Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
&Mj&
ROMAE
RICHARD CAPLICE
with the collaboration of
DANIEL SNBLL
INTRODUCTION
TO AKKADIAN
Fourth edition
(Revised reprint of third edition)
<
M&6
ROMA
2002
The
P.
ISBN 88-7653-566-7
2002
Italia
TABLE OF CONTENTS
V
Table of Contents
Abbreviations
IX
Introductory
1.
Preface
2.
Tools
3.
4.
Lesson
I:
Nominal Declension,
(I):
Status Rectus
11
5.
11
6.
11
7.
Forms
Gender
8.
Number
12
Case Functions
Further Annotations
Nouns with Vocalic Stems
12
12. Variations in
13
13.
Form
ahum and abum
14
14.
The Adjective
14
9.
10.
11.
11
12
13
On
15.
Lesson
2:
Nominal Declension,
(II):
Pronominal Suffixes
16,
Nominal
14
15
17
States
17
17
17
20
21
21
Lesson
3:
21.
G-Stem of
the Strong
Verb
(I)
Stems
23. Tenses*
24. Verb Types and Vocalic Classes
22.
25.
The
Preterite
24
24
24
24
25
25
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VI
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
3
1 .
The Present
The Imperative
The Infinitive
The (Active) Participle
The Verbal Adjective
The Nominal Sentence
.
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
32.
Lesson
4:
Subjunctive
(II).
28
34.
The
The
35.
33
36.
The Ventive
Some Conjunctions (Subordinating)
The Subjunctive
summa
33
33.
37.
38.
39.
Stative
31
Perfect
31
34
35
35
35
36
Lesson
5:
41.
TheGt-Stem
42. Volitional
43.
44.
45.
The Cohortative
The Precative
The Emphatic Particle
The
39
39
(Modal) Constructions
40
40
40
41
lii
46. TheVetitive
47.
41
41
Prohibitive
48. Questions
41
and Interrogatives
41
Negation
Vocabulary, Cuneiform Signs, Exercise
42
42
49. Demonstratives
50.
Lesson
6:
51.
52.
53.
54.
D,
and tn-Stems
Lesson
7:
55.
56.
N,
tn,
TheN-Stem
TheNt-Stem
45
45
45
46
47
48
51
51
51
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VII
The tn-Stems
The SD-Stem
57.
58.
51
53
53
59.
Lesson
Verbs
8:
III
53
54
Weak, sa
56
61.
Weak
Verbal Forms
62.
Verbs
III
56
56
57
Weak
63. Determinative-Relative
Pronoun
Lesson
Verbs
9:
64.
Verbs
58
II
61
Weak
II
61
Nominal Typology
Vocabulary, Cuneiform Signs, Exercise
63
65.
Lesson
10:
Verbs
68
\j, n
Aleph
66.
Verbs
67.
The a-Group
The Verb alakum
The e-Group
68.
69.
65
68
68
69
70
70
70
Verbs \j
71. Verbs I n
Vocabulary, Cuneiform Signs, Exercise
70.
Lesson
11:
Verbs
w. Infinitive Constructions.
72. State-Verbs I
73.
Action-Verbs
74. Initial
75.
71
Numbers
74
74
74
I iv
Infinitive
75
75
Constructions
Numerals
Vocabulary, Cuneiform
76
76.
Lesson
12: Quadriliteral
77. Quadriliteral
80.
Verbs
Weak Verbs
...
81
81
N-Stem
82
83
78. Irregular
79.
78
Signs* Exercise
83
81. 'Air
83
84
Appendix
82.
I:
87
87
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VIII
83. Patterns of
Consonantal Structure
Appendix
II:
85.
Numbers
86.
Year Dates
87.
Month Dates
Weight Measures
Measures
90. Area Measures
91. Solid Capacity Measures
88.
89. Linear
89
91
94
94
94
94
95
95
96
96
97
100
Index of Signs
102
104
Additions
107
Foldout
ABBREVIATIONS
abs.:
absolute
med.: medial
ace: accusative
nom.: nominative
adj.: adjective
n. T
AHw:
NA: Neo-Assyrian
OA: Old Assyrian
(see 2)
Akk.: Akkadian
Arab.: Arabic
Ass.: Assyrian
Bab.: Babylonian
obi.:
common gender
CAD: (see 2)
perf.: perfect
c:
fern.:
GAG:
feminine
pres.: present
pret.: preterite
(see 2)
ptc: participle
gen.: genitive
GN:
geographical
plural
prep.: preposition
dat.: dative
f.,
pi., plur.:
conjunction
conj.:
name
s.,
sing.: singular
Hebn: Hebrew
imp.: imperative
stat.: stative
indie: indicative
subj.: subjunctive
inf.: infinitive
Sum.: Sumerian
intr.:
intransitive
tr.:
transitive
v. adj.:
vb.:
verbal adjective
verb
wr.: written
INTRODUCTORY
1.
The Introduction
Preface
book.
As
is
Akkadian grammar.
signs.
The
exercises are
prominent values of
indices,
strong verb.
2.
Tools
The standard grammar is W. von Soden, Grundriss der akGrammatik [= GAG] (Analecta Orientalia 33, 3rded.
kadischen
1995).
INTRODUCTORY
Zeichenliste
(Alter
und
Orient
Altes
Soden-W.
in
may
Mesopotamian
Reiner.
3.
history.
records in
written,
in
it
and
in
modern
grammatical
its
were
heartland and
Persia.
The
central
geographical
area
of
its
use
is
ancient
INTRODUCTORY
relationship with
of the
cultural
Akkadian
b.
indeed one of
is
member.
ancient
member
earliest
its
and overwhelmingly
traditional
its
best
attested
of
the
Semitic
classification
is
scholars, Ugaritic
and
Eblaite)
dialects
form the
attested
it
as a
spoken
Assyrian (OB,
In addition to these
and
spoken dialects, we find in
Babylonia an artificial 'literary form of the language modelled on
the OB dialect; this has been called 'Standard Babylonian' (SB).
We may summarize this dialect-history and indicate approximate
use in both Assyria
central
dates:
OAkk. 2500-1950
OB
MB
1950-1530
1
530- 000
1
NB
1000-625
LB
625-0
SB
1500-0
OA
1950-1750
MA
NA
1000-600
500- 1 000
INTRODUCTORY
Amarna
texts).
in
which
later
were
lost, it is
many
4.
a.
Most Akkadian
texts
were written
with a reed stylus on a clay tablet which, after the writing was
impressed, was sun-baked or fire-baked to hardness; on a smaller
word.
To
others which, in
many
i.e.
depicted
concrete objects. Early Sum. texts (from Uruk, ca. 3000 B.C.) use a
battery of signs
to
those
INTRODUCTORY
meaning. Thus the sign H^-f (an) was no longer limited to ex-
Sum. word an
declined forms, a
/il/
came
to be used, e.g. to
The use of
specialized
kind
of logographic
value:
determinative
the
is
is
a
a
homonymous
(4)
complement,
i.e.
added
to a
may
be used as phonetic
logogram to specify
its
reading.
Thus an
for
city.
sign
4c;
INTRODUCTORY
1
;
is
$4
= Hum
is
to
be read as an
alphabetic
script:
an has
thus
values
the
/an/
and
It
/il/.
is
may
modem
homophonous
actually
is
by index
numbers, following a standard listing compiled by the French
scholar Frangois Thureau-Dangin (see the sign-lists mentioned in
used,
Thus
2).
one
1
,
scholars distinguish
-^p "tu
two\pT'/
may
signs
the
first
of these
is
(2)
modern
significance.
Determinatives
are
conveniently
represented
in
raised
).
after
may
texts
be represented alphabetically in
different ways:
(i) The text may be represented as written, indicating signs one
by one and separating them by hyphen (if they belong to the same
word) or space (if in different words) or position (determinatives and
INTRODUCTORY
raised).
sign-sequences that
daltam
Sarrum
representation
ipus
is
may
many
possible
'the
king
made
called a transliteration;
a
it
door*).
sign-by-sign
The
(ii)
text
may
text's
realization
transcription.
A mixed representation, using sign-by-sign transliterawhich a transcription of each logogram is added, is often
used, e.g.: sar-ru-um & daltam(\G) Tpus(D\J-us). Such a system gives
full indication of signs used, and partial indication of linguistic
(iii)
tion to
forms.
d.
sign
may
be polyvalent:
it
may
is
that each
alphabetic
<
*patihu.
(4)
is (i)
morphological
(e.g.
when
the
INTRODUCTORY
(ii)
indicated by a macron
contraction (rabium
circumflex
(~);
when
> rabum
it
is
>
hitum
'sin
(iii)
the
result
'great', 84e)
it
is
1
,
84d)
it is
of vowel
indicated by a
).
if it
is
said to be short if
it
consists of a
vowel
(1st syllable
last syllables
and
writing,
indicates
writing
aleph,
its
i-il,
is
to be normalized isaqqaL
(6) Initial
its
and not
length: illak
(<
it-uL
/ajQ)V/
(7) The signs a-a do not indicate /a/, or /a'a/ but
where V = any voweL In general, the signs used to represent /'/, /]/,
/w/ form a subsystem with special characteristics; the signs wa, 'A,
and ia, for instance, are unusual in representing any vowel (wa =
/wa/, /we/, /wi/, /wu/ etc.) in being partly reversible (wa = /aw/, *A
= /a*/ etc.), and in being partly interchangeable (wa = /ja/, ia =
f
/i'a/ etc.).
The
derived
{ikwh ukin).
(9) Transliterated
Akkadian
is
usually printed in
italics.
Roman
The
sign
<Th+
in
is
is
uncertain or unspecified.
ls
composed of
igi 4*
did
INTRODUCTORY
The
multiplication-sign
another: thus
x ~ an
ka x me ^Vr^f
illegible sign, or
indicates
indicates
ka with me
written inside
it
<
>
text.
or
by the ancient
Lesson
NOUN DECLENSION,
Nouns
5.
genitive
are
STATUS RECTUS
inflected,
and accusative
I:
has a single form, with both genitive and accusative function. Status
to
the
noun stem
7-10:
Sing.
Masc.
Fern.
nom.
-um
-{a)t-um
gen.
-im
-{a)t-im
ace.
-am
-(a)t-am
-an
-{a)t-an
Dual nom.
Plur.
The
-in
nom.
-u
(or -aim)
-at-um
obi.
-i
(or -anT)
-at-im
dannatwn
plur.; in the
-utini
obi.
~{a)t-in
fern.
fern.
(oblique case). In
OB
no
dual:
an
adj.
modifying a
7.
nouns without
is
marked by
-t.
LESSON
12
-/,
and puluhtum,
8.
dual.
rihistum
cf.
12.)
The dual
sepan 'two
see 6 above.
9,
functions.
appear in
in a small
OB
Mimation
ezzum 'angry'
(the addition of
(* zz), fern,
adjectives.
Nunation
ezzetum.
to case indicators u,
erretum
1.
i,
a)
OB
is
period, both
is
mimation and
nunation fall into disuse: sarrum > sarru, man > Tna.
4. There is no definite or indefinite article; sarrum
may be
The
of *$pr
is
sapirum.
root *prs
the
is
used as a
nominal stem
sipr-
summary
or the
form siprum;
full
its
parts form
is
sapir- or
LESSON
10
After the
5.
OB period,
13
must be studied
Some
6.
in itself.
plur.:
-(a)t
ending:
ummum
abullatum
(fern.);
'mother
in the
it
eqlum
'field
(fern.)-
Besides the three cases listed above, there are two further
adverbial cases which occur with relative rarity, except in OB and
SB poetry: the locative, with ending -urn in, at', and the
7.
unto': qdtukka
-is 'to,
<
*qatum-ka
'in
assembly',
sepua
'like
11.
*
(82j;
Nouns with
in
vocalic stems.
context
this
historically \ m5 or w or j)
1
'great ruba'um 'prince', sumlu'um 'to
,
fill',
>
>
rubaim
'
s.
m. nom. *rabium
gen.
f.
pi.
*rabi'im
ace.
rabi'am
nom.
rabitum
m. nom. *rabiutum
obi.
f.
nom.
*rabiutim
rabVatum
>
>
>
rabiim
*rubd'um
rabim
*ruba'im
rabam
*rubaam
>
>
>
rabutum
*rubd'ii
rabutim
*rubdT
>
>
>
>
>
rubum
rubem
rubam
sumlum
sumlim
sumlam
rubii
rube
rabdtum
*damiq-um
f.
pi.
> damqum
damqdtum
'good',
f.
(vocalic elision in
LESSON
14
*pulh-twn
>
puluhtum Tear
'inundation',
by vowel
in sing,
>
*san-tum
pi.
pulhatum; *rihs-tum
pi.
12
>
rihistum
sanatum (assimilation of n
in
sing.: 83e)
>
*libn-tum
libiitum 'brick
Hbnatum (vowel
pi.
insertion; as-
similation of n).
ahum
13.
'brother'
consonant reduplication:
The
14.
The
and abum
'father'
noun
may
adjective
form the
plural with
ahhil, abbii.
as
serve
it
substantive;
modifies.
in
case
this
it
offspring'.
On
15.
Note
(b>
d, r),
voiceless {p, k,
t,
s)
the sign ig
may
Consonants
be realized as ig/k/q.
initial in
OB
a sign-value are
ib
more
clearly distinguished in
(/*/),
s by
We
zu
(su) or
have seen
read with
e:
by
su.
