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Typical Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients

Free Convection Gas - Free Convection Gas : U = 1 - 2 W/m2K (typical window, room to outside air through glass)
Free Convection Gas - Forced liquid (flowing) water : U = 5 - 15 W/m2K (typical radiator central heating)
Free Convection Gas - Condensing Vapor Water : U = 5 - 20 W/m2K (typical steam radiators)
Forced Convection (flowing) Gas - Free Convection Gas : U = 3 - 10 W/m2K (superheaters)
Forced Convection (flowing) Gas - Forced Convection Gas : U = 10 - 30 W/m2K (heat exchangers gases)
Forced Convection (flowing) Gas - Forced liquid (flowing) water : U = 10 - 50 W/m2K (gas coolers)
Forced Convection (flowing) Gas - Condensing Vapor Water : U = 10 - 50 W/m2K (air heaters)
Liquid Free Convection - Forced Convection Gas : U = 10 - 50 W/m2K (gas boiler)
Liquid Free Convection - Free Convection Liquid : U = 25 - 500 W/m2K (oil bath for heating)

Liquid Free Convection - Forced Liquid flowing (Water) : U = 50 - 100 W/m2K (heating coil in vessel water, water without

Liquid Free Convection - Condensing vapor water : U = 300 - 1000 W/m2K (steam jackets around vessels with stirrers, w
Forced liquid (flowing) water - Free Convection Gas : U = 10 - 40 W/m2K (combustion chamber + radiation)
Forced liquid (flowing) water - Free Convection Liquid : U = 500 - 1500 W/m2K (cooling coil - stirred)
Forced liquid (flowing) water - Forced liquid (flowing) water : U = 900 - 2500 W/m2K (heat exchanger water/water)
Forced liquid (flowing) water - Condensing vapor water : U = 1000 - 4000 W/m2K (condensers steam water)
Boiling liquid water - Free Convection Gas : U = 10 - 40 W/m2K (steam boiler + radiation)

Boiling liquid water - Forced Liquid flowing (Water) : U = 300 - 1000 W/m2K (evaporation of refrigerators or brine coolers)
Boiling liquid water - Condensing vapor water : U = 1500 - 6000 W/m2K (evaporators steam/water)

ide air through glass)

gers gases)

vessel water, water without steering), 500 - 2000 W/m2K (heating coil in vessel water, water with steering)

und vessels with stirrers, water), 150 - 500 W/m 2K (other liquids)

er + radiation)

hanger water/water)

s steam water)

frigerators or brine coolers)

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