Czech Grammar in a Nutshell Peay Ceska gramatika v kostce Numbers - éisla Onula 10 dosst 20 dvacot 100 sto 1000 tisic 1 jodon,jodne,jedno 11 jodendot 30 oat 200 dvi st 2.000 dva tise Bavay dvd dvb AR dvandet 40 cyficet 300 ti sta 3.000 ttisice au 13 vindct 50 padesst ——«400yfista —4 00H isice 4047 ra etndct G0 sedesit ——SODpEI set ——_—8 00D pattie Spat 18 patndct TOsedmdosst —6000st sot 6 000 Sost tiie Bost 1GEesindct BO oemdesst —*70Dsedmast 7 000 sec tale 7 sed Weedrndct 90 devadesst —800.02m 201 8000 osm tse Boom 18 comadet 900 dovst sot 9.000 devst tse Bdovst 19 devatonset Koliktostjf?— How much is it? 1000 000 000 mitra 2.000.000 dvarmilonry 2.000000 000 dé miliary 3000 000s miliony 3.000 000 000 t miily 4.000.000 cyfimiiony 4 000 000 000 cif mara £8000 000 p6: miiond $000.00 000 pat mila {000.000 gest miliond ‘6 000.000 000 gest milierd 7.000.000 sec miiond 7.000.000 000 sedi mila 18000 000 ovr milion’ 8.000.000 000 osm milard {000.000 dovst miiond 9.000 000 000 davét mia Telephone numbers, e-mail and internet addresses - telefony, e-maily, internetové adresy telefon ito email internetovd adres Parts of the day - asti dne ‘nthe early morning nthe morning ‘at neon in the afternoon in the evening at night at midnight Months - mésice in January | vlednu in February |v dnoru ‘iw March | vbfeznu imaprit vdubnw in May vkvetna nue veervnu in July v orvonel inAuguet | verpnu in September | vith in October | vin in November | vilstopady in December |v prosine! 227 385 160 read: dva-cva-sedm osm pétedna-test-oula OR ove std dvacet seem ~ th sta osmdesat pt sta Sedesat Aanna@seznam.c2 read: anoa-2avinde-sornar-tecua-cé2et ‘wor tezervace.ce reed: vbvbubtegka-rzervace-tebka-obz0t Days - dny Holidays, seasons ~ svatky, roéni obdobi réno an Sunday | vnedett a the weekend ovikendu dopotedne an Mondey |) vponaen | at Christmas na Vanoce, 0 Vanocich vpotedne an Tuesday |) voter at Raster na Velkonce, oVelikonocich odpotedne th Wednesday J vosttedy in spring najate voter cn Thuraday |] votwriok [I incunmer rete wrnee! on Friday |) vpstok im autenn na podzim opalnoct on Soturday |] veobotw 9) in winter vine What's the date? - Kolikatého je? Years - roky 4. pvniho 13. tringetsho tena ‘in 1900 ‘rove devatendct set 2.arunéno | 14. etmdetoho nora OR 10ce tiste devet set 2 tretino 18. patnacteno bezna 1m 2000 ‘rove dvatisiee ‘aivreho | 16.sestnacteno dune from since1900 od roku devatenact set 5 pateno ‘7 seamnacteno rvetna 102000 0 ro ava Gsesteno | 18. osmndeténo éervna ane year 080 ped rokem Zawdmbno | 19.devatendetého | Eervence | | to years ogo Ped dvema tty sosméno || 20. dvacstého sxpna thre years ago ped trem lety ®.devatého | 20. esteho zn our yearsog0 pled atv ety 10. desétého || 31.t8estého pruntho | Hine Fives. years ago |) pled pt est. lly 11 Jedenseténo tstopagy |) in hefiies padesatien tetech 12, dvanacteno prosince ||) inchefiteenth century || v patnactem stl Colloquil forms use -fvo endings: Koka jo ~ Je drjho zh. Where is it? - Kde je to? Jd, j46tet — goon foot! Jed, jeate! go by a vehicle! cont eH vton doleva zpétey sth Gian, doprava ao10 sever(ni) zapadini) vwychoain)The most common irregular verbs ~ nejéast&jsi nepravideina slovesa infinitive present tense, you, he/she te, sa, they Se Le bit (o be) jom, js/)808, jo, em, jst, sou bylisom | budu bu bude! into hve) indm, ma8, ma, mame, me, maj moljsom | budu mit mbit mje! chit to want) hel chee, chee, chcome, cheoto, cht entsljsem | buduehtit | ehtatetatot Histo ea) i, me, Ite, ea Jeatjsem |) budu jst jot jostet pit (to cine pilu/pl, pie, ple plleme, plete, piou/pl piljsem Dudu pit pits moet (cn) Imozu/monu,mozes, moze, mizeme, mizete, mazou/monou" || mohlisem | dudumoct | = it 0 90 au, es, a seiisem | poidu Jatt aster Jet\togoty vehce) | jedu, odes, fa jotjsom oledu joc oate! W8d8t(otnon vim, viv, me, vite, vs vadetjsem | buduvadet | - Models of verb conjugation - modely éasovani sloves Averbs verbs regular Everbs often “ovat” verbs) [irregular E-verb (often stem changes) dota (io dortomate) |) rozumét (io underta pracovat (i wo) Etat oread) 1 deram rou prac-ulu/pracyult= teu ou devas rozums praccujes tees heisherit |) data rozum prac-ule et we dotame rozumime treme you dovate rozumte etote they data rozum-Vrozum-3 prac-ujou/prac-ui™ teow Czech verbs are conjugated ~ they change their endings to express persons, e.g. nevim ~ | don't know, nevi8 ~ you don't know etc. Some Czech verbs are