(4e, 2) that
thus di
may
most
signs containing
may
and be are
Li,
also be
Gi etc.
ti
LESSON
Vocabulary
ana (prep.): to
arnum: sin, crime; punishment
kima
asrum: place
mahrunw front
marsum, f. marustum (<*wa-
assum
(prep.):
because
of,
as, that,
bitwn (m.),
when
man
awilum:
painful
nisu
(f. pi.):
people
house
dannum, f. dannatum: strong,
powerful
pusqum: difficulty
rabum <*rabium,
err e turn
malediction
ezzum,
f.
ezzetum: angry
Hum, pi
//w
second, other
or /7am7: god
sanum: king
among, from
isatum
(f.), pi.
isatatwm
fire
kadrum: wild,
rabitwm
f.
great
tamharum: battle
(f.): mother
wardum: slave, servant
wastum: difficult, hard, fierce
zikarum or zikrum (84b):
ummum
male,
man
fierce
Cuneiform
signs
(The first column gives the sign, in its Neo- Assyrian form; the
second gives common phonetic values, with post-OB values in
parentheses; the last column gives logographic values.)
Logographic
Phonetic
Signs
an
dingir
vA
na
fcSTT
um
= Hum
'god'
LESSON
16
Logographic
Phonetic
Signs
(Wrf)
e.gal
ra
e-
go/.
bitum 'house'
= ekallum 'palace
gal = rabum
(^/)
&-
Am, /w,
THK
mes
meS
a(.meS)
"ff
(g/rf,
gid(.da)
'great'
= arkum
'long
(sign of plurality)
= mu
'water' (plur.)
Exercise
1.
sanum,
2.
ni-si
Normalize
and
4c,5)
(cf.
translate:
a-wi-lam.
wa-ar-dim.
wa-as-tu-tim.
rabutum.
i-na
sar-ri.
ummum
Anwn
ra-bi-tum.
ra-bu-um.
as-sum
er-re-tim.
ki-ma
tam-ha-ri-im.
i-na
ilii
i-sa-tim
VH-
Cuneiform:
^3T
WTh<
tf=.
y^j
h^ y^>
TF^ mi;
Tf THr
^T
tflTT
0-
3
Plurality may also be indicated by reduplication of the logogram for noun
or adjective: thus dingir.meS, dingir.dingjr, and dingir.gal.gal all indicate /7m
added
Lesson 2
in
Lesson
dialects,
<
<
is
<
and functions
numerals and measures of length, weight, etc. which
accompany them (these will be discussed in 76) and in frozen
adverbial and adnominal expressions: sar la sanan 'king who cannot
be rivalled ana dar 'forever', zikar u sinnis 'male and female', seher
u rabi 'young and old'.
of f
-/)
chiefly in
'lord
'the
word (which) he
discussed here.
In general
takes
the
it
may be
shortest
(according to the
form which
norm of
is
noun
in construct position
phonetically possible.
is
Where
needed to
LESSON
18
Group with
i.
18
and
suffix:
Before a genitive:
generally
c.
end
bitim
b.
add
-i
for
all cases:
in a reduplicated
-t-
*'a6-)
consonant add
for
ummi
<
all
cases
sarrim;
(cf.
83n): nidinti
by exception, the
kunuk awllim
gen. ending -e
ii.
<
-a-U
mimation,
a.
cf.
nom./acc. are
-f):
nunation,
lost: belsu,
inasu
b.
84i) in
gen.
sing,
and
in
fern,
plur.:
ana
belisu,
matatusu, ana
matatisu
-/-
reduplicated
a above).
2.
Group with
a.
pars, pirs, purs (mahr-, sipr-, sulm-) repeat their first vowel:
mahar awllim,
b.
elision
single
-f ):
sipirsu, sulumkumi
forms such as sakmim < *sakinum resulting from vowel
(84b) restore the lost vowel: sakin matim, sakinsu
LESSON
18
final
c.
-/
of monosyllabic
19
fern,
stems (sub-t-um)
is
usually
vowel
(l,i,c
3.
and
l,ii,c
above)
is
in
employed
(qisti
awilim, qistaka).
OB, but it
OB,
4.
(i)
Survey of forms
84i
(cf.
on secondary
length):
Simplest type:
with genitive
nom.
betum
with suffix
gen
ace.
nom.
bel alim
s.
pi.
belu alim
belt
alim
belu-
bel-7
beli-ja
bel-su
beli-su
belT-Ja
'a
bclu-su
QSSQtUm
assat awilim
s.
gen.
ace.
belhsu
assat-T
assati-ja
assassu
(ii)
i.
assat awilim
assati-su
assatu- 'a
assati-ja
assatu-su
assati-su
Special types:
libbum
libbi
kunuk awilim
kunukkum
mahar awilim
mafjrum
siprum
sipir
subtum
qistum
nidintum
awilim
sulum awilim
sulmum
saknum
awilim
<
*sakinum
sakin matim
subat awilim
qisti
awilim
nidinti awilim
libb-i
libbi-ja
libba-su
libbi-su
kunukk-i
kunukki-ja
kunukka-su
kunukkhsu
mahr-T
mahri-ja
mahar-su
mahrhsu
sipr-i
siprhja
sipir-su
sipri-su
sulm-i
sulmi-ja
sulum-su
sulmi-su
sakn-i
sakni-ja
sakin-su
sakni-su
subt-i
subti-ja
subassu
subti-su
qist-i
qisti-ja
qista-su
qisti-su
nidinti-ja
nidint'i
nidinta-su
nidinti-su
LESSON
20
18
with suffix
with genitive
nom.
banum <*banium
banijbdn awllim
bdmtwn
kalian
gen.
ace.
bdniat awilim
<
*kala'um
kala
nom.
bdni
<
bdmt-i
bdniti'ja
bdmssu
bdnlti-su
*kali
(kali, kal)
<
rube dlim
<
kald-su
rube
<
*rubd-i gen.
abi awilim
For
mar um
the
learner,
it
is
kali-su
rube-ja
*rubd-T
rubd-su
ab-T
abu-su
marum <
kali-ja
*kala-T
rubu-su
abum
bant-ja
bdni-su
kalu-su
< *rubaum
*bani-T
bdni-su
mdtim
rubum
gen.
ace.
rubi-su
abi-ja
aba-sa
mar-T
maru-su
mara-su
abi-su
mari-ja
mdri-stt
forms
(bitim)
in
it
and
all
nor tuppasu
massu cannot be
genitive.
the determinative
pronoun Su
(63).
dannum sa
mdtim or by sar mdtim dannum 'mighty king of the land'. The sa
construction is also frequently used to avoid ambiguity when the
construct state has the same form as the status rectus (e.g. the nom.
pi. belii), or to avoid a stylistically heavy construct chain (thus mar
Sarrim sa mat Hatti 'the prince of Hatti-land' avoids the cumbrous
mar sar mat Haiti).
is
LESSON
20
21
(54,2)
may
indicate possession or
forms
The
are:
Singular
Plural
person
1st
-ni
2nd m.
2ndf.
3rd m.
-to
-kunu
-fa'
-kina
-su
-Sunu
3rd
-sa
-sina
f.
The 1st sing, suffix takes three forms in standard OB: -T after a
noun in nom./acc. sing., -ja after gen. sing./oblique plur., but this is
reduced to -a after nom. pi. (transcribed belua 'my lords', or with
explicit notation of the syllable boundary, belua). Thus belt 'my
ana belija 'to my
lord', assdtu'a 'my wives', ana belija 'to my lord
7
lords'.
Note
land', *res-sa
>
H- s
>
*mat-5u
ss:
>
massu
'his
Vocabulary
abum, pi. abbu\ father
ahum, pi. ahhu: brother
assatum (stem *'ant~): wife
awatum, pi. awdtwn: word
*banium, bamim: builder, maker
beltum,
pi.
owner
eli:
(< Sum.
e.gal): palace
eqlum (m.),
pi.
on
eqlelum
it'
(f.)
(84i)
(*hq[):
////
(*/f/7):
ersetum: earth
(tenant-)farmer
him'
(84i)
the
god Marduk,
patron of Babylon
marum: son
malum
(f.), pi.
misarum
field
erresum
fnum: eye
kunukkum: cylinder
btsum: possession
*darium, dariim: (everlasting
ekallum
matatum: land
(*Jr): justice
(f.)-
hand
LESSON
11
sarriitum: kingship
re'utum: shepherdship
*rubd'um, rubum: prince, noble
f.
sibtum,
construct sibat
work
Siprum:
se/jertwn: small
seljrum,
(*\vsb):
sirtum: exalted
suqurum, L Suqurtum
costly, precious
sirum,
f.
one third
SahiStum:
of the
(f.
sama%
*,
l
samii
(m.
sky,
heavens
very
tuppitm: (clay-)tablet
u:
pi.):
(*\vqr):
and
zerum: seed
zittwn: share (of properly)
Cuneiform signs
Logographic
Phonetic
Signs
^T
/>,
cr
jr
Mf<
ti,
ti
ti(.la)
mf
ia
m
^
BlK
m
#<y-
also
/e, ii t
= wardwn
balatum
tur = sehrum
(tur)
'small
dumu = marum
ad = abum
ad
ga>
id,
qa
ga =
ed
Urn
lum, (ln A )
'to live
in
pi,
pe
son'
'father
sizbxtm 'milk
geStu
= uzmim
igi
mum
igi
= panum
lim
**=
'slave, servant'
'ear'
1
'eye
= limum
'front
pi. 'face
'thousand'
LESSON
23
Exercise
Normalize and
1.
sar
ekallim.
sar-ru-tim.
be-el-ti-sa.
warad
warad
mi-sa-ri-im.
mar
li-ib-bi
a Marduk.
zerum
da-ri-um
be-le-sa.
e-li-su.
it-ti-su-nu.
re-u-si-na.
sa
ii-ti
esemti
be-el-ni.
(-su). zitta-su.
a-na
mar
di-ni.
ma-su.
Translate into Akkadian: the man's son. with the man's son.
with his son. the man's brother, the man's work, the man's
his son.
gift,
heart,
their
man's wife, the man's dwelling, his tablet, their seal, your
our maker, her son. my brother, his father, my possession,
bones, my word, her small queen, with my share, his tenant
the
farmer.
3.
fear
mi
Cuneiform:
kT<
j^-
& #
Tf-<P-;
it*?- <&-i
m*T
^ m\ 0-i
Lesson
(I)
The
21.
verb:
general.
indicate)
is
Akkadian
but
triconsonantal,
biconsonantal
and
quadri-
As
we
disappearance of
and
\ m7 [82j
84c-f], etc.)
formed verbs.
22,
Stems.
As
Hebrew
in
or Arabic,
Akkadian verbs
are
conjugated
in
several
and
Hebrew
and
n)\
Dtn or
II/3, etc.
we
forms, usually
LESSON
23
and
25
is
builds,
('he
is
translated
is
most often
is
the 'perfect'
tense ('he built', lie has built'); (4) the 'stative' (par is) expresses a
state ('he
old'). In
is
(participle
24. Verb types and vocalic classes. Akkadian verbs divide into
two basic groups: those having an originally verbal function of
expressing action or process, which we may call action-verbs, and
verbs derived from adjectives and expressing the inception or
existence of a state, which we may call state-verbs.
Action-verbs are found in four classes characterized by
different stem-vowels (the stem-vowel is the vowel preceding the
final radical in finite forms); the classes are designated by the stem
vowel of the G pres. (iparras) and the G pret. (iprus).
The
class
class
class.
meaning
shift
the
aju class
class to another
is
is
not
rigid,
the aju
transitives
some
whose
result
is
is
and a
/
class
and a
also
pasahum
25.
prefixes
found:
'to
to
stem vowel
The
and
damaqum
preterite
(iprus,
isbat,
etc.)
is
formed by adding
normally
follow:
LESSON
26
Sing.
3c.
iprus
3m.
iprusil
2m.
taprus
3f.
iprusa
2f.
taprusi
2c.
taprusa
fl/?rw.s
Ic.
niprus
1c.
(In
25
Plur.
Note
OB
that in
form
is
common
and
to masc.
form taprus
'she separated
is
is
generally replaced
by the plural
26.
The
present
of
action-verbs
action
represents
is
1
.
as
In state-verbs,
comes
to enjoy
good
The present
is
Sing.
3c.
iparras
3m.
iparrasu
2m.
2f
taparras
3f.
iparrasa
taparrasT
2c.
taparrasa
lc.
aparras
lc.
niparras
Plur.
on the
an
The
commands,
is
formed
initial
biconsonantal cluster
(83n); this
is
usually the
some a
sing.
it is
The
elided.
purus sabat
sabtT
limdi
comm. pursd
sabtd
pursT
masc.
sing. fern.
plur.
rikab 'ride!
is
same
infinitive
is
commands
rupdi
will
piqdi
be seen
in 47.)
is
patterned
LESSON
28
erebum see
as seberum,
27
Because of
84f-g).
its
may
double character as
be used in verbal
be discussed in 75)
genitive; ina
ina parasika
give
me
riding
The
(active) participle
The
(f.
paristam, m.
pi.
ptc.
('for the
parisuium,
i.e.
it
f.
pi.
governs a
State-verbs (24)
30.
(<
The
*parisum),
with
adjectival
declension.
The
verbal
parsum
adj.
of
is
31.
predicate.
nominal sentence
It
is
is
one without a
-ma
id abi atta
is
king'
my
father'
verbal form as
(40,3):
finite
Indirect object - Verb: Sarrum eqlam ana awilim iddin 'the king
gave the man a field'. The final position of the verb, which
unusual in Semitic, is probably due to Sumerian influence.
is
LESSON
28
Vocabulary
alakwn
(pres.
illak,
pret.
illik;
go
68): to
dajjanum: judge
wood
isum: tree,
kaspum:
silver
kaSadum
at,
(a/u):
to reach, arrive
conquer
{a): to
mil (plur.
<*mau): water
(pres.
<
iddin
inaddin,
inakkis,
pret.
sell
pret.
down, cut
off
namkurum: possession
(*;?2/cr, cf.
83c)
nasarum
(pres.
msurn: oath
ms
inassar,
83e): to guard,
i.??z/r:
(lit.
life);
ms
pret.
keep
usually in
god,
life
of a
nuhsum: abundance
palahum
(a):
(w):
to claim, raise a
legal claim
(pres.
ragamum
beat, strike
nakaswn
(/):
decision
mahasum
nadanum
paqddum
to fear, reverence
riitwn
(f.,
*rht): wrist,
hand
v.
adj.
sebrum;
cf.
