NAME: ______________________________________________

_______________

SCORE:

STUDENT NUMBER: ____________________________________

Translate the following into symbolic notation. Prove that the following are valid using the Rules
of Inference.
ARGUMENT A:
If clear-cutting continues in primary forests and the
Endangered Species Act is not repealed, then either
the Endangered Species Act will be repealed or
thousands of animal species will become extinct. Clearcutting continues in primary forests. The Endangered
Species Act will not be repealed. Therefore, thousands
of animal species will become extinct. (C, E, T)
ARGUMENT D:
If either manufacturers will not concentrate on
producing a superior product or they will not market
their product abroad, then if they will not concentrate
on producing a superior product, then the trade deficit
will worsen. Either manufacturers will concentrate on
producing a superior product or the trade deficit will
not worsen. Manufacturers will not concentrate on
producing a superior product. Thus, todays business
managers lack imagination. (C, M, T, B)

ARGUMENT B:
If either executive salaries are out of control or
exorbitant bonuses are paid, then either shareholders
will be cheated or ordinary workers will be paid less.
Executive salaries are out of control and the rich are
getting richer. If shareholders are cheated, then future
investors will stay away; also, if ordinary workers are
paid less, then consumer spending will decline. If either
future investors stay away or consumer spending
declines, then the economy will suffer. Hence, the
economy will suffer. (S, B, C, P, R, F, D, E)

ARGUMENT E:
If either medical fees or malpractice awards escape
restrictions, then health care costs will soar and
millions of poor will go uninsured. If the lawyers get
their way, then malpractice awards will escape
restrictions. If the doctors get their way, then medical
fees will escape restrictions. Either the doctors or the
lawyers will get their way, and insurance companies
will resist reform. Therefore, health care costs will soar.
(F, A, H, P, L, D, I)
ARGUMENT C:
If either parents get involved in their childrens
education or the school year is lengthened, then if the
children learn phonics, their reading will improve and if
they are introduced to abstract concepts earlier, their
math will improve. If either parents get involved in
their childrens education or nebulous subjects are
dropped from the curriculum, then either the children
will learn phonics or they will be introduced to abstract
concepts earlier. Parents will get involved in their
childrens education, and writing lessons will be
integrated with other subjects. Consequently, either
the childrens reading or their math will improve. (P, S,
L, R, I, M, N, W)