A \ 7 UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS 101-108 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Page 1/11 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department EXP 104 Electrical Power and Machines Laboratory Exp, 101 : Series Resonance. Object : "To observe resonance in a series RLC circuit, With (a) constant capacitance and variable frequency. (b) constant frequency and variable capacitance. Equipment air cored coil (R= 220, L= 9600 HJ (ii) _ variable capacitance box. ii) signal generator (iv) Digital multimeters (four) (@) Cons itance and Variable Frequency Procedur (i) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 101 below (i) Select 30 uF on the capacitance box. (ii) Have your circuit checked . Switch on the supply and adjust the signal generator voltage to 2V (sinusoidal) and 100 Hz. This voltage should be maintained constant throughout the experiment. Note the instrument readings. (wv) Change the frequency in steps of 100 Hz to 800Hz and for each step note the frequency, current and voltages in the circuit. (©) Constont Frequency and variable capacitance. () Set the signal generator to 500Hz and maintain the output at 2 V (ii) Vary the capacitance from 5 uF to 40 yf in steps of 5 yf and note the instrument readings and the value of C. Results and graphs (i) Tabulate your results (1) For part (a): plot graphs of I, V; and Vegi to a base of frequency Wty rue part (b} : plot graphs of I, Ve and Veqi to a base of capacitance, Comments (})__ From the graphs, determine the resistance of the circuit at resonance. Compare the result with the resistance of the. uu given above. (ii) What is the Q factor of the <1 uwt (ii) From part (a) ©, win me value of C and L used , calculate the frequency (f,) at resonance, Zeare the calculated value of f. with that obtained experimentally, (iv)_* From part (b) : Use the graphs plotted to obtain value of C at resonance. Calculate (using the value of inductance and frequency) the value of C to produce resonance. Compare both results (¥) Comment upon any discrepancy of results obtained experimentally and by calculation, stating sources of error. Fie 101Exp. 102 Objective Procedure @ Gi) Gi) (iv) W) (vi) (wii) @ (ii) Gi) UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Page 2 /It EXP 102 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department Electrical Power and Machines Laboratory Resistance Measurement by Wheatstone Bridge. @ To learn and apply the basic theory of the d.c resistance bridge. Gi) Toassess the advantages and disadvantages of this method of measuring resistance and to account for any obvious shortcomings. Britim Module no. 1 Connect the terminals on the module in the form of a Wheatstone bridge shown in fig 102 Set the ratio arm switch to 1:1 and all dials of R, to "5". Have your circuit checked .Plug in to mains supply and switch on. Press momentarily the key switch button (k) and observe the deflection of the indicator (6) Adjust R, to obtain zero reading on the meter. Press and release the switch K several times to confirm that there is no deflection. The bridge is now balanced. Record the value of Ry With a more accurate determination of Ru as the main objective choose and use all the other ratios Ry: Rz. Record value of R, at balance condition. Switch off the supply and re-arrange the circuit to prove that the positions of the supply (E) and the balance indicator (6) (including its series switch K) in Fig 102 may be interchanged without affecting the results obtained for the unknown resistance. Have your circuit checked. Verify ihe vuiuc of 2,1 for at least one ratio of R,.Rz port and Conclusion Derive the bridge balance equation of fig 102. Show that the same equation is obtained when positions of supply (E) and balance indicator (6) are interchanged (procedure (viii) above). Explain the advantages of the bridge method of measuring resistance. In what way does the variable ratio-arm improve the usefulness of the bridge. Fig 102UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Page 3/11 EXP 103 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department Electrical Power and Machines Laboratory Exp. 103: Three - voltmeter method. Object : Measuring the inductance (L) and resistance (r) of a coil, Equipment: Britim Module (No.9) Procedure Note: disconnect the supply each time the circuit is modified, (i) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig 103 (a). Use the air cored coil and R = 8.50. (ii) Have your circuit checked before switching on the supply. (iii) Switch on the supply and note the reading on the voltmeters, (iv) Repeat with the two other resistors (R) provided on the module vy) Repeat the experiment using the iron cored coil, Calculations and Results (Calculate the current (I) for each circuit condition using reading of V2 and the value of the series resistor R. (ii) For each circuit condition, draw to scale a phasor diagram similar to fig 103 (b) Measure $. [Cos = power factor of the circuit ] (ii) Measure AC and BC, where AC=V=IX.