84g): to
break
summa
(conj.): if
zakarum
{a/u):
to
speak,
say,
name
niahar (constr. of maljntm, see
lesson 1): in front of, before
LESSON
29
Cuneiform Signs
>^
6a
wr
ZU, JW,
MS
w.
Logographic
Phonetic
Signs
.yz/
zu
zu
= lamadwn
gAl
GiS
idwn
know
'to
= basum
'to learn'
'to be'
am
zz,
sit,
{qad)
*T
/z/j, //tf,
/?/r,
(par, lah,
in)
iswn
5u
qatum
U4
//,
em
d iKUR
= pesum
d Adad
im
im
= sarum
KU =
<ft
'hand'
iimum 'day
babbar
-4>ft
wood'
'tree,
'white'
(storm-god)
tittum 'clay'
'wind'
kO.babbar = kaspam
<Ff <T
hurasum
za, $a
'silver
'gold'
sa
Exercise
1.
Normalize and
mi-sa-ra-am
pu-ru-sa-am
i-na
pi
ip-ru-iis.
ma-tim
as-ku-un.
a-wi-lum
namkur
sum-ma
ilim
da-a-a-mt-um
is~vi-iq.
bit(bis)-su
LESSON
30
kaspam
sa-ki-in
i-sa-qa-lu.
bit-sit
a-na kaspim
i-na-ad-di-in.
pa-li-ih
i-li.
Conjugate in pret, pres. and imp. and give ptc. and verbal
kasadum, saraqum, seberum,
4. Translate into Akkadian: you raised a claim, he reverences
the gods, he struck the man. my lord broke his tablet. I entrust my
father to the gods, he placed his gift before the god. he is weighing
out silver in his father's house, he effaced my words, when you
arrive, in order to guard his house, the seized man.
5. Cuneiform:
2.
adj.:
vft
yg v^A^-i
OT
<ff^r
&
Lesson 4
(state-verb), paris
action-verbs
'it
is
it is
in captivity'),
is
The
the
is
of action-verbs
stative
when an ending
elided
is
sick'
< marasum
formed on a base
may have
rapas
which
is
is
paris, in
'it is
wide'
<
rapasum
(i).
mams
'he
The forms
3m. paris
3f.
parsat
2m. parsata
3m. parsu
Plur.
3f.
parsa
2m. parsatunu
2f.
parsati
3f.
parsdtina
lc.
parsaku
lc.
parsanu
Any noun
or adjective
may
be used with
stat.
endings and
function as a predicate:
sarraku
'I
am
Non-final
84f: bel, belet
-at
>
(vb.).
e in accordance with
belenu.
34.
Though
must be
The
perfect
this tense
is
formed by infixing
-/(a) after
the
first radical.
clearly distinguished
-/(a)-, it
tenses,
the
have a
LESSON
32
The
G perfect
Sing.
3c.
iptaras
3m.
iptarsu
iptarsa
2m.
taptaras
3f.
2f.
taptarsi
2c.
taptarsd
lc.
aptaras
lc.
niptaras
In dependent temporal
main verb
34
and conditional
(39) clauses,
when
the
is
a futurum exactum
(i.e.
clause):
(shall)
have dispatched
the boats'
istu sabum su iktasdakkum sabam sdti ana sir ahika turdam
'after those
to
men
your brother
(shall)
men
and
OB we
usually connected to
them by -ma;
this
more
sequence, pret.
preterites,
"''-ma +
recipient,
adverbs
not
its
anumma
is
best
'
anniam astaprakkum
'I
send
this letter
of mine to you'
write to you'
forms
2.
in
like issabat
the perf.
is
LESSON
34
3.
Note
base form
that
when an ending
elided: *iptaras-u
is
>
is
33
iptarsu.
to all finite
Accusative
Sing.
Plur.
1.
The
Dative
lc.
-w
2m.
-ha
-am
-kum
2f.
-ki
-kirn
3m.
-Sll
-sum
3f.
-Si
-Sim
lc.
-niati
-niasim
2m.
-kunuti
-kunuSim
2f.
-kinati
-kinasim
3m.
-Sunuti
-sunusim
3f.
-sinati
-SindSim
form -am
is
verbal forms (isruk, tasruk, aSritk, niSruk: e.g. isruk-am 'he gave to
reduced to -m
2nd and 3rd
),
plur. verb, it is replaced by -nim (isruku-nim 'they gave to me*).
2. Note again that dental/sibilant + S > ss (83f) in ipqissu <
me');
after
-/"
of the 2nd
sing,
fern.
me
and
verb,
it
is
*ipqid-su,
3.
-m of
consonant: iSrukusuSSu
4.
this
ace.
between
36.
ventive,
dat.
The
is
ventive.
special
form of
-amf-mj-ninv,
(iprus-am,
and
taprusT-m,
iprusu-nim).
'to
me
The
1st
sing.
dat.
suffix
LESSON
34
suffix
has been
lost.
36
from
name
you'
to
(motion
ventive
thither,
common
(isruk-ak-kum 'he gave to you', but isruk-am 'he gave to me'). Final
to a following
consonant:
isbatil-nin-ni, tasruki-s-sum.
you
to
ummanatum
go (there)'
*atarrad-am-kum-su-ma
<
atarradakkussuma
'I
will
send him
iptatranim ana
gn
left
and
reached gn'
Since dat. suffixes 'to me' and ventive endings are formally
may
it
Generally,
if
a verb
occasionally
is
mood
more
constructus
almadu
'the
4-
fully in 63); in
whom, which
OB
the construction
noun
in status
news which
learned' (18).
LESSON
38
35
stat.),
by
la,
is
usually
separated',
'they
sarru
sa
who
separated',
iprusu
'the
kings
who
good
health'
baltai 'she
who
is
is
in
in
Summa if
(lit.
'as
it
was/is given
).
have
their
summa
summa
isriqjistariq 'if
bitam iplusma
stole'
he
stole'
istariq
'if
40.
'if
the
enemy
turns
34).
'and'
LESSON
36
40
(< *aw)
words (nouns or
unites single
verbs).
graphically
2.
kaspam
hi 'either
...
hurasam
hi
unites phrases
mimma Sumsu
hi
ft
or
...
'(if
The
enclitic particle
a particle of emphasis:
(31). (a)
anakuma
'I
that
myself, ina
musimma
it
'on that
same
context:
iksudamma se'am istariq 'he arrived and stole the barley' (34)
sabam atrudma gusuru id iksudii 'I have sent workers, but the
beams have not arrived
awnlT Sarutim tatarradma ipattarunim 'if you send rich men,
1
muster
Vocabulary
adi
(prep.):
until,
as
far
as,
kittum
(f.
justice; pi.
of kinwn): truth,
kinatum: justice
lama: before
as, until
lu
anaku:
(u): to live,
(/):
either
...
or
martum: daughter
to be lost, destroyed,
stele
nmum: beloved
Sin: the moon-god
perish
inuma:
when
kVam:
thus, as follows
kirum
<
garden
lu:
particle
be in health
gimilhim: favor
halaqum
...
sinnistum:
*kiri'um:
woman
sa:
orchard,
letter),
write ('to
dat.)
LESSON
sarraqum: thief
satarum (a/u): to write
siqlum: shekel
u:
id:
ca. 8.3
grams
tamkarum: merchant
taradum
temum
(a/u): to
(*t*m):
37
or
not
waladum
w//rf):
send (a person)
news,
report,
warki: after
decision
Cuneiform signs
NU =
>r-
72U
ri, re,
id, la
'not'
3r
rftf,
&
ma
m
4t
Logographic
Phonetic
Signs
/a
ifl
/m\ me>
ge 6
sil
= musum
'night'
ge 6 = salmum
<fr
di,
ti,
de, te
silim
'black'
= sulmum
sA in sA.sA
'health'
= kasadum
'to
reach'
<P*
qe
Ki
ki
ersetum 'earth'
asrum
'place' (also as
determinative: Babilum ki )
Pf
ku,
qii,
(dur, tus)
dur = wasabum
dwell'
'to sit,
LESSON
38
Exercise
1.
Normalize and
sinnistum
man
sa
a-na-ku
wa-al-da-at.
ih-ta-li-iq. it-ta-ra-ad.
d Sin at-tar-da-ak-kum.
mar-sa-ku.
is-sa-ba-at. is-sa-ba-as-si.
a-na
Gi-mil- a
Marduk
marai
a-wi-lim
im-ha-as
kaspam
is-pu-ru-nim.
i-sa-qal.
sum-ma
Sum-ma a-wi-lum
as-tap-ra-am.
ki-a-am
na-di-in.
iz-za-kar.
a-nu-um-ma Ri-im-
marum
is-pu-ra-am.
sum-ma maru-su
is-titr-sum.
am-mi-nim
kasap
tu-ur-da~ni-is-su-nu-ti.
is-qu-lu.
ba-al-ta-at.
He
is
a thief.
it is
lost. I
Lesson
Gt-STEM. MODALS.
DEMONSTRATIVES
AND INTERROGATES
41.
The Gt
The Gt-stem
is
action:
maharum
magarum
please,
'to
agree',
another
salum 'to ask\ siifdum
'to deliberate',
(b) in verbs
alakum
'to
eliim 'to
Forms:
1.
with
Pres.
iptarras
iptaqqid
irtaggum
Pret.
iptaras
iptaqid
irtagum
Perf.
iptatras
iptatqid
irtatgum
Ptc.
muptarsum
muptaqdum
murtagmum
muptaristum
muptaqittum
murtagimtum
Imp.
pitras
pitqid
ritgum
Inf.
pitqudum
*pitqudum
ritgumum
V. Adj.
pitrusum
*pitrusum
Stat.
pitrus
pitqud
ritgum
f.
in the
*ritgitmum
G perf.:
pi. iptarsu
<
*iptaras-u\ imp.
pres.; in the
3.
Note
remaining forms,
that in
all
base form.
G) of the
have the same
and
stative
LESSON
40
4.
For metathesis of
without prefix
<
*diikusat
initial djtjsjsjz
(e.g. tisbaia
'is
severed
41
),
<
with infixed
Gt forms
in
For assimilation of
see 83i.
<
to first
grown
is
perf.
has wronged
5
,
since a
Gt
*hitbirium
not attested.
is
43.
plural;
it
4-
Ill
and
is
found with
all
persons:
hi baltata
lit
ddri
lu 4- preterite expresses
health!'
is
found
in
only with the 1st person sing, and 3rd person sing, and plur.
particle
lu
is
always
OB
The
hi- in 1st
person
sing.,
//-
in
I attain!'
Note
1
to
'I
'may they
entrust!'
is
will strike'.
'I
want
'I
wish
to strike,
LESSON
45
The
45,
41
aksud
hi
'I
indeed reached,
The
46.
reach,
want
to reach!
and
(precative).
is
found
in all
When
particle aj (before
preterite:
aj
e tatrudassi
The
47.
prohibitive,
her!
negative
or
command,
formed by
is
may
be
Id tapallah 'don't
llbbaka
la
(compare
imarras
afraid!'
'let
'your heart
48. Questions
is
may
not grieved').
etc.).
When
may
or
not?\
however,
Often,
question
may mean
49.
'he
is
my
king' or
Demonstratives
he
my
on context,
sarrT su
king?'.
interrogatives.
fern,
modify
not graphically
The demonstrative
anmtum 'this' and idlum
with normal adjectival declension. They
and
Ifonnium),
may
'is
is
liqbi 'let
'that king').
him say
That
this')
or
(person or thing
LESSON
42
already mentioned)'
pronoun
(m.
sil
(m.
s.
these
pi. obi.);
is
expressed
may
49
obi.), siati
(f.
obi), sunuti
s.
conditions
(37),
(39),
commands
(47),
interrogative
amhur
id
'I
not receive?'
Vocabulary
ajjiim:
which, what?
annum:
karabum
(aju): to claim
(w): to
hat (a turn:
bless,
greet,
dat.)
not (50)
labasum (a): to put on, wear; Gt
to
hattum (usually
to
la:
(legally)
dabdbum
pray (for
this
arhis: quickly
baqarum
(afn)
clothe
speak
(+
fern.), pi.
(ace.)
staff, scepter
ace);
on
clothe someone
oneself,
to
put
(metaphorical use)
LESSON
labirum: old
magarum
(G
rifwrn
agree
to
(a/u):
(ace), welcome;
Gt
to
someone about
manmim: who?
(ana)
*r7):
shepherd
.y/Wr
(*sr):
Salamum
(i):
be whole, healthy
sunutt those
(49)
ulliim: that
Cuneiform
d SarpanTtwn):
goddess, spouse of
Marduk
signs
Logographic
Phonetic
Signs
of
ptc.
construct
sibtum,
agree with
(ft//)
>S*
43
ka = piim 'mouth'
Arc
dug 4 = qabum
gu = sasum
'to cry'
= awatum
inim
ZC
'to say'
'word, affair'
sinnum 'tooth'
*
J
//,
/,
fe
(sub)
SUB
- nadum
SUB
= maqatum
throw'
'to
'to fall'
ab
it,
ta
ta, ta
sam
istu 'from'
= sammum
'plant'
kOS = animation
'cubit'
udu = immerum
'sheep'
(dib,
dab)
dab
dib
=
=
sabatum
etequm
'to seize'
'to pass'
LESSON
44
Exercise
1.
