Contents

Preface .............................................................................. v

List of Contributors ............................................................ ix

1. Mix Design for Underwater Concreting ................... 1

1.1 Introduction .................................................................... 1
1.2 Characteristic/Target Strength Relationships ................ 2
1.3 Strength/Age Requirements .......................................... 5
1.4 Materials ........................................................................ 5
1.5 Properties Required of Underwater Concrete ................ 11
1.6 Test Methods ................................................................. 14
References ............................................................................ 19

2. Excavation and Preparation, Design and

Installation of Formwork .......................................... 21
2.1 Introduction .................................................................... 21
2.2 Excavation and Preparation of Foundation .................... 22
2.3 Tolerances and Setting Out ........................................... 23
2.4 Selection of Type of Form Work .................................... 25
2.5 Design Loadings ............................................................ 27
2.6 Selection of Type of Form Work .................................... 29
References ............................................................................ 31

3. Underwater Inspection ............................................. 33

3.1 Introduction .................................................................... 33
3.2 The Behaviour of Concrete in Submerged
Structures ...................................................................... 36

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viii Contents

3.3 Inspection ...................................................................... 43

3.4 Inspection Techniques ................................................... 46
3.5 The Inspection and Reporting Process .......................... 54
References ............................................................................ 59

4. Methods of Placing Concrete Underwater .............. 63

4.1 Introduction .................................................................... 63
4.2 Selection of Method ....................................................... 65
4.3 Control and Monitoring .................................................. 82
References ............................................................................ 83

5. Underwater Repair of Concrete ............................... 85

5.1 Introduction .................................................................... 85
5.2 Access to the Repair Site ............................................... 86
5.3 Preparation of the Concrete and Reinforcement ........... 89
5.4 Repair Materials ............................................................. 94
5.5 Repair Techniques for Concrete .................................... 102
5.6 Reinforcement Repairs .................................................. 110
References ............................................................................ 114

6. Durability of Concrete Underwater .......................... 115

6.1 Introduction .................................................................... 115
6.2 Marine Environment ....................................................... 116
6.3 Chemical Attack ............................................................. 119
6.4 Prevention of Chemical Attack ....................................... 123
6.5 Resistance to Penetration of Deleterious
Substances .................................................................... 129
6.6 Corrosion ....................................................................... 137
6.7 Physical Deterioration .................................................... 138
References ............................................................................ 142

Index ................................................................................. 147

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