisis began when currency speculators
began selling off the currencies of __________.
A) China, Malaysia, and the Philippines
B) Thailand, Japan, and Malaysia
C) Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines
D) Japan, China, and Taiwan
Answer: C
35.
The summary of a states financial transactions with the
rest of the world, including trade, __________, and the remittance of income by citizens
employed abroad, is known as a balance of payments.
A) foreign aid
B) military goods
C) merchandise trade
D) capital flows
Answer: A
36.
__________.
Building a factory in a foreign country is an example of

161
A)
B)
C)
D)
remittances
government transactions
direct foreign investment
indirect portfolio investment
Answer: C
37.
of __________.
A) remittances
B) government transactions
C) direct foreign investment
D) indirect portfolio investment
Buying stocks and bonds in a foreign country is an example
Answer: D
Skill Level: Apply What you Know
38.
With respect to the U.S. position in the international
economy, the United States __________.
A) has had a trade deficit since the early 1980s
B) is as strong relative to other countries as it was in the 1950s
C) has had high unemployment since the mid-1990s
D) was once the worlds leading debtor state, but it is now the leading lender state
Answer: A
39.
Which of the following is a reason states go into debt?
A) Due to a trade deficit
B) Due to bad investments
C) Borrowing to pay for government budget surpluses
D) To create greater standing wealth
Answer: A
40.
How is monetary policy distinguished from fiscal policy?
A) Monetary policy is set by national governments, whereas fiscal policy is set by the World
Bank.
B) Monetary policy can cause inflation, whereas fiscal policy contributes to standing wealth.
162
C) Monetary policy is government policy about printing and circulating money, whereas fiscal
policy is government policy about spending and taxation.
D) Monetary policy is the favored approach of the United States to managing the economy,
whereas fiscal policy is the favored approach of European countries.
Answer: C
41.
In attempting to join the world capitalist economy in 1991,
Russia and Eastern European countries faced which of the following challenges?
A) Integration into the national maritime system.
B) Devaluing their currencies to curb inflation.
C) Attracting foreign investment.
D) Creating instability in currency markets.
Answer: C
42.
Which of the following is true about multinational
corporations in international political relations?
A) They act as agents of intergovernmental organizations.
B) National governments act as agents of NGOs.
C) They are citizens of the world, beholden to no government.
D) Their actions frequently reflect states national interests.
Answer: C
A-Head: Multinational Business
43.
International alliances between __________ headquartered
in different states are becoming more frequent.
A) SDRs
B) NGOs
C) MFNs
D) MNCs
Answer: D
44.
__________.
A) financial corporations
The most important types of multinational corporations are
163
B) industrial corporations
C) service corporations
D) agricultural corporations
Answer: B
45.
are __________.
A) Western industrialized states
B) OPEC members
C) states in the global South
D) Asia and the Pacific
The targets of most direct foreign investment in the world
Answer: A
46.
A state in which a foreign MNC operates is called the
__________, whereas the state where the MNC has its headquarters is called the __________.
A) subsidiary country, headquarters country
B) host country, home country
C) home country, host country
D) investor country, investing country
Answer: B
47.
An example of a U.S.-based MNC bending to pressure
from the U.S. government regarding foreign direct investment is __________.
A) Chevron in Angola
B) Unocal in Afghanistan
C) Gulf in Algeria
D) Conoco in Iran
Answer: D
48.
MNCs and the countries in which they invest often come
into conflict over __________.
A) inflation rates.
B) taxation and the method of transportation of goods to and from the country
164
C) monetary policy and trade policy

D) fiscal policy and the language to be used in negotiations
Answer: C
49.
How does foreign direct investment compare to indirect
portfolio investment?
A) Foreign direct investment involves such as owning a factory, company, or real estate in a
foreign country, whereas indirect portfolio investment such as buying stocks and bonds or
making loans to a foreign company.
B) Foreign direct investment involves such as owning a factory, company, or real estate in a
foreign country, whereas indirect portfolio investment involves taking loans from a foreign
company.
C) Foreign direct investment involves such as trading in the currency of a foreign country,
whereas indirect portfolio investment such as buying stocks and bonds or making loans to a
foreign company.
D) Foreign direct investment involves such as loaning a factory, company, or real estate in a
foreign country, whereas indirect portfolio investment such as buying stocks and bonds or
making loans to a foreign company.
Answer: A
50.
What is the international business environment MOST
conducive to the creation of wealth by MNCs?
A) Rapidly changing conditions so that no one government can exercise control over an MNC
B) Countries being divided into rival trading blocs so that MNCs can take advantage of
bargaining
C) Stable international security so investments are not threatened
D) Policies of mercantilism
Answer: C
TRUE-FALSE
51. Except for 17 states that share the euro, each state uses its own currency, which has no
inherent value.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 322
165

52. Reserves of hard currency and gold maintained by states back a national currency and cover
short-term imbalances in international financial flows.
Answer: TRUE
53. Though limited in efforts to do so, governments cooperate to manage the fluctuations of
exchange rates.
Answer: TRUE
54. Governments often prefer a weak value for their own currency.
Answer: TRUE
55. The rise of the dollar-gold standard in 1971 reflected the decline of Americas preeminent
financial position.
Answer: FALSE
56. From 1945 to 1971, the World Bank and IMF worked with states central banks to maintain
stable international monetary relations, by pegging state currencies to the U.S. dollar and the
dollar to gold.
Answer: TRUE
57. International debt results from a protracted imbalance in capital flowsa state borrowing
more than it lendsto cover a chronic trade deficit or government budget deficit.
Answer: TRUE
166
58. The largest multinational corporations are based in developing states.

Answer: FALSE
59. Generally, multinational corporations support stable international security relations and
promote policies favorable to business.
Answer: TRUE
60. Multinational corporations try to maneuver to obtain positive terms and search for states with
stable currencies and political environments in which to make direct investments.
Answer: TRUE
FILL IN THE BLANK
61. The relative value of __________ can be set by fixed exchange rates.
Answer: currencies
62. Bretton Woods lasted from __________ until __________.
Answer: 1944, 1971
63. Use of the gold standard was an example of a(n) __________ exchange rate.
Answer: fixed
64. The __________ is the interest rate that the government charges when it loans money to
private banks.
167
Answer: discount rate

65. Industrialized states turn __________ policy over to semiautonomous central banks to ensure
discipline in printing money.
Answer: monetary
66. In an effort to keep track of the flow of money in and out of states, the __________ operates
a system of national accounts.
Answer: IMF
67. As they pursued the complicated transition from communism to capitalism, the position of
Russia declined drastically, and it is still not fully integrated into the __________.
Answer: world economy
68. __________ investments involve tangible goods, unlike portfolio investments.
Answer: Foreign direct
69. Some multinational corporations sell goods, whereas others, like McDonalds, sell
__________.
Answer: services
70. Foreign direct investment in Russia, Bolivia, and Venezuela dropped significantly after the
host country __________ foreign assets.
Answer: nationalized, taking state ownership of
168

SHORT ANSWER
71. What institutions were created at Bretton Woods? How did they work? What were their
mandates?
72. Since governments have the power to print money as they need it, why/how do states fall into
debt? Why is it so difficult for states to get out of debt?
73. When looking at the data presented in Figure 9.1, and at the fact that U.S. national debt is
now more than $10 trillion, in what ways do you expect this to impact U.S. foreign policy, both
economically and politically?
A-Head: State Financial Positions (Figure 9.1)
74. Given the presence of fierce trade competition, is there any evidence that governments have
an incentive to cut business regulations, labor standards, environmental laws, and business taxes.
What do you believe can or should be done about it?
75. Explain what kinds of concessions a host state might offer a MNC it wanted to host? What
kinds of incentives would it look to gain?
ESSAY
76. Using the case of Russia and Eastern Europe since 1991, analyze the primary hurdles
confronting states that hope to make the transition to market-based economies. What
recommendations would you make to countries that are currently transitioning based on your
assessment?
169

1. Outline what challenges Russia and Eastern Europe faced in transitioning to marketbased economies.
2. Compare and contrast state-ownership economies and market-based economies.3.
Explain the particular obstacles that a nation transitioning to a market-based economy
might face, including civil unrest, corruption, the growth of plutocratic culture, and
unstable state infrastructure and installations.
4. Outline the policies that would aid countries in making a successful transition,
includingan emphasis on a strong and fair rule of law, expanding civil rights and
liberties,, and innovating industry.
77. Describe and assess the paths to economic decline the United States followed after World
War II. What policy choices might we have made to achieve a different outcome? What
global consequences might have followed had we chosen a different path? Explain your
reasoning.
1. Outline the course that led the U.S. to economic decline after World War II.
2. Explain what policy choices the U.S. might have made to resist economic decline . For
example, students may discuss the role of the growing budget deficit and dwindling
financial reserves.
3. Discuss how the world might have looked differently had the U.S. chosen a different
path. For example, students might discuss the consequences of the length and the
intensity of the Cold War.
4. Analyze why the reasoning put forth is accurate and relevant.
78. What are the impacts of foreign direct investment? If you were an adviser to a multinational
corporation that was considering foreign direct investments, what factors would you
recommend that the MNC look at in determining where to invest? Why?
1. Outline the purpose and influences of foreign direct investment.
2. Explain the particular considerations of an MNC in determining where to invest. For
example, a student might discussfactories, real estate, and companies abroad that offer
sizable ownership of stocks.
170
3. The complexities of investing in developing nations might be illuminated. For

example, they offer the possibility of growth, but also instability.
4. Outline those particular characteristics that should be sought by the MNC.
79. How might a stable international monetary regime be considered a collective good? What are
the implications inherent in its being a collective good? Are there structures or influences that
impel greater cooperation in monetary relations than in trade or security? Be sure to use
sound logic to support your argument.
1. Define a stable international monetary regime.
2. Explain how such a concept might be considered a collective good, and explore its
implications. For example, members of the international economy all benefit from a
stable monetary regime.
3. Discuss how such a regime creates structures and influences that create expectations
that states will abide by norms, because states benefit, economically, and at the level of
security, by abiding by such norms.
80. Who would you say has benefitted the most and who has benefitted the least from the
international economic system that was created at Bretton Woods and after? Why do you
suppose that is? Is the global economic system unfair?
1. Identify key characteristics of Bretton Woods.
2. Compare and contrast the winners and losers of the Bretton Woods process. For
example, a student might argue that Western nations and Japan were the winners, as the
bulk of rebuilding funds went to these nations. In addition, many would argue that it was
not until much later that developing nations benefitted, and even then, it was with great
difficulty.
3. Explain why developing nations did not immediately benefit from the Bretton Woods
process like the Western nations and Japan did.
4. Discuss the fairness, or lack thereof, of the global economic system. Students may
emphasize the position of developing nations in the post World War II era.
A-Head: The Currency System, State Financial Positions, and Multinational Business
171
172
CHAPTER 10
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. International organizations that are supranational subsume __________ within a larger
whole.
A) intergovernmental organizations
B) several states
C) subnational actors
D) global regions
Answer: B
Page Reference: 355
A-Head: Globalization and Integration
2. International integration is the gradual shifting upward of sovereignty from the __________
to regional or global structures.
A) industry
B) state
C) county
D) market
Answer: B
A-Head: Integration Theory
3.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The European Union is a somewhat more __________ entity than the UN, at a regional level
nationalist
unified
supranational
marketable
Answer: C
4. Neofunctionalism is the theory that __________ integration generates a political dynamic
that drives integration further.
A) technological
B) national
C) economic
D) naval
Answer: C
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Skill Level: Remember What You Know
5. The integration theory that asserts that technological and economic development lead to more
and more supranational structures as states seek practical means to fulfill certain activities is
__________.
A) functionalism
B) neofunctionalism
C) supranationalism.
D) security community theory
Answer: A
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following is an economic or trade union?

