View of PGI construction and retention pond, Sitapura Industrial Area, Jaipur, India - 28/07/11

Water & Energy

Conservation Plan
Poornima Group of Colleges, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Anna Selgert
Rachel Ressler
Department of Urban Planning and Policy
College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs
University of Illinois at Chicago
May 2011 - March 2012

Executive Summary
This document for Poornima Group of Colleges
(PGC) in Rajasthan, India suggests measures
to mitigate the impending water and energy
crisis that India and the college both face.
Within, plans are made for the conservation
of water and energy by implementing specific
measures on PGCs three Jaipur campuses.
This report outlines the current conditions of
water and energy consumption on PGCs
campuses and makes recommendations
for increased conservation based upon
our analyses. In addition, we provide an
implementation plan in order to guide PGCs
conservation efforts over the next eight years.
PGC currently maintains an unsustainable
method of water use. Drinking water is
purchased from an outside company that
trucks in supplies when required. Non-drinking
water is pumped from borewells and then sent
off site to a city sewer system. The campus is
entirely concrete, removing any possibility of

direct groundwater recharge, and landscaping three categories include action-oriented

recommendations that range from small to
is non-native requiring extensive irrigation.
large and from easy to difficult. Each of these
A majority of PGCs energy comes from the recommendations will allow PGC to conserve
government utility company, but backup diesel as much water and energy as possible while at
generators are used during blackouts. The the same time instilling values of conservation
amount of energy PGC consumes per student in its students.
has increased over time, yet a majority of
students have ingrained conservation habits. We also suggest an implementation plan, which
The quality of the campus energy infrastructure includes when each set of recommendations
allows energy loss through outdated products, should be implemented, how long they
non-utilized day lighting opportunities and poor should take to implement, and various tests
to determine if each level of conservation has
sealing methods.
been successful.
In this plan, we make five categories
of recommendations. The first set of This plan will allow PGC to conserve water
recommendations will establish a baseline and energy in order to be prepared for Indias
of resource use. This includes measuring growing shortage of natural resources. More
use and cost so that water and energy importantly, it will allow PGC to prepare its
savings are documented. The second set of students for a truly global world by instilling in
recommendations will help institutionalize them a true understanding of the importance of
conservation practices by educating and conservation.
involving campus stakeholders. The next

Vision, Purpose & Statement of Authority...............................iii

Introduction.............................................................................1
A National Environmental Crisis
Poornima Group of Colleges

contents.

Water.....................................................................................5
Existing Conditions
Recommendations

Energy..................................................................................17
Existing Conditions
Recommendations

Implementation.....................................................................31
Conclusion...........................................................................37
Afterword.............................................................................38

ii

Statement of Authority
This plan has been prepared for Poornima
Group of Colleges (PGC) by Anna Selgert and
Rachel Ressler, Masters of Urban Planning and
Policy students at the University of Illinois at
Chicago. Over the course of a three-month stay
at PGC, we compiled data and observations
about the college groups water and energy
consumption. This report documents the
findings as well as suggests a future plan for
sustainable water and energy use.

Purpose
This plan proposes measures to help PGC
become an example of institutionalized
environmental conservation in Jaipur. In keeping
with PGCs vision to create [a] knowledge
based society with scientific temper to face
the global competitive challenges, this plan
will help PGC become an example to other
institutions in the area and help PGC achieve
its goal of becoming a respected international
institution known for its innovation and forwardthinking. By embracing conservation efforts
on a large scale, we hope PGC will become
a socially and environmentally responsible
institution through the utilization of innovative
strategies geared toward natural resource
conservation.

Vision
As a result of this plan, PGC should be able to:

Cope with the changing and fragile environment;

Utilize and manage available natural resources efficiently; and
Enable a more sustainable lifestyle for campus users
by re-developing the water and energy systems to initiate and support a trend of
responsible consumption.

iii

Asia

Jaipur

Pacific Ocean

introduction.

India

Indian Ocean

3,400 Miles

Robinson Projection
ESRI template edited by A. Selgert on 1/11/12
India political boundary from GeoCommunity

A National Environmental Crisis

In recent years, as modern technology has reached remote parts of India, unsustainable methods
of water consumption and energy production have replaced traditional conservation methods.
While modern technology has brought much to India, it has also caused an apathy toward many
traditional practices. A balance between modern and time-tested practices can help make PGC
a responsible campus.
introduction.

Water

Although water resource availability in India is

projected to reach catastrophically low levels
by 2025,1 in Jaipur, located on the edge of the
Thar Desert, there is already a severe water
shortage. Currently, groundwater depletion is
occurring at extremely rapid rates. Since 2008,
water tables have declined about six meters
per year. At this rate, the state groundwater
department estimates that the water table will
be completely depleted by
The aquifers that 35 N
2016.2
lie under the city are being
depleted faster than they can
33 N
be rechargedone estimate
puts water usage at 134
30 N
percent of water recharge
in 2010.3
Also in 2010,
the Rajasthan groundwater 27 N
department estimated that
post-monsoon recharge was 24 N
93 million cubic metersbut
extraction in Jaipur was 700 21 N
million cubic meters.4

As reliance on modern techniques such as

borewells became more common, traditional
methods of harvesting fell by the wayside,
especially in urban areas. With this in mind, it
is especially important to focus on methods of
harvesting and conservation that could provide
water stability.

Punjab

(%)

Haryana & Delhi

100

Rajasthan

90
80
70
60
50
40

18 N

introduction.

30
20

96

93

90

87

84

81

78

75

72

10

69

Due to its arid climate,

Rajasthan is a water- 15 N
conscious
region,
with
historical harvesting and 12 N
conservation
methods
ensuring water availability. 9 N
For example, communities
used communal harvesting
and conservation systems
like kundis, johads, baoris
and bhidas all types of
water collection structures.

Figure 1: Percent of water withdrawal to aquifer recharge

Energy

As India continues to pursue economic growth,

the amount of energy consumed within the
country continues to increase. Although India
is the worlds fifth highest consumer of primary
energy, it is only the seventh highest producer.5
Since Indias energy consumption is much
higher than its production, the difference must
be purchased, creating dependence on energy
imports.
Currently, the three main energy sources in
India are coal, oil and natural gas, with coal
accounting for 55% [sic] of the countrys total
energy supplies.6 In addition to increasing
Indias dependence on foreign trade, coal, oil,
and natural gas are fossil fuels that increase
Indias greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
and contribute to climate change. Of all GHG
emissions from India, 42 percent are from
electricity generation, which makes diversifying
energy production for electricity crucial to
Indias energy independence.7
Therefore, the national government has
emphasized energy independence as the
nations first and highest priority and some
action has been taken to achieve this by 2030,
including energy diversification.8 There are
many opportunities for renewable energy, as
India has shown by becoming the fifth largest
producer of wind power in the world. Other
opportunities for energy diversification in India
include solar, small hydro, and biomass.9

Poornima Group of
Colleges

PGC Campuses

PGC is a top private engineering college in

Rajasthan. As a private affiliate of Rajasthan
Technical University (RTU), PGCs decisions
are closely watched and influenced by
RTU. Though the curriculum is presently
administered by the RTU, PGC does have the
ability to make its own decisions regarding the
physical design and administrative structure
of its three campuses located in the Sitapura
Industrial Area at Jaipurs southeastern edge.
The oldest of the campuses, Poornima College
of Engineering (PCE), was built in 2001 and
has seven buildings, three of which house the
womens dormitory and international housing.
The second campus, Poornima Institute of
Engineering and Technology (PIET), was
built in 2002 and has 12 buildings, seven
of which house a male dormitory. The most
recent, Poornima Group of Institutions (PGI),
is currently being built and already has three
buildings, two of which are a second male
dormitory.
PGCs student body is divided between these
three campuses. As of the 2011-2012 school
year, there are 1,300 students enrolled at
PCE, 720 students enrolled at PIET, and
480 students at PGI. Of these, 626 girls live
in the hostel on PCE and 1,170 boys live in
the hostels on the PIET and PGI campuses
(with a majority on the PIET campus). The
main focus of studies at PGC is engineering,
with both graduate and undergraduate degrees
available.