Normalize and
il-ta-ab-su.
i-na
ki-ma
sa-ab-tu-ma
hi
d Zar-pa-ni-tum
ma-har
ii-ti
be-el eqlim la
su-ma-am ra-bi-am
li-ik-m-ba-am.
li-is-bi-ir. si-bi-is-su-mi
a Marduk
sa-ab-tu.
la-bi-ra-am
qa-qa-dam
ka-ab-tam
wa-tar i-ba-aq-qa-ar. la
il-la-ak. e
wardam
su-a-ti.
su-up-ra-am.
sinnistam
Sarri su-nu-ti.
a-na
ma-ni-im
an-ni-tam ar-hi-is
si-a-ti.
a-na
lu-ud-bu-ub.
ma-an-ni-im
a-sa-ap-pa-ar.
2.
may
yourself!
he clothe himself!
let
we did agree,
that slave
is
man
>&
ftp
tm
>fi
TF
v*
#t*
Hf <T# <W
mi $s rrr
;
w*
#- &
&% m:
g=rr
vp(
y<\<
jff TF
TF
*T<
^rr
Tf
t$
Tf <P-
Wr
*~ *rrr
-,
Lesson 6
D, S, Dt, St-STEMS.
51.
INDEPENDENT PRONOUNS
vocalic pattern in
all
their
radical,
action-verbs
state
may
it
denoted by the
damiq
'he
is
salim 'he
is
good',
dummuqum
friendly',
peace with'
lamid 'he has learned',
(2)
with
make good
sullumum 'to make friendly, conclude
'to
lummudum
action-verbs the
transitive
i.e.
stative:
'to teach';
may
express multiplicity of
broke (one
'he
object)',
my
feet', sepija
(many) 5
my
Teet'.
'to
be
be whole', sullumum
made
'to
make
D
Forms:
whole', sutallumum
whole'.
Dt
uparras
uptarras
Pret.
uparris
uptarris
Perf.
uptarris
uptatarris
Ptc.
muparrisum
muptarrisum
Imp.
purris
putarris
Inf.
V.Adj.
purrusum
purrusum
putarrusum
*putarrusum
Stat.
purrus
*putarrus
Pres.
LESSON
46
52
nparras,
pres.
tuparras,
tuparrasT,
uparras;
uparrasu,
53,
The S-stem
prefix-vowel
w-. Its
is
vocalic pattern
is
is
causative,
D. The
amrus
may
arrive'
me
to fall
D:
ill'
may
(2)
more common
is
sulputum
'to destroy');
term for
no
relations (or in
G and
other
marl siprim
reciprocal
sabam
itti
'I
Gt of sabatum
come together')
naram ustesirani 'I kept
the
canal
in
good
order'
(adds
ustamarras 'he
will
'to
be
ill').
LESSON
53
47
Forms:
St
Pres.
usapras
Pret.
usapris
ustapris
Perf.
ustapris
ustatapris
ustaprasjustaparras
Ptc.
musaprisum
mustaprisum
Imp.
supris
sutapris
Inf.
V.Adj.
suprusum
suprusum
sutaprusum
sutaprusum
Stat.
suprus
sutaprus
OB
S.
PL
three forms:
Nom.
Gen. -Ace.
Dat.
lc.
andku
jati
jasim
2m.
atta
kati (kdta)
2f.
atti
kdti
3m.
su
kdsim
kdsim
sudsim (sdsim)
3f.
si
lc.
ninu
nidti
nidsim
2m.
attunu
kunuti
kunusim
2f.
atiina
kindti
*kindsim
3m.
sumi
sunuti
sunusim
3f.
sina
sinati
*sinasim
fern,
some
text
forms often
groups is a
secondary development resulting in new distinctive forms of the
masc. Mimation in the dative is sometimes lost in OB, and regularly
thereafter; with its loss, the semantic distinction between dative and
accusative forms is increasingly lost.
2. Use with prepositions. Some prepositions are used with
pronominal suffixes (ittika; cf. 20; 84i), others with independent
pronouns in the genitive (kTma jati). ana is exceptional: it is
normally used pleonastically with an independent pronoun in the
dative {ana jasim taddinam 'you gave to me').
1. It is
clear
-a, -u in
LESSON
48
Use with
3.
An
verbs.
54
is
expressed by suffixes
bain anniktam
me
Use
in
here!'
a favor!'
muster troops
ill'.
(good) king' takes two forms, the stative (33) and the nominal
sentence with -ma or independent pronoun (31). The stative can
only be used
when
the predicate
is
unqualified (sarrdku
when
the predicate
matim
is
'I
am
king');
my
king', sar
5. We have seen (49) that the forms of the 3rd person may also
be used adjectivally in nominative, genitive, and accusative {bit
awilim suati 'the house of that man').
Vocabulary
abbuttum: slave-lock (a hair-style
characteristic of slaves)
mash
<
life
to
*giguna'um: 'terrace-
temple'
gullubum (D):
shave, shave
to
make
{aju)
and D:
(i):
to pile
widen
suklulum
(S):
to
perfect,
corn-
plete
sursudum
Kis: a city
(a):
be wide;
*se'wn: barley
up, heap up
to
learn;
to
(*hrt):
tertum,
cultivation;
(5): to
pi.
mand;
teach, inform
merestum
broad, abundant
sadalum
lamadum
'what-
its
off
kamarum
(lit.
name')
rapasum (i): be broad;
field
soever, everything
ever
alum: city
gigunum
found firmly
teretum
(extispicy)
(*>v'r):
com-
omen
LESSON
Cuneiform
49
signs
Phonetic
Signs
H-
hal
Y&
mu
Logographic
mu ~ sumum
'name'
mu = zakarum Ho
mu =
'my
-ia 5
-z 14 ,
tag = lapatum
sum, (tag)
'to
speak'
1
touch'
il
is,
mil
&F
ni,
ne
i,
pe (k as,
li,
kas, gas)
zal, (sal)
kaS
sikarum
= Samnum
'beer'
'oil'
ai-
xxx
es, (sin)
'30'
d xxx
me,
ME =
(sib, sib)
Sin
(moon god)
plural determinative
(short
form of meS,
Lesson 1)
signlist,
sal, (sal, rag,
mim)
Ml,
munus =
sinnistum
\voman'
Exercise
LESSON
50
mu-sa-ad-di-il
i-il-la-afc.
um-ma
me-re-es-tim.
sii-ii-ma.
mu-sa-ak-li-i!
te-re-tim.
ia-ti.
su-nia
a-na
ka-si-im.
>-
Htrt
'<
^T
<lHTKr
v >#
WK ^Hf
0s;
<1>- J52T
^ #v- h^
^^K^
tfmfttB
-*fr
Lesson 7
N,
55.
tn,
The N-stem
is
marked by
-;i-
which
and
stative,
and
in the
is
consonant.
the
reflexive {imlik
transitive).
The
N-stem
an ending: ipparis
elided before
>
is
ipparsu.
aju
Ptc.
<
<
<
ittapras
mupparsum <
Imp.
napris
natnhis
napqid
Inf.
V.Adj.
naprusum
naprusum
namhusum
namhusum
Stat.
naprus
namhus
napqudum
napqudum
napqud
Pres.
ipparras
*inparras
immahhas
ippaqqid
Pret.
ipparis
*inparis
immahis
ippaqid
*intapras
ittamhas
ittapqid
*mtmparisum
mummahsum
muppaqdum
Perf.
56.
An
is
GAG
Erg. 95d.
57.
The
infix -/ahinfix
Nt-stem,
LESSON
52
57
(83n).
The vowel system of Dtn and Stn is the same in all verbs, and is
and 5. The stem-vowel of pres., pret., perf.
analogous to that of
and imp. in Gtn is the same as that of the G pres., in Ntn the same
pres.
as that of the
The tn-stems are iterative-habitative in meaning, i.e. they
indicate action as repeated or habitual. This connotation may be
rendered by an auxiliary verb or by an adverb 'again and again,
continually', etc.
Gtn
(a/a , a)
Pres.
iptanarras
Pret.
iptarras
Perf.
iptatarras
Dtn
>
uptanarras
Ptc.
muptarrisum
Imp.
pitarras
Inf.
pitarrusum
<
<
<
<
<
*ip-tan-ras
aptarris
*ip-ta-tan-ras
aptatarris
*mup-tan-risum
muptarrisum
*pi-tan-ras
putarris
*pi-tan-rusum
putarruswn
putarrusum
V.Adj. pitamisum
putarrus
pitarras
Stat.
Ntn
Stn
(aju, a)
Pres.
ittanapras
Pret.
ittapras
Perf.
*ittatapras
Ptc.
muttaprisum
Imp.
itapras
Inf.
itaprusum
>
ustanapras
ustapris
<
<
<
<
*in-ta-ta?i~pras
ustatapris
*?mm-tan-prisam
mustaprisum
*ni-tan-pras
sutapris
*ni-tan-prasum
sutaprusum
sutuprusum
V. Adj. *itaprusum
Note
sutaprus
itapras
Stat.
that
common
to
Gt
pres.
it is
Gtn
criteria;
pret.,
not
LESSON
58
58.
poetry.
The
It is
(III/II) is
53
--
of stem
III
between
all
vocalic classes.
when an ending is
and Gt pret.), ipparis (N pret.),
subject to elision
The
basic
mimmeju,
ace.
is
mala
'as
much
that he seized'.
suffixes:
way, at
all':
as,
all
that
LESSON
54
Vocabulary
ajjumma: some
Dagan: an Amorite and West
there
difficult,
(other forms
of
maharum
be sick,
a god
ibassi:
(a): to
grieved
Semitic deity
dullum: work, ritual
Ellil:
marasum
musum: night
nakadum {it):
naplusum (N;
to
to look at
a/u):
(favorably)
saharum
seek,
be disturbed
(w):
to
turn
turn,
to,
{ana)
Sattukkum
(<
Sum.):
ration
{a/u): to receive
much as
mammon: someone, anyone
mala: as
sarum <*sarium:
urrum: light, day
zamarum
(u,
rich,
wealthy
Cuneiform signs
Logographic
Phonetic
Signs
>m
tu
ku 4 = erebum
>T
muSen = issurum
'bird'
fr
pa, {had)
ugula = waklum
'overseer*
'to enter*
= hattum 'scepter'
dug = tabum 'good, sweet'
hi.a = plural determinative
gidri
hi,
he
Avtffr
ah, eh,
<&f
id
<vm
ih,
uh
u.tu
= walddum
'to give
P3
flK
ur = kalbum
'dog'
ha
KU 6 = numtm
Tish'
LESSON
55
Exercise
1.
Normalize and
in-na-ad-di-is-sum (83e).
translate:
ii-nl
ma-la in-na-ad-niL
is-sa-ak-ka-aru
in-na-ad-di-in.
it-ta-as-bat.
li-iz-za-mir.
as-ta-na-ap-pa-ar.
a-na
ba-Ia-ti-ka
mu-sa-am
it
ur-ra-am
sum-ma a-wi-lum
qa-ti a-wi-lim
ma-la
is-sa-ba-at.
iz-ku-ru.
u-ka-ab-bi-tu
u-itl i-ba-as-si.
Lesson
m WEAK. SA
VERBS
61.
Weak
<
iklau
(cf.
iprusu)
<
<
parisum)
(cf.
*untakkar
(cf.
uptarras)
weak
weak
(i.e.
They include
verbs.
verbs which in
all
representatives of Proto-Semitic
',
'
//,
//,
g, w, j.
In Akkadian these
l
imnu he
counted', ikla 'he withheld', isme 'he heard'. Etymological grounds
would lead us to expect a long final vowel (isma > isme, cf 84d),
but in Akkadian this vowel remains long only before pronominal
suffixes and -ma (ismema, cf 84i), but is shortened when final (isme)
and before vocalic endings. When vocalic endings are added
ea,
contraction usually takes place save in the sequences ia
and
which frequently remain uncontracted in OB: isme + u > ismu, zaku
4- dku > zakaku, iqbi + am > iqbiam, later iqbam (84e).
Of the four vocalic classes, that in -/ is the most numerous, and
there is a tendency for verbs of other classes to be assimilated to it.
fall
The
stative,
-i,
he
built',
-/.
The
ikkalla),
-/
universally.
LESSON
62
57
Pres.
ibanni
isemme
Pret.
ibni
isme
2m.
tabni
tesme
2f.
tabni
lc.
ikalla
tesmeji
imannu
imnu
tamnu
tamni
abni
esme
amnu
akla
3m.
ibnu
ismu
ibniaja
ismedja
2c.
tabnidja
tesmeajd
lc.
nibni
nisme
Perf.
ibtani
isteme
imnu
imnd
tamna
nimnu
imtanu
iklu
3f.
Ptc.
banum
senium
Imp.
bini
sime
mamim
mumi
f.
bini
sime/i
mum
kill
pi.
biniaja
simedja
muna
kila
Inf.
manum
mamim
Stat.
bani
semiim
Senium
semi
kalian
V.Adj.
banum
banum
manu
kali
Pret.
Subj.:
ikla
takla
takli
ikla
takla
nikla
iktala
kaliim
kila
kaliim
Dt
N
ibbanni
Pres.
ubanna
ubtanna
usabna
Pret.
ubanni
ubtanni
usabni
ibbani
Perf.
ubtanni
ubtatanni
us tabni
ittabni
Ptc.
mubannum
mubtannum
musabnum
mubbanum
Imp.
bunni
butanni
subni
nabni
Inf.
butannum
*butannum
Subnum
Subnum
nabnum
V.Adj.
bunnum
bunnum
Stat.
bunnu
*butannu
subnu
nabni
*nabniim
be followed by a noun
equivalent, a verbal
masc. sing,
etc. It
latter's
could
functional
masc. plur.
silt
plur.
sat
fern.
or by the
all
sing,
fern.
in the genitive,
si (gen.)
sa (ace.)
LESSON
58
This survives
There
1.
OB
in
pronoun
determinative
in various functions:
remnants
are
63
in
of the
declined
names
personal
serving
su
and
few
as
frozen
Indeclinable
2.
sa
(lit.
serves
as
determinative
pronoun
in
3.
This sa
the
origin
in
is
of relation
accusative
pronoun
('in
(37).
regard
to
malum
in translation to
illiku 'the
'whose/to
whom/whom':
sarrum sa ana matisu erubu 'the king into whose land I entered'
awnlum sa tatakkalusum 'a man in whom you have confidence'.