Association of Pacific Nations
World Health Organization
Andean Common Market
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
Answer: C
7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The form of government adopted in the U.S. Constitution is an example of which principle?
Liberalism
Sovereignty
Postmodernism
Integration
Answer: D
8.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Among the costs of integration for states is __________.

a potential cultural backlash against homogenizing effects
the declined ability to take advantage of foreign trade
a declining sense of community as integration proceeds
a greater diversity of cultures
Answer: A
174
9. Which of the following was one of the six original members of the European Coal and Steel
Community?
A) Portugal
B) Luxemburg
C) Belgium
D) Great Britain
Answer: C
A-Head: The European Union
10. The Treaty of Rome created which of the following institutions?
A) The European Coal and Steel Community
B) The European Economic Community
C) The European Council
D) The European Union
Answer: B
11. Agricultural subsidies in one member state to be extended to the other member states allowed
for by the __________.
A) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
B) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
C) Treaty of Rome
D) European Parliament
Answer: A
12. Which countries were the first to join the (then) European Community after its founding?
A) Britain, Ireland, and Denmark
B) Greece, Spain, and Portugal
C) Austria, Sweden, and Finland
D) Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein
Answer: A
13. __________ joined the (then) European Community in 1986.
A) Britain, Ireland, and Denmark
B) Greece
175
C) Austria, Sweden, and Finland

D) Spain and Portugal
Answer: D
14. The EUs Court of Justice has actively established __________, unlike the World Court.
A) judges
B) economic commissions
C) appeals
D) jurisdiction
Answer: D
15. How many individual members does the European Union have?
A) 20
B) 27
C) 28
D) 37
Answer: B
16. __________ is a Schengen country though it is not an EU member.
A) Iceland
B) Greenland
C) Denmark
D) Germany
Answer: A
17. The vast majority of new members admitted to the EU since 2000 has come from which of
the following regions?
A) Southern Europe
B) Northern Europe
C) Western Europe
D) Eastern Europe
Answer: D
176

18. Which of the following established the Constitution of the European Union?
A) The Treaty of Nice
B) The Treaty of Amsterdam
C) The Lisbon Treaty
D) The Maastricht Treaty
Answer: C
19. The euro zone crisis indefinitely delayed consideration of admitting __________ or any other
new members.
A) Hungary
B) Turkey
C) Latvia
D) Cyprus
Answer: B
20. Along with Turkey, __________ EU members would be among the poorest in economic
terms.
A) Other pre-2004
B) Western European
C) Eastern European
D) Scandinavian
Answer: C
21. The Schuman Plan led to the establishment of the European __________.
A) Economic Community
B) Coal and Steel Community
C) Atomic Energy Community
D) Union
Answer: B
177
22. Which of the following European organizations was established first?

A) The European Economic Community
B) The European Coal and Steel Community
C) The European Atomic Energy Community
D) The European Council
Answer: B
23. Forty percent of the EU budget is spent on __________.
A) the coal and steel industries
B) research on nuclear power
C) salaries for EU bureaucrats
D) subsidies to farmers
Answer: D
24. How does the European Court of Justice differ from the World Court?
A) The Court of Justice has established its right to overrule national law when it conflicts with
EU law.
B) Cases before the Court of Justice CANNOT be brought by individuals and businesses.
C) Court of Justice judges are elected rather than appointed.
D) Court of Justice judges can be selected from outside the member states.
Answer: A
25. The Maastricht Treaty includes which of the following?
A) Renaming the European Community the European Republic
B) Committing the European Union to monetary union
C) Committing the Asian Union to a common foreign policy and a joint military force
D) Eliminating nontariff barriers to trade
Answer: B
26. Which of the following is a criterion to join a single currency in the EU?
A) National debt above 60 percent of GDP
178
B) Inflation no more than 10 percentage points above the average of the three lowest-inflation
members
C) A budget deficit less than 3 percent of GDP
D) A balance-of-payment deficit less than 10 percent of GDP
Answer: C
27. Spains unemployment rate rose above 25 percent in 2013 due to __________.
A) the Asian financial crisis
B) austerity reduction
C) renewed political power
D) austerity measures
Answer: D
28. In the Schengen area, __________.
A) border controls have been abolished so that goods and people move freely
B) members of the European Parliament are selected by national legislatures
C) states must adopt the single currency of the European Union
D) social policy is planned by supranational organizations
Answer: A
29. An example of a prominent internationally integrated scientific area of European society is
the __________.
A) European Space Agency
B) European Geological Charter
C) Atomic Institutional Community
D) Timber Union
Answer: A
30. In 1952, the six ECSC states signed a treaty to integrate Europes military forces under one
budget and command. This type of cooperation is an example of working toward a greater
__________.
A) international community
B) political force
C) space agency
179
D) regional council
Answer: A
31. At the core of the European Union is a unified set of tariffs with regard to goods coming in
from outside the free trade area. This is called a(n) __________.
A) import agreement
B) treaty
C) customs union
D) unified import policy
Answer: C
32. European integration is following a certain plan from free-trade area, to customs union, to a
common market. What is an example of the next step in the process?
A) Integration of defense strategy
B) A more unified political structure
C) The establishment of an economic and monetary union
D) The inclusion of Eastern European states
Answer: C
33. The 2009 gathering of energy ministers to approve EU efforts to restart natural gas supplies
from Russia that had been shut down in a price dispute with Ukraine is an example of
__________.
A) relevant members of each member state meeting
B) the court of justice
C) any available members of some member states meeting
D) any available members of each member state meeting
Answer: A
34. The Single European Act is an example of an attempt at the creation of a __________
through comprehensive changes.
A) a common market
B) war treaty
C) justice court
D) constructivist theory
180
Answer: A
35. The chocolate wars in the EU are an example of __________.
A) British discrimination against Belgian products that is resolved by the Single European Act
B) the EU moving to adopt more diverse standards
C) integration reaching a previously unthinkable depth
D) overreaching by Eurocrats on issues of little or no importance to the majority of Europeans
Answer: C
36. Which of the following economic theories best describes the exemption certain countries
received in the so-called chocolate wars?
A) Economic liberalism
B) Constructivism
C) Mercantilism
D) Marxism
Answer: C
37. Which of the following was a reason why it made sense to begin European integration with
the Coal and Steel Community?
A) Coal and steel were crucial to European recovery.
B) Coal and steel are instrumental for war.
C) Timber and steel were crucial for European growth.
D) France and Denmark had been longstanding enemies and did not trust each other.
Answer: A
38. The first step in creating crosscutting economic linkages in Europe after World War II that
would prevent future wars called for the merger of which industries?
A) Steel and oil
B) Coal and railroad
C) Defense and oil
D) Steel and coal
Answer: D
181

39. Which of the following is the order of progression of economic integration?
A) Free-trade area, customs union, common market, economic union
B) Free-trade area, common market, customs union, economic union
C) Free-trade area, customs union, economic union, common market
D) Customs union, economic union, common market, free-trade area
Answer: A
40. How does the European Commission compare to the Council of the European Union?
A) Commission membership is based on the size of the member states economy, whereas
Council of the European Union membership is based on one member per member state.
B) Commission membership is approved by the Council of the European Union, whereas
Council of the European Union membership is approved by the European Parliament.
C) Commission membership is based on one member per member state, whereas Council of the
European Union membership varies from one meeting to the next depending upon the topic
being discussed.
D) Commission membership represents the interests of each individual member state, whereas
Council of the European Union membership represents the interests of Europe as a whole.
Answer: C
41. How does the European Parliament compare to the Council of the European Union?
A) The European Parliament is elected by citizens of member states, whereas the Council of the
European Union is appointed by the Parliament.
B) The European Parliament is the legislative body of the EU, whereas the Council of the
European Union is the executive body of the EU.
C) The European Parliament has no authority over the Commission, whereas the Council of the
European Union appoints members to the Commission.
D) The European Parliament is a debating forum with limited legislative power, whereas the
Council of the European Union is the legislative body in the EU.
Answer: D
42. Which of the following is a goal of the Maastricht Treaty?
A) Journalistic integration
B) Political integration
182
C) Agricultural union
D) Planetary union
Answer: B
43. __________ members were the nations most strongly impacted by the 2012-2013 debt crisis
and recession.
A) Otherwise prosperous
B) Scandinavian
C) Newer
D) Older
Answer: D
44. Leaders of the Soviet Unions former republics asked the U.S. secretary of state __________.
A) How do I get CNN?
B) Where is our financial assistance?
C) How does the internet work?
D) Will you assist in our demilitarization?
Answer: A
A-Head: The Power of Information
45. Recent trends appear to be progressing in the direction of a more __________.
A) culturally imperialistic world culture
B) multilateral world culture
C) technologically limited culture
D) unilateral world culture
Answer: B
46. Qatar has introduced a potent force in Middle East politics, which is __________.
A) free Internet access
B) an all-news satellite TV network
C) an extensive 3G cell phone network
D) digital video cameras in all college classrooms
E) a pan-Arab military force
183
Answer: B
47. What means of telecommunications is considered so important that most governments own
and operate at least one, and its facilities are usually one of the first targets seized in a coup
dtat?
A) Radio station
B) Television station
C) Telephone system
D) Cellular telephone system
E) Internet service provider
Answer: B
48. That the world had 6 million cell phone subscriptions in 2012, nearly as many as people and
far outnumbering the 1.2 billion land lines, is an example of __________.
A) an unaffordable technology
B) a bid to expand its U.S. audience
C) the empowering of ordinary citizens
D) the infrastructure for Internet sales
Answer: C
49. Technology, especially information technology, is shifting power from __________ to
__________.
A) governments, transnational actors
B) substate actors, individuals
C) individuals, states
D) governments, individuals
Answer: D
50. Information technology __________.
A) gives repressive governments less power to keep track of dissidents
B) makes it harder for governments to gather and store information
C) makes it harder for governments to hide information from each other
D) is desired by only advanced, industrialized countries
184
Answer: C
TRUE-FALSE
51. An ongoing struggle between nationalism and supranationalism is generally the product of
supranational processes.
Answer: TRUE
Page Reference: 355
52. Previously existing states such as the Soviet Union were revitalized by the forces of
disintegration.
Answer: FALSE
53. The Council of the European Union representing member states has power over the European
Commission.
Answer: TRUE
54. A major source of trade conflict with the U.S. is EU agricultural subsidies.
Answer: TRUE
55. The EU faces challenges in deciding how far to expand its membership, especially with
regards to Albania.
Answer: FALSE
185
56. The mission and membership of what is now the EU have narrowed continually since the
founding of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952.
Answer: FALSE
57. Though it has few powers and cannot legislate the rules of the community, the European
Parliament has members directly elected by citizens in EU states.
Answer: TRUE
58. At UN meetings, internet governance is under negotiation, particularly at one in 2012 where
89 countries supported a new treaty giving governments more power.
Answer: TRUE
59. Supranational identities that could someday compete with the state for the loyalty of citizens
may be fostered by transnational communities in areas such as sports, music, and tourism.
Answer: TRUE
60. Authoritarian governments find it quite easy to limit the flow-of-information into and out of
their states.
Answer: FALSE
FILL IN THE BLANK
61. During the process of __________, there is a gradual shifting upward of sovereignty from the
state to regional or global structures.
186
Answer: integration
Page Reference: 355
62. International integration is understood to be an outgrowth of international cooperation in
__________ issue areas.
Answer: functional
63. Despite the marked power of the EU, __________ power continues to surpass supranational
power even in the EU.
Answer: national
64. Justice and Home Affairs were an important part of the European Unions __________
Treaty.
Answer: Maastricht
65. The European Union has expanded from __________ members to __________ members
since 2004.
Answer: 15; 27
66. Creating a free-trade area among the European countries meant lifting __________ and
restrictions of the free movement of goods.
Answer: tariffs
67. The U.S. dominates and its __________ influence is at least as strong as U.S. military
influence.
Answer: cultural
187