100O ft
500 m

introduction.

Goal

To provide a sustainable and monitored method of consumption through

a system that conserves, recycles and collects water.

Although Rajasthan is a desert state, Jaipur

itself does not lie within the Thar Desert.
However, Jaipur does exist in an arid climate,
with widespread knowledge that it is waterpoor and growing even poorer. While PGCs
impact on the aquifer from which Jaipur draws
its water is minimal, this is no reason for PGC
to ignore its responsibility to the environment.
PGC prides itself on being a school of global
vision, and global vision is necessary to create
a more sustainable institution.
PGC is currently using more water than
necessary. In addition, more money than
necessary is being spent to pump endless and
unmeasured amounts of water from the ground.
In the future, as water becomes scarcer, this
cost will grow. PGC brings in hundreds of
tankers of drinking water per month, bores
for groundwater, and then sends all of it out
through city sewers. In upfront costs, many of
the following solutions will seem expensive.
In the long term, however, these solutions will
prove cost-effective and beneficial.

water.

In addition, PGCs reputation as a college of

innovation will grow. Because PGC is currently
viewed as one of the best private technical
institutions in Rajasthan, it is imperative
that they become a leader in implementing
new technologies that will shape the future
of environmentally conscious institutional
practices. They should show a commitment to
environmentally friendly policies and to instilling
in the students of PGC the same dedication.
To facilitate this, they should also involve the
students in conceptualizing and executing
these changesthe implementation of some
ideas, like a rainwater harvesting system and
a greywater recycling system, will certainly
call for engineering expertise, and students
are ideal volunteers for this work. In addition,
this will allow students to leave PGC instilled
with conviction that green and sustainable
technology is the way to protect Indias natural
resources.

water.

Existing Conditions
In order to assess the current conditions of
water consumption on the PGC campuses, data
was collected in three areas. First, attitudes
towards water consumption and actual use
of water were studied through surveys and
observation. Next, waste and loss within the
water cycle were examined. Last, where water
for the campus comes from and how it is
delivered was examined. This portion is termed
Infrastructure.
In the months between information gathering
and delivery of recommendations, PGC
was advised to measure water use on the
campuses in order to establish a more
thorough understanding of current consumption
patterns. It is unclear if this was done, thus
the recommendations that follow are based on
water usage pre-September 2011.

Boring for Water

Water Systems

On each campus, there are a certain number

of borewells that provide water for non-drinking
use. The wells are 500-650 feet deep, and
provide most of the water for the colleges use.
The borewells on the PIET and PGI campuses
function automatically with the help of sensors
that monitor overhead water tank levels. The
water pumped from the well is then directed
into the overhead tanks. On the PCE campus,
the borewells are operated manually, requiring
a technician to turn them on when water tanks
need to be filled (between two and three times
a day, usually). To measure non-drinking
water use on the campuses, we used the
consumption of PCE as a standard, since it
is the only campus on which water use can
presently be measured.

The water system inside the buildings of the

PGC campuses is set up in a way Western
readers will not necessarily be familiar with.
Once the water has been pumped from
the borewell, it is pumped through hoses to
overhead tanks. From the overhead tanks, it
flows through the buildings to sinks, showers
and toilets.

Consumption
Drinking Water
A company trucks in the water that students,
faculty and administrators drink on each
campus. Each tanker of water costs 260
Rupees or just under $7 US (as of May 2011),
and the number of tankers bought depends on
the amount of water needed, which varies by
campus. The water brought in is stored in an
underground tank and pumped as needed to
various drinking spigots around the campus.

water.

Manual switch to operate borewell on PCE

Currently, sinks in the bathrooms on the PGC

campuses consist of a faucet and one handle.
Showers have a faucet and two handles.
Turning these handles regulates the intensity
of water flow, and, in winter when hot water
is provided, heat. Showers consist of filling a
bucket from the faucet, so amounts of water
used per shower vary by person. In addition,
these same buckets and faucets are generally
used to do laundry, which also affects the
amount of water each person uses. Toiletflushing mechanisms consist of a manually
turned spigot, which releases a flow of water
into the toilet bowl, triggering by pressure the
trapdoor that sends waste out through the
sewage system. This often requires a great
deal of water, but also has much room for
human error, especially if the spigot is not
turned all the way off.

Waste
Student observations on water portray a serious
infrastructure problem. Of students surveyed,
80 percent find water leaking from campus
faucets at least sometimes. Of these, 40
percent find water leaking from campus faucets
a lot of the time or all of the time. In addition,
78.3 percent of students surveyed find campus
toilets running at least sometimes. Of these,
31.6 percent find campus toilets running a lot
of the time or all of the time. These numbers
show substantial water waste through improper
plumbing and maintenance.
The largest on-campus water loss occurs when
greywater is diverted away from the campus
after use rather than being treated and reused
or being allowed to recharge the natural water
supply.

40% of students find water

leaking from faucets a lot of the time

or all of the time
Water pipes to overhead tanks on PCE

31% of students find campus

toilets running a lot of the time or all

of the time

Storm drain on PGI

Borewell on PGI

water.

Infrastructure

PCE

Borewells:
4 4
Borewells:

PIET

Borewells: 5

Overhead
water
tanks:
2
Overhead
water
tanks:
2

Overhead water tanks: 6

Overhead
tank
capacity:
Overhead
tank
capacity:

Overhead tank capacity:

63,000
L L
63,000L;L;25,000
25,000

Underground
waterwater
tanks:tanks:
Underground
1,
water
1,for
fordrinking
drinking
water

Underground
tanktank
capacity:
Underground
capacity:
18,000
18,000L L

Boilers:
3; 3;
used
as backup
for for
Boilers:
used
as backup
solar
solarheaters
heaters

Solar
3; used
duringduring
Solarheating:
heating:
3; used
winter
wintermonths
months

Solar
capacity:
2,000-2,000Solarheating
heating
capacity:

3,000LLper
perday
dayperperheater
heater
3,000
Water
none none
Watercollection:
collection:

water.

26,146 L; 14,972 L; 18,349 L;

21,350 L: 32,394 L; 21,350 L
Underground water tanks:

PGI

Borewells: 2
Overhead water tanks: 6
Overhead tank capacity:
1,000 L in each tank
Underground water tanks:

1, for drinking water

1, for drinking water

Underground tank capacity:

Underground tank capacity:

Boilers: 1; used as backup for

Boilers: none

41,228 L

solar heaters

Solar heating: 3; used during

winter months

30,836 L

Solar heating: 2; used during

winter months

Solar heating capacity: 2,000-

Solar heating capacity: 2,000-

3,000 L per day per heater

3,000 L per day per heater

Water collection: none

Water collection: none

Recommendations

water.

