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[E(X)]0 = E(X 0 )
Prueba:
E(X11 )
E(X12 )
.
.
.
[E(X)] =
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
E(Xn1 )
E(X1n )
E(Xn1 )
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
E(X1n )
E(Xnn )
E(X11 )
.
.
.
= E(X 0 )
E(Xnn )
Prueba:
V ar(X) = E[(X E(X))(X E(X))0 ] = E[(X E(X))(X 0 E(X 0 ))] = E[XX 0 XE(X 0 )E(X)X 0 +E(X)E(X 0 )]
= E(XX 0 ) E(XE(X 0 )) E(E(X)X 0 ) + E(E(X)E(X 0 )) = E(XX 0 ) E(X)E(X 0 ) E(X)E(X 0 ) + E(X)E(X 0 )
= E(XX 0 ) E(X)E(X 0 )
3.-Pruebe que para un vector aleatorio
V ar(X1 )
Cov(X1 , X2 )
Cov(X , X )
2
1
.
.
V ar(X) =
.
Cov(X1 , Xn )
.
.
.
V ar(X2 )
..
.
.
.
.
..
Cov(Xn , X1 ) Cov(Xn , X2 )
.
.
.
V ar(Xn )
Prueba:
0
V ar(X) = E[(X E(X))(X E(X)) ] = E[
X1 E(X1 )
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Xn E(Xn )
.
.
..
.
.
.
=E
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
(Xn E(Xn ))2
.
.
.
.
..
.
=
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
E[(Xn E(Xn ))2 ]
1
V ar(X1 )
Cov(X1 , X2 )
Cov(X , X )
2
1
.
.
=
.
Cov(X1 , Xn )
.
.
.
V ar(X2 )
..
.
.
.
.
..
Cov(Xn , X1 ) Cov(Xn , X2 )
.
.
.
V ar(Xn )
[Cov(X, Y )]0 = Cov(Y, X)
Prueba :
[Cov(X, Y )]0 = E[(X E(X))(Y E(Y ))0 ]0 = E[((X E(X))(Y E(Y ))0 )0 ]
= E[(Y E(Y ))(X E(X))0 ] = Cov(Y, X)
5.-Sean
AX + a
matrices constantes,
BY + b
vectores constantes,
X, Y
Pruebe que :
Cov(AX + a, BY + b) = ACov(X, Y )B 0
Prueba :
Cov(AX + a, BY + b) = E[(AX + a E(AX + a))(BY + b E(BY + b))0 ] = E[(AX AE(X))(BY BE(Y ))0 ]
= E[A(X E(X))(B(Y E(Y )))0 ] = E[A(X E(X))(Y E(Y ))0 B 0 ] = AE[(X E(X))(Y E(Y ))0 ]B 0
=ACov(X, Y
)B 0
Teorema : Sean
X, Y
MX (t), MY (t)
Z =X +Y
eradora de momentos de
, es
Prueba:
X, Y
= MX (t)MY (t)
8.-Pruebe que la funcion normal con media
Prueba : Si
i)
X N (, 2 )
fX (x) > 0 , x R,
R
R
y varianza
2 ,
en efecto ya que :
fX (x) =
ii)
2 2
e 2 (
x 2
)
I{<x<} > 0, x R
fX (x)dx = 1
Demostracion:
fX (x)dx =
R
1
2 2
2
21 ( x
)
dx =
1
2 2
z=
x
dz = dx,
e 2 (
x 2
)
dx
v.a.i.'s
si
x , z ,
2 2
1 2
2
e 2 z dz =
2
1 2
2
e 2 z dz =
2
1
1
1
1
u 2 eu du = ( ) = 1.
2
2
u=
9.-Sea
X1
X2
..
X= .
.
..
Xn
n
X
1 2
z .
2
i=1
Xi N (, 2 )
1
..
1n =
. .
.
..
1
Muestre que :
1
1
1n 10n )X = (X 1n )0 (In 1n 10n )(X 1n )
n
n
Prueba :
n
X
1
1
1
1
(Xi X)2 = (X 1n X)0 (X 1n X) = (X 1n 10n X)0 (X 1n 10n X) = (X 0 X 0 1n 10n )(X 1n 10n X)
n
n
n
n
i=1
= (X 0
pero
1 0
1
1
1
1
1
X 1n 10n )X (X 0 X 0 1n 10n )( 1n 10n X) = XX 0 X 0 1n 10n X X 0 1n 10n X + 2 X 0 1n 10n 1n 10n X
n
n
n
n
n
n
n = 10n 1n
, asi
= X 0X
1 0
1
1
X 1n 10n X = X 0 (X 1n 10n X) = X 0 (In 1n 10n )X
n
n
n
1
1
1
1
(X 0 1n )0 (In 1n 10n )(X1n ) = (X 0 10n )(In 1n 10n )(X1n ) = (X 0 X 0 1n 10n 10n + 10n 1n 10n )(X1n )
n
n
n
n
= X 0X
1 0
1
1
1
X 1n 10n X 10n X + 10n 1n 10n X X 0 1n + X 0 1n 10n 1n + 10n 1n 10n 1n 10n 1n
n
n
n
n
1 0
1
X 1n 10n X 10n X + 10n X X 0 1n + X 0 1n + n2 n2 = X 0 (In 1n 10n )X
n
n
= X 0X
10.-Sea
X1
X2
..