68. Supranational relationships and identities are being forged by new __________, especially
media such as TV, radio and internet.
Answer: information technologies
69. When the Nazis perpetuated the big lie(s) in the 1930s, it was an example of __________.
Answer: disinformation
70. The 1971 U.S.-Chinese rapprochement was solidified via the visit of the __________ team to
China.
Answer: U.S. table tennis
SHORT ANSWER
71. What philosophies or theories motivated and/or explained the creation of the European
Union?
72. Should the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice have greater powers?
Why or why not?
73. What was the motivation behind the EU creating the euro? How did the EU attempt to make
the conversion to the euro as painless as possible?
188
74. What is the impact of adding new members to the European Union, and what challenges face
the Union in the addition or potential addition of new members?
75. How has the greater and wider flow of information around the world undermined the
authority and power of governments? Use specific examples to complete your answer.
ESSAY
76. If you were asked to advise EU policy makers today about how to plan for the future, what
would you say? In your answer, include advice on issues such as expansion, more intense
pursuit of economic, political, and/or military union, dealing with the instability caused by
terrorism, and so forth. What are the costs and benefits of pursuing any particular path to
resolve these issues? How are they connected?
1. Identify the EUs policies to date on expansion, unions, and so forth.
2. Explain the pitfalls of expansion, which may center on security and/or economics.
Consider how political and/or military unions might address such pitfalls. Consider
important contemporary issues such as terrorism and regional recessions for the future of
the EU.
3. Describe the costs and benefits of pursuing any particular path to resolve such issues.
Again, economics, security, sovereignty and other such issues may come into play
4. Evaluate the interconnectedness of these costs and benefits. As, implicitly indicated to
this point, growth, expansion and unions of various kinds inherently involve a complex
balancing act, where gains come, if they do, with the risk of loss.
77. What is the history of the EU? What assumptions provided the motivation for its creation in
the first place? Describe and analyze its evolution over time. In doing so, be as specific as
you can regarding the challenges faced in its development. Were these challenges overcome?
If so, how? If not, why not?
189
1. Outline the history of the EU, hitting upon major events the Maastricht Treaty, the
monetary union, expansion, etc.
2. Explain what motivated the creation of the EU, perhaps beginning with the ECSC and
EEC, and the move away from nationalism
3. Investigate the challenges faced by the EU in its evolution, for instance, the issues that
have arisen around the eurozone.
4. Assess whether these challenges have or have not been overcome, and how they were
overcome or why they were not.
78. Briefly outline the current governing structure of the EU. What are the various functions of
each piece of this structure? What changes in its structure have occurred since it was first
established? What future changes do you anticipate, particularly given European
enlargement?
1. Describe the structure of the EU the European Council, European Court of Justice,
European Commission, etc.
2. Explain the functions of each structure. For instance, the European Council indentifies
problems and poses solutions.
3. Investigate the development of structures over time.
4. Assess what future changes might be expected, especially given European
enlargement. The eurozone, in particular, is already under pressure due to debt crises and
recession.
79. What does cultural imperialism mean? Is it real? Who should be concerned about its
consequences? What, if anything, should be done about it? If nothing should be done about
it, why not? Support your answer with empirical and logical evidence.
1. Define cultural imperialism.
2. Explain whether it is real or not, and if it is, who should be concerned about its
consequences consequences such as the introduction of Western values and goods to the
detriment of local cultures and local markets.
3. Evaluate what should be done about the spread of cultural imperialism for instance,
acceptance of particular values, such as social openness and tolerance, combined with
repulsion of others.
190

80. According to the text, new international political possibilities arise from technological
developments (pg. 370). What exactly does this mean? What are the implications of
advancing technologypros and cons? What are the costs and benefits for states and citizens
of these developments?
1. Outline the meaning of new international political possibilities.
2. Explain how such possibilities arise out of technological developments like
communications via telephones, television, films, magazines, etc.
3. Describe the positive and negative implications of progressing technology, such as the
varying government viewpoints on the purpose of the internet.
4. Evaluate the costs and benefits for states and citizens of these developments, including
the ways in which citizens in the Middle East and North Africa benefitted from
telephones and text messaging in furthering the Arab Spring.
191
CHAPTER 11
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Epistemic communities are transnational communities of experts and policy makers
concerned with particular __________ issues.
A) international
B) sustainable development
C) environmental
D) enclosure
Answer: C
Page Reference: 388
A-Head: Interdependence and the Environment
2. The first UN conference on the international environment took place in __________ in
__________.
A) Seattle, Washington, 1969
B) Stockholm, Sweden, 1972
C) Geneva, Switzerland, 1978
D) Nairobi, Kenya, 1982
Answer: B
3.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The Earth Summit took place in __________ in __________.

Stockholm, Sweden, 972
Geneva, Switzerland, 1978
Nairobi, Kenya, 982
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1992
Answer: D
4. The metaphor known as the tragedy of the commons is widely used to explain the impact
of human behavior on ecological systems. It is derived from events that occurred in __________.
A) ancient Greece
B) 19th-century British villages
C) Chernobyl
D) the Love Canal
Answer: B
192
Page Reference: 388

5.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What state currently dominates the world in the production of solar panels?
United States
Norway
United Kingdom
China
Answer: D
6. In its drive for rapid economic growth, Beijings smog, in early 2013, was far above levels
considered dangerous, and citizens of the city who went outside experienced burning lungs and
stinging eyes. This is an example of the debate over __________.
A)
B)
C)
D)
sustainable development
the ozone layer
collective goods.
The UN Environment Program
Answer: A
7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Sustainable economic development means development __________.

that can serve as the sole basis for industrial economies
that is supported by the domestic economy and does not involve international trade
that is popular with citizens and does not threaten the stability of the government
that uses resources in a way that gives them a chance to replenish
Answer: D
8. The tragedy of the commons metaphor suggests that __________.
A) national interests should be defined in zero-sum terms
B) the pursuit of self-interest will result in the greatest good for the greatest number
C) solutions to national problems will lead automatically to the solution of international
problems
D) if individuals act out of short-term self-interest, all may suffer in the long run
Answer: D
Page Reference: 388
193

9.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The major emitters of greenhouse gases today are __________.

industrialized countries
countries in the global South
countries of the former Soviet Union
Eastern European countries
Answer: A
A-Head: Managing the Environment
10. Air pollution and water pollution are more often __________ problems than __________
problems.
A) global, bilateral
B) global, unilateral
C) regional, global
D) long-term, short-term
Answer: C
11. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a major contributor to the destruction of __________.
A) carbon dioxide
B) the ozone layer
C) tropical tuna
D) healthy soils
Answer: B
12. In the 1980s the __________ on CFCs is the most important success in international
negotiations to protect the global environment from harmful chlorofluorocarbons to date.
A) Copenhagen Convention
B) Earth Summit
C) Kyoto Protocol
D) Montreal Protocol
Answer: D
194
13. The most common cause of the extinction of species is __________.

A) overhunting
B) disease
C) overfishing
D) loss of habitat
Answer: D
14. Which of the following is the greenhouse gas that accounts for most of global warming?
A) Carbon dioxide
B) Methane
C) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
D) Nitrous oxide
Answer: A
15. How do greenhouse gases bring about global warming?
A) When there are large amounts in the atmosphere, they heat the surface of the Earth as they
become heated by the sun.
B) They allow solar radiation to reach the Earths surface.
C) They trap heat waves given off by the sun.
D) They create holes in the atmosphere, allowing in more ultraviolet radiation.
Answer: B
16. Which of the following has been most reluctant to agree to a treaty calling for specific
reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by a certain target date?
A) Western Europe
B) Central and Eastern Europe
C) Japan
D) The United States
Answer: D
17. As early as the late 1980s, states had much more success in negotiating agreements and
developing regimes to manage the ozone layer than __________.
195
A)
B)
C)
D)
increased levels of whaling