Establish a Baseline.

in order to monitor progress, first it must be known where the college stands

Perform a Water Audit of all Campus Systems

This will look specifically for where water
loss occurs. Minimizing leaks is perhaps the
easiest and most immediate way to cut down
water usage on the campus. Fixing leaks will
directly cut down on operating costs from
borewell operation and purchasing costs of
trucking in drinking water. Leaks include not
just major flaws in pipes and hoses but also
things like dripping faucets, which slowly leak
large amounts of water. These water losses
can add up, and the estimated amount of nondrinking water used on the campuses indicates
a large number of leaks. The pipes, hoses,
tanks and pumps that conduct water through
the campuses should be examined in order to
note leaks and other equipment failures. Faulty
equipment or equipment that will fail soon
should be replaced. This should be repeated
regularly.

In order to keep leaks from becoming an even

worse problem, students should be encouraged
to report perpetually leaking faucets and running
toilets to authority figures. In turn, these authority
figures should ensure that the maintenance
crew fixes the problem. In addition, because
the possibility for human error is common,
especially while shutting off faucets and toilets,
the importance of completely turning off faucets
and toilets should be communicated through
signage above faucets and in bathrooms.

150,000 L per day is used in the girls hostel, which houses

approximately 600 girlssuggesting each girl uses almost 250 L (or
61.5 gallons) a day.
Pipes where leaks and usage should be monitored

10

water.

Install Water Meters

Currently, none of the water tanks or pumps
on the campuses are metered. Drinking water
use can be determined by calculating the
amount that is tanked in, but water pumped
from the borewells is not currently measured.
Uninhibited and unmeasured water usage can
lead to over-boring for water. We recommend
installing meters on all water tanks in order
to be aware of how much water is used on
campus. This will also record when pumps refill
the tanks and will provide information about
daily pumping needs. The records of these
meters can also be used to monitor spikes in
water usage, signaling leaks in the system. In
addition, they can be used to draw attention to
the serious need for water conservation and to
inspire students to pay close attention to how
much water they use on a daily basis.

In several instances during our three months, leaks from individual

faucets that filled up more than two 18 liter buckets in 24 hours were
observed.

As the water situation in Jaipur becomes more

serious, the meters will be able to be used to
monitor water rationing.

Pipes where leaks and usage should be monitored

Meters should be installed on all borewells

water.

11

Educate and Involve.

Create an Awareness
Campaign

An awareness campaign should be created

and implemented by the administration.
Students should be made aware of the
importance of water conservation. They are
extremely good about turning off lights and
fans to conserve energywater conservation
is equally important. In addition, students
should become active in making sure the
campus is as resourceful as possible about
water and should learn to critically assess their
own water use.

Signage on
the Johdpur
Institute of
Engineering
& Technology
(JIET)

12

water.

stakeholders should be aware of their consumption and what they can do to create change

Create a Cost-saving Native

Landscaping Policy

A policy should be made to use nativelandscaping as often as possible. Plants native

to Jaipur and Rajasthan are intrinsically adapted
to desert life. This gives them a far greater
chance of survival than non-native plants that
need extensive irrigation. In addition to needing
less water, which saves the college from having
to pump extra water and pay for the operating
costs of that pumping, the college will directly
benefit from the cost-savings associated with
plant survival. Currently, the college must
replace around 50 percent of new landscaping
planted, as non-native plants are likely to die
due to the harsh climate of Rajasthan. With
native landscaping, the number of plants that
must be replaced will significantly decrease,
thus lowering landscaping costs.
While native landscaping is recommended,
any trees that are currently thriving should not
be torn up. In future landscaping, native trees
should be the only consideration. However,
the few western-style turf lawns should be
immediately replaced by native tree and shrub
plantings that require far less irrigation.

Turf grass and walled gardens at PGI

Thar Desert Native Vegetation:

Grasslands: Eragrostis Aristida
adscensionis, Cenchrus biflorus,
Cympogon, Cyperus, Eleusine,
Panicum, Lasiurus scindicus, Aeluropus
lagopoides, Sporobolus
Low trees: Acacia nilotica, Prosopis
cineraria, P. juliflora, Tamrix aphylla,
Zizyphus mauritiana, Capparis decidua
Shrubs: Calligonum polygonoides,
Calotropis, Aerva, Crotalaria spp., and
Haloxylon salicornicum10

Take Initiative.

make changes that will set the college above the rest

Separate the Drinking and

Handwashing Facilities

In cafeteria areas and other places where the

college provides water for both hand washing
and drinking, spigots should be clearly marked
with the type of water they contain. Often
students washing their hands and drinking
from the same tap, then walking away without
turning off the spigot were observed. Clearly
marked drinking water taps, like the one in
the image, would cut down on their use for
other purposes, thus allowing the college
to save money by trucking in less drinking
water. In addition, signage should be posted
by all drinking and hand washing facilities
reminding students and faculty to turn off the
taps and explaining the importance of water
conservation.

Upgrade Toilet and Shower

Facilities

Clearly marked drinking water at JIET

The current water systems in hostel bathrooms

leave much room for human error, since often
users may not shut off water completely or
may run water into the toilet for longer than
necessary. Western-style showers and toilets
release water in a regulated, uniform flow, and
often sink faucets are automated. In addition,
low-flow showerheads and toilets that use
less water than traditional infrastructure have
recently started to become more common in
the West. Low-flow technology may currently
not be available in India and is most likely too
expensive to install in the college dorms (in
part due to the sheer number of bathrooms),
but it should be noted as a future way to further
reduce human impact on water consumption.
In the meantime, bathroom facilities which
regulate water use in some way (such as
faucet set-ups in which a handle is pushed and
water released for a set amount of time) could
be a way to lower water use.

Figure 2: Automated sink

water.

13

Think Bigger.

enhance the infrastructure to reflect college priorities

Install Permeable Pavement

Permeable pavement allows water to naturally
filter back into the earth after storm events.
When the campuses become flooded during
monsoon, with large puddles forming on top
of the concrete, several things happen. First,
the water evaporates in the heat, depriving
the ground of water it needs. Second, water
that does flow into drains (such as near the
basketball court in PGI) carries with it surface
toxins from the concrete. In order to recharge
groundwater and allow for natural filtration
of toxins, PGC should install permeable
pavement. This can be as simple as ripping up
the concrete walks and replacing large pieces in
a manner that allows rainwater to seep through
cracks. An example would be western-style
cobblestone streets or flagstone patios. While
there are more elegant and in-depth versions
of permeable paversexamples can be seen
at the Jaipur Marriot, where brick lattices have
been arranged as well as onlinere-using the
current pavement is the most cost-efficient
method of providing permeable pavers.

Remove Walls Around Existing

Green Spaces

Currently, two feet high concrete walls enclose

landscaped spaces like the courtyard in PCE
and the front lawns of PIET and PGI. These
walls and others like them should be removed.
When planted with native plants in a garden
format rather than a lawn format, these areas
will naturally filter stormwater runoff and
provide more pleasant, aesthetically pleasing
and accessible spaces.
existing.

Figure 3: An example of permeable pavement

proposed.

14

water.

Be Innovative.

make Poornima into a name for conservation

Install a Rainwater Harvesting

System

buildings should be installed. Utilizing rainwater

in this way decreases groundwater use by
collecting water that would otherwise evaporate
since there currently is no real drainage system
on the campus.