=I(2nfl), BC=V, = Ir Hence determine L andr, (iv) Tabulate your readings and results, Conclusion: (i) Comment on discrepancies in value of L for the air-cored coil. (i) Explain why inductance of the iron cored coil changes with current. (ii) Derive the inductance of a coil in terms of its physical factors. Series resistor Inductive coil Fig 103 (a) Fig 103 (6)UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS FACULTY OF ENGINEERING lectrical and Electronic Engit Dey vent EXP 104 Electrical Power and Machines Laboratory Exp. No.104 : Maximum Power Transfer Page 4/11 Object +To verify the condition for maximum power transfer from a d.c source to a resistive Load, Equipment : w@ Britim Module No.2 (ii) Two digital multimeters Procedure ‘In the module used for this experiment, the actual internal resistance of the source is negligibly small, but a three position rotary switch gives three values of resistances A, B and C to be included in series with the source to represent different values of source internal resistance. 1.) Connect the cireuit as shown in Fig 104 (a). Use the digital meters instead of those on the module, (i) Have your circuit checked before switching on the supply. (ii) Switch the internal resistance (r) to position A. (iv) Switch on the supply and note instrument readings. (¥) Use ohm's law to calculate r. (vi) Repeat for switch at position B (vii) Switch of f the supply. 2.(i) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig 104 (b). (ii) Have your circuit checked before switching on the ‘supply. (iii) Set the supply internal resistance switch to position A and load resistance Ry to maximum, (iv) Vary the value of load resistance (R.) so that the load current increases in convenient steps from ‘minimum to maximum value. For each increment of current note the instrument readings and the value of Ri (v). Repeat procedures 2(iii) and 2(iv) with the switch set to position B Switch off the supply Calculations and Graphs (i) Calculate the power in R, for each value of measured current . (ii) Plot graphs of load power against load resistance for the switch at positions A, B Note _(i)The three curves will reach peak at a different value of load resistance, the changes in load resistance around these peaks should be made small so that each peak may be clearly defined. Greater changes in load resistance may be made away from the peaks where the curves will have more constant slopes. Gi)Tt may be confirmed that maximum power is transferred when load resistance = source resistance Load Resistance Fig 104 (b)Exp. 105 Equipment Procedure: @ i) Note: i) Gi) (iii) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department Page 5/11 Electrical Power and Machines Laboratory EXP 105 To Learn and Verify Kirchhoff's Laws (i) Britim Module No 3 (ii) 3 Digital Multimeters Part A: Current Law Refer to wiring diagram A (next page). Interconnect the terminals with wire links (shown by the thick lines), Do not use the meters fixed on the module: three digital multimeters are provided. Set the meters as milliammeters. Have your circuit checked. Plug in to the mains supply and switch "on", Note the value of the three currents. Switch off the supply. Repeat procedure (i) and (ii) for wiring diagrams B, C, and D Have your circuit checked each time before switching on the supply. Part B: Voltage Law Interconnect the terminals as shown by the thick lines in wiring diagram E. Have your circuit checked Plug in to mains supply and switch on. Set one of the digital multimeters as voltmeter. For each closed loop (abef and bede) measure source voltage (E; and Ez) and volt drop across each resistor. Calculation and Results ) From Part A :Using measured values of I; and Iz ,calculate Ts, (I= Ii +Iz ), The direction of I; and Iz must be taken into consideration, From Part B :Calculate E, and E2 from sum of volt drops in respective loops Tabulate all your results. Compare the calculated values (Ts , €, and Ez) with measured values. In what way, if any, do these results appear to verify Kirchhoff's laws. Comment upon any discrepancy in results obtained. (Next page: Wiring diagrams )ANA =e NAA,——@—A AA WA G) 602 @) Wiring diagram A 70 2 40.9 200° 709 80.9 B= 60a re, I; 709 Wiring diagram C a 402 200, 709 400 ¢ 602 £= =e fi C ma 4 AA a Sn ae Wiring diagram 8 40.2 20 2 Wiring diagram D Wiring diagram My eae 602 79 2. Page 6UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department lectrical Power Machines Labora} Exp. No. 106 : Power Gnd Power Factor Page 7 /lt EXP 106 Objective: To measure voltage, current in an a.c circuit and to examine the relationship between them. Equipment: Digital ammeter Digital voltmeter Electronic wattmeter Variable power supply (a.c and de, 0 - 30V) Air cored coil, Theory: The resistance of an air-cored coil is determined by the ammeter - voltmeter method using a d.c supply. The coil is then connected to an a.c supply and the voltage, current and power are measured. From the instrument readings, the power factor, volt-ampere, and reactive volt ampere are calculated using measured values, The power (P=I' R) dissipated in the coil is calculated and compared with the wattmeter reading, Part I : D.C Supply Procedure: (i) The variable d.c supply is connected to the coil through an ammeter and voltmeter as shown in fig 106 (a) below. Have your circuit checked before switching on the supply. : Increase the voltage to set the current to 3A. Note voltmeter and ammeter readings. Repeat step (iii) with the current reduced in suitable Steps to 0.5A. Plot a graph of voltage against current and from it determine the d.c resistance of the coil. 0-30V { Fig 106 (a) ae TT. afPart IT: AC Supply Exp 106 (Part IE) page 8 /1t @ Gi) (iii) (iv) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig 106 (b). Ensure that the wattmeter is connected for 50V - 5A range, The ammeter and voltmeter should be set to read a.c Have your circuit checked before switching on supply. Increase the a c voltage so as to allow a current of 3A to flow in the circuit, Note instrument-readings. Repeat step (iii) with current reduced in suitable steps to 0.5A The wattmeter current range and voltage should be adjusted (according to voltage and current in the circuit) to obtain a suitable deflection on the scale. supply load [Air cored Electronic 0-30 V Ot call 50 Hz Wattmeter irr oad Fig 106 (b) Graphs and Calculations (@) From part (I) Plot a graph of voltage (V ) against current (I) and from it determine the dic resistance of the coil (b) From part (11) ' Plot graphs of (i) Voltage (V) against current (I) (ii) Active power (P) against apparent power (S) Fraitithe gréphs, determine mee (i) power factor of the coil [Cos4 = P/S ] (ii) Impedance of the coil [Z= V/T] (c) ” Calculate (i) inductance of the coil, Gi) power dissipated in coil (=T?R) using the measured current (I) obtained from the a.c test and the derived resistance R from the d.c test. (d) Compare the calculated value of power with that measured by the wattmeter. Conclusion (c) Ina dec current, the power is the product of voltage and current. This relationship does not always opply to effective (r.m.s) values in ona.c circuit. Explain the reason for this, (6) Inad.c circuit, if the current and resistance are known, power (P = TR) can be determined, This relationship also applies to an a.c circuit. Comment the reason for this. (c) Explain why machinery used of a.c supply is usually rated in KVA instead of KW. (d) What is meant by power factor correction?UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS Page 9/11 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING EXP 107 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department Electrical Power and Machines Laboratory Exp. 107 :Network Theorems Object To verify two basic network theorems : (a) Superposition (b) Thevenin Equipment —:(i) Circuit Board (ii) Digital meter —_(iii) Two d.c sources @ Gi) (a) Superposition Theorem The principle consists of: measuring the current (I) due to both supplies measuring current (I; and Iz) due to each source separately, the other source being removed from the circuit and replaced by its internal resistance, In the circuit board it is assumed that the internal resistance of the power supplies is negligible compared to resistance values in the circuit. Procedure Note: All changes on the circuit board must be carried out with supplies of f. w Gi) (iil) (iv) ) (vi) Always