deforestation
melting of the polar ice caps
global warming
Answer: D
18. Why was the U.S. Clean Air Act revised in 1997?
A) To put stricter rules in place
B) By order of the WTO in order to allow for fair competition from Venezuela and Brazil
C) To act as a nontariff barrier from competing industries in other states
D) In order to appease environmental groups
Answer: B
19. Rain forests __________.
A) are home to as many as half the worlds total species and slow down global warming
B) exist primarily in wealthy states
C) are frequently protected from agricultural use
D) are located within the borders of states and are therefore domestic private goods rather than
collective goods
Answer: A
20. Nonterritorial waters are called __________.
A) open ocean
B) high seas
C) unclaimed seas
D) disputed waters
Answer: B
196
21. According to the 1997 __________, there are binding penalties for failure to reduce
emissions as specified.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Kyoto Protocol
The Framework Convention on Climate Change
UN Environmental Program
Montreal Protocol
Answer: A
22. The potential opening of new shipping lanes as a result of melting polar ice north of Canada
and Russia would be an example of climate change creating __________ for some regions.
A) complications
B) benefits
C) conflict
D) new markets
Answer: B
23. __________ are examples of fossil fuels.
A) Oil and nuclear
B) Wind and solar
C) Coal and natural gas
D) Wood and hydroelectric
Answer: C
24. The use of entirely new technology to maintain levels of __________ is a challenge
presented by efforts to reduce global warming.
A) fossil fuels
B) greenhouse gasses
C) ozone
D) carbon dioxide
Answer: B
25. Compared to global warming, addressing the hole in the ozone layer is __________.
197
A) more complex, because the costs of solving the problem are higher
B) about the same, because in either case the costs to states economies are very high
C) simpler, because the consequences of ozone depletion are better understood and more
immediate
D) more time-consuming, because of disagreement about the nature of the problem
Answer: C
26. Preserving the oceans is a difficult collective-goods problem, but it has been solved in part by
__________.
A) bilateral negotiations between neighboring states
B) the dictation of ocean management regulations by global naval powers
C) enclosing more of the ocean in territorial waters through the 200-mile limit
D) securing economic rights related to ocean resources
Answer: C
27. The UN Conference on the Law of the Sea treaty __________.
A) established rules on territorial waterways such as the Suez Canal
B) has never been signed by the United States
C) created a mechanism for sharing the wealth created by extracting minerals on the ocean floor
D) provides a dispute resolution mechanism for territorial water conflicts
Answer: D
28. The area of the globe with the second largest total net energy exports is __________.
A) Latin America
B) Russia
C) Africa
D) Europe
Answer: B
A-Head: Natural Resources
29. Which countries, per capita, are the most energy efficient in the world?
A) Countries in North America
B) Middle Eastern countries
C) European countries and Japan
198
D) The former Soviet Republics

Answer: C
30. The largest oil-exporting country in the world is __________.
A) Russia
B) Qatar
C) Saudi Arabia
D) the United Arab Emirates
Answer: C
31. The flow of what river through Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan has added to the conflict
between those countries?
A) Nile
B) Jordan
C) Tigris
D) Euphrates
Answer: B
32. Why did Arab states decideto cut off oil exports to the United States in 1973?
A) To punish the U.S. for its support of Israel during the Arab-Israeli war.
B) To achieve a better bargaining position on other trade issues.
C) To demonstrate their power in order to gain leverage over other states that import oil.
D) To increase the price of oil to match its value in the world economy.
Answer: A
33. In the late 1990s, which region emerged as a new source of oil, despite its lack of a stable
route for oil pipelines?
A) Caspian Sea
B) Southeast Asia
C) Black Sea
D) West Africa
Answer: A
199

34. In 1973 and 1979 world economies were highly impacted by oil-related politics, the latter
involving the evolution in Iran. These disruptions were examples of __________.
A) oil shock
B) energy deficiency
C) oil exports
D) mineral shock
Answer: A
35. The Caspian Sea is bordered by five nations, and a 2010 a summit meeting gave each nation
a 25-mile zone. Most argue that this is a conflict over oil resources that will be settled by
__________ rather than through conflict.
A) environmental security
B) industrial practices
C) energy efficiency
D) reciprocity
Answer: D
36. __________ is an example of one of the most important minerals to industrialized
economies.
A) barite
B) limestone
C) quartz
D) iron
Answer: D
Page Reference: 407
37. Iraqi objections to Syrian diversion of the Euphrates are an example of the concept of
__________.
A) rare earth
B) water disputes
C) dominance principles
D) Maritime politics
Answer: B
200

38. How did the industrialized economies adjust to the higher oil prices that resulted from the oil
shocks of the 1970s?
A) Expansion of oil production in new locations inside of OPEC
B) Development of greater energy efficiency
C) Rapid expansion of the use of coal to replace high-priced oil
D) A gradual shift to natural gas
Answer: B
39. What is a key feature that shapes the role of natural resources in international conflict?
A) They are required in the operation of technological economy
B) States rarely actually go to war to control the territories from which they are sourced
C) Natural resources tend to be unevenly distributed
D) They tend to be evenly distributed

Answer: C
40. The world population is currently growing by __________ each year.
E) 80 billion
F) 70 billion
G) 90 billion
H) 85 billion
Answer: A
Page Reference: 409
A-Head: Population
41. The __________ Sea was once one of the worlds largest lakes until it was decimated by the
diversion of its water sources to irrigate crops.
A) Caspian
B) Black
C) Aral
D) Bohai
Answer: C
A-Head: Population
201
42. Which area of the globe, barring the global south and the global north, has the largest number
of HIV infections?
A) Africa
B) China
C) South Asia
D) Middle East
Answer: A
A-Head: Population
43. After Taliban militants killed health workers, claiming the medicine was being used to carry
out a Western plot to sterilize Muslim children, a(n) __________ in Pakistan was cut short in
2012.
A) infectious disease
B) vaccination drive
C) democratic transition
D) political conflict
Answer: B
A-Head: Population
44. Which of the following is characteristic of the beginning of demographic transition?
A) Value lag
B) Declining birth rates
C) Slow population growth
D) Low death rates
Answer: C
A-Head: Population
45. Which of the following is characteristic of the end of demographic transition?
A) Slow population growth
B) High birth rates
C) High death rates
D) Value lag
Answer: A
A-Head: Population
46. Which of the following explains the relationship between population growth and per capita
income?
202
A)
B)
C)
D)
Raising per capita income slows population growth.

Rapid population growth brings about an increase in per capita income.
Increasing per capita income generates population growth.
Lowering per capita income brings about a decline in population.
Answer: A
A-Head: Population
47. Since 1960, the infant mortality rate has steadily decreased in __________.
A) the poorest countries
B) the far east
C) the richest countries
D) the near east
Answer: A
A-Head: Population
48. In a 2007 speech at Columbia University, the president of Iran claimed there were no gay
people in Iran. This is indicative of __________.
A) a view commonly shared between those in the secular West and those connected to Islamic
states in regards to issues concerning AIDS
B) the idiosyncratic vision of a particular world leader as concerns issues related to AIDS
C) the explicit differences between the secular West and Islamic states around issues concerning
AIDS
D) the way in which culture has little influence on the handling of issues of health and disease
Answer: C
A-Head: Population
49. With respect to pronatalist population policies, __________.
A) they encourage childbearing but still allow access to contraception
B) traditionally, governments adopted these policies because population was seen as an element
of national power
C) population is seen as a problem in essentially every country
D) most developing countries have strongly pronatalist policies in place
Answer: B
A-Head: Population
203
50. How does the population of a country at the end of demographic transition compare to what
it was at the beginning?
A) The average age is about the same.
B) The average age is younger.
C) The average age is older.
D) The average age is difficult to measure.
Answer: C
A-Head: Population
TRUE-FALSE
51. Global environmental problems are easier to solve because of the small number of actors
involved.
Answer: FALSE
52. There has yet to be a situation in which a state has extended sovereignty to make
environmental management a national rather than an international matter
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 388
53. Burning fossil fuels is the cause of global warming.
Answer: TRUE
54. The threat of extinction impacts a limited number of species.
Answer: FALSE
55. In comparison to global warming, the cost of solutions to repair the damaged ozone layer are
far higher and the problem is not as well understood.
204
Answer: FALSE
56. Particularly because of industrial pollution, human sewage, and agricultural fertilizers and
pesticides, water pollution often crosses borders.
Answer: TRUE
57. Countries like Botswana and Burundi depend on mineral revenues in their economic
development plans and to repay foreign debt.
Answer: FALSE
Page Reference: 407
58. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea An puts most commercial fisheries and offshore
oil under control of states as territorial waters. .
Answer: TRUE
59. Most developing countries are in the middle of the demographic transition and have rapid
population growth.
Answer: TRUE
A-Head: Population
60. States that fail to address nicotine addiction face high future costs in health care.
Answer: TRUE
A-Head: Population
FILL IN THE BLANK
205
61. States have used international regimes and IOs to resolve __________ problems.
Answer: collective goods
Page Reference: 388
62. Lake Chad in Africa borders four sovereign states, and each has been drawing on the lakes
water for decades, leading to its near depletion. This is a real-world example of __________.
Answer: the tragedy of the commons
Page Reference: 388
63. The __________ establishes rules regarding territorial waters and proclaims the oceans to be
a common heritage of humankind.
Answer: UN Conference on the Law of the Sea/UNCLOS
64. The use of specific chemicals which damage the earths ozone layer are now being
__________ under international agreements.
Answer: phased out
65. Reduced destruction of local __________ is the aim of an international treaty on biodiversity.
Answer: ecosystems
66. The solution of environmental collective-goods problems increases short-term __________
for long-term __________.
Answer: costs; benefits
Page Reference: 396
67. Oil, coal, and natural gas are collectively known as _________.
Answer: fossil fuels
206

68. Huge amounts of hard currency accumulated in the treasuries of the Middle East oilexporting countries and reinvested around the world are known as __________.
Answer: petrodollars
69. _________ is a type of policy that encourages or forces childbearing and outlaws or limits
access to contraception.
Answer: Pronatalist
A-Head: Population
70. Under harsh poverty a childs survival is not assured, thus poor people tend to have
__________ children.
Answer: many
A-Head: Population
SHORT ANSWER
71. What is the tragedy of the commons? How did it apply to global environmental protection
in the waning years of the 20th century? Use empirical evidence to support your claim.
72. Briefly describe the evolution of oil pricing in the world energy regime since the late 19th
century. Explain why high oil prices today can be considered both a positive and a negative.
73. Why are industrialized states more responsible for the problem of global warming than are
states in the global South? And why are solutions so difficult to reach?
207