Vocabulary
banum
(-/):
to
make,
create,
basum
(-i):
exist;
to be; to cause to
to
come
to be,
gamdlum
(i):
kussum
<
*kussium:
throne,
seat
lequm
(-e)\
to take
(-h):
to
count, reckon,
consider, recite
to spare,
show
mercy
(-a):
manum
dajjdnutum: judgeship
Istar: a
kalum
withhold
build
goddess (also a
'goddess')
common
make
rasum
redum
(-/):
great
to acquire
(-i/e):
to lead, bring
LESSON
salamum
(i):
to
be reconciled
good
with, be friendly, be in
by/about you)
relations
salum
(-/):
river[-god]
semum
(-e):
59
tebian
a Id [ace.])
to rise up;
(-/):
[abunv.
pn
Cuneiform
tab:
it is
>-<
HJ&
zi ze,
Logographic
HT^
gi>
ge
dim,
til)
gul)
eli
pleasing to pn
signs
Phonetic
raise
up
to hear
Signs
to
se
ina
(pseudo-logogram)
'in'
NUMUN = zerum
'seed'
zi
gi
= qanum
gi
en
6<?/wm 'lord
napistum
'life*
'reed'
7
tint
en
d EN.zu
tf^T
dar, tar
tttr
ur
iDr
d Sin
(moon god)
sar (sar)
t
(sir),
*
JHF
<
hir
sar
keSda
satarum
'to write
rakaswn
'to bind'
Se
ib,
Se
eb
*se'um 'barley'
LESSON
60
Exercise
1.
Normalize and
Me-ra ki sa
.
is-li-mu-iL
marT-sa u-ra-ab-ba.is-tu
i-sa-al-li-am.
ik-ta-la-su.
mu-ha-ad-di
li-ib-bi Is^-lar.
it-tab-si.
a Da-gan ba-ni-sn.
a fd
ir-de-am.
ir-te-de.
i-ma-an-nu-si.
ir-ta-si.
es-te-ne-me-e
3.
fit
H^T
^rr
Hf <^T ^1T
^^w
>^p?
Lesson 9
VERBS
II
weak
medial
',_5
weak
radical or 'medially
(cf. 82j).
changes and
*kawanum
ikuan (Ass.)
scholars
in part to
> kudnum
>
to
(Ass.)
> kanum
however prefer
inf.
>
ikiin.
Most
>
recent
ft
or
or
a:
vocalic root.
strong consonantal
'
'
medial a and
3. In the
e:
*sdl 'ask
1
,
*bel
'rule'.
is
radical.)
charac-
pres.
dousame forms
is
LESSON
62
4.
AHw
lists
these
verbs in their
64
OB
form:
CAD
uncontracted
lists all
four in
Pret.
Perf.
ikan
ikun
ikttln
takan
takun
taktun
takunni
takiinT
akdn
akun
taktum
aktun
ikunnu
ikiinil
iktunu
ikunna
ikund
iktuna
lakanna
takuna
taktuna
nikdn
nikun
niktun
iqTS
iqtis
ibas
ibtas
ibassu
ibel
ibtel
isal
istal
Inf.
V.Adj.
kinum, qisum
Stat.
Gt
Pres.
Pres.
ukan,
Pret.
Ptc.
Imp.
bds, be I
qTs,
pi.
muktinum,
inf.
ukannu
Perf.
Ptc.
mukinnum (construct
Imp.
kin, pi.
Inf.
kunnum
state
mukin)
kinna
V.Adj. kunnum
kunnu
Stat.
kun,
Pres.
usdak,
Pret.
pi.
pi.
usdakku, *usbel
Perf.
ustadik
Ptc.
musdikkum (construct
Imp.
Inf.
sudukum
V.Adj.
Stat.
sudilk, pi.
sudukku
state
musdik)
kitunum
LESSON
64
63
Pres.
Pret.
categories.
are:
adj.:
'small'
fern,
purrust:
verbal
of D-stem, adj.
adj.
denoting
corporal defects:
kubbutwn 'heavy'
sukkukum 'deaf
1
and
elative
'big
2.
(i.e.
LESSON
64
65
action
itself,
or
its result:
gimrum
'totality'
>
*irk-tum
Slriktum
'gift'
dumqum
'good'
puluhtum
'fear'
paras:
adjectives:
G infinitive:
*hadatam
*laqahwn
pans,
from
fern,
>
>
edesum
'to
be
new
kanikum
samidum
'sealed
document'
'fine flour
puhadum iamb'
rubd'um, riibum 'prince'
suharwn 'servant'
musalum 'mirror
1
qarradum 'hero'
nappahum 'smith'
kassapum, fern, kassaptum
'sorcerer, sorceress'
'entry'
> musabum
'dwelling' (84a)
tamhdrum
tahazum
'battle'
'battle'
iamlum
'filling'
tedistum 'renewal'
3.
the affixes:
LESSON
65
-lit:
-f:
65
sarrutum 'kingship',
cf.
sibutum 'testimony',
cf.
sarrum 'king'
sibum 'witness'
*mahnum mahrum
t
mahrum
'first', cf.
'front
Vocabulary
abubum: flood
Simtum
dcikum (med.
to
u):
kill;
causative
passive; 5
Ellilutum: 'Ellil-ship'
malum (med.
of,
mutum: husband
riabum, rdbum (med.
murder
make
to
7):
make
make
to
rejoice
(med.
a): to
its
turrwm to
remains of a
city; /*///
from the
tell, tell
T):
to be
determine
7):
go
command,
to
to
pleasant
buy
s.th.
t ilium: tell,
turn
to restore (to
ana
samum
turrwm
flood
to
7):
restitution
abubim: old
replace, substitute,
rejoice;
to die; 5 to
5):
(*sTm): fate
zdzum (med.
off,
',
instruct
u): to
divide,
inheritance)
zerum (med.
e): to*
to send,
hate
LESSON
66
Cuneiform signs
Logographic
Phonetic
Signs
bad
= petum Ho
idim
= kabtum
til,
sun,
ta:
ug
^5
az
Vvrr
ir,
'to
old'
= qatum
nita
nri
'heavy'
sumun = iabarum
become
til
open'
'to
be ended'
zik(a)rum 'male'
er
rrxx
[i
sah,
d EN.LiL ('Lord
god
sidj A )
kur,
qiir,
lad, gin,
km)
Storm')
the
Ellil
kur = malum
'land'
te, teA
<
(zur), sur
amar = burum
d AMAR.UTU
'calf
= ^Marduk
Exercise
1.
Normalize and
mu-ki-in
i-ta-ar
a-na
isdi
a-na
Sipparim.
translate:
si-ir
be-li-su. ma-sii
as-ri-su.
i-zu-uz-ziL
sinnistum mu-sa
i-ze-er.
ni-si u-ti-ib.
a-na
tilli
i-zu-zu.
mu-sa
i-ri-a-ab.
a-bu-bi-im
ii-ul
a-sa-am. is-ta-am.
li-te-er.
i-za-az,
mu-te-er Eridim
i-du-uk-ku.
sum-ma
>
la i-sa-a-am.
LESSON
67
To what noun-type do
'tenant-farmer
made
Cuneiform:
J^r
<T^
^
W
]>3m
;
*^-<&-*r;
Tfxf
tft
&
Lesson 10
VERBS
/, /V
',
by the loss or
two groups: an a-group in
which the vowel a remains unchanged, and an e-group in which the
loss of '3.5 (82j) is accompanied by a change of a to e (84f).
66.
Verbs with
initial
671.
into
The a-group.
>
Initial
('akalum
fall
the
marked by double
>
(*'ukul
inf.
OB
athuzum). In
ii-up-pi-is
akalum), but
akul, *'itkas
and
pres.
writing of the
pres.
initial
>
atkas, *'ithuzum
and
vowel
>
are usually
pret.
(i-ik-ka-al
ikkal,
and
D)
and the
vowel following it are elided: *i'akkal > ikkal, *u'ahhaz > uhMz.
3. Before a consonant, initial v' (short vowel + aleph) > v
(long vowel): *i'kul > ikul, *u'tahhaz > utahhaz, *usa kil > usdkil,
but , t,Ntn pres. and all forms of Stn have vCC: *usa'kal >
2.
Between vowels
(pres.
G;
pres., pret.
ptc.
'
usakkal *ustana'kal
%
4.
*na'hiz
>
ustanakkal, *ittanakal
In the N-stem, *w
>
>
nn (*in'ahfjaz
>
ptc, imp.,
inf.,
ittanakkal,
innahhaz)\ by analogy,
ittanhaz.
verbal adj.,
>
>
Gt
stat.
itappal
Gtn
Ttanakkal
Tkul, tdkul
itapal
Ttakkal
Ttakal
*Ttatpal
Ttatakkal
dkilum
mutaplum
*mutakkilum
akul
atpal
atakkal
akalum
aklum
atpulum
*a(pulum
atakkulum
*atakkulum
akil
*atpul
*atakkul
LESSON
67
Dt
uhhaz
uhhiz
69
10
Dtn
utahhaz
*utanahhaz
utahhiz
utahhiz
utalihiz
xilatahhiz
*utatahhiz
muhhizum
mutahhizum
mutahhizum
uhhiz
*utahhiz
utahhiz
uhhuzum
uhhuzum
utahhiizum
* utahhiizum
uhhuz
usakkal
St
usdkil
ustakkal
Stn
*utahhuz
usianakkal
ustakkil
ustdkil
ustdkil
ustaiakil
*ustatakkil
musdkilum
mustakilum
musiakkilum
silkil
sutakil
sutakkil
sukulwn
sukulwn
sutdkulum
*sutdkiilum
sutakkulum
*sutakkulum
sukul
sutdkul
sutakkul
(a/u)
Ntn
innahhaz
innahiz
ittanahhaz
ittanhaz
ittanhaz
munnahzum
nanhiz
nanhuzum
nanhuzum
nanhuz
but
is
G
Gt
Gtn
Pres.
Pret.
Perf.
Imp.
illak
illik
ittalak
alik
ittallak
ittalak
ittatlak
ittanallak
ittallak
itiatallak
The S-stem
is
regular:
atlak
LESSON
70
The
69.
<?-group
parallel in
is
shift
>
e (84f).
69
10
Due
to systematic levelling, e
replaces
verbal
in
to enter' (u).
Gt
Gtn
ippes
Tterrub
Tteneppes
uppas
useppes
inneppes
Tpus
Tterub
Tteppes
uppis
itsepis
innepis
Ttepes
*Tteteppes
uteppis
ustepis
*ittenpes
muteppisum
muppisum
musepisum munnepsuih
etrub
*eteppes
uppis
supis
*Ttetrub
episum
epus
epesum
epsum
iieppusum
uppusum
uppusum
supusum
supusum
epis
*etrub
*eteppus
uppus
supus
*etrubum
*nenpusum
Tense conjugation:
Pres.
Pret.
Perf.
Compare:
irrub
Trub
Tterub
Tkul
terrub
terub
teterub
takul
terrubT
terubi
teterbl
tdkulT
errub
erub
eterub
dkul
irrubu
Trubfi
Tterbu
Tkulii
irruba
Trubd
Tterba.
Tkuld
terruba
terubd
teterbd
takula
nirrub
mrub
mterub
mkul
70. Verbs with initial radical/ inflect like the e-group of verbs
1
(/
class).
in the
G-stem enequm
tenniq, enniq, inniqil, pret. Tniq, perf. Tteniq, imp. eniq, stat.
inniq,
eniq;
Thus
eserum
useser
(cf.
to be straight, prosperous
N pres.
pardsum,
consonant
>
iddin;
first
radical to a following
some forms of
the N-stem),
>
and with
idin,
loss
idm; *nuqur
n in the
Gt
of
>
initial
LESSON
71
71
10
naqarum Ho
From
destroy':
Gt
usaqqar
innaqqar
usaqqer
innaqer
iqqur
ittaqar
unaqqar
unaqqer
ittaqar
ittatqar
uttaqqer
ustaqqer
ittanqar
naqirum
muttaqrum
munaqqirum
musaqqirum
munnaqrum
uqur
itqar
nuqqer
suqqer
naqarum
naqrum
itqurum
*itqurum
nuqqurum
nuqqurum
suqqurum
Suqqurum
nanqurum
nanqurum
naqer
*itqur
nuqqur
suqqur
nanqur
inaqqar
ittaqqar
*nanqer
Vocabulary
ahazwn
in
take
amarum
apalum
pay
^
eserum
(i):
to be straight, in
marriage
answer,
keep
ezebum
(i):
behind;
to leave, leave
kunukkam suzubum:
satisfy,
kispu
(pi.):
nadum
(-i):
sorcery
to throw, cast; 'to
E-abzu: a temple
E-babbar: a temple
of murder
ebebum
(/):
to be pure, holy;
to purify;
Dt
NB
OB,
inneppus, innepus,
ittenpus): to do,
nakarum
(i):
accuse
to be foreign, be in
passive
in order,
lead aright
document
(a/u): to see
(a/u): to
in order; St to
make
(itti)
natalum
(a/u): to
look
at,
see
nertum: murder
suttum, pL Sunatum:
warka
(conj.): after
dream
LESSON
72
10
Cuneiform
signs
Logographic
Phonetic
Signs
abzu
= apsum
'subterranean
water'; E-abzu:
name of
temple
in
&
m^
ne,
izt
isatum Tire'
SA
libbum 'heart
mar
qar, gar, kar
uz
sa, (lib)
*rrr
A.SA
Ay<
eqlum
'field'
dam,
dam.gAr tamkarum
tarn
'merchant'
Exercise
1.
