Ductility

An important behaviour observed during a tension test is ductility-the extent of plastic

deformation that the material undergoes before fracture.
1.Elongation
2. Reduction of area
The second measure of ductility of the reduction of area.

where AO and Af are, respectively, the original and final (fracture) cross-sectional
areas of the test specimen. Reduction of area and elongation are generally interrelated,
as shown in Fig. 2.4 for some typical metals.
Tensile reduction of area has been shown to predict the bendability(sec 16.5) and
spinnability(sec 16.11) of metals.

There is an inverse relationship between bendability and the tensile reduction of

the area of the material (Fig. 16.18). The minimum bend radius, R, is, approximately,

Where r is the tensile reduction of area of the sheet metal. Thus, for r = 50, the
minimum
bend radius is zero; that is, the sheet can be folded over itself (see hemming,Fig. 16.23)
in much the same way as a piece of paper is folded. To increase the bendability

of metals, we may increase their tensile reduction of area either by heating or by

bending in a high-pressure environment (which improves the ductility of the material;
see hydrostatic stress, Section 2.2.8). Bendability also depends on the edge condition of
the sheet. Since rough edges are points of stress concentration, bendability decreases as
edge roughness increases.

The spinnability of a metal in this process generally is defined as the maximum

reduction in thickness to which a part can be subjected by spinning without fracture.
Spinnability is found to be related to the tensile reduction of area of the material,
just as is bendability (see Fig. 16.18). Thus, if a metal has a tensile reduction of area
of 50% or higher, its thickness can be reduced by as much as 80% in just one
spinning pass. For metals with low ductility, the operation is carried out at elevated
temperatures by heating the blank in a furnace and transferring it rapidly to the
mandrel.