74. Oil prices rose dramatically in the 1970s but declined in the 1980s as the world economy
adjusted by increasing supply and reducing demand. Prices spiked again around 1991 and
20072008 before collapsing in 2008. How do such fluctuations undermine world economic
stability? What are the environmental implications for the fact that Western states import
energy resources, mostly oil, whereas other world regions export them?
75. What is the relationship between population growth trends and international security? How
does one affect the other? Provide specific examples of the ways in which a growing
population might exacerbate international tensions and lead to open conflict.
A-Head: Population
ESSAY
76. Two atmospheric problems have become major international issuesglobal warming and
depletion of the ozone layer. Explain the causes of these problems and then compare and
contrast the international management of each. What has led to success or failure in
managing these problems? What might be done to overcome the failures? In your answer,
consider the logic of the tragedy of the commons.
1. Define both global warming and ozone layer depletion.
2. Explain the causes of both global warming and depletion of the ozone layer, such as
the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and use of CFCs. Compare and contrast
international attempts to curb these problems.
3. Discuss the paths to success and failure in managing the two problems, for instance,
treaties have been more successful at curbing ozone depletion than controlling
greenhouse gasses.
4. Analyze what might be done to transcend these failures, considering the logic of the
tragedy of the commons in the process of doing so.
A-Head: Interdependence and the Environment, and Managing the Environment
208
77. Compare and contrast environmental negotiations and trade talks. On which principle of
international relations does each rely? What is the difference between trade talks solving a
collective-goods problem and solving environmental collective-goods problems?
1. Define environmental negotiations and trade talks.
2. Compare and contrast the two concepts. For example, both rely on the reciprocity
principle as the central mover of agreement. The biggest difference from trade talks is
that when trade talks succeed in solving a collective goods problem, the participants get a
short-term, tangible benefit of billions of dollars added to the world economy.
3. Explain the mutual reliance on reciprocity.
4. Discuss the difference between trade talks solving a collective-goods problem and
solving environmental collective-goods problems. For example, when trade talks succeed
in solving a collective goods problem, the participants get a short-term, tangible benefit
of billions of dollars added to the world economy. When environmental collective goods
problems are solved, the participants get a short-term, tangible bill to pay, and then longterm benefits.
A-Head: Interdependence and the Environment, Managing the Environment, Natural Resources,
and Population
78. Few effective international agreements have been reached to solve the problem of global
warming. Given the severe difficulties associated with managing this problem, what creative
international solutions can you think of? What would be the strengths and weaknesses of
your solutions in the short term and in the long term?
1. Describe the extreme complications connected with managing global warming and
with creating effective international agreements to curb global warming.
2. Explain what creative international solutions might be put forward to transcend the
substantial costs and dangers. For instance, scientists may work to create plant species
which are resistant to the stresses climate change otherwise places on plants. Waste heat
from biogas generators might be captured to cool or warm farm animals, or incubate
eggs. Food crops might be modified for resilience to drought, among other creative
solutions.
3. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed solutions, both short term and
long term. For instance, some states in the U.S. have put forward aggressive
environmental legislation that might be overturned in the future.
A-Head: Interdependence and the Environment, Managing the Environment, Natural Resources,
and Population
209

79. Explain the relationship between the environment and international security. What role does
the environment play in this equation? What evidence do we have that there is any
relationship at all? Is it significant enough to warrant the attention of IR scholars and
practitioners? Why, or why not?
1. Define the relationship between the environment and international security.
2. Explain the role the environment plays in this equation. For instance, environmental
degradation can lead to collective goods problems among large numbers of states, and
competition for territory and resources can create conflicts among smaller groups of
states.
3. Discuss the proof we have that there is any connection, in the first place, and whether
the relationship is worthy of attention. Scholars and researchers have done a great deal of
work on the intersection of the environment and international security.
4. Analyze why the evidence for such a connection is worthy of consideration by IR
scholars and researchers.
80. What are the historical trends in population growth? What impact does population growth
have on resources and international conflict? What policies have states adopted to deal with
population growth? Analyze the success of those polices and whether there other approaches
that might be more successful.
1. Outline the historical trends in population growth, taking into account the mechanistic
continuing expansion of the global population.
2. Explain how resources and international conflict are impacted by population
growth.For instance, not only will water resources potentially dwindle, they will, in turn,
be fought over.
3. Discuss policies, such as Chinas one child policy, adopted by states to deal with
population growth.
4. Explore how well those policies are working, and /or present alternative approaches.
Again, Chinas one child policy, and the citizenrys preference for male children, has
created a context in which there is a marked gender imbalance, with men finding that
there are too few women with whom they might couple
A-Head: Population
210
CHAPTER 12
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
A)
B)
C)
D)
UNESCO defines literacy as the ability to read and write __________.

a simple sentence
three paragraphs
at the third-grade level
at the sixth-grade level
Answer: A
A-Head: The State of the South
2.
A)
B)
C)
D)
In the 2010 Pakistan flood nearly __________ million acres were destroyed.
3
20
2
22
Answer: C
3. Urbanization is caused by people moving __________.
A)
B)
C)
D)
from the suburbs to the city

from the city to the countryside
from city to city
from the countryside to the city
Answer: D
4. International law and norms __________.
A) obligate states to accept refugees who arrive at their borders
B) do not distinguish between refugees and migrants
C) emphasize migrants economic impact on a state rather than their international security
implications
D) provide guidance to receiving states as to how to distinguish political motives from economic
motives
Answer: A
211

5. Recurrent epidemics and widespread diarrhea, which kill millions of children each year, are
often the result of __________.
A) inadequate food supplies
B) infection with hepatitis
C) river blindness disease
D) inadequate sanitation facilities
Answer: D
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
In which region of the global South are womens literacy rates closer to those of men?
Latin America
The Middle East
East Asia
Africa
Answer: A
7. Women taking part in the Integrated Holistic Approach Urban Development Project have
helped to subsidize health and sanitation services in slums by __________.
A) working closely with the government to bring in extra funding
B) working with the government to lower tax rates on firms providing these
services
C) organizing income-producing businesses and using the profits to enhance
these services
D) allowing for greater efficiency in these services by reducing operating costs
Answer: C
8.
A)
B)
C)
D)
With respect to migrants and refugees, __________.

migrants flee their country to escape war, natural disaster, or political persecution
refugees move to a new country in search of better economic opportunities
states are obligated to let migrants leave for another country
refugees may be granted asylum, which allows them to stay in the new state
Answer: D
212
9. Remittances from nations like the U.S. provide opportunities for family members back home,
as well as improving their quality of life, and __________.
A) allowing illegal immigrants to earn citizenship
B) helping stabilize home countries economically
C) increasing the security of the U.S.
D) helping destabilize home countries economically
Answer: B
10. In 2000, the UN adopted the Millennium Development Goals. What does the UN hope to
achieve with this project?
A) To set targets for basic needs globally, with a goal to cut the proportion of the worlds
population living in extreme poverty by half.
B) To promote infrastructure growth in the worlds poorer regions.
C) To fund advances in agriculture for use in the developing world.
D) To provide microloans to small businesses in the developing world in order to spur job
growth and overall economic development.
Answer: A
Page Reference: 425
11. With respect to poverty in the global South, which of the following is true?
A) Starvation kills more people than malnutrition does.
B) People die from starvation and malnutrition because there is not enough food produced in the
world to feed them.
C) About one billion people live in abject poverty.
D) Starvation triggered by war or drought affects more people than chronic poverty does.
Answer: C
Page Reference: 425
12. Right-wing nationalism has surfaced in __________, where regulations for asylum seekers
have been lax and the number of immigrants has been increasing.
A) Turkey
B) Belgium
C) Russia
D) Germany
Answer: D
213

13. In 1996, world leaders adopted a goal to cut hunger in half by 2015, and current estimates
__________.
A) are discouraging as regards reaching that goal
B) indicate further research is required in order to assess how achievable that goal is
C) imply the goal is achievable
D) indicate the rate of hunger has risen
Answer: C
14. In 2010 floods destroyed nearly 2 million acres of crops in Pakistan. This is an example of
__________.
A) natural disasters exacerbating already dwindling interest in subsistence farming
B) a subsidiary effect of over-farming
C) derelict drainage infrastructure
D) natural disasters exacerbating food shortages
Answer: D
15. As of 2012, half a trillion dollars, triple that of a decade before, was sent by migrants to
relatives in their country of origin, which is an example of a(n) __________.
A) remittance
B) restriction
C) trafficking
D) deferral
Answer: A
16. What group of refugees, displaced in the 1948 and 1967 Arab-Israeli wars, remains one of
the most politicized groups in the world?
A) Georgians
B) Egyptians
C) Armenians
D) Palestinians
Answer: D
214
17. What is the relationship between warfare and basic needs?

A) Being at war produces economic wealth for a countrys military industries, raising the ability
of all citizens to meet their basic needs.
B) Being at war allows a country to acquire resources to meet basic needs through conquest.
C) Being poor, with unmet basic needs, makes a society more war prone.
D) Being poor, with unmet basic needs, makes a society less war prone.
Answer: C
18. In the global South, how does womens access to adequate education and favorable loan rates
compare to that of men?
A) Access to those benefits is gender-neutral
B) Men have greater access to those benefits than women.
C) Women have greater access to those benefits than men.
D) Younger women have the same level of access as most men.
Answer: B
19. Which of the following is a possible explanation for the dramatic increase in global
remittance flows?
A) Globalization is making it easier for people to live and work in different countries.
B) The cost of living has been increasingly on the rise in nations where most migrants are found.
C) As migrants assimilate they simply keep more of the money they make.
D) Global poverty is decreasing greatly.
Answer: A
20. In recent years, states in which region have elected leftist presidents committed to changing
course away from free-market capitalism and toward a socialist philosophy with more stateowned industries?
A) Latin America
B) East Asia
C) Sub-Saharan Africa
D) Eastern Europe
Answer: A
A-Head: Theories of Accumulation
215
21. An economic surplus is created not by using capital for __________, but by investing money
in productive capital.
A) consumption
B) development
C) accumulation
D) industrialization
Answer: A
22. Conflicts among great powers, including the two world wars and the Cold War, basically
result from competition among core states and regions over the right to exploit the __________.
A) third world
B) the periphery
C) industrial regions
D) satellites
Answer: B
23. The three regions that engage in the world economy primarily as raw material exporters are
__________.
A) spread across both the global North and the global South
B) located in the global North
C) growing more speedily
D) growing more slowly
Answer: D
24. World-system theory is based on what theoretical framework?
A) Liberalism
B) Marxism
C) Realism
D) Constructivism
Answer: B
25. In the world-system, the regions that mostly manufacture goods are the __________.
216
A)
B)
C)
D)
middle-income regions
third world regions
industrialized regions
Incorporated
Answer: C
26. According to world-systems theory, which type of state develops most of the advanced
products or quasi-monopoly goods?
A) Core states
B) Peripheral states
C) Semiperipheral states
D) Multinational states
Answer: A
27. Basing economic growth solely on resource exports can be problematic and lead to
something called __________.
A) mercantilism
B) the resource curse
C) resource dependency
D) hollow growth
Answer: B
28. With respect to the concept of the world-system, __________.
A) the semiperiphery acts as a buffer between the core and periphery
B) states in the periphery are not active in international trade
C) states in the core export light manufactures
D) there are distinct dividing lines between core and periphery, and states cannot move between
the two
Answer: A
29. How do semiperiphery regions compare with periphery regions?
A) Periphery regions are growing more rapidly than semiperiphery regions.
B) Semiperiphery regions are growing more rapidly than periphery regions.
217
C) Periphery regions export primarily manufactured products, whereas semiperiphery regions

export primarily raw materials.
D) States can move from the semiperiphery to the periphery, but not from the periphery to the
semiperiphery.
Answer: B
30. Some of the fundamental principles of interstate power politics were first exhibited by
__________.
A) the Ottoman Empire
B) Latin American civilizations
C) Italian city-states
D) Greek city-states
Answer: D
A-Head: Imperialism
31. The international system as we know it developed in __________.
A) Europe.
B) the Middle East
C) North America
D) China
Answer: A
A-Head: Imperialism
32. Neocolonialism covers the relationship of the global South with the __________.
A) United Nations
B) United States
C) former Soviet Union
D) United Kingdom
Answer: B
A-Head: Imperialism
33. A lack of technical and administrative sSkill lLevels was one challenge faced by former
colonies __________.
A) with economies stretched thin by over-development
B) upon their winning independence
C) upon their losing independence
218
D) with particularly effective governments