Normalize and
e-li-su
it-ta-di-in.
i-na-ad-di-in.
id-na-su-nu-si-im.
tamkaram
a-na
si-im-tim
i-te-ru-ub.
id-di.
i-di-in.
id-di-in.
ii-ta-an-di-in.
i-di-is-sum.
it-ta-la-ak.
it-ta-al-ku.
it-ta-al-la-ak.
it-tii-ul.
u-se-er-re-eb-si.
i-pu-us.
a-na a Id
wa-ar-ka
sum-ma ku-nu-uk-kam
i-na-ad-du-u-si,
i-na-di-is-sL
su-ut-tam
si-im-tim
sum-ma
ne-er-tam
i-il-la-ak,
a-bu-um
u-se-zi-ib.
a-wa-a-tim
eqletim
it-ta-lti-ir.
si-na-ti
a-na
i-ir-ri-is.
ep-sa.
2.
nadariwn.
pret.
LESSON
3.
73
10
country,
who brought
and
left
his
daughter purified the temple. Samas, you lead the people aright, he
renewed the foundations of the house, if that man accused me of
murder, he
will
be
slain, after
her.
why was
woman
Cuneiform:
^ W\ jW
as wife, he
^T *m <W
&fri
Lesson
VERBS
72.
I h\
INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS.
G-stem
number of
small
state-verbs with
wasamwn
11
triradical
NUMBERS
thus
are
waqarum Ho be
class
costly',
be
fitting'.
like verbs I
(but perf.
conjugated like
73.
I n>
The majority of
verbs
to carry',
wasabum
to
wabalum
sit,
imperative
is
(bil, sib)
and
in
and
is
:^
ublit,
The
norm
carry!*,
libil
base
'may he
carry!'.
{ittabal),
usser pret.
In the N-stem, n
iwwalid.
4-
w becomes ww
in
OB
>
LESSON U
73
forms
Paradigmatic
wussurum (D) Ho
below
75
from
are
l
wasabum
release',
to dwell',
birth to
Gtn
xtbbal
itianabbal
uwassar
ubil
ittabbal
uwasser
ittabal {itbat)
*ittatabbal
utasser
wabilum
muttabhilum
muwassirum
bil
itabbal
wusser
itabbithtm
wussurum
wussurum
wabaium
wasib
wussur
5
usabbaljusesseb
iwwallad
usabiljusesib
iwwalid
ustabiljustesib
musabilum/museSibiim
subil/susib
subulum/susubum
subulumjsusubum
subuljsusub
ubbala
tubbala,
mibbal
pret:
ubil.
tubil,
tubilTjtubli,
ubil;
ubilujublu,
ubilajubla,
tubilajtubla, nubii
74. Initial
OB
(84c).
AHw
w sometimes
CAD
in their
OB
We
infinitive,
The
infinitive
may
LESSON
76
75
II
Alternatively,
order
is
accusative:
'to
of mine'
this tablet
is
Infinitive,
is
The
whether
it
defect',
and genitive
tuppam
ina
tablet'.
locative(?)
saparumma aspur
(3)
such
leum
as
to
certainly sent\
be
qabiim,
'I
able'
'to say,
the
command',
accusative
as
complement:
halaq alisu liqbi
kullasunu aqbi
'I
'let
him command
The
m.
cardinal numerals
f.
st.
from
abs.
feudatory duty'.
m.
to 10 are:
f.
1.
istenum
istetum
isten
istiat, is tit
2.
sina
sitta
sina
sitta
3.
salasum
erbum, arba'um
Salastum
salas
salasat
er bet turn
erbe
erbet
4.
LESSON
76
st.
rect.
m.
77
11
abs. m.
st.
f.
f.
5.
hamsum
hamistum
6.
sessum
sedistum
7.
sebum
sebettum
sebe
sebet
8.
*samanum
*samantwn
samdrie
samanat
9.
tisum
ti/esitum
tise
tisTt
0.
esrum
esertum
eser
eseret
The numerals
hamsat
hamis
sesset
1
:
(see
85),
construction
is
is
it
frequently
impossible
to
Akkadian
specify
which
intended.
salds
silt
qemum
(or qemim,
qemam)
seahs of flour'.
f.
pamtum; mahrtim,
f.
saniium
3rd
salsum,
4th
rebum,
5th
hamsum,
6th
sessum,
7th
sebum,
f.
f.
f.
f.
salustum
rebutum
f.
hamustum
sedustum
sebutum
f.
mahntum;
in
parus form,
isten
LESSON
78
8th
samnum,
9th
tisum,
10th
samuntwn
f.
tisutum
f.
esrum,
76
11
eSurtum
f.
mu J.kam
by
in writing
and pronominal
-T-
may
precede:
Mustum =
employed
oblique
sittaju
fern,
1/3.
sit tin
1/8.
igi.a.gal
Note also
is
the dual
'2/3\
Vocabulary
arba'um: four (76)
sattum,
enswm weak
sit tan:
erbian,
wabahtm
f.
(a/u, also
/):
to oppress,
wrong
isten,
f.
istiat, istet:
one,
(wr.
watarwn
ma.na):
bear,
passive
(ussab, usib): to
sit,
(ittir, Ttir):
excessive; to
to be
make
excessive, multiply
bright;
on
to say, speak
rebum: fourth
ulid): to
dwell
first
(-/):
wasabwn
*mana'um manum
mina (cf. 88)
nawaram (/): to be
qabum
Sanatum: year
waladurn (ullad,
esrwn: ten
habalum
pi.
2/3
to
miSsurum (D):
to release, let
go
enemy)
LESSON
Cuneiform
79
11
signs
Logographic
Phonetic
Signs
si,
se
= qarnum
si
si.sA
'horn'
4
eserum to be
prosperous'
t=
tab
&&
{sar)
lugal = sarrum
gin
alakum
'to
gub = izuzzum
go
'to stand'
tum wabalum
dan, kal, lab,
'king'
'to bring'
(lib, rib)
lu
Hfrr
= amlum
'man'
lam
*^
par
GlN
Uu)
servant'
siqlum 'shekel'
Exercise
1
Normalize and
sum-ma man
ii-li-sum,
ub~lam.
si-ir
ni-si
ki-ib-ra-at
i-na-ad-di-in.
sar
igiJ.gAl.
i-na
sum-ma marl
ub-ba-lu,
la ha-ba-li-im.
tu-ub-bi-im.
er-be-tim.
it-ta-la-ad.
us-sa~ab.
ki-ib-ra-tim
re-bu-tim
u-li-id.
u-sa-te-ru-su.
ma-tim
pu-ru-se-e
la
a-na pa~ra-si~im.
ar-ba-inu
sa-at-tim.
a-di
30-su
MU.4.KAM.
sa
se'am. 2 qa se'anu
kaspum.
ma.na kaspam,
e-es-ri-su as-tap-pa-ra-ak-ki-um
A MA.NA
kaspam. 10
siqil
LESSON
80
II
2.
3.
me
carried
made me
to heaven, since he
in
and N-stems.
offerings.
4.
infinitive
arrives, as
5.
you
rise up. in
to
when
the king
Cuneiform:
r&fr-
<>_
constructions:
<pi
mm
jar
n v$ <w*r
^ ^ ^ T^
^ y^ CT
tfff^
*#***->
>%
^ t&
3#;
T?wT
Lesson 12
into
two
1
(m, n)
The
is
to fall
classes:
S-group: the
first
in fourth or third
Pres.
Pret.
Perf.
Ptc.
Imp.
Inf.
Stat.
*musqammimum
suqammim
suqammwnum
suqammum (also
'to
exchange', sukinum to
bow down'
(OA
Pret.
Perf.
Ptc.
muskejinum.
LESSON
82
napalkum (usually
float)',
forms
-/
77
12
class) 'to
are:
Ntn
Pres.
ibbalakkaljil
ittanahtakkat
Pret.
ibbalkit
ittabalakkat
Perf.
ittabalkat/it
ittatablakkat
Ptc.
mubbalkitwn
Imp.
*nabalkit
nabalkutum
Inf.
V.Adj. nabalkutum
itablakkutum
Stat.
nabalkut
Pres.
usbalakkat
uSianablakkat
Pret.
usbalkit
Perf.
ustabalkit
sutablakkutum
Stn
ustablakkit
Ptc.
musbalkititm
Imp.
subalkit
Inf.
Subalkutum
V. Adj. Siibalkutum
Stat.
subalkut
(i.e.
is
is
given
Ntn
Pres.
issaltal(lu)
Pret.
issalil(Iu)
Perf
ittaslal{lii)
ittatastal(hl)
Ptc.
mussalillum
muitaslillum
Inf.
nasallulum
Stat.
nasalhd{u)
itianaslal{lu)
itaslullum
LESSON
79
79.
The
12
83
Imp.
Pret.
Perf.
izziz
iitaziz
iziz,
itazzaz, -zza
izzaz
Gt
Gtn
ittazzaz
ittanazza
uszaz
usziz
izizza
suziz, suzizza
80,
weak verb
the types of
characteristics of
discussed above.
Thus idum
'to
two of
know'
go up'
'to
Gt
pres.
(I
Ttelli,
III 0* pres.
',
pret.
imp.
warum
ulli,
5 pres.
(I vv, III
lead' (I
\v,
III
pres.
Tli,
perf.
Tteli,
imp.
eli,
/):
u):
pret.
////,
Gtn
si,
'to
Tteli,
ilsi,
perf, ittasU
pret. tint,
usari;
idum
know'
'to
le'um
seum
have
mudwn
to be able' (II
',
Tsu;
qu'um
'to
uqa"i
81. 'All'
is
'totality'.
These
may
LESSON
84
12
Vocabulary
alpum: ox
nurum:
bivum: divination
eliim
go up; Gl
to
(-/):
4-
ina: to
(-/):
gimrwm
change
to
to await
sarratum
forfeit (41, b)
enum
light
qu'um:
sabum
(tr.)
workmen
totality
know
STbutum: testimony
isiim. (-k): to
have
se'um
izuzzum:
stand;
idum
(-e):
to
to
stand before,
deception
(collective): soldiers,
4-
come
dat.:
to
4-
-su:
{-e/i):
to seek
his;
its,
of time, has a
demonstrative or distributive
le'um
be able
to
(-e/i):
before;
transgress, revolt
eye to
'raise the
msum:
lifting;
ms
time'; ilmTsu
all
his
life'
proper
the
at
nasum
expressions
covet
qatim ('raising
wapum
3 to
warum
wasum
(-/):
become
to
make
lead
(-): to
(-/):
visible;
visible, glorify
to
go out;
causative
Cuneiform signs
H3T
Logographic
Phonetic
Signs
re
URU = alum
'city'
kA = babum
'gate
KA.DlNGiR.RA ki = Babilum kl
'Babylon' (etymologized as
bob
si,
se, zi,
ilimjilT)
ze
GUD ~ alpum
fa
nin
&$r
el
NIN
il5
sikil
=
=
'ox*
beltum iady
LESSON
85
12
Exercise
1.
Normalize and
gi-mi-ir sa-bi-im sa
translate:
ma-a-tim
ka-li-sa.
i-te-ni.
i-te-el-lL
Adad
sum-ma
sum-ma da-a-a-nu-um
di-in-su
ni-is qa-ti-su a
Ak-ka-di-im.
ru-bu-um sa
ii
u-se-es-sii-ihsu.
mi-sa~ra-am i-na
sum-ma
sa
114-mi-su
iz-zi-iz-za-am.
^Belet-bi-ri
iz-za-zu
i-na
a-na
pa-ni
E-babbar.
bi-ti-ia
i-na
ta-az-za-az.
su-ut-ti-ia
alpu
sa
revolt,
he
knows, he
is
is
the king.
3.
Cuneiform:
^WtfffW*
86
LESSON
Appendix
82.
Vowels are
Consonants are
b, p, d, t, t, g, k, q, h> /, r, m n, z, s, s, s, j,
approximate pronunciation is deduced from other Semitic
languages. Semitic consonants not familiar to the speaker of English
include the following (for ease of reference the traditional Hebrew
name of the consonant is given): (aleph), a glottal stop, like the
the
glottal closure between the two words of English 'oh oh!
'emphatic' consonants /, q and s (teth, qoph, sade), equivalent to t,
k, s pronounced with throat constriction; h (lost in Hebr.) is
sounded like ch in Scots *loch s (shin), pronounced like sh in
English; j (yod) has the sound of English y: in transcriptions most
scholars use the symbol j\ but some use y to represent this .sound
{jasim 'to me*, rarely yasim), but in transliterations the symbol / is
b.
',
w. Their
'
still felt,
consonants
d,
Proto-Semitic
tt
d,
may
/,
OB
at least in
some
areas,
it is
generally
g, h, h
L The
be indicated as follows:
APPENDIX
88
c.
Dentals
>
(d,
remain in Akkadian)
t,
82
z:
remain)
c}.
Labials
e.
Palato-velars
g >
(6,
':
h remain)
(g, k, q,
'to set
(of sun)'
f.
Sibilants (z
>
s:
s, s,
Arab,
s remain)
kirs,
remain)
g.
Liquids
h.
i.
Laryngeals
(/,
'belly'
'
'
':
r
:
/i:
/;:
j.
origin
thirsty'
multiple
in other
Semitic languages:
':
*',
inasmuch as
*/i,
1
six
'
*/;,
= *\
or j
>
s:
s:
*j,
*i,
*g (w andy are
while there
\ the terminology
z:
*/.
is
is
no
convenient
analogous to that of
').
APPENDIX
83
83.
In 82
a.
89
we have
Akkadian con-
we
see
some
inner-Akkadian patterns of consonantism dependent on environment. Some of these patterns are typical of Akkadian in all periods,
as
compared
stated
as
in
preference to
/)
its
variant me-),
when preceding
A nominal
(b, p,
m)
>
*markabtum
narkabtum
'chariot'
'cover
d.
Vs
(82j)
retained in
is
changes
that of
e.
is
in vocalization.