reflexive. They are accompanied by tals. Ifa verb is reflexive, it must have eole in all its forms, e.g. the verb jmenovat eo: jmenuju ¢@ ~ my name ie, jmenuje8 80 ~ your name i, jmenuje 8@ ~ hia/herite name ie. ec * The forms marked with an asterisk are colloquial. ** The forms marked with two asterisks are more formal. Verbs and tenses - slovesa a Casy the verb byt basie verbs of motion imperfective verbs parfective verb the infinitive byt tobe iit jet Vo ge) Bla (1omako/do} Ludslat (to meko/éo) the future tense udu ld, pojedu udu delat wuasiam the present tense sem du, jedu dela - the past tense byl isem Sel jsem, jel jsem deta jsem wudsial jsem Czech only has three tenses: present, past and future. However, the majority of Czech verbs have imperfeetivelperfective aspect. The aspect expresses unlimited or repeated actionilimited aetion respectively, e..: dlat/ud8lat. The perfective verbs do not ereate present forms. The basic meanings of prefixes - zakladni vyznamy prefixd do- na- nad- ob- od- pod- pro- pie- reachatinie fon, uzon above, up | round, around] motion away | cown, below ff through 1. aoroes over 2 finish doing st from 2. re, agai pied- Pi roz s v vy- za- infront I. molion fo into I i. the beginning 2. doun ing into, inside teu, outside [1 in int, inside 2. addition ofencctiotty | 2. loone ple 2up.upwards | 2 behind 2 mation to 9 the beginning diferent places ofan activity Sometimes, -e- is used to facilitate pronunciation (obeia, pfedejt, seit). You can see vowel alternation with nouns (ajstup, néstup,prichod). The second position in Czech ~ druha pozice v éestin’ the second position The sentence pet ne reftsivesnorsi — dotive personal If accusative personal Bal isem se mu to dét. Czech hasa flexible word order, However, some parts of speech see above) are usually organized in the second position inthe sentence. This is very important for understanding! The sentence in the chart illustrating their order means: | was afraid to give i to him.The gender (singular) - Rod (singular) masculine animated maseutine inanimated feminine neuter nouns student studentka auto ccjetives dobry /dobroit doors ‘dobrés/dobr* pest bnew by som, bylajsom bye joom {he conditional byl beh bylatych byl bych the numera! one Jeden Jeon Jeane pronouns my, you, our your ml, VO} nd aS im 0} nas, vas moje, woje, na tole, Woe, nase, vase pronouns tat, hie ten, tom ten, tennie ta,tahle toytohle descriptive passive yedatan, pit Jedatan, ort ie aetna, pita Jeadetano, ito The gender (plural) - Rod (plural) noun student banény studenthy auta acjectivee dobi/dobrs" dobré/dobry* dobré/dobry* dobrssdobi att tense byt jeme. byly me bytyiene. byla/oyy" joe. the condionat byl bychom byt bychom. byl bye, byle/oyy"bychom the numeral wo eve ova ave eve pronouns my, your our your mai, V0, mal, vas! moje,tvojo,naée, vase moje, tvoj,naée, vase mao, toe, nasi, vaso pronowne ta, he ttle ytynle syst tasty, toner teseriptive passive jsou dBi), bit jee dy, ity isou dBtény, ity rou delan,bita * The forma marked with an asterich are colloquial. The most common prepositions expressing direction and location Nejéastéjst predlozhy vyjadFujict smér a lokaci ODKUD? KAM? KDE? z+G do+G v+k 60 - w/ve are used fora closed or limited space (including continents, most countries, cities and villages) ma ed Oo z+G nat+A na+L ina ~ na are used for open and unlimited space, actions and activities and some exceptions (e.g. islands, public institution). 1 s) “I od+G k+D 8.04 k/ke - ware used for going from outside a place t outside a place (od ~X), for being outside a place () and with people. a | & & ee nad+A/1 pod+A/I pied +A/1 za+A/\ mezi+A/1aley vey ow repre sous uR20Uey pa leg 16404 ‘eapnes ings eI 930u "zepE sBulpue Awww ‘ym sunou + 1-4 '9- '§ ze ipue sunou W s6urpue ‘Auofew ym sunow. 2161099200 "zp sours ‘oma op ing 6.404 "29pn08 ‘ozs 24m 908 WORF sous 792904 32 te aye a0 0904 '20p008 sOupue uous um sunou + [orf '- 49-18 2 sonpoope uj Bupue sunou W reanid c6 6069608 wast 002 eso fran > S00: henge dag oteg 92 dnulgdmceomnn 9o0E MOHSEN 9 o-smapmas jonuapms owepms eine ne vueueg ‘quopms s6ulpuo ‘Auuofew gym sunou 2's ‘paid ‘pod ‘peu zou suavad np uapn0 mer FE soweo zo403 spnoe 9 af ny npn fon 9g 22 ‘pata 2005 sea 8 eesti nf cmon manque suonisodoud ~ seanoalpe ejdwexe ~ uoyauny ese aejnBuis Dunsgag puaosids ~ uawif yoCuyojspod » yoSuanpisd rupaowoyys yp9z9 piepueys - sunou pue saanoelpe Jo uolsuaj9eq