Borewell water

Once rainwater is collected, it can be used for

a variety of purposes, including landscaping,
cleaning and toilet use. In order to do this, a
In order to maximize water conservation,
system like the one used to deliver drinking
a rainwater harvesting system should
water from the common tank to the various
be installed. A long-standing tradition in
Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting collects rain
during monsoon and stores it so it can be used
during rain-poor seasons. Approximately 400
mm of rain per year is necessary for a rainwater
harvesting system to be efficient,11 which
makes PGC an excellent candidate, as Jaipur
receives over 550 mm of rain every year.12 In
order to implement rainwater harvesting on
the PGC campuses, several changes would
be need to be made to the infrastructure. A
rainwater collection system consisting of a
raised, slanted false roof on the tops of all
buildings should be constructed, with the angle
of the roof directed toward a corner. Water
will drain through a downspout along the side
of the building into large underground tanks.
These tanks must be located underground, as
the hot climate of Jaipur could impact water
quality if it is stored aboveground. In addition,
these tanks should contain water level monitors
and cleaning mechanisms. Ideally, these
tanks could be installed while the concrete
open spaces are being removed to create a
Grey water
permeable pavement.

Black water

Rain water

water.

15

Institute Graywater Recycling

A greywater recycling system should be

implemented throughout the PGC campuses.
Because output pipelines from the bathrooms
in hostel and academic buildings are separated
between greywater and blackwater, it should
be a relatively simple matter to divert the
greywater pipes from the city system to an
on-campus filtration system. Greywater needs
to be used rather quickly, but will last longer
when filtered.
Level of filtration will depend on intended use.
Because the level of contamination of the
greywater is unknown, we are recommending
use only in landscaping and toilets. For either
use, the filter need only include a simple net
filter to catch large contaminants like hair. The
water, therefore, will need to be reused quickly.
The majority of the greywater, then, should be
diverted back through the toilet system, as
we anticipate landscaping water demands to
decline with the use of native species.
Greywater, instead of running through a series

of pipes to the city sewer system, would instead

be diverted to large underground tanks, filtered
minimally, and then pumped up to a rooftop
tank and down through the toilet system. Water
would then be used twice, allowing significant
water savings and reduction of borewell costs.
Water also could be pumped to surface hoses,
allowing irrigation of landscaped areas. Some
even larger-scale ideas were considered
and rejected. An on-site sewage treatment
plant, for example, would be a way for PGC
to become more efficient in their water use.
However, due to cost and the disparate
locations of the campuses, it was deemed that
this is impractical in the foreseeable future,
barring major technological advances. Such an
idea could be pursued in the future with the
help of an energy contractor who specializes in
merging waste and energy production systems.

Greywater is the used water that runs from showers, sinks and laundry. After

slight filtration, this water can be reused, cutting down on water that must be taken
from the ground. In addition, most water used by households and institutions
becomes greywater.

Blackwater is the water that runs from toilets. This water must go through
sewage treatment before reuse because it contains human waste.

16

water.

In the future: A more complex,

institution-sized greywater filtration system
should be implemented. This would
allow the greywater to be cleansed more
thoroughly and recycled for use in the
regular (showers, sinks and laundry) water
system.
Challenges: There is no current
information on input pipe systems to
bathrooms. If the toilet and faucet/shower
pipes are not in separate systems currently,
the greywater should not be used indoors.
Without a more sophisticated filtration
system, the water will not be fit for human
contact. In that case, the greywater should
only be used for landscaping needs.
Alternative solutions: If it is found that

the input system indoors is not separated,

greywater could also be diverted through a
series of cleansing plants (this is known as
a bioswale or rain garden), allowing it to
be cleansed while replenishing the aquifer
system. Another solution, which would be
costly in the short term but provide longterm water savings, would be to separate
the toilet and shower/sink pipe systems.

Goal

To provide a sustainable and monitored method of consumption through

a system that conserves, generates and efficiently uses energy.

PGC campuses concentrate a large number

of students and faculty in a small area and
PGC has control over how their campuses
receive and use energy. When considering
a plan to reduce energy consumption, these
characteristics are crucial to success. A
major outcome of compliance with these
recommendations will be the reduction of the
operating costs of the college because of
lower electricity bills. Also, the campuses will
be more self-sufficient and sustainable through
energy independence. Energy independence
provides electricity stability and price stability,

energy.

which is increasingly important due to current

global resource fragility. Since PGC is primarily
a technical college, advances in the energy
infrastructure can provide opportunities to
educate students as well. In terms of marketing
and publicity, these recommendations can
help foster PGCs image as an environmental
and technical leader within Rajasthan. Finally,
altruistic and long-term outcomes include
the protection of environmental and human
health through the reduction of GHG and other
polluting particles found in the emissions of
common energy sources.

energy.

17

Existing Conditions
In order to assess the current conditions of
energy consumption on the PGC campuses,
data was collected in three areas. First,
where energy comes from was examined.
This portion is termed Supply. Next, energy
bills and survey responses were examined to
determine consumption patterns and attitudes
towards energy use. To assess potential loss,
observations were made about gaps and
spaces in infrastructure.

Supply
Energy Production: Government & Campus
Government energy is provided through
Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd.
(RVUN), the generation Company; Rajasthan
Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd. (RVPN), the
transmission company and the three regional
distribution companies namely Jaipur Vidyut
Vitran Nigam Ltd. (JVVNL), Ajmer Vidyut
Vitran Nigam Ltd. (AVVNL) and Jodhpur
Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. (JdVVNL). The
generation company owns and operates the
thermal power stations at Kota and Suratgarh,
gas based power station at Ramgarh, hydel
power station at Mahi and mini hydel stations
in the State. The transmission company
operates all the 400kV, 220kV, 132kV and
66kV electricity lines and system in the State.
The three distribution companies operate and
maintain the electricity system below 66kV in
the State in their respective areas.13 A majority

18

energy.

on the PGI campus). On the PIET and PCE

campuses energy demand determines which
of the diesel powered generators (125 KVA
or 250 KVA) is used. By examining generator
use records and energy bills it was determined
that the amount of back-up generator energy
needed is quite low. The PIET campus uses
generators to supply about 2.4 percent of their
energy consumption, whereas PCE and PGI
When the campuses experience a blackout use generators to supply about 1.3 and 1.7
from the government energy suppliers, five percent of their energy needs, respectively.
generators supply back-up energy (two each
on the PIET and PCE campuses and one
of campus electricity comes from these
government supplied sources. The current
monthly high for PIET energy consumption is
recorded at 100,000 kWh. The current high
for PGC consumption reaches up to 80,000
kWh per month. Since PGI is a relatively new
campus, the current high was reached during
the initial construction period in 2009.

Generators used for backup electricity on the PCE campus

Consumption

Loss

Student Views on Energy Use

The majority of energy loss comes from

structural faults. Many rooms that are supplied
with air cooling and air conditioning units are
improperly sealed. Gaps in windows and doors
allow cooled air out and warm air in, as shown
in the image directly right, thus decreasing
the effectiveness of the air cooling and air
conditioning systems.

Attitudes towards electricity veer toward

conservationist, with 93.4 percent of students
surveyed making an effort to turn off electricity
when leaving an area. Also, 54.5 percent of
hostel students surveyed have three or less
appliances plugged in on a normal day and
66.7 percent of hostel students use their hostel
room lights nine or less hours
per day. However, 66.7 percent
of hostel students surveyed use
60
their fans 10 or more hours per
day.

