PRINTERS(OUTPUT

DEVICE)

Group Members:
Osama Bin Imran
(Leader)
Fouzan Akhtar
Faris Faisal
Sameer Hussain
Haris Abassi

INKJET PRINTERS
LASER PRINTERS
DOT-MATRIX
PRINTERS

INKJET PRINTERS:
1) Continuous(C.I.J)
2)Drop On
Demand(DOD)
1. Thermal Inkjet
2.Peizoeltric Inkjet
3)Advantages &
Disadvantages
4)Uses and Features

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Inkjet printingis a type ofcomputer thinkingthat recreates adigital imageby

propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, or other substrates.

There are two main technologies in use in contemporary inkjet printers:

2.Continuous (CIJ):

In CIJ technology, a high-pressure pump directs liquid ink from a reservoir

through a gun body and a microscopic nozzle, creating a continuous stream of
ink droplets .

A piezoelectric crystal creates an acoustic wave as it vibrates within the gun

body and causes the stream of liquid to break into droplets at regular
intervals: 64,000 to 165,000 droplets per second.

The ink droplets are subjected to an electrostatic field created by a charging

electrode as they form; the field varies according to the degree of drop
deflection desired.

This results in a controlled, variable electrostatic charge on each droplet.

Charged droplets are separated by one or more uncharged "guard droplets" to
minimize electrostatic repulsion between neighbouring droplets.

The charged droplets pass through another electrostatic field and are directed
(deflected) by electrostatic deflection plates to print on the receptor material
(substrate), or allowed to continue on undeflected to a collection gutter for reuse. The more highly charged droplets are deflected to a greater degree. Only
a small fraction of the droplets is used to print, the majority being recycled.

Drop on Demand(DOD):
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Types:-

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i)

Thermal Dod:

In the thermal inkjet process, the print cartridges consist of a series of tiny
chambers, each containing a heater.

To eject a droplet from each chamber, a pulse of current is passed through the
heating element causing a rapid vaporization of the ink in the chamber and
forming a bubble, which causes a large pressure increase, propelling a droplet
of ink onto the paper.

The ink's surface tension, condensation, and resultant contraction of the

vapour bubble, pulls a further charge of ink into the chamber through a narrow
channel attached to an ink reservoir.

The inks must have a volatile component to form the vapour bubble; otherwise
droplet ejection cannot occur.

The inks involved are usually water-based and use either pigments or dyes as
the colorant.

ii) Peizoelectric Dod:)

A peizoelectric material in an ink-filled chamber behind each nozzle instead of

a heating element is used.

When a voltage is applied, the peizoelectric material changes shape,

generating a pressure pulse in the fluid, which forces a droplet of ink from the
nozzle.

Peizoelectric inkjets
are not effected by
Kogation(build up of ink
residue)where as
Thermal and C.I.J
printers are.
C.I.J printers ink lasts
longer due to its ability
to recycle the majority
of ink used.
C.I.J and Thermal
inkjets are less
expensive then
Peizoelectric printers as
Peizoelectric heads are
more expensive to
manufacture.
Peizoelectric inkjets
have a wider variety of
ink than Thermal
inkjets as there is no
requirement for a
volatile compound like
in Thermal inkjets.

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LASER PRINTER:
1)Process
2)Features & Uses
3)Advantages

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 Laser printingis anelectrostatic digitalprocess.

It produces high-quality text and graphics (and moderate-quality photographs) by

repeatedly passing alaser beam back and forth over a negatively charged cylindrical
drum to define a differentially-charged image.
The drum then selectively collects electrically charged powdered ink, and transfers the

image to paper, which is then heated in order to permanently fuse the text and/or
imagery.
Laserprintersemploy axerographicprinting process.
Laser printing differs from analogue photocopiers in that the image is produced by the

direct scanning of the medium across the printer's photoreceptor.

Process:
A laser beam projects an image of the page to be printed onto an electrically-

charged,selenium-coated, rotating, cylindrical drum(or, more commonly in

subsequent versions, organic photoconductors).
Photoconductivityallows the charged electrons to fall away from the areas exposed to

light. Powdered ink (toner) particles are then electrostatically attracted to the charged
areas of the drum that have not been laser-beamed.
The drum then transfers the image onto paper (which is passed through the machine)

by direct contact. Finally the paper is passed onto a finisher, which uses intense heat
to instantly fuse the toner/image onto the paper.
There are typically seven steps involved in the process:

1)Rastor Image processing, 2)Charging, 3)Exposing, 4)Developing, 5)Transferring,

6)Fusing, 7)Cleaning
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DOT-MATRIX PRINTER:
1)PROCESS
2)ADVANTAGES &DISADVANTAGES
3)USES

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Type ofcomputerprinter thatusestinyhammersin its print head

tostrikepins over an inked ribbon to formcharactersorimagesonpaper,
and is used mainly for multipartforms.
The term "dot matrix" is normally used for a particular kind of impact
printers - printers that use mechanical pins to squeeze ink out of a ribbon and
onto the paper. Inkjet and laser printers also use a matrix of dots, but
individual pixels are smaller and less evident in the printed page.
Dot matrix printingorimpact matrix printingis a type ofcomputer printingwhich uses
a print head that moves back-and-forth, or in an up-and-down motion, on the page and
prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like the
print mechanism on atypewriter.
Letters are drawn out of adot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can
be produced.

Process:
The paper is positioned at a blank line on the paper. The input logic takes in a stream
of characters and assembles the line to be printed in memory.
When a line is available the print-head sets off from the left margin. As the head
travels across the paper its position is tracked. For ten characters per inch the tracking
might be in 1/100ths of an inch, but for closer character spacing it will be more
accurate.
Each print-head position corresponds to a both a character to be printed and a
column of dot-positions within that character. Columns of pixels are made by firing the
pins in each position.
The shapes of the characters are usually stored at manufacture in a ROM in the
printer.). As the print-head is moved to successive locations the character and column
position required are looked up and drive circuits push the pins accordingly.
The high speed action required from the pins on a dot matrix printer demands quite a

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ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES
The output is not high resolution. Colour

The Dot matrix printers are cheap and easily

available in the market.

They can make carbon copies of the print out unlike

non-impact printers.

The printing costs are the lowest as compared to

other printers.

The printout fades gradually rather than coming to a

halt suddenly. You therefore get plenty of time to
change the ribbon before crisis emerges.

They use paper continuously unlike other printers

that require frequent change of paper.

The maintenance cost is low as compared to other

printers.

They tolerate dirty and hot conditions as are found

in industrial environments.

printout is limited and the print speed is

also lesser as compared to non-impact
printers. Therefore, the quality of print
out in general is not very good. This
affects the scanner readability of the
print out.
The printer creates great deal of noise
while the pins strike the ribbon to the
paper.
The pins get bended easily destroying
the print head.
The single sheet of paper has to wound
and aligned by hand which is timeconsuming and hectic. This also makes it
prone to jamming frequently. Although
paper jamming can happen with any
printer, fixing it here is not an easy task.
The density of barcodes is low and may
fail to match users standards.

USES:
Applications such as receipt printing, especially when multipart
formsare required.
Dot matrix printers are used in banks and stores where they
printduplicates on two part forms for record keeping.
Used in voting machines where they make a copy for thevoter to
take home, and a second copy for permanent records for recounts.