'
some words
as a strong consonant,
is
analogous to
kansu,
iddin-su (also
>
'anpum
but note
atta 'you'
>
appimt 'nose'
at least in written
iddis-su),
form
APPENDIX
90
f.
Dental (d
>
regularly
z)
{s> $, s,
s of
pronominal
suffix
ss:
>
*mat-su
mas-su
>
*imhas-su
>
*eres-su
Note
or sibilant
t)
t,
83
forms
assimilated
that
land
'his
may be
written
'historically'
After
g.
(representing
OB, m before a
n before dental,
s, s, q or k
before velar):
dental,
rj
becomes voiced
it
>
>
*iztakar
i.
and
infix
*sitbutil
*zitkar
j.
d and
is
d)
to
d,
tt
g
and
assabat
'I
have
seized'
In verbs whose
radical
>
*attardam
*astabat
be written n
S\
>
*igtamru
-ta- t
may
first
radical
takes place in
is d,
t,
z, s,
or
s,
metathesis of that
prefix:
grappling'
>
t:
*ma'adtum
*walidtum
k. b
and p can
erub-ma or erum-ma
1.
In
entered'.
appears as
called'
'I
/:
OB
MB
usziz
'I
stationed', astur
'I
'I
APPENDIX
83
m. In Babylonian from
a verb,
when
it
nasal (written
is
voiced
or n)
91
MB on the geminated
or
b, d, g,
middle radical of
frequently dissimilated to a
z,
mb, nd
Vg, nz:
inabbi
inaddin
n.
An
consonant
initial
simplified (*sarr-
is
introduced (*prus
>
>
is
purus, *tupp-
>
>
is
kalab
>
'dog\
*bilt
resolved
by
84.
a.
b.
When two
interiors, the
>
>
>
Surum
*damiq-um
>
u and
f:
'bull'
SaptTn 'two
lips'.
*iptaras-u
normally
bitum 'house'
*kasid-aku
ai
is
come
in succession in
word
normally elided:
> damqum
'good'
but before r and / the elision need not take place {zikarum or
zikrum 'male\ akalum or aklum 'bread').
When three short open syllables come in succession, the vowel
of the second or third
is
*pitarusum (Gt
elided:
inf.)
>
APPENDIX
92
c.
'
84
>
'|_5
alakum
'to
go\
is
'to suck',
usually preserved in
wabalum or abalum
>
initial ja-
(ii)
OB
e or
i:
*jaspur
*jadaum >
writing, but
may
>
idiim 'to
be
lost:
'to carry'.
*igrub
*balwn
>
*jajsir
When nouns
>
*ijsir
III
V7
Tsir
l se
'he
went
straight'.
'
is
lengthened, or
*kus'um
are
being ai
>
e:
>
Loss of original
same
of a
following syllables
to e in the
>
*balum
*isma
is
>
'prince'
purussem 'decision'
h,
(rarely h)
syllable; in
assimilated to
belum
*isme
is
(gen.).
accompanied by a change
Babylonian, a in preceding or
e:
'lord'
>
APPENDIX
84
93
balat
'
there
is
an
'seed'
when
hear'.
'flour
is
or h often
>
e;
a in
e\
arratum
In verbal
h.
and
between
h often
>
(see 4e,2
e in
i.
ana
clearly:
utammih
> utammeh
'he seized'
>
uterrft 'they
caused to go back'.
utirrii
-ma
it
effects a lengthening
belTsu
'to
otherwise be lost
CAD
but not to
and preserves
'with', ittTsu
<
qibuna *say!\
cf.
(itti
follows
lord
his
in using the
macron
final
62).
that would
him\ so too eli
length
*ittai-su 'with
belisu
is
written, to be
NA naptunu,
gen. naptene
Appendix
II
85.
Numbers
are written:
1.
<
10.
*>>* 3600.
60. GiS
GiS+u
600.
SAr
36000.
SArxu
Examples:
T[
~\<
70
T?
5 or 300
K7<
670
9 or 540
TTT^
50
Tr-fTv-
2 lim
me = 200
2000
'100*,
OB
in
most
The month names are
listed here.
= warhum
(bAra, gud,
being written.
iti,
first
itu
sign
APPENDIX
87
&
Tp
pfg
kfTtef
*%]
= Nisanum
bAra.zag.gar
^T^-
= Ajarum
GUD.si.sA
95
II
= Simanwn
(March-April)
(April-May)
$$d& WTft
SIG4.GA
jjf t^t*
Su.numun = Dumuzi
iP^^Er^
ne.ne.gar
= Ahum
PU >^ ^PT
kin.^innin
du 5 .k:0 =
Ta/esrTtum (Sept.-Oct.)
apin.du 8 .a
= Arahsanma (OB
<Tf
<I*lf
t& Tp
*rj$J
fc^^^EA&^T
^^
pJ
Tf
PU
88.
JUS
gin
>
**T
jjjL^
(Jan.-Feb.)
= Addarum
(Feb.-March)
Weight measures.
j^-
Se.kin.kud
Kinunuml) (Oct>Nov.)
(Dec-Jan.)
= Sabatum
ziz.a(.an)
>^"
(July-Aug.)
KislTmum (Nov.-Dec.)
= Tebeiam
ab.ba.e
gf
(June-July)
Uliilum (Aug.-Sept.)
gan.GAN.e
(May-June)
uttatwn 'grain'
siqlum 'shekel'
= manum
ma.na
gu^j^^
i^Ff
ca. 1/20
gun =
180 5e
'mina'
gram
ca, 8.3 g.
60 GfN
fe///M/w 'talent'
ca.
500
g. (1 lb.)
60 ma.na
ca.
*f^j*
Su.si
= ubanum
$TI^
ku
^^
gi
gar (= nindanuml
T=F
eS
te[
US
'sixty (gar)'
animation 'cubit
= #amra
'finger'
'reed'
osft/m 'cord'
ca. 1.6
6 kOS
10
6 eS
ca.
2 Gi
ca.
ca.
50 cm.
m.
ca. 3
gar =
30 Su.si
nindakkurril)
cm.
ca. 6
m.
60 m.
360 m.
30 US
ca.
1 1
km.
30 kg.
APPENDIX
96
90.
Area measures.
sar
musjsarum 'garden'
yfe^
iku
ikum
<(
BOR iku
Hfff
V^XfT
S^>
y^
j^jjfi
X*>
90
II
SAR iku
'field'
burwn =
10 SAR iku
18 iku
6 BOR-gM/n/ iku
SARxu iku =
gar 2 -
100 sar
BUR-gimii Um
4ftt
=*
ca.
ca.
36 m. 2
3600 m. 2
BUR iku
10
km. 2
ca. 3.9
ca. 39
km. 2
sila
y^-
ban
= qum 'quart' =
- sutum 'seah' =
^=
2 BAN,
BANMIN
3 BAN,
BANES
ca.
liter
10 sila
ca. 10
1.
4 BAN, BANLIMMU
BANIA
5 BAN,
paniimjparsiktum
-jv
J"
NIGIDA
3 pciml,
Amounts of
ca.
60
1.
panum, ^ NiMiN
2 pamt, ff nieS
ff nilimmu = 4 panu)
gur = kurrum
^^
6 bAn
'kor'
5 nigida
300
ca.
1.
5 (gur)
(nigida) 3
2 (gur) 2 (nigida) 5
1
ban
5 sila
ban 4
sila
sila
gur
gur
$T
Hry\~
^ ^
^
>^f
^ ^ ^J
7ft
y^
^f
*banium, banum: 2
abbuttum: 6
abilbum: 9
barium: 8
abwn:
2, 2s
baqarum:
A dad:
3s
adv.
erbwn:
11
erebum:
Barsipa: 9
basum:
erresum: 2
3s, 8
ahdzum: 10
er return:
ahum: 2
belum:
ersetum:
2,
Aja: 6
birum: 12
2, 8s
ajjum: 5
bisum: 2
ajjumma: 1
bitum:
alakum:
alpum:
alum:
3, 10,
12s
6,
amarum: 10
ammatum: 5s
amnnni(m) ana minim: 4
,
am mm:
a/itf:
eserum: 10,
1,
esrum:
Is
lis
ezzum:
dajjdnum: 3
gamalum:
dajjanutum: 8
gigumtm: 6
dakum: 9
dananum: lis
dannum: I lis
gimillum: 4
*darium, ddrum: 2
gullubum: 6
dinum: 2
Anum: Is
anumma: 4
dullum: 1
apalurn: 10
E-abzu: 10
halaqum:
apsum: 10s
E-babbar: 10
hat turn:
ar/u'i:
habalum:
11
hadum: 8
11
hulqum: 2
hurasum: 3s
Is
ekallum:
e/i:
asrum:
Is,
A/: 8
7//7: 7,
9s
k/mwi:
2 t 2s
assatum: 2
Ellihltum: 9
Www:
3s, 12
ass urn:
//w;
1,
awatum:
awllum:
2, 5s
1,
lis
<?//:
D: 6
7s
ebebum: 10
ormini:
4s
4;
5,
edesum: 10
arkum:
gimrum: 12
git malum: 1
annum: 5
arba'um:
Is
ezebum: 10
dababum:
Dagan: 1
anaku: 4
11
etequm: 5s
lis
12, 12s
4s
esemtum: 2
burum: 9s
akalum: 10
10
7s,
eresum A and B: 10
Eridum: 9
12
ensum:
Is
/mar: 7
immerum:
5s
emim: 12
ia: 1, 8s
Babihtm: 12s
epesum: 10
ihiwi: 2, 2s
bubum: 12s
epistum: 8
inuma: 4
baldtum: 2s, 4; D: 6
eqlum:
issurum: 7s
2, 10s
AKKADIAN VOCABULARY
98
-ma: 4
tier turn:
magdrum: 5
maharum: 7
mahasum: 3
mahrum: 1
nidintum, nidittum: 2
ma/a: 7
nuljsum: 3
tfuw: 12
mammon:
isum: 3, 3s
isatum:
1,
IOs
isdum: 6
Istar: 8
/fre;i:
/Hi:
nisu:
*mand'um, manum:
izuszum: lis, 12
(Amorite): 7
jVtfift
kabatum: 1
kabtum; l t 9s
kadrum: 1
mannum:
manum
manum
nffum
(nis qdtim): 12
rtiJw/H
(*nhs): 3
numatum: 12
nunum: 7s
nurum: 12
(noun):
(verb): 8
pala/jum: 3
maqdtum: 5s
mardsum: 7
Marduk: 2, 9s
pdnum: 2s
paqddum: 3
marsum:
pasdtum: 3
martum: 4
marum: 2, 2s
kajjdnis: 7
kalbum: 7s
10
pardsum: 3
pesum: 3s
petum: 8, 9s
/ca/um (noun): 2
ma turn:
kalum (verb): 8
kamarum: 6
kanum: 9
kardbum: 5
kaspum: 3, 3s
kasadum: 3, 4s
kT'am: 4
malum: 9
purussum: 3
Atera: 8
pusqum:
2, 9s
Meslam:
minima: 7
kibratum: 11
tfrnc:
misarum: 2
kirum: 4
A'tf:
mu:
&iipi7:
Is,
kit turn:
qatum: 9s
qatum: 2, 3s
qu"um: 12
musum: 4s, 7
mutum: 9
10
kissatum: 9
qabum: 5s, 1
qanum: 8s
qaqqadum: 5
qarnum: lis
qistum: 2
mustdlum: 5
merestum: 6
minima sumsu: 6
minimum: 1
mfnum, minum: 5
pi/w: 3, 5s
ra^um
(adj.): 1, Is
raWw
(verb): 8
kunukkum: 2
nabalkutum: 12
kussum: 8
riaddnum: 3
ragdmum: 3
rakdsum: 8s
rapasum: 6
labasum: 5
nadum: 5s, 10
nakadum: 1
nakdrum: 10
nakasum: 3
labirum: 5
namkurum:
rebum:
/awa: 4
napalsuhum: 12
redum: 8
/a: 4s,
labarum: 9s
rdbum: 9
rasum: 8
rdsum: 9
11
lamddum: 3s 6
napistum: 8 s
r<?'ww:
lapdtum: 6s
naplusum: 1
reutum: 2
lequm: 8
narum: 4
ridbum: 9
fe'wi: 12
nasarum:
/foftum: 2, 10s
nasum: 12
limum: 2s
natdlum: 10
rimum A: 1
rimum B: 4
nawdrum:
rittum: 3
/u
...