X= .
.
..
Xn
como :
Sn2 =
Pruebe que :
Xi N (, 2 )
1 X
(Xi X)2
n 1 i=1
n1 2
S 2(n1)
2 n
X1
X2
..
X= .
.
..
Xn
Xi N (, 2 )
2 Xi
),
N (0, 1)
n
X N (,
n
n
n
n
X
X
X
X
(Xi X)2 =
(Xi (X ))2 =
[(Xi )2 2(Xi )(X ) + (X )2 ] =
(Xi )2 n(X )2
i=1
i=1
i=1
n
X
i=1
Xi
2
i=1
!2
2
n
X
Xi
= 2
i=1
entonces :
2
n
n
X
Xi
1 X
2
(Xi X) =
2 i=1
i=1
n1
!2
2
n
n
X
n1 2
1 X
Xi
2
S = 2
(Xi X) =
2 n
i=1
i=1
11.-Muestre que la media muestral
!2
y la varianza muestral
Sn2 ,
!2
2(n1)
X=
y recordando que si
X Nn (, )
independientes si y solo si
BA = 0
1 0
1
1
1 X, Sn2 =
X 0 (In 1n 10n )X
n n
n1
n
U = BX + b
por lo tanto
12.-Sean
Sn2
b 6= 0, V = X 0 AX
, con
simetrica entonces
, asi :
2
= X
In , B =
BA =
1 0
1
1
1 ,A =
(In 1n 10n )
n n
n1
n
2
2
1
X
1
X
2
10n X
In (In 1n 10n ) =
(10n 10n 1n 10n ) =
(10 10n ) = 0
n(n 1)
n(n 1)
n
n(n 1) n
son independientes.
U N (0, 1) , V 2(k) , U, V
independientes entonces
U
q
V
k
t(n1)
U, V
son
Muestre que :
n(X )
t(n1)
Sn
n(X )
=
Sn
n(X )
p
=
Sn2
n(X)
2
Sn
=q
1 2
2 Sn
=r
n
n1 2
Sn
2
t(n1)
n1
ya que la expresion anterior es el cociente de una v.a con distribucion normal estandar y la raiz cuadrada de una
v.a con distribucion
13.-Sean
X, Y
n1
grados de libertad.
Z = aX + bY
Sea
Asi,
X Nm (, )
Y = AX + b
X
Z = aX + bY = (a, b)(
con
Amxn
b Rn ,
matriz de constantes y
) , A = (a, b)(
0
0
Y Nm (A + b, AA0 )
entonces
) = 0 , AA0 = (a, b)
!
(
, ya que
Cov(X, Y ) =
,muestre que
Y1 Y2
si
Cov(Y, X) = X Y =
entonces
AA0 = (a + b, a + b)(
a
b
) = a2 + 2ab + b2 ,
por tanto:
Z N (0, a2 + 2ab + b2 )
14.-Sea
X N2 (, ),
Y =
X1 + X2
X1 X2
V ar(X1 ) =
V ar(X2 ).
Demostracion:
Y =
Y1
Y2
X1 + X2
!
=
X1 X2
AA =
entonces
"
Y N2
Si
12 = 22
y puesto que
X1
X2
12
12
21
22
!
,
A =
!
=
12 + 21
12 + 22
12 21
12 22
12 + 21 12 22
12 21 + 12 22
12 21 12 + 22
!
,
1 2
AA =
12 + 21 12 22
12 21 + 12 22
12 21 12 + 22
2(12 + 12 )
2(12 12 )
5
1 + 2
1 2
1
12 + 21 + 12 + 22
12 = 21 ,
0
12 + 21 + 12 + 22
1 + 2
!#
Y1 Y2
!
X1
1
11
N2
Teorema : Si Y =
,
X2
2
21
1 0
0
16.-Sea X N3 0 ,
1 , existe
0 1
0
Asi el siguente teorema asegura que
"
!#
12
, entonces
22
algun valor de
X1 X2 12 = 021 = 0.
para el cual
X1 + X2 + X3
sean v.a.i.'s?
Solucion :
Y =
Y1
Y2
X1 + X2 + X3
entonces
X1 X2 X3
AA0 =
+1
2 + 1
+1
X1
X2 ,
X3
0
1
1
1
1
1
1 =
1
1
1
4 + 3
2 1
2 1
Y1 Y2 Cov(Y1, Y2 ) = Cov(Y2 , Y1 ) = 0 2 1 = 0
1
= .