Answer: B
A-Head: Imperialism
34. Though the profits accrue to the local capitalists, a system of nationally controlled production
still depends on __________
A) the local population
B) local peasants
C) government officials
D) foreign markets
Answer: D
A-Head: Imperialism
35. During the Cold War, the classic third world revolutionary movement was __________.
A) organized by peasants and laborers
B) a military overthrow of the government
C) a communist insurgency
D) Islamic in nature
Answer: C
A-Head: Imperialism
36. North-South relations have shown how difficult it is to separate __________ from
__________.
A) political economy, international security
B) global terrorism, globalization
C) political culture, development issues
D) imperialism, political economy
Answer: A
A-Head: Imperialism
37. Which country was the first colonial power?
A) Britain
B) Portugal
C) Spain
D) Germany
Answer: B
219

A-Head: Imperialism
38. In most of the territories they colonized, European empires incorporated rather than pushed
aside the __________of those territories, especially in Africa and Asia.
A) cultural values
B) native leaders
C) religious belief systems
D) indigenous populations
Answer: D
Page Reference: 445
A-Head: Imperialism
39. Nonviolent resistance to British rule was the means to independence for which British
colony?
A) Malaysia
B) South Africa
C) India
D) Nigeria
Answer: C
A-Head: Imperialism
40. Most revolutions in third world countries were the result of __________.
A) struggles between global communism and global capitalism
B) international power struggles between rich and poor countries
C) poverty and unmet basic human needs
D) anti-imperialist sentiment
Answer: C
A-Head: Imperialism
41. Once in power, revolutionary governments find they often resemble their predecessor in what
way?
A) Adopting similar foreign policies
B) Consisting of a strong legislature and a weak executive
C) Consisting of a weak legislature and a weak executive
D) Developing multiparty democracies
Answer: A
A-Head: Imperialism
220

41. The digging and shipping away of the most easily accessible minerals, and the use of the best
farmland for export crops rather than subsistence crops exemplified the __________ colonial
power.
A) environmental degradation carried out through
B) economic desperation associated with
C) negative economic implications of
D) aggressive work ethic perpetuated through
Answer: C
A-Head: Imperialism
42. By 1982, the only areas of white minority rule remaining in Africa were in __________.
A) central Africa
B) north Africa
C) south Africa
D) west Africa
Answer: C
A-Head: Imperialism
43. Of the following theories, which would find the continued dependency of the developing
world the LEAST concerning, from a Western point of view?
A) Liberalism
B) Realism
C) Constructivism
D) Feminism
Answer: B
A-Head: Imperialism
44. Of the following theories, which would explain the continued dependency of the developing
world by arguing that the developed world has made Capitalism a global discourse?
A) Realism
B) Liberalism
C) Constructivism
D) Postmodernism
Answer: D
A-Head: Imperialism
221
45. Which of the following is a consequence of an enclave economy?

A) A particular raw material is extracted and sold on foreign markets with little impact on the
countrys economy.
B) A powerful class of rich owners is built up within the country.
C) Sustained economic growth occurs as a result of multiple foreign investments in the country.
D) Renewal of a states natural resources occurs.
Answer: A
A-Head: Imperialism
46. The Viet Minh defeat of French occupiers was an example of throwing off the colonial yoke
by way of __________.
A) negotiating a transfer of power
B) traditional warfare
C) a movement of nonviolent resistance
D) guerilla warfare
Answer: D
A-Head: Imperialism
47. Though it continued to control other territories, in the early 1800s, the Portuguese left power
in Brazil. This is an example of __________.
A) interdependence
B) globalization
C) decolonization
D) internationalism
Answer: C
A-Head: Imperialism
48. In the context of colonialism what was the relationship between education and colonists?
A) Territories tended to already have strong educational systems prior to being colonized.
B) Colonial powers generally invested very little in the educational infrastructure of their
colonies.
C) Access to education was largely withheld from colonists.
D) Education was widely disseminated by those in power to colonists.
Answer: C
A-Head: Imperialism
222
49. According to dependency theory, __________.

A) a dependent country is forced to export all the goods it produces
B) the structure of the world-system creates economic problems for dependent countries
C) the accumulation of capital cannot sustain itself within dependent countries
D) dependency is a form of international interdependence between countries of relatively equal
power
Answer: C
A-Head: Imperialism
TRUE-FALSE
51. In the global North, approximately one billion people live in extreme poverty.
Answer: FALSE
52. In the global South, hunger and malnutrition are rampant.
Answer: TRUE
53. The global South has played host to nearly all of the wars during the past 50 years.
Answer: TRUE
54. International agencies based in the North have begun to take womens contributions into
account in order to better analyze economic development in the South.
Answer: TRUE
55. Many states have been expanding state-owned enterprises because state ownership has been
so successful in accumulating wealth.
Answer: FALSE
223
56. Since Lenin, many Marxists have argued that capitalists in the North exploit the South
economically and use the wealth thus generated to buy off workers in the North.
Answer: TRUE
57. IR scholars in the world-system school argue that the North is a periphery specializing in
extracting raw materials through agriculture and mining.
Answer: FALSE
58. After several decades in power, revolutionaries usually continue to rebel against the norms
and rules of the international system.
Answer: FALSE
A-Head: Imperialism
Skill Level: Remember the Facts the Facts
59. Because of the positive impacts of colonialism on local populations, pro-colonial movements
arose throughout the global South.
Answer: FALSE
A-Head: Imperialism
60. Third world states were left with legacies of colonialism following independence, including
their basic economic infrastructures, which made wealth accumulation difficult in certain ways.
Answer: TRUE
A-Head: Imperialism
FILL IN THE BLANK
61. Colonialism disrupted the pattern of __________ in traditionally rural communities.
Answer: subsistence farming
224
62. One of the biggest issues affecting North-South relations is the __________ from poorer to
richer states.
Answer: migration
63. China and South Asia, the regions experiencing the __________ growth are not part of the
highest-income or the lowest-income regions.
Answer: fastest
64. __________ calls for the breaking up of large land holdings and the redistribution of the
land to poor peasants for use in subsistence farming.
Answer: Land reform
65. The theory of socialism parallels __________ with regard to its views on the relationship
between government and the economy.
Answer: mercantilism
66. Colonialism disrupted the dependence of rural communities on __________, shifting the
focus of those communities to commercial agriculture.
Answer: subsistence farming
67. Along with some of the newly industrialized countries, Eastern Europe and Russia are
commonly considered __________.
Answer: semiperiphery
68. Some IR scholars see the global system of regional divisions as a world system or a
__________.
225
Answer: capitalist world economy

A-Head: Theories of Accumulations
69. The development of the international system, of imperialism, of trade and war, were all
greatly accelerated by the __________ after about 1750.
Answer: Industrial Revolution
A-Head: Imperialism
70. Prime causes of revolutions are __________ and lack of __________, especially when the
impoverished observe others living much better.
Answer: poverty, access to basic needs
A-Head: Imperialism
SHORT ANSWER
71. How is the displacement of subsistence farmers contributing to malnutrition and hunger in
the global South?
72. Discuss the role of women in development. What obstacles do they need to overcome? What
is being done to help them?
73. The trend toward privatization is growing as we enter the 21st century. How would you
explain this phenomenon? What is to be gained?
74. Briefly describe the history of imperialism. How has imperialism impacted international
relations today?
226
A-Head: Imperialism
75. How is length of time in power related to the conversion of revolutionaries to a more
conservative worldview and to becoming supportive of the norms and rules of the international
system?
A-Head: Imperialism
ESSAY
76. Globally, several children die every minute, and during that same timeframe almost a million
dollars is spent on military forces. Analyze the moral and political debates about North-South
relations that are embodied in this reality.
1. Outline North-South relations.
2. Explain the intersection of basic human needs and military spending, keeping in mind
how lack and need can create security issues.
3. Discuss the moral and political implications of basic needs going unattended to in the
face of defense spending. Consider how the South might be driven to keep up with the
North, creating complex situations.
4. Analyze how the tension between competing needs might best be balanced, weighing
the political against the moral.
77. Theories of accumulation believe that economic development is based on accumulation.
However, within theories of accumulation capitalist perspectives and socialist perspectives differ
in their understanding about how economic systems work. Define the prevailing notions
regarding this critical step in economic development. Which one do you think is more accurate?
Why?
1. Describe theories of accumulation, touching upon how economic development is based
on accumulation.
2. Explain prevailing notions about how economic systems work in relation to wealth
accumulation. Such notions depend upon ones approach being either that of a capitalist
perspective or that of a socialist perspective. The capitalist perspective stresses overall
efficiency in maximizing economic growth, whereas the socialist perspective is more
concerned with the distribution of wealth than with its creation. The difference in
227
perspective has implications for contemporary views on the gap between income levels in
the worlds industrialized regions and those in the global South.
3. Provide a succinct reasoning for which one is most accurate, and why. This will hinge,
in part, on ones chosen perspective, but regardless of perspective one should take into
consideration issues of maximizing economic growth, capital accumulation, economic
surplus, etc.
78. Briefly describe the history of imperialism. What is the legacy of imperialism? Why has
imperialism continued to impact international relations today?
1. Identify the key historical events related to imperialism.
2. Recall the basic facts related to the legacy of imperialism.
3. Discuss the economic implications of imperialism, postcolonialism, and
neocolonialism.
4. Explain why imperialism has continued to have an effect on IR today, touching on
basic economic infrastructures that imperialist regimes left behind that made wealth
accumulation difficult.
A-Head: Imperialism
79. Analyze the problems and prospects associated with postcolonial dependency. What are the
obstacles to industrialization and economic development? What are the possibilities for
industrialization and economic development? What tools are available to countries in the global
South to achieve their development goals?
1. Define postcolonial dependency.
2. Explain the obstacles to economic and industrial growth and prosperity, touching upon
such issues as the gap in technical and administrative Skill Levels, and the difficulty
developing nations find in keeping hold of their own educated elite.
3. Discuss the possibilities for growth in both industry and the economy, while also
acknowledging concepts such as the enclave economy.
4. Analyze the tools available to achieve development goals in global South. Consider the
particular constellation of forces within a country and the alliances that are born out of
such constellations.
228