have your circuit checked before switching on supply. Use the digital multimeter set asa voltmeter to adjust the d.c sources to values shown in the circuit diagram, Fig 107 (a) ‘Switch off the sources and connect the d.c supplies with correct polarity to the circuit board, Set the multimeter as milliammeter and connect it to measure the current in branch BE Switch on both sources and note the current (I) Disconnect both supplies, With source Vz removed, link terminals C and b, Connect source V; and note the current (I). Disconnect source V; and remove link CD. Link terminals A and F. conneci souree Vz and note current Iz A 10K g 10K c T v 10K \, ney, t 10 volts p Fig 107 (a) F E D Calculation and Results For the circuit of Fig 107(a), use Superposition theorem to calculate current in branch BE (i) due to both sources Vand V2 (ii) due to V; only (iii) due to V2 only Tabulate your results as shown next page.EXP 107 Network Theorems: Page 10 / Current Measured Calculated With both supplies T= mA With Vi only mA With V2 only mA in Th Procedure i) Using the digital meter set as voltmeter, adjust the d.c source to 15 V. (ii) Switch off the supply and connect it to the bridge network as shown in fig 107(b). Have your circuit checked. (iii) Switch on the supply and measure the voltage (Va.) across terminals ¢ and ¢ (iv) Switch off the supply. Set the digital meter as milliammeter and? ¥0 Ri (2.2 kA) to measure the current through it. Switch on the supply and note current I, (v) Repeat step (iv) using R= 1.0 kQ (vi) Disconnect the supply and remove the milliameter from the circuit. Link terminals AB on the board. Set the digital meter as ohmmeter and measure resistance ( Rec ) across terminals a.and ¢ 10k b Fig 107 (b) Qt Calculations and Results Using Thevenin Theorem, calculate (i) Ree (ii) Vee Hence calculate I, for each value of RL Tabulate your results as follows: Conclusion: Quantity Measured | Calculated (i) Comment on discrepancies, if any, between Ree _ measured and calculated values. Voc: = (ii) Discuss the limitations of superposition theorem and Thevenin theorem. . Ty_with R=22 ka qT, with R= 10 koElectrical Power and Machines Laboratory Page 11/1 Exp.108: Charge and Discharge of.a Capacitor EXP 108 Object: An experimental determination of time dependence of voltage across and current through a capacitor while charging and discharging Equipment: (i) Circuit Board (ji) DC Power Supply (0-30 V) (iii) Digital Multimeter (iv) Stopwatch Procedure: ‘Switch on the power supply and sett to 25 V. Switch it of. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. Short the terminals ofthe capacitor so as to discharge it Have your circuit checked. Make sure that the switch S is in the “off position. Switch on the de supply and note the voltage ( Vo ). Set the stopwatch to zero, Set So ‘charge” and at the same time start he stopwatch and note the inal curent (Io at t= 0). Itmay not be possible to take the reading at exactly t= 0 , but take one as nearly as possible. Note the current at regular intervals (e.g 15 seconds) up to about 5 minutes. Reset the stopwatch back to zero. Set S to "Discharge" and continue as in step 6 above. Calculations and Graphs. (a) Charging of the Capacitor The voltage ( ve ) across the capacitor increases exponentially and the charging current ic) decreases exponentially. The expressions are: t ve=Vo( 1-@ 7) and ic= bo © 7) where T=RC = time constant ofthe circuit () Calculate ve for each value of ie measured during charging. Plot graphs of ve and ic (measured ) as a function offme (b) Discharging of the Capacitor . (Calculate the vollage across the capacitor fom ve =icR, where ie= current noted during discharge, and R = 100 kC2( Resistance inthe discharge circuit) (i) Plotgraphs of ve and ic (measured ) as a function of ime . (c) Time Constant (T) (The ime constant ofthe circuit can be obtained graphically as follows: For exponential rse-tis the time taken for a quantity to increase from zero lo 63.2% of steady stale value. For exponential decay tis the ime taken for a quantity to decrease to 36.8% of its inital value. Derive these values from the expressions of ve and ie given above at t= T (i) Obtain the time constant of the circuit from the graphs plotted. (ii) Calculate the time circuit from T =RC and compare with that obtained graphically Conclusion Comment upon any discrepancy between the results ot time constant obtained by calculation and graphically. Charge —oO R100 ka [8 _@ Discharge + oc Supply 25