2
17.-Sea
11
3 8
Y N4
1 3
9
5
encuentre la distribucion de :
a)
b)
Z1 = Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4
c)
d)
Z1 = Y1 , Z2 = 12 (Y1 + Y2 ), Z3 = 13 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 )
Z4 = 41 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 )
a)
Y1
Y2
Y
3
Y4
A = (4, 2, 1, 3)
1 = 0
X1 X2 X3
AA =
11
8 9
(4, 2, 1, 3)
3 3
9
6
6
2 =(36, 71, 11, 0) 2 = 297
3 1
1
3
3
9
3
2
3
Z N (0, 297)
b)
Z1
Z=
!
=
Z2
! 2
!
3
1 1 1 1
5
=
A=
2 3 1 2
2
1
5
1
11
8
3
9
!
1 1 1 1
8 9 3 6 1
AA0 =
3
2 3 1 2
3 3 2
1
1
9
6
3
9
"
Z N2
Y2
2
Y3
Y4
3
=
1
Y1
15
61
28
19
51
67
67
217
!
1
15
1
1
27
3
=
1
51
67
67
217
!#
c)
Z1
3
Z = Z2 = 1
Z3
2
A= 1
2
AA0 =
Y1
Y2
Y3
5
Y4
3
3 1 2
1 =
2
4 5
5
11 8
3 1 4 1
8 9
1 3 1 2
3 3
2 2
4 5
9
6
1
22
27
3
3
2
3
6
1
3
4
9
1
1
3
1
2
4
9 5
2
=
20
50
8
27 40 7
5
3
12
24
4
3
1
1
3
1
2
11
90
226
92
90
92
147
90
226
92
92
147
11
Z N3 22 , 2
90
27
d)
Z1
Z2
Z=
Z =
3
Z4
A=
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
2
1
3
1
4
AA0 =
11
3
2
15
4
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
2
1
3
1
4
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
19
8
1
3
1
4
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
2
1
3
1
4
0
Y2
0 Y3
1
Y
4
4
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
4
Y1
0
3 = 2
0 1 0
1
5
5
4
4
0 0
11 8 3 9
0 0 8 9 3 6
1
0
3
3 3 2
3
1
1
9
6
3
9
44
0
0
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
11
3
2
=
2
15
4
1
2
32
15
2
2
3
5
4
6
0
27
0
4
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
15
4
19
8
51
16
11
1 3
2 2
Z N4
0 , 2
15
4
5
4
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
19
8
15
4
19
8
19.-Sea
y
51
16
2
U Nn (0, U
In )
b y U
.
Solucion :
2
2
2
AA0 = (X 0 X)1 X 0 U
In ((X 0 X)1 X 0 )0 = U
(X 0 X)1 X 0 In X 0 ((X 0 X)1 )0 = U
(X 0 X)1 X 0 X(X 0 X)1
2
2
= U
Ik (X 0 X)1 = U
(X 0 X)1
2
b Nk (b0 , U
(X 0 X)1 )
,
U
necesitamos la distrIbucion de
Y = Xb0 + U
, donde
2
U Nn (0, U
In )
en este
2
A + b = In 0nx1 + Xb0 = Xb0 , AA0 = In n2 In In = U
In
2
Y Nn (Xb0 , U
In )
asi :
A = (In X(X 0 X)1 X 0 )Xb0 = Xb0 X(X 0 X)1 X 0 Xb0 = Xb0 XIk b0 = Xb0 Xb0 = 0
2
2
AA0 = (In X(X 0 X)1 X 0 )U
In (In X(X 0 X)1 X 0 )0 = U
(In X(X 0 X)1 X 0 )(In0 (X(X 0 X)1 X 0 )0 )
2
2
= U
(In X(X 0 X)1 X 0 )(In X(X 0 X)1 X 0 ) = U
(In X(X 0 X)1 XX(X 0 X)1 X 0 +X(X 0 X)1 X 0 X(X 0 X)1 X 0 )
2
= U
(In X(X 0 X)1 X 0 X(X 0 X)1 X 0 + XIk (X 0 X)1 X 0 )
2
2
(In X(X 0 X)1 X 0 )
(In X(X 0 X)1 X 0 X(X 0 X)1 X 0 + X(X 0 X)1 X 0 ) = U
= U
2
b Nn (0, U
U
(In X(X 0 X)1 X 0 )
20.-Pruebe que
bb y U
b
Prueba :
Teorema : Si
En este caso
como
X Nm (, ),
sean
bb = (X 0 X)1 X 0 Y
U = BX + b, V = DX + d ,U V BD0 = 0
2
2
Y Nn (Xb0 , U
In ) = U
In
entonces :
2
2
BD0 = (X 0 X)1 X 0 U
In (In X(X 0 X)1 X 0 ) = U
((X 0 X)1 X 0 (In X(X 0 X)1 X 0 ))
2
2
2
= U
((X 0 X)1 X 0 (X 0 X)1 X 0 X(X 0 X)1 X 0 ) = U
((X 0 X)1 X 0 Ik (X 0 X)1 X 0 ) = U
((X 0 X)1 X 0 (X 0 X)1 X 0 ) = 0
por tanto
bb y U
b
son independientes.