A-Head: Imperialism
80. Suppose you lived in an extremely poor slum in the global South and had no money or job
but retained all the knowledge you now have. What strategies would you adopt for your own
survival and well-being? What strategies would you reject as infeasible? Would you adopt or
reject the idea of revolution? Why?
1. Describe the basic characteristics of life in a poor slum based upon the knowledge
obtained from this chapter.
2. Explain what approaches would be pursued with the goal of survival and well-being,
for example, one might seek out international agency support for aid in the organization
of a small business.
3. Using evidence from the reading, discuss those strategies might not be feasible. For
instance, moving away from the city to a rural area may be untenable if one lacks
knowledge of survival in a farming context.
4. Provide clear reasons for backing or rejecting revolution as a means of altering ones
impoverishment. Historical precedence, and the tendency of revolutionary governments
to fall back into the habits of prior governments, should be discussed.
A-Head: The State of the South, Theories of Accumulation, Imperialism
229
CHAPTER 13
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The central aspect of economic development is __________.

rising per capita income
capital accumulation
increasing skills of the population
the adoption of new technological styles
Answer: B
Page Reference: 461
A-Head: Experiences
2. The newly industrializing country that has competitive electronics and other light industries
but which specializes in banking and trade is __________.
A) Singapore
B) Thailand
C) Hong Kong
D) the Philippines
Answer: C
A-Head: Experiences
3.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The newly industrializing country that has focused primarily on trade is __________.
Singapore
South Korea
Malaysia
Taiwan
Answer: A
A-Head: Experiences
4.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following newly industrialized countries are more city-states than nation-states?
Taiwan and Hong Kong
Hong Kong and Singapore
Singapore and Malaysia
Malaysia and Taiwan
Answer: B
A-Head: Experiences
230
5. Who was the Chinese leader responsible for instituting the economic reforms that have taken
place there since the mid-1970s?
A) Mao Zedong
B) Jiang Zemin
C) Kim Il-Sung
D) Deng Xiaoping
Answer: D
A-Head: Experiences
6. Antigovernment protests in China by students, workers, and some government officials took
place in __________.
A) Tiananmen Square, in 1989
B) Tiananmen Square, in 1992
C) Shenzhen, in 1989
D) Shenzhen, in 1992
Answer: A
A-Head: Experiences
7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Newly industrializing countries (NICs) __________.

are periphery states that became core states
export heavy manufactured goods
have achieved self-sustaining capital accumulation
have raised income levels among a small elite
Answer: C
A-Head: Experiences
8. The newly industrializing country that has developed competitive steel and automobile
industries is __________.
A) Taiwan
B) Malaysia
C) Singapore
D) South Korea
Answer: D
A-Head: Experiences
231
9. How were Chinas southern coastal provinces, under Deng Xiaoping, examples of free
economic zones? The areas __________.
A) became open to foreign investment and run on capitalist principles
B) played host to peasants who worked collective farms
C) became more dependent on local investment
D) became open to foreign investment, but were still run on closed-market principles
Answer: A
A-Head: Experiences
10. Which Asian country has committed itself to economic reforms such as selling state-owned
industries but was thrown into a severe economic crisis by the collapse of the Soviet Union?
A) Indonesia
B) Thailand
C) India
D) Bangladesh
Answer: C
A-Head: Experiences
11. As part of its IMF conditionality agreement, India was required to __________.
A) subsidize its export sector
B) increase the amount of foreign currency reserves held in its central bank
C) reorient its economy to increase domestic consumption
D) sell off inefficient state-owned enterprises and reduce bureaucracy
Answer: D
A-Head: Experiences
12. Examples of small countries with large oil exports in the Middle East that have done well
economically, but whose experience is not one that states in the global South without oil can
follow, are __________.
A) Turkey, Iran, and Kuwait
B) Iraq, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia
C) Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates
D) Jordan, Bahrain, and Syria
Answer: C
A-Head: Experiences
232
13. According to world-system theory, the newly industrializing countries are categorized as
__________.
A) core
B) periphery
C) semiperiphery
D) dependent states
Answer: C
A-Head: Experiences
14. How is South Korea an example of the four tigers?
A) It creates enough capital accumulation to raise income levels across the population broadly.
B) It has a fairly stable state industrial policy, specializing in timber and mining.
C) It creates enough capital accumulation to raise the income levels of the nations elite.
D) It creates enough industry to raise the expectations of the population broadly.
Answer: A
A-Head: Experiences
15. In the 1970s most of the global South prospered in regards to economic development, but in
the 1980s most of that region suffered a decrease in per capita __________.
A) distribution
B) poverty
C) GDP
D) IMF
Answer: C
A-Head: Experiences
16. In China, Mao Zedong implemented an economic policy where the state controlled all
economic activity. This type of economic policy is an example of __________.
A) laissez faire
B) capitalism
C) central planning
D) mercantilism
Answer: C
A-Head: Experiences
17. How is Brazil an example of a development model worthy of emulation? It has __________.
A) reined in spending, restricted inflation, and cut inequality
233
B) been selected to host the 2018 soccer World Cup

C) underspent on social programs to the detriment of its financial position
D) expanded its entertainment industry, invested in fisheries, and kept inflation stable
Answer: D
A-Head: Experiences
18. What is a feature of economic development?
A) Technological accumulation
B) Falling per capita incomes
C) Increasing skills in the population
D) Switching from manufacturing to service industries
Answer: C
Page Reference:.461
A-Head: Experiences
19. How did South Koreas prosperous economy compare with that of Taiwan?
A) South Korea focused on electronics and computer industries while Taiwan focused on iron,
coal, steel and automobile industries,.
B) South Korea focused on iron, coal, steel and automobile industries, while Taiwan focused on
electronics and computer industries.
C) South Korea focused on copper, diamonds, and timber while Taiwan focused on defense and
entertainment industries.
D) South Korea focused on electronics and other light industries, while Taiwan focused on
banking and trade.
Answer: B
A-Head: Experiences
20. What impact has Chinas economic success had on its perspective on international relations?
A) Boosted Chinas foreign aid to Russia
B) Opened it to accepting preferential loans
C) Gave it a more regional perspective
D) Gave it a more global perspective
Answer: D
A-Head: Experiences
21. How does the income level and growth rate of Ethiopia compare with that of Iran?
A) Ethiopias growth rate has declined as its income level has declined, while Irans growth rate
has declined as its income level has declined.
234
B) Ethiopias growth rate has risen as its income level has declined, while Irans growth rate has
risen as its income level has risen.
C) Ethiopias growth rate has declined as its income level has risen, while Irans growth rate has
declined as its income level has risen.
D) Ethiopias growth rate has risen as its income level has declined, while Irans growth rate has
declined as its income level has risen.
Answer: D
A-Head: Experiences
22. What is a favorite starter industry for developing economies?
A) Electronics
B) Textiles
C) Telecommunications
D) Agriculture
Answer: B
A-Head: Lessons
23. Redistribution of income from North to South would create faster, more balanced, and
stable global economic growth. This would be spoken by a __________.
A) mercantilist
B) socialist
C) capitalist
D) communalist
Answer: B
A-Head: Lessons
24. Among the most corrupt countries in the world in 2012, according to Transparency
International, were __________.
A) Nigeria and Indonesia
B) Burma and Somalia
C) Brazil and Chile
D) Pakistan and India
Answer: B
A-Head: Lessons
25. What are the features of microcredit?
235
A) Small portions of money; poor people, especially women as beneficiaries; the support of
economic self-sufficiency
B) Large portions of money; poor people, especially men as beneficiaries; the support of
economic self-sufficiency
C) Small portions of money; wealthy people as beneficiaries; the support of economic selfsufficiency
D) Must often be refinanced or restructured
Answer: A
A-Head: Lessons
26. The North-South gap is a stage of world development in which capital accumulation is
concentrated in the North. There is no practical way to shift wealth from the North to the South
without undermining global economic growth. This would be spoken by a __________.
A) mercantilist
B) socialist
C) capitalist
D) communalist
Answer: C
A-Head: Lessons
27. What is the relationship between the form of a states government and economic
development?
A) Authoritarianism is necessary for economic development to take place.
B) Authoritarianism leads to political stability, which in turn encourages foreign investment.
C) Democracy has not accompanied economic development in a systematic or general way.
D) States that begin industrializing under authoritarianism but shift to democracy suffer
economic decline.
Answer: C
A-Head: Lessons
28. How does import substitution compare to export-led growth?
A) Import substitution is effective in later phases of economic development, whereas export-led
growth is effective in all phases of economic development.
B) Import substitution works best when the local industry is a service industry, whereas exportled growth works best when the exports are raw materials.
C) Import substitution has proven effective where it has been used, whereas export-led growth
has had limited success.
236
D) Import substitution seeks to develop local industries to produce items that the country had
been importing, whereas export-led growth seeks to develop local industries that can compete in
specific niches in the world economy.
Answer: D
A-Head: Lessons
29. Why does corruption have more of an effect on countries in the global South than on
industrialized countries?
A) There is more surplus to keep economic growth going.
B) Multinational corporations invest more money in the global South than in industrialized
countries.
C) Dependence on exporting a few products presents a greater opportunity for corruption than in
a more diversified economy.
D) Too much money is needed to fund military action against rebel groups.
Answer: C
A-Head: Lessons
30. Private capital flows to the global South were nearly what amount in 2012?
A) 100 billion
B) 200 billion
C) 300 billion
D) 500 billion
Answer: D
A-Head: North-South Capital Flows
31. What country has by far been the most successful in utilizing foreign direct investment?
A) India
B) China
C) South Korea
D) Japan
Answer: B
32. Despite the perception that an international debt crisis was over in 2001, which country in
effect defaulted on its debts?
A) Mexico
B) Brazil
237
C) Argentina
D) North Korea
Answer: C
33. The group of state creditors that meets periodically to discuss the international debt situation
and renegotiation is called the __________.
A) London Club
B) New York Club
C) Paris Club
D) Frankfurt Club
Answer: C
34. The main forum in which developing countries have pursued concerns about international
trade has been __________.
A) the World Trade Organization
B) the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
C) the United Nations General Assembly
D) the International Monetary Fund
Answer: B
35. What is the main idea behind a joint venture?
A) Co-ownership of a company by two local entities
B) Ownership of a company by both a foreign entity and a local entity
C) Joint ownership of a company by two foreign entities
D) Ownership of a land property by two local entities
Answer: B
36. One of the most important components of stable, long-term economic growth for a
developing state is the transfer of __________.
A) technology
B) proficient management
C) capital goods
D) legal ownership of property
238
Answer: A
37. Conditionality is the controversial practice of the __________ by which domestic economic
reforms are required of countries agreeing to new loans.
A) G8
B) International Monetary Fund
C) World Bank
D) UNICEF
Answer: B
38. With respect to loans from the IMF, __________.
A) the economic reforms required of countries varies depending on local cultural and economic
conditions
B) the agreements are politically popular and widely accepted in countries in the global South
C) they send a signal to private lenders and investors regarding the wisdom of investing in that
state
D) the goal is to spend the money on politically popular purposes to gain the citizens support,
regardless of their economic profit
Answer: C
39. How is the exodus of medical professionals from Africa to Europe an example of brain
drain? It has the potential to __________.
A) spur economic development in Africa
B) impede economic development in Africa
C) impede economic development in Europe
D) spur economic growth for those medical professionals
Answer: B
40. How is a default an example of a drastic action, economically speaking? Because it
__________.
A) bolsters lenders confidence, but results in cutoff of future loans
B) obliterates lenders confidence, but results in future loans
C) obliterates lenders confidence and results in cutoff of future loans
239
D) bolsters lenders confidence and results in future loans

