Learning

Behavioral vs Cognitive
Learning
(Look at Therapy)

Associative Learning

Classical Conditioning

A relatively permanent change in behavior

or knowledge that comes from experience
or training

A process in which experience with the

environment leads to a relatively
permanent change in behavior, or the
potential for a change in behavior.

Learning by linking the stimulus to the

response or learning that 2 different
events occur or happen together

Form of learning in which an organism

learns through establishing
associations between different events
and stimuli

Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral, un-provoking

stimulus that gets associated with
something else and then becomes
triggering/provoking

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that
automatically/unconditionally
stimulates and provokes/triggers a
response

Conditioned Response

Response to conditioned stimulus

Unconditioned Response

Response to an unconditioned
response

Acquisition

Initial state of learning or conditioning

process

Extinction
Diminished responding that occurs
when the CS no longer signals the
impending US

Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance of CR after a pause;

suggests that there really isnt
extinction and that the CR was
suppressed rather than eliminated

Generalization

Where a conditioned response starts

occurring in response to the
presentation of the other, similar
stimuli, not just the conditioned
stimulus

Discrimination

In classical conditioning, it refers to an

ability to distinguish between a
conditioned stimulus (CS) and other,
similar stimuli that don't signal an
unconditioned stimulus (US)

Second (higher) Order

Conditioning
Is a form of learning in which a

stimulus is first made meaningful or

consequential for an organism through
an initial step of learning, and then
that stimulus is used as a basis for
learning about some new stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

A form of learning. In it, an individual

changes its behavior because of the
consequences (results) of the behavior.
The person or animal learns its
behavior has a consequence.

Aversive Conditioning

Aversive Conditioning is the use of

something unpleasant, or a
punishment, to stop an unwanted
behavior.

Learned Taste Aversion

The mind develops a resistance
towards a certain food. In simpler
terms, eating certain types of food can
cause a bad reaction. This is a form of
classical condition when the body uses
a natural instinct as a means of
protection

Habituation

Learning process wherein there is a

decrease in response to a stimulus
after being repeatedly exposed to it.

Mere Exposure Effect

You begin to like something simply

because you are exposed to it over
and over again.

Law of Effect

The more satisfaction that is gained

from engaging in a particular behavior,
the more likely that behavior is to be
repeated. Conversely, those behaviors
that result in a negative or unpleasant
experience are likely to occur less
frequently.

Positive Reinforcement

A stimulus which increases the

frequency of a particular behavior

using pleasant rewards

Negative Reinforcement

Positive Punishment

Negative Punishment

With this, the occurrence of a behavior

is increased by removing an
unpleasant stimulus.

Is any stimulus that represses a

behavior

Taking away a certain desired item

after the undesired behavior happens
in order to decrease future responses.

Omission Training

A method in behaviorism used to stop

undesirable behaviors when something
the subject (the person/animal being
trained) enjoys is taken away as
punishment for an action or behavior.

Primary Reinforcers

It refers to anything that provides

reinforcement without the need for
learning to an organism.

Secondary Reinforcers

Reinforcing only after the organism has

been conditioned to find it reinforcing

Shaping
Refers to gradually molding or training
an organism to perform a specific
response (behavior) by reinforcing any

responses that are similar to the

desired response

Continuous
Reinforcement

When a target behavior is reinforced

each and every time it is exhibited

Intermittent (partial)
Reinforcement

Reinforcing an organism only

sometimes and not every time the
desired behavior occurs

Fixed Ratio Schedule

An organism must make a certain

number of operant responses
(whatever it may be in that
experiment) in order to receive
reinforcement

Variable Ratio Schedule

A type of operant conditioning

reinforcement schedule in which
reinforcement is given after an
unpredictable (variable) number of
responses are made by the organism
Although the schedule changes, there
is a pattern - reinforcement is given
every "N"th response, where N is the
average number of operant responses

Fixed Interval Schedule

An organism must wait (either not

make the operant response, whatever
it is in that experiment; or it can make
the response but the response
produces nothing) for a specific
amount of time and then make the
operant response in order to receive
reinforcement

Variable Interval
Schedule

Type of operant conditioning

reinforcement schedule in which
reinforcement is given to a response
after specific amount of time has
passed (an unpredictable amount of
time), but this amount of time is on a
changing/variable schedule

Token economy
A reward system used in a behavior
modification programs. It involves

providing tangible rewards for positive

behaviors

Premack principle

Some behavior that happens reliably

(or without interference by a
researcher), can be used to reinforce
for a behavior that occurs less reliably.

Over Justification

Getting a reward for doing something

that was intrinsically rewarding (it was
fun to do all on its own) was now seen
as totally different because they were
getting rewarded for it

Latent Learning

The type of learning that occurs, but

you don't really see it (it's not
exhibited) until there is some
reinforcement or incentive to
demonstrate it

Insight Learning

A type of learning or problem solving

that happens all-of-a-sudden through
understanding the relationships
various parts of a problem rather than
through trial and error.

Vicarious Learning

Learning that is derived from indirect

sources such as hearing or
observation, rather than direct, handson, instruction.

Social Learning

People learn by observing others.

Associated with Albert Bandura's work
in the 1960s

Observational Learning

The process of acquiring information

by observing others

Modeling

A form of learning where individuals

ascertain how to act or perform by
observing another individual

Cognitive Map

A mental representation of one's

physical environment.

Mirror Neurons

A set of neurons that we discovered in

the premotor cortex of the monkey.

Prosocial Behavior

Antisocial Behavior

Behavior intended to help others

Disruptive acts characterized by covert

and overt hostility and intentional
aggression toward others.