PGC Current Energy Consumption per Student and Projected Demand

50

40

kWh per Month

Over the years, increased

student enrollment and campus
additions have led to increased
energy use throughout PGC.
The graph to the right shows that
there are peaks during summer
months when air cooling, air
conditioning unit, and fan use
are at their highest. Per student
energy use has also increased
over time.
This may be
because of the advent of highly
ubiquitous electronic devices
such as cellular telephones
and laptops, which require long
charging periods. Based on past
trends, the projected energy
consumption of PGC in 2020
will average about 55 kWh per
month for each student.

Gaps around an air conditioning unit in a PIET office

y = 0.0141e0.0002x
R = 0.20195

30

Consumption
per Student

20

10

Year
Consumption per student will continue to rise as electronic devices become more important to the education process

energy.

19

Recommendations

energy.

21

Establish a Baseline.

in order to monitor progress, first it must be known where the college stands

Measure Energy Use

PGC should submeter campus buildings. This
consists of installing electricity meters for each
building on each campus. This allows PGC to
track and measure energy performance more
specifically and at a much smaller scale. This
information can be tracked over time to measure
the success or failure of certain initiatives.
Submetering can also be an effective means of
finding areas of inefficiency. Those areas can
then be targeted for further analysis.

Energy Bills

A meter on the PIET campus

22

energy.

An easy and efficient way to record the energy consumption of the individual
colleges over time is to enter energy consumption and cost in to an Excel file. By
creating this database, trends can be tracked and analyzed. A comprehensive
database was formed during the summer of 2011 and will be available for PGC
to build upon. The records should be handled by a full time Trend Tracker
who will also track water usage once records are available. This position should
have direct access to the Financial Office but should also be an autonomous
member of the Office of Water and Energy.

Educate and Involve.

Create Awareness Campaign
Friendly competitions
Once hostel buildings are submetered, PGC
can initiate competitions between hostel
buildings for both the boys and girls. Student
volunteers would be needed to educate their
classmates about the competition, explain
why energy conservation is important and
outline the steps necessary to reduce energy
consumption. The student leaders would also
have to develop a way to broadcast how the
competition progresses (such as posters that
track energy consumption for each building).

stakeholders should be aware of their consumption and what they can do to create change

Implement Energy Saving

Policies

Computer Policy
Estimates from the US show that a typical
personal computer left in continuous operation
costs about $120 US per year. However,
when systems power down during hours of
nonuse, the operating costs drops to $20 US
annually.14 Therefore, all computers should
be programmed to power down or sleep when
not in use.

a quarter of university energy budgets, small

changes can add up to a large savings. For
instance, replacing traditional incandescent
bulbs with CFLs can cut lighting costs by up
to 75% [sic].16 CFLs or compact fluorescent
light bulbs are known to be five times more
efficient than traditional incandescent bulbs
and can last from six to ten times as long
as traditional incandescent bulbs. Yet, CFLs
contain mercury so along with their use needs
to come education about the proper way to
dispose of these bulbs and what to do in case
of a broken bulb.

Heating/Cooling Policy
Facilities that have their temperature regulated
Promoters
during occupied hours should not be heated
PGC should also start a student group for or cooled during off-hours. This can be done Appliances: Although appliances like air
energy conservation. The main objective of the manually by staff.
conditioners and refrigerators are uncommon
student group would be to educate themselves
on PGCs campuses, they are present in
and other students on campus about energy Purchasing Policy
certain rooms. These appliances should be
conservation. The specific agenda of the group PGC should implement a purchasing policy that upgraded to the most energy efficient model
would be formed by the students themselves but favors energy efficient, recycled and durable on the market.
examples of projects can include passing out products. Using this purchasing policy with the
bold sticker Turn off reminders for students to following products could greatly reduce PGCs Computers: The computers on PGCs
put on light switches, designing posters for the energy consumption.
campuses can become more efficient if the
hallways with creative and educational energy
monitors are replaced with LCD (liquid crystal
conservation messages, or organizing a talent Lighting: According to a US estimate, 22% display) monitors, which use only about oneshow to promote their group.
[sic] of university buildings energy budgets are third to one-half the energy as a traditional
for lighting.15 Since lighting consumes almost CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors.
energy.

23

Take Initiative.

make changes that will set the college above the rest

Install Windows or Skylights

Plant More Shade Trees

Many rooms and hallways can benefit from

the installation of windows and or skylights
to improve day lighting. This would decrease
the need for lights during the day because the
windows would allow natural light for internal
illumination.

If placed strategically and are allowed and able trees that are able to grow in Jaipurs climate
to grow tall enough, trees can provide shade, and plant them in the open spaces between
which can greatly reduce a buildings cooling and around campus buildings.
requirements. PGC should invest in native

Employ Weatherization
Techniques

Many rooms that are serviced by air cooling

or an air conditioner are very poorly sealed.
This decreases the cooling effect of the device.
Weather stripping and door sweeps can be
used to seal gaps around doors and caulk can
be used to seal gaps around windows and
vents. This step is very important because it
will stop unnecessary energy loss.

Shade trees around a barren courtyard on PCE

24

energy.

Think Bigger.

enhance the infrastructure to reflect college priorities

Install Automated Electric

Control Systems

sensors

central
computer
wireless control

Buildings can be automated to power up or

power down depending on occupancy. This is
done through sensors that can be installed to
activate lights. Also available are centralized
environmental control systems which adjust
both lighting and temperature for periods of
high and low occupancy. Currently, PGC
students and faculty are vigilant about turning
off lights when leaving an area. Also, most
educational buildings do not have air cooling.
Therefore, a centralized control system would
be most beneficial in the hostels where the
air cooling can be regulated for evening and
night-time operation and hallway and common
area lights can be operated by sensors.

video

lighting

access

hvac
energy.

25

Be Innovative.

make Poornima into a name for conservation

Selected Asian Countries - Flat Plate Tilted at Latitude
40E

Electricity generation through solar power is

suggested for PGC because Jaipur has a large
amount of solar irridation throughout the year.
The annual average of solar irradiation on tilted
flat plate collectors is 5.37 kWh/m sq/day.17
This means that there is a daily average of
5.37 kilowatt-hours of solar energy that strikes
a square meter of the earths surface tilted
towards the sun in Jaipur. This is a particularly
large amount of energy as shown in the map to
the right, Jaipur is located in an area of intense
solar irridation.

Syria

60E

70E

80E

90E

100E

110E

120E

130E

140E

150E

160E

Azerbaijan
40N

Russia

Kazakhstan

Iraq
Turkmenistan

30N

Uzbekistan
Mongolia
Saudi Arabia

Install Solar Power Generation

System

50E

Kyrgyzstan

Iran
Tajikistan

North Korea

Afghanistan

30N

Japan
South Korea

UAE
Pakistan

20N

China

Oman

Nepal
20N

Bhutan
India

Bangladesh

10N

Vietnam

Myanmar

Laos
10N

Philippines

Paracel Is.
Thailand

Palau

Cambodia
Spratly Is.