to 4
riasum: 9
11
AKKADIAN VOCABULARY
*rubaum, rubum: 2
sarrum:
tarddum: 4
Is
sarrutum: 2
termini:
sahdrum: 1
sarum: 7
tiabum: 9
saldmum: 8
sandqum: 6
saphum: 1
sarum: 3s
tit turn:
sasum: 5s
tuppum: 2
sarratum: 12
sa{drum:
u:
sarrum: 6
seberum: 3
m:
senium: 8
u/: 4, 4s,
sat turn:
Sattukkum: 1
3s
4, 8s
*se'um: 6, 8s
Sin: 4, 6s, 8s
50
u//iwi: 5
sinnistum: 4, 6s
sewn: 12
umma: 6
Sipparwn: 9
siamum, samum B: 9
ummum:
sunum: 8s
sibutum: 12
iimum: 3s
sikarum: 6s
urrwn: 1
slmtum: 9
uznum: 2s
sabdtum:
3, 5s
sdbum: 12
sabnum: 4s
Sarpamtwn:
sehrum:
sTruni:
wo 'arum: 9
siqlum: 4, lis
wapum: 12
wardum: 1, 2s
sizbum: 2s
-ii/:
subdtum: 6
ja:
siprum: 2
sit tan:
sinnum: 5s
khz/h: 9
2, 2s
sibtwn i*sbt): 5
12
iw: 5
warka: 10
sub turn: 2
H'flr/r/:
suklulum: 6
warqum: 6
warum: 12
saddlum: 6
sulmum:
sadum: 9s
siduhhum: 10
vvdn//7i:
sakdnum: 3
saknum: 2
saldmum: 5
summa:
sumrusum: 9
wasabum:
was turn: 1
solum: 8
suqurum: 2
water: 5
surqum: 8
watdrum:
sursudum: 6
wussurum:
sumum:
salustum: 2
*samdu, samu:
Somas: 3s
sammum:
Is,
&mi/:
Is,
9
4s,
zd'irum: 11
tamhdrum:
tamkdrum:
2
B: 9
zakdrum:
4,
fanvm: 8s, 9
tazzimtum: 8
10s
3, 6s
zamdrum: 1
Zarpamtwn: 5
sapdrum: 4
tebum: 8
zdzum: 9
zerum: 2, 8s
saqdlum: 3
tertum: 6
zerum: 9
sardkum: 3
saraqum: 3
n7/</m: 9
sarrdqum: 4
tdbum:
sarratum: 2
tabum: 9
iwtfdm: 12
2, 6s
5s
samum A and
sanum:
2, 4s
suttum: 10
sainnwn: 6s
I,
99
zik(a)rum:
zittum: 2
7s, 8
I,
9s
ENGLISH-AKKADIAN GLOSSARY
x: x
magarum
accuse pn of
agree:
eli
pn
nudum
garment: subdtum
nidintum, qXstum
gift:
naddnum
angry: ezzum
give:
another: santim
arrive:
kasddum
battle:
tamhdrum
tubbum
alakum
go:
go out: traw/u
god:
be able: le'itm
//hwi
rabum
great:
itti
guard: nasdrum
sufjarrurum
silent:
walddum
balatum
heal:
bone: esemtum
heart: libbum
break: seberum
heaven: .yaww
erebum S
broaden: rapdsum D
honored: kabtum
bring
in:
brother:
house:
in:
wabalum
carry:
city:
watdrum 5
fl/r//H
country:
malum
destroy:
dakum
matum
dream: sultum
wasabwn
k/m/h
matum
land:
divide (inheritance):
dwell:
kill:
know:
mar turn
halaqum
judge: dajjdnum
king: sarrum
nakdsum
daughter:
die:
ina
increase:
clothe: labdsum D or
come: alakum + ventivc
construct: epesum
cut:
mu
ahum
zazum
learn:
hunddwn
leave:
ezebum
liar:
life:
like:
sarrum
balatum
/cmia
lord: /j7mi
pasdtum
enemy: zairum
lying:
efface:
entrust:
erase:
father:
abum
isdtum
foundation: isdum
from:
halqum
sarrum
paqddum
pasatum
farmer: erresum
fire:
lost:
istu
matum
5; to
ENGLISH GLOSSARY
not; ui la
nothing:
kaspum
silver:
til /la
...
minima
101
since:
istii
wardum
ddkum
slave:
slay:
small: seljrum
mdrum
palace: ekallum
son:
people:
speak: dababum,
nisCi
haldqum
perish:
strike:
mahdsum
Sakanwn
possession: btsum
tablet:
powerful: da fmum
take:
purify:
saraqum
steal:
place (verb):
qabwn zakdrum
ebebum
tuppum
Icqum
lamadum
teach:
queen: sanation
temple:
/>7r //i>/i
tenant-farmer: erresum
raise (children):
raise a claim:
rabum
thai:
ragdmum
manum
recite:
this:
renew: cdesum
u//z?m
ii7,
sarrdqum
thief:
annum
throne: kussiim
D
D
reverence:
for: qu"Cim
weigh out: saqdlum
revolt:
what?: nunum,
rise
tarum
palahum
nabalkutwn
wait
which?:
up: tebiim
mannum
who?:
qabwn
say:
scepter:
sec:
hattum
kunukkum
seal:
with:
natdlum
seize:
send
frf/
withhold: foa/riw
woman:
sabatum
(a person):
minum
o//r//;j
taradum
wood:
sinnistum
whw
share: zittum
word: awatwn
shepherd: re'urn
write:
INDEX OF SIGNS
H-
*nm
H+
H^?
i=3T
^4T
*rr
11
HF
10
t=
11
f~ttt~
T-
tf
tf*
12
j^2
HT
^5
H=T
or
>m
^rrr
h*
$m.
^T
h^
t=
t^r
hh*
12
wT<
10
H=fc
^F
11
v^T
t*f*
W
^
HKT
H>
tei
W
m-
12
HKT^
introduced)
"H&
H^T
is
htfr
in
4
10
mr
ffltr
w
m
mr
HI
12
2
11
11
^r
Mr
^T
UP.
10
t$yr.
6
11
10
B-
INDEX OF SIGNS
<f=U
<tUI H
<W
<tt*
<K
^Y~
#*T
10
103
]S
]M
*-
m
in
m
**
^r
<T*W 6
^r
<HJfI
^~
<Tfc
"fan
*m
10
<W
fc=
6
11
12
10
11
12
<ff
PH
4Hfff
<
ff
A4f
TF
A>-<
10
]X
ff<
<
pj
HIM
<tt=
11
INDEX OF SIGN-VALUES
(numbers without
a:
A:
di:A
*i:8
dib: 5
gid:
***
ab:5
rfiV:
abzu: 10
dim: 8
ad: 2
dingir:
igi:
ih:
ii:
gidri: 7
ijcu:
gin:
it:
il 5 :
90
ag: 6
djS:
85
gIn:
ah:l
at A
am: 3
amar: 9
du:
gin: 9
im\ 3
in:
an:
</wr:
gis: 3
els:
dumu: 2
gIS+u: 85
inim: 5
giz: 3
in 9
gu: 88
/>:
g0: 5
/n: 12
ar: 6
as: 8
e:
az: 9
H:
ba: 3
efc8
ed:2
uabbar: 3
eg: 3
bad: 9
fl
iSkur: 3
gun: 88
gur: 91
m: 87
eh:l
jii:
eh 12
guSkin: 3
ir:
be: 6
lt:
eri:
bid:
e: 6
Wrf:
es:
*//:
10
e~:l
bu:
had: 1
hal:
12
he: 1
hi:
89
hir: 8
A:dr:
A*oi:
ke:A
keSda: 8
/i 4 :
gar: 89
ia:
dal:A
gar: 10
ia$:
dam: 10
gas: 6
ib:
rffl:
g<?:8
id:
danna: 89
ge 6 4
idim: 9
dar: 8
gme:
de:A
GfifiTu:
fe:
kam: 10
kar: 10
i:6
kalag:
gal: 3
rffl/j:
hi/:
gam: 10
rfa:4
kA: 12
his:
/:
ka: 5
/in:
ga: 2
gal:
10
izi:
W: 10
ha: 1
er:2
90
gid: 8
i: 8
bur: 90
/i:
tf8 : 8
em:
KtiR-gunii:
/Via:
gud: 12
ban: 91
85
fc
fe9
6/:
10
dug: 7
dug 4 5
:
\2
2
6
/g:3
ki:
kid: 9
kin: 9
ku: A
kO: 3
ku 4 7
ku 6 7
:
fritf
SIGN-VALUES
105
km: 9
njmin: 91
sal:
kus: 5
nin: 12
sar: 8
la:
lab:
lah: 3
lam:
li:
se:
*?: 8
tab:
mi: 5
si:
fag: 6
jri:
/a:
tab 4
/am: 3
sib:
87
sio,:
nita: 9
!e:5.
/dr:
pa: 1
j/ft:
pag: 1
sikil: 12
/e:
//:2
/a.v:
par: 3
sIla: 91
lib:
11
pe: 2
silim:
lib:
10
pe: 6
sin:
n>?i:
pi:
sin
tis:
pi:
su: 3
//:6
/fe:7
////: 3
///:
/iw: 2
In:
LO: 11
r/7:
7
7
fa:
pid: 9
jw/i 4 :
/m:3
pit 10
sum:
11
tOm:
pir: 3
pu:
sumun: 9
jm/i: 9
<7^i:
m:
tur:
tus:
/r,:
lugal:
him: 2
qad: 3
.ya/:
r/fl/:
se:
12
(a:
/a:
flaw: 10
*?: 8
qar: 10
*/:
12
/<?:
nmr: 10
ffe:
si:
/e:
me: 6
qi:
we: 4
mes:
//:
4
4
<7/Y/:
4'i/:
aM:
sit:
qu:
?wo: 11
mid: 9
qui: 8
mil: 6
<yiir:
mim: 6
munus: 6
rag: 6
muSen: 7
re:
re:
1
nad: 9
r/:4
r/:
12
10
rib:
/ie:
ru: 5
ru: 8
fa/:
jam: 5
12
;ie:
nid:
10
ia^: 9
ra:
n/w:
nibs: 91
.far:
/:
?a:
11
u:85
5
w:
w:7
w4 3
:
urt 3
SAr: 85
udu: 5
sar: 11
m#9
SArku: 85
ugula: 7
se: 8
w/;:7
si:
(i7:
3a:
ffi:
mi/: 6
10
f/:2
1
si/r:
fa: 9
(i:4
sum:
Ml: 6
/io:
/a/h: 10
.w7:
tat:
ma: 4
mad: 9
ni:
jm/h:
wm: 4
m/m: 5
numun:
lad: 9
a/:
sib:
am:
j/r:
Mr: 7
sir.
lin 8
njgida: 91
sA:
nilimmu: 91
sa: 3
jm: 3
uru: 12
nim: 5
jg/k 9
sub: 5
us:
SIGN-VALUES
106
us:
we: 2
uv:
us:
wi:
utu: 3
wit:
uz: 10
h'g:
ze: 8
ze:
12
zi: 8
z/:8
s /:
z/:
12
za:3
nr: 8
zal:6
ziz:
zlz:
87
zu: 3
zu: 5
rwwi: 11
sw: 9
ADDITIONS
p.
Pronominal
33, 35.
1st sing,
accusative and
all
sing., the
you
(F.)
feared', iplahu 'they feared', isruk lie presented', tasrukT 'you (F.) present-
ed
5
,
Accusative
Sing.
lc.
iplah-anni
Dative
< *-am-ni
2m. iplah-ka
iplalhki
imtk-akkim
3m. iplah-su
isruk-assum
2f.
3f.
iplah -si
lc.
ipiah-nidti
isruk-aimiasim
iplah-kiunlti
isruk-akh musiw
2f.
iplah-kindti
imtk-akkincishn
3m.
iplah-sumlti
isruk-assumtsin
3f.
iplah-smati
isruk-asSindsim
lc.
taplahinni
<
*tapIaljT-m-ni
lc.
iplahintinni
< * fum-ni
Sing.
3c.
ventive.
*ta$ruk1-m
< *tasntkT-m-him
isntkiHiim
isrukfi-nikkum
isvukiHiissiun
< *-nim-kum
< *-nim-sum
etc.
etc.
The
<
etc.
36.
tasrukim
tasrukisSum
etc.
p. 33,
< *-am-sum
isruk-assim
3m. taplahi-su
Sing.
< *-am-kum
2m.
Plur.
Sing.
imtk-am
isruk-akkum
illik-am 'he/she
2m. tallik-am
came'
Plur.
to go':
3m.
iUikiHiim
3f.
illikd-nim
tallikd-nim
2f.
tailiki-m
2c.
lc.
allik-am
lc.
it
illik-am
ADDITIONS
108
p.
52, 57.
The
tn~stems.
is
distributive:
and
allak
p.
thither':
go', attanallak
'I
go
to
and
fro, I
walk about'.
N
Pres.
ibbanni
ippette
*immcumu
ikkalla
PreL
ibbani
ippeti
human i
ikkali
Perf.
ittabni
iitepte
*ittamnu
itiakla
Pret.
Perf.
Ptc.
Imp.
Inf.
V.Adj.
Stat.
iparras
iprus
iptaras
parisum
pur us
parasum
parsum
paris
isabbat
isbat
issabat
sab iturn
sabat
sabatum
sabtum
sabit
irappud
irpud
irtapud
rapidum
rupud
rapadum
paqdum
paqid
Gfl/M
ipaqqid
ipqid
iptaqid
paqidum
piqid
paqadum
aju, a
ip tanas
iptaras
iptatras
muptarsum
pitras
pitrusum
irtaggum
irtagum
irtalgum
murtagmum
ritgum
ritgumum
ritgum
iptaqqid
iptaqid
iptatqid
muptaqdum
pitqid
pitqudum
pitqud
pitarrus
Gt
Gtn
pitrus
iptanarras
iptarras
iptatarras
muptarrisum
pitarras
pitarrusum
irtanappud
irtappud
irtatappud
murtappidiim
ritappud
ritappudum
ritappud
iptanaqqid
iptaqqid
iptataqqid
muptaqqidum
pitaqqid
pitaqqudum
pitaqqud
uparras
uparris
up t arris
muparrisum
purris
purrusum
Dt
up tanas
upiarris
up t a tar r is
muptarrisum
pit tan is
putarrusum
Dtn
uptanarras
up t arris
uptatarris
muptarrisum
putarris
putarrusum
usapras
usapris
ustapris
musaprisum
supris
suprusum
suprusum
suprus
St,
ustapras
ustapris
ustatapris
mustaprisum
sutapris
sutaprusum
sutaprusum
sutaprus
st2
ustaparras
ustapris
ustatapris
mustaprisum
sutapris
sutaprusum
ustanapras
aju,
Stn
aju, a,
Ntn
3d
purrusum
purrus
putarrus
ustapris
ustatapris
mustaprisum
sutapris
sutaprusum
ipparras
ipparis
ittapras
mupparsum
napris
naprusum
naprusum
naprus
ippaqqid
ippaqid
ittapqid
muppaqdum
napqid
napqudum
napqudum
napqud
aju, a, u
ittanapras
ittapras
*ittatapras
muttaprisum
itapras
itaprusum
itaprus
iiianapqid
ittapqid
*ittatapqid
muttapqidum
itapqid
itapqudum
itapqud
uspanas
uspanis
musparrisum
suparris
supanusum