Answer: C
41. Which of the following is a consideration of MNCs when deciding to invest in a foreign
country?
A) Brain drain
B) Unfavorable regulatory environment
C) Financial stability
D) Ideology of the ruling government party
Answer: C
42. Technology transfers feature __________.
A) knowledge, skills, and designs
B) portfolio investment, skills, and designs
C) portfolio investment
D) portfolio investment and skills
Answer: A
43. Which of the following is a proposal made by the South under the New International
Economic Order?
A) Promotion of industrialization in the global North
B) Shifting the terms of trade to favor commodities relative to natural resources
C) Following the same development path as the North
D) Increased development assistance from the North
Answer: D
A-Head: North-South Capital Flow
44. Attempts to promote South-South trade have been primarily __________.
A) impractical
B) effective
C) conducted among Middle Eastern countries
D) conducted among newly democratized countries
Answer: A
240

A-Head: Foreign Assistance
45. Unlike commercial loans, government-to-government development loans are often made on
__________ terms, with long repayment times and low interest rates.
A) inflationary
B) concessionary
C) unfair
D) righteous
Answer: B
46. The __________ provides U.S. volunteers for technical development assistance in states in
the global South.
A) Agency for International Development
B) U.S. Development Program
C) Peace Corps
D) Foreign Technical Assistance Organization
Answer: C
47. States from Western Europe, North America, and Japan/Pacific have joined together to form
the __________, from which more than 90 percent of government assistance flows.
A) Overseas Development Assistance Club
B) Overseas Private Investment Corporation
C) Foreign Assistance Council
D) Development Assistance Committee
Answer: D
48. __________ is not normally included in development assistance.
A) Military aid
B) Food aid
C) Loan money
D) Grant money
Answer: A
241

49. What is the model of development assistance by which short-term relief (food, water, and
shelter) is provided to victims of natural disasters or war?
A) Oxfam
B) handout
C) disaster relief
D) private agency
Answer: C
50. What are the some key purposes of development assistance?
A) Capitalist, humanitarian, and egalitarian
B) Egalitarian, political, and environmental
C) Capitalist, humanitarian, and creation of future economic advantage for the receiver
D) Political, humanitarian, the creation of future economic advantage for the giver
Answer: D
TRUE-FALSE
51. Despite the negative impacts of the 2008 2009 recession on the global South, growth has
begun to return.
Answer: TRUE
A-Head: Experiences
52. The Asian newly industrialized countries have proven that it is nearly impossible to rise out
of poverty.
Answer: FALSE
A-Head: Experiences
53. The experiences of poor countries have not borne out the idea that democratization would
accompany and strengthen economic development.
Answer: TRUE
A-Head: Experiences
242

54. A current example of strong economic growth over the past 30 years of market-oriented
reform is Vietnam.
Answer: FALSE
A-Head: Experiences
55. The leading success story in economic development is China.
Answer: TRUE
A-Head: Experiences
56. A major obstacle to development throughout the global South is corporate disinterest in
developing economies.
Answer: FALSE
A-Head: Lessons
57. Loans provided to states in the global South which are conditional on economic and
governmental reforms are the type made by the IMF.
Answer: TRUE
58. The North and South have improved the debt situation in recent years for the global South.
Answer: TRUE
59. Foreign aid is usually utilized for political leverage and promotes the export of products from
the donor state.
Answer: TRUE
243
60. An important part in the economic development plans of the more impoverished states of the
South is local assistance.
Answer: FALSE
FILL IN THE BLANK
61. There is little evidence to back up a strong connection between economic growth and internal
__________.
Answer: wealth distribution
Page Reference: 461
A-Head: Experiences
62. A(n) __________ is open to foreign investment and run on capitalist principles, regardless of
the economic system in the rest of a country.
Answer: free economic zone
A-Head: Experiences
63. The theory that an authoritarian government is required to keep control as __________ is
concentrated in industrialization has not been borne out by actual experience.
Answer: capital
A-Head: Experiences
64. Import substitution has largely been replaced by __________ growth.
Answer: export-led
A-Head: Lessons
65. Foreign investment by __________ can be a means of spurring economic growth.
Answer: MNCs
66. Brain drain is the loss of __________ to richer countries.
244
Answer: skilled workers

67. Absorptive capacity is the ability of a country to put __________ to productive use.
Answer: investment
68. Conditionality is the terms or conditions that a potential borrower state must accept to receive
a loan from the __________.
Answer: IMF
69. The group of private creditors that meets periodically to discuss the __________ situation
and renegotiation is the London Club.
Answer: international debt
70. __________ foreign assistance is also known as bilateral aid.
Answer: State-to-state
SHORT ANSWER
71. Identify four newly industrializing countries and analyze the reasons for their apparent
success in economic development. What conditions made it possible for them to achieve this
feat?
A-Head: Experiences
72. China is unique as a developing country. Explain why this is the case. To what extent
can/should its development process be emulated by other developing countries?
245
A-Head: Experiences
73. Identify and briefly describe the means available to developing countries to accumulate
capital. Which do you believe would be the most profitable in the long run?
A-Head: Experiences, Lessons, North-South Capital Flows, Foreign Assistance
74. How has globalization affected the ability of developing countries to compete in the global
market and to continue their path of development? Address either positive or negative
impacts.
75. What are examples of politically unpopular measures which the conditions of IMF loans
might necessitate? Why are they necessary?
ESSAY
76. Identify and briefly describe the variety of strategies available to developing countries that
choose to pursue an economic growth/industrialization path. Define the conditions that
apparently need to be in place for this development process to happen. Analyze the structure,
process, and feasibility of economic development in the 21st century.
1. Recall and describe strategies for pursuing economic growth/industrialization.
2. Explain the necessary conditions for development, touching on export-led growth,
import substitution, microcredit, technology transfer, and other concepts.
3. Analyze the structure, process and feasibility of 21st century economic development,
keeping in mind such challenging issues as brain drain, debt, IMF conditionality, disaster
recovery, and more.
246
77. Explain why the WTO trading regime is not always beneficial to the global South. What
economic sectors in the global South are particularly harmed? Are the nations of the global
South compensated? If so, how so?
1. Describe the WTO trading regime.
2. Explain how it has failed to benefit the global South, touching upon way in which the
wealthier nations are allowed to guard particular economic sectors.
3. Investigate the particular sectors in the global South that are harmed particularly
agriculture and textiles.
4. Assess the whether the nations of the global south are compensated, and how. The
Generalized System of Preferences should be discussed, as it lowers barriers to exports
from the global South.
78. Analyze the relationship between capitalism and democracy as it relates to the process of
development. What process of development would you advocate for leaders in the global
South? What foreign policies would you support for the U.S. to implement, in light of this?
1. Outline the intersection of capitalism and democracy and its consequences for
development.
2. Suggest the best process of development for the global South. The evidence would
seem to support fighting corruption, support of a theory of comparative advantage, and an
emphasis on export-led growth, rather than import substitution.
3. Explain what foreign policies the U.S. should implement, in light of this, taking into
consideration foreign investment, foreign aid, relief models and more.
79. If you were the president of a developing country today and had complete control of
development policies, what strategy would you employ? Identify and explain each step in
your comprehensive development strategy. Whom would you invite in and from whom
would you request assistance? Why?
1. Provide an outline of the development policies best to pursue as the leader of a
developing nation, touching on foreign assistance, technology transfer, aid, export-led
growth, and more.
247
2. Explain the order and details of the steps to be taken in the development strategy.
3. Describe who would be invited in and whose assistance would be taken. For instance,
would aid from the IMF be considered a benefit or a detriment?
4. Evaluate why a given entity would be welcome and another not so. Again, IMF
conditions may be considered unwelcome due to their restrictiveness.
80. Foreign investment has been called both a blessing and a curse for developing countries.
Explain how this can be the case. What has to happen for foreign investment to be considered
more consistently as a blessing? Provide concrete examples in your answer.
1. Define foreign investment.
2. Discuss how foreign investment can be both a positive and a negative, touching on
such harmful issues as governmental loss of control that may come with foreign
investments by MNCs, and beneficial aspects such as the expansion and creation of
industry.
3. Explain how foreign investment can become a consistent benefit, touching on the need
for a stable local labor supply, and economic growth in the host country that will sustain
demand for goods, as well as consistent local productivity growth.
4. Discuss particular examples of direct investment as a blessing China, South Korea,
Taiwan, Hong Kong, Turkey, Argentina, Ecuador, etc.
248

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CHAPTER 1

International relations revolves around the key problem of how __________.

The U.S. home mortgage market initiated the __________ of 2008-2009.

International relations is largely a(n) __________ discipline.

International relations __________.

A current example of a collective-goods problem is that __________.

B) Contributions to development assistance or UN peacekeeping missions are better explained

B) WTO and UAW

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

C) The United States shifted its support to North Korea.

D) massive oil spills

Page Reference: 30-31

Skill Level: Analyze It

Page Reference: 36-37

Modern realist theory developed in reaction to __________.

Thomas Hobbes belongs to the __________ school of thought.

The most important feature of international relations according to a realist is __________.

Which of the following is a long-term power resource?

Which of the following is a short-term element of power?

22. How is a middle power distinguished from a great power?

A-Head: The International System

Answer: burden sharing

International regimes __________.

C) They undermine the concept of sovereignty.

Which of the following IGOs perform collective security functions?

UN cooperative defense is an example of __________.

The success of collective security depends on __________.

What does postmodernism fundamentally call into question altogether?

Page Reference: 102-103

Which of the following is a critique of realism from the postmodern perspective?

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Positive peace __________.

women are inherently more peaceful than men

With respect to women in the military, __________.

With respect to women in politics, __________.

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Page Reference: 8696

Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include:

14. A kitchen cabinet is __________.

Page Reference: 139141

A-Head: Domestic Influences

Page Reference: 128-129

Page Reference: 134136

Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include:

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Warfare without __________ involving irregular forces is called guerilla war.

A-Head: The Wars of the World

The most crucial aspect of __________ is demobilizing and disarming militias.

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

17. According to the clash of civilizations thesis proposed by Samuel Huntington,

C) is far beyond any economic or strategic value it holds

Page Reference: 182-184

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

A-Head: Conflicts of Ideas

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Answer: state sovereignty

Page Reference: 168-177

Page Reference: 153160

2. Explain how two areas of conflicts differ.

Violence as a means of leverage __________.