Sri Lanka

Maldives
0

Indonesia

Malaysia

Also, the state of Rajasthan receives more

kWh/m/day
than 3,000 to 3,200 hours of bright sunshine
18
in a year.
These conditions are ideal for
solar panel installation and the generation of
electricity. Solar panels are already used on
Figure 4: Jaipur is located in an area of intense solar irridation
the roofs of PGC for the heating of water during
winter months. PCG would benefit greatly from south or within 90 degrees of south; they Also available is net metering, a method by
adding solar panels for electricity generation to should not be overshadowed and should be which electricity can be sold back to the grid
pitched at an angle of 30-50 degrees from the at the same price that power is bought. This
the current solar heating units.
horizontal roof surface. Regular rainfall is also could provide extra income for the college if
Solar Electric or Photovoltaic (PV) panels turn needed to clean panels of dust and dirt, which PGC can generate surplus energy. A gridthe suns energy directly into electricity. These is not likely during most months so regular interactive inverter is necessary to convert the
19
power into a current that can be fed back into
panels should be positioned on the roof facing manual cleaning would be necessary.
the grid.
70E

80E

>9
8.5 - 9.0
8.0 - 8.5
7.5 - 8.0

7.0 - 7.5
6.5 - 7.0
6.0 - 6.5
5.5 - 6.0

90E

5.0 - 5.5
4.5 - 5.0
4.0 - 4.5
3.5 - 4.0

3.0 - 3.5
2.5 - 3.0
2.0 - 2.5
<2

100E

110E

120E

130E

Model estimates of monthly average daily total radiation using inputs

derived from satellite and surface observations of cloud cover,
aerosol optical depth, precipitable water vapor, albedo, atmospheric
pressure and ozone sampled at a 40km resolution.

November 2005

26

energy.

Combine Cooling, Heat and

Power with Tri-generation

Managing irregular energy peaks

PGC campuses currently have back-up
generators for use during power interruptions.
It is recommended that these generators
continue to be used in times of peak energy
use when the PV + CCHP systems cannot
supply enough energy to meet the demand.

absorption
chiller

sol

a
rp

ne

ls

cooling

combined
cooling,
heat &
power
other
uses
boilers
hot water

fuel

chilled water

air
cooling

heat

electricity

In addition to generating energy through

solar panels, increasing the efficiency of that
energy should also be considered. Combined
cooling, heat and power (CCHP) can increase
energy efficiency by reducing energy loss.
Tri-generation
simultaneously
generates
electricity, useful heating and useful cooling
from the same original heat source (solar
energy in this case). The three components to
this generation method are the Solar Electric
Power System (solar photovoltaic panels),
Solar Water Heating System (which generates
hot water with either solar thermal collectors
or evacuated tube collectors and takes a solar
cogeneration energy system one step further
by adding and integrating either); Absorption
chillers or Adsorption chillers, which receives
some of the hot water from the solar water
heating system and provides the energy
needed to make 38 degree chilled water for air
conditioning.20

heat

There are many advantages to installing clean power on PGCs campuses. On-site renewable
energy generation is a reliable way to provide quality power. It would also protect against
price fluctuations. Energy generation has higher initial capital costs but once installed it has
lower operating costs than fossil-fueled generation. Certain energy generation methods are
excluded from these recommendations: wind turbines are excluded because of limited land
availability; biomass is excluded because of the limited availability of biomass waste; landfill
and sewage methane gas are excluded because of the absence of a source; geothermal is
excluded because of the extremely high start-up costs; and solar thermal is also excluded
since the primary use is for water heating and space heating.

energy.

27

complete by:

create office of water and energy.

hire director and staff.

establish a baseline.
2012- perform
water audit and fix leaks.
install meters.
2013
measure energy performance.

educate & involve.

create awareness campaign.

create landscaping purchasing policy.
create awareness campaign.
implement energy saving policies.

Does the campaign continue to be effective? Are the policies being complied with?
Is there an efficient system in place to track the use of natural resources?

20132014

take initiative.

separate the drinking and handwashing facilities.

upgrade toilets and showers.
install more windows and skylights.
employ weatherization techniques.
plant shade trees.
Have these measures reduced water and energy consumption?

28

2016

think bigger.

2020

be innovative.

implementation.

remove walls around open space.

install permeable pavement.
install automated electric system.

install rainwater harvesting system.

install greywater recycling system.
install solar power generation system.
combine cooling, heat and power with tri-generation.

This plan is ambitious. Therefore, an Office of

Water and Energy should be created and a
qualified individual should be hired to oversee
this plans implementation. This person should
be an advocate for change at PGC and should
be able to passionately assist PGC in becoming
an environmentally responsible institution. In
this implementation plan, the water and energy
recommendations have been divided into five
sections to be completed in chronological
order. The first two should be completed by the
beginning of the 2012-2013 school year, the
third within one year of the start date, the fourth
within three years, and the fifth section should
be completed by 2020. Because this will be

an expensive (but necessary) plan for PGC

to implement, the Office of Water and Energy
should be responsible for managing all funds
allocated toward water and energy. The budget
should remain consistent with or greater than
previous spending. Any cost-savings from the
retrofits will cause a surplus in the budget, and
this money should be saved for more expensive
projects in later years.

implementation.

The following pages show PCE as it is today

and with the proposed improvements found
within this plan. This provides an example of
how these changes will look.

implementation.

29

Existing Campus

Transformer
Panel Room
Generator
Solar Panels
Air Cooler

Open Space
Shade Trees

48

4
3

.5

Walls

510
5.

Poornima
College of
N Engineering
30

implementation.

Borewell

Overhead Water Tank

Water Line

Underground Drinking Water Tank

Overhead Drinking Water Tank
Drinking Water Line

Proposed
Improvements

Transformer
Panel Room
Generator
Solar Panels
Air Cooler

Open Space

48

3.5

Shade Trees

510

5.

Poornima
College of
N Engineering

Grey & Rainwater Tanks

Borewell

Overhead Water Tank

Water Line

Underground Drinking Water Tank

Overhead Drinking Water Tank
Drinking Water Line

implementation.

31

Although the scope of this plan includes many

changes over a short amount of time, PGC
has the capacity to implement these changes.
By involving the students, staff, faculty,
administrators and other stakeholders, PGC
will have access to a wealth of manpower and
technical expertise. Both are necessary for this
plan to succeed.
The recommendations set forth for water and
energy conservation are both large and small,
and range from inexpensive to expensive.
First and foremost, PGC must be aware of
how much water and energy they use. Next,
it is imperative that PGC builds a community
knowledgeable about these issues and
passionate about creating positive change.
With this knowledge and supportive community,
PGC can then start to take initiative, changing
small but significant aspects of the campuses
infrastructure. As support grows, PGC can
think bigger, and complete larger projects that
will further conserve resources. Finally, as
PGC builds momentum, they can be innovative
and completely re-create the water and energy
systems that have inefficiently provided
resources.

Though the short-term goal is to strengthen

PGCs water and energy systems, the longterm goal is to produce a generation that is
passionate about conserving Indias natural
resources. Once this plan is in place, PGC will
have fulfilled the goals to conserve, collect and
recycle water and to conserve, generate and
efficiently use energy. Then, the focus should
turn to making sure future students are aware of
the complex system of conservation at PGC. In
addition, PGC should constantly teach students
how the measures in effect at PGC relate to
the national and international natural resource
conservation agenda. Although PGC is only
one organization, its most important role will be
to serve as an example for conservation in the
area. Hundreds of students graduate from PGC
each year and faculty turnover is high. Each
one of them should leave with a conviction
that natural resources need to be conserved
as well as with first-hand experience of how
to create efficient systems of natural resource
consumption. PGC will be known throughout
India for producing students who have high
technical expertise and an understanding of the
real life application of systemic conservation.

conclusion.

conclusion.

33

Research and Planning in India

We began our journey into understanding
PGCs use of water and energy during a three
month stay with the colleges. The first step
was to collect data on the patterns of resource
consumption by looking at water and energy
bills from 2001 to 2011. We also spoke to
students, faculty and administrators, and
conducted ongoing observations of the natural
resource systems. The college organized an
online survey to assess student views on water
and energy. This survey can be found in the
Appendix. In addition to our observations and
those of students, we spent time with the chief
engineer and architect to further understand
how the systems function on a regular basis.
We encountered many obstacles. First and
foremost, we had to overcome the perception
of being outsiders. We do not speak Hindi,
are young females without a background
in engineering and have little insight into
the complex Indian social hierarchy and
organization of everyday life in Jaipur. Each of
these worked against us when asking for and
receiving information.
At the same time, we also had a unique inside
point of view. We lived in the hostel with the
female students and faculty. We worked with
faculty and administrators on a daily basis, ate
meals in the students mess halls and became
friends with many of our colleagues. We also
experienced the water and energy situations
first-hand, going without water every day

34

afterword.

from 9am to 3pm and experiencing periodic do not apply in this case. In addition, some
electricity blackouts.
recommendations are not feasible because of
cost implications or availability; however, these
As cultural outsiders with an all-inclusive view are still presented as alternatives for future
of living at PGC, we were able to critically consideration. Since campus life is isolated
evaluate the colleges water and energy due to both social cultural norms and location
systems. Some recommendations that may on the fringes of a suburb of Jaipur, educating
seem too extreme or too mild are included to fit the faculty and students about global trends
the cultural climate of PGC that we experienced of irresponsible resource use will be important
first-hand. One particular example is the as the college strives to gain support for the
culture of conservation on the campuses. Many recommendations of this plan.
students and faculty have habits conducive
to conservation and the lifestyle in general
supports this. Despite personally responsible
resource habits, however, conservation seems
to be an ingrained habit rather than a conscious
decision based on knowledge of global and
national trends. Lack of knowledge is not due
to willful ignorance, but instead to a lack of
access to knowledge outside the prescribed
study areas of engineering as well as a campus
atmosphere that does not place priority on
student curiosity or exploration of other fields.
Student-led initiatives of any sortincluding
those about conservationare rare, since
the bulk of student time is spent studying. In
addition, any initiative on the campuses is
led from the top down without a participatory
process involved.
Because of cultural norms that include
responsible use of resources on a personal
level, certain measures that can greatly impact
communities with an abundance of resources

afterword.

Attendees of final presentation of internship work by A. Selgert and R. Ressler

afterword.

35

acknowledgements.
We would like to thank everyone at PGC, JIET, and UIC who helped us gather research and
observations to form this plan. From students to administrators, we could not have done this
without help.
We would like to personally thank those who have helped us in the most significant ways,
including the following:

Mr. Navneet Agarwal

Mr. Taisal Ahmad
Dr. Kanta Ahuja
Miss Ashima Anja
Mr. Manoj Gupta
Mr. Neeraj Gupta
Dr. Charlie Hoch
Mr. Thomas Jasek
Mrs. Sudha Jain
Miss Swati Jain
Mr. Pushpendra Mudgal
Rama-Aunty
Mr. Ashok Poonia
Mr. Kartik Puri
Miss Nina Savar
Dr. S. M. Seth

Mr. M. S. M. Shah
Mr. Harisingh Shakawat
Mr. Aditya Sharma
Mr. Vishnu Prasad Sharma
Mr. Dhoop Singh
Mr. Ghirdahari Singh
Mr. Simranjeet Singh
Miss Tanvi Singh
Miss Varsha Singh
Mr. Rahul Singhi
Mr. Shashikant Singhi
Mr. Luke Soltis
Mr. Mukesh Taker
Mr. James Van der Kloot
Dr. Sanjeev Vidyarthi

37

Endnotes

Power, Matthew. Peak Water: Aquifers and Rivers Are Running

Dry. How Three Regions Are Coping. Wired.com. 16 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.wired.com/science/planetearth/magazine/16-05/ff_
peakwater>.
2
Jaipur to go Dry by 2016 Report. Times of India [Jaipur] 11 Apr.
2011.
3
Groundwater Level Receding at an Alarming Rate. Times of India
[Jaipur] 31 Mar. 2011. Print.
4
Jaipur to go Dry by 2016 Report. Times of India [Jaipur] 11 Apr.
2011.
5
International Energy Annual 2006, U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA), Dec. 2008, 15 Dec. 2011 <http://www.eia.gov/
emeu/iea/overview.html>.
6
Indian Energy Sector: An Overview, India Energy Portal. Government
of India, 15 Dec. 2011 <http://www.indiaenergyportal.org/overview_
detail.php>.
7
India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, India: Greenhouse Gas
Emissions 2007, Print Process, 2010.
8
Indian Energy Sector: An Overview,India Energy Portal. Government
of India, 15 Dec. 2011 <http://www.indiaenergyportal.org/overview_
detail.php>.
9
Indian Energy Sector: An Overview,India Energy Portal. Government
of India, 15 Dec. 2011 <http://www.indiaenergyportal.org/overview_
detail.php>.
10
Margules, C.R. and R.L. Pressey. Systematic conservation planning.
Nature 405.6783(2000):243-253
11
Rainwater Harvesting from Rooftop Catchments. OAS - Organization
of American States: Democracy for Peace, Security, and Development.
Web. 16 Sept. 2011. <http://www.oas.org/DSD/publications/Unit/
oea59e/ch10.htm>.
12
Jethoo, A. S., and M. P. Poonia. Sustainable Water Supply Policy
for Jaipur City. International Journal of Environmental Sciences 1.6
(2011): 1235-240. Web. 19 Oct. 2011.
13
Energy Department at a Glance, Welcome to Website of Energy
1

38

Department, GOR, Government of Rajasthan, 15 Dec. 2011 <http://

www.rajenergy.com/>.
14
The Apollo Alliance, Energy Action, and Public Interest Research
Group, New Energy for Campuses, Apollo Alliance, Oct. 2005, 16 Oct.
2011 <http://apolloalliance.org/reports/>.
15
The Apollo Alliance, Energy Action, and Public Interest Research
Group, New Energy for Campuses, Apollo Alliance, Oct. 2005, 16 Oct.
2011 <http://apolloalliance.org/reports/>.
16
Campus Sustainability Best Practices: A Resource for Colleges
and Universities, Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and
Environmental Affairs, Aug. 2008, 16 Oct. 2011 <http://www.mass.
gov/eea/docs/eea/lbe/lbe-campus-sustain-practices.pdf>.
17
Solar Irradiation in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, Synergy Enviro
Engineers, 2011, 15 Dec. 2011 <http://www.synergyenviron.com/
tools/solar_insolation.asp?loc=Jaipur,Rajasthan,India>.
18
Padsalge, Mallikarjun, Solar Energy: Answer to Indias Energy Needs,
Chillibreeze, Chillibreeze Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 15 Dec. 2011 <http://
www.chillibreeze.com/articles_various/Solar-power.asp>.
19
Best Conditions for Generating Solar Energy, Connect Green, 30
July 2011, 15 Dec. 2011 <http://www.connect-green.com/what-arethe-best-conditions-for-generating-solar-energy/>.
20
Solar Trigeneration, Renewable Energy Institute, 2005, 15 Dec. 2011
<http://www.solartrigeneration.com/>.

Sources

Apollo Alliance, Energy Action, and Public Interest Research Group.

New Energy for Campuses. Rep. Apollo Alliance, Oct. 2005.
Web. 16 Oct. 2011. <http://apolloalliance.org/reports/>.
Best Conditions for Generating Solar Energy. Connect Green. 30 July
2011. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.connect-green.com/
what-are-the-best-conditions-for-generating-solar-energy/>.
Campus Sustainability Best Practices: A Resource for Colleges and
Universities. Rep. Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy
and Environmental Affairs, Aug. 2008. Web. 16 Oct. 2011.
<http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/eea/lbe/lbe-campussustain-practices.pdf>.
Energy Department at a Glance. Welcome to Website of Energy
Department, GOR. Government of Rajasthan. Web. 15 Dec.
2011. <http://www.rajenergy.com/>.
Groundwater Level Receding at an Alarming Rate. Times of India
[Jaipur] 31 Mar. 2011. Print.
India. Ministry of Environment and Forests. India: Greenhouse Gas
Emissions 2007. Print Process, 2010. Print.
Indian Energy Sector: An Overview. India Energy Portal. Government
of India. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.indiaenergyportal.
org/overview_detail.php>.
International Energy Annual 2006. U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA). Dec. 2008. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://
www.eia.gov/emeu/iea/overview.html>.
Jaipur to go Dry by 2016 Report. Times of India [Jaipur] 11 Apr.
2011. Print.
Jethoo, A. S., and M. P. Poonia. Sustainable Water Supply Policy for
Jaipur City. International Journal of Environmental Sciences 1.6
(2011): 1235-240. Web. 19 Oct. 2011.
Margules, C.R. and R.L. Pressey. Systematic conservation planning.
Nature 405.6783(2000):243-253
Padsalge, Mallikarjun. Solar Energy: Answer to Indias Energy Needs.
Chillibreeze. Chillibreeze Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Web. 15 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles_various/Solar-power.

asp>.
Power, Matthew. Peak Water: Aquifers and Rivers Are Running
Dry. How Three Regions Are Coping. Wired.com. Web. 16
Dec. 2011. <http://www.wired.com/science/planetearth/
magazine/16-05/ff_peakwater>.
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of American States: Democracy for Peace, Security, and
Development. Web. 16 Sept. 2011. <http://www.oas.org/
DSD/publications/Unit/oea59e/ch10.htm>.
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460.7258 (2009): 999-1002. Print.
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1. Rodell, Matthew, Isabella Velicogna, and James S. Famiglietti.

2. Cartable Solutions, Inc.
3. Wiki Commons
4. UNEP/GRID.

**Anything not cited is property/creation of A. Selgert or R. Ressler**

39

Appendix
Survey
The following survey will be used to provide recommendations to Poornima Group of Colleges. As a student, your opinions are very important to
our recommendations. Please answer the questions as honestly as possible. The survey should take about 10 minutes to complete. Your answers
will not be linked to your name. Thank you for thoughtfully considering each question.
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

40

Your gender
a.
Male (55%)
b.
Female (45%)
What is your age?
a.
17 (1%)
b.
18 (11%)
c.
19 (15%)
d.
20 (28%)
e.
21 (24%)
f.
22 (9%)
g.
23 (8%)
h.
24 (4%)
i.
25 and above (0%)
What is your year in college?
a.
First (12%)
b.
Second (34%)
c.
Third (13%)
d.
Fourth (29%)
e.
Post-Graduate (12%)
What college are you in?
a.
PCE (20%)
b.
PIET (41%)
c.
PGI (27%)
d.
PSOM (6%)
e.
PSBM (6%)
What branch are you in?
a.
M. Tech (0%)
b.
MBA (23%)
c.
Tech IT (14%)
d.
Tech Computer Engineering

6.

7.

8.

(36%)
e.
Tech E. I. & C. Engineering
(1%)
f.
Tech E. & C. Engineering (9%)
g.
Tech Electrical Engineering
(3%)
h.
Tech Mechanical Engineering
(3%)
i.
Tech Civil Engineering (11%)
Where do you live?
a.
Hostel (48.9%) (Count: 44)
b.
Off campus as a paying guest
(21.1%) (Count: 19)
c.
Off campus with family (30%)
(Count: 27)
Do you make an effort to turn off all
electricity when leaving an area?
a.
Yes (93.4%) (Count: 71)
b.
No (6.6%) (Count: 5)
If you do NOT always turn off electricity
when leaving an area, for what reason do
you leave it on? Write in.
a.
I only left electricity on when
leaving an area and there is a
possibility of someone else
coming
b.
I dont care
c.
So that the class is not get
suffocated
d.
Sometimes I ignore these things

9.

when I am in a hurry but often

turn off electricity
e.
Because we have not a
comfortable space for dry our cloth
so for this we leave it or some
more reason
f.
Because of I am present where
g.
Without any reason
h.
Some time for make fun n another
to save electricity
i.
Its only when corridor lights are on
j.
So that the rooms may not get
humid
k.
For drying the clothes sometimes
specially when its a rainy season
or monsoons
l.
Careless
Answer the following questions about
water leakage on campus.
a.
How often do you find water
leaking from the tap?
i.
Always (14.5%)
(Count: 11)
ii.
A lot of the time (27.6%)
(Count: 21)
iii.
Sometimes (39.5%)
(Count: 30)
iv.
Almost never (14.5%)
(Count: 11)
v.
Never (3.9%) (Count: 3)

b.

How often do you find a toilet

running?
i.
Always (15.8%)
(Count: 12)
ii.
A lot of the time (13.2%)
(Count: 10)
iii.
Sometimes (44.7%)
(Count: 34)
iv.
Almost never (21.1%)
(Count: 16)
v.
Never (5.3%)
(Count: 4)
10.
If you live in a hostel, please rate the
following. Only answer the following questions if
you live in a hostel. If you do not live in a hostel
please click N/A for all answers.
1

10 or more N/A

How many hours a day do 0%

you run fans in your room?

0%

2.60%

0%

1.30%

3.90%

0%

3.90%

7.90%

39.50%

40.80%

(0)

(0)

(2)

(0)

(1)

(3)

(0)

(3)

(6)

(30)

(31)

11.80%

17.10%

6.60%

7.90%

2.60%

1.30%

2.60%

2.60%

2.60%

42.10%

(2)

(9)

(13)

(5)

(6)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(32)

How many hours a day do 0%

you use your lights?

0%

1.30%

3.90%

2.60%

7.90%

2.60%

11.80%

9.20%

19.70%

40.80%

(0)

(1)

(3)

(2)

(6)

(2)

(9)

(7)

(15)

(31)

How many buckets of 1.30%

water do you use each day
for your bathroom routine?

11.80%

15.80%

10.50%

9.20%

3.90%

2.60%

1.30%

1.30%

0%

42.10%

(9)

(12)

(8)

(7)

(3)

(2)

(1)

(1)

(0)

(32)

In your room, how many 2.60%

appliances are plugged in
on a normal day? (Cell
phone charger, laptop
charger, tea kettle, etc.)

(0)

(1)

41