SEMBODAI RUKMANI VARATHARAJAN

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Repair & Rehabilitation of structures

BY
KARTHIVELU
Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

 Maintenance
repair
rehabilitation
Facets

of Maintenance
importance of Maintenance
various aspects of Inspection
Assessment procedure
causes of deterioration
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 Bring

back the architectural shape of the

building so that all services starts
working and the functioning of building
is resumed. It does not improve the
structural strength.
It involves in.
Patching up of cracks & spalling
Repairing of doors & windows
Checking & repairing of gas, water pipes
Rebuilding, Prepared
Re-plastering
& Redecoration
by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

 Bring

back the original strength as

before damage.

Example

of strengthening (wall, beam &

column)
I. Removal of damaged cracked portion
II. Addition of reinforcing mesh
III. Injecting epoxy material (strong in
tension)
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 Improvement

over the original strength

when strength before damage was
insufficient and restoration alone will not
be adequate.
Example
Increasing the lateral strength by
I. additional reinforcement
II. Increasing wall areas
III. Increasing no. of walls & columns
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Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

The process of
repairing

(to original shape & function),

retrofitting

(to original strength) and

strengthening

(to over of original strength)

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(preventive
in
nature)
works
necessary to fulfill in the intended
functions or to sustain original standard
of service.

It include Inspection, Repair and

Strengthening, if necessary

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 Prevention

of damages
(due to natural agencies)
(To keep them in)
good appearance
working

conditions

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 Improves

the life of structures

Improved

life period

Better

Appearance

Better

serviceability of elements & components

Prevents

major deterioration leading to collapse

Ensures

safety to occupants

Ensures

feeling of confidence on the user

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 Structural
Electrical

wiring

Plumbing-water
Finishes

Roof

supply-sanitation

on floor and walls

terrace

Verandah

Lifts, Doors

and
other
elements
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 Daily

Routine Maintenance

Weekly

Routine Maintenance

Monthly
Yearly

Routine Maintenance

Routine Maintenance

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i) Prevention

ii)

Repair

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the two considerations prevention & repair,

prevention is more important.

Of

Use

proper materials
proper details
proper construction

require knowledge of
what is improper at a site or construction
various ways of deterioration & their causes.
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Some general considerations

o The following factors should be considered by the
designer at the construction site.

Minimum and maximum temperatures

temperature cycles
exposure to ultra violet radiation
amount of moisture
wet/dry cycles
presence of aggressive chemicals

Assess

the limitations of a particular material in its

functional context
Match the materials to the environment.
Combine only materials with similar properties
Protect

materials from general deterioration

by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL
Design levelPrepared
Factors

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 1.

finding the deterioration

2. determining the cause
3. evaluating the strength of existing
building or structure
Fixed percentage method
Analysis of the Actual stress condition
Load test
4. evaluating the need of repair
5. Selecting & implementing a repair
procedure. Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

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 i.

Physical Inspection of damaged structure.

ii.

Preparation and documenting the damages.

iii.

Collection of samples and carrying out tests

both in situ and in laboratory.

iv.

Studying the documents including structural

aspects.

v.

Estimation of loads acting on the structure

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 vi.

Estimation of environmental effects

including soil structure interaction.

vii.

Diagnosis
viii. Taking preventive steps not to cause
further damage
ix. Retrospective analysis to get the diagnosis
confirmed
x.

Assessment of structural adequacy

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 xi.

Estimation on future use

xii.

Remedial measures necessary to

strength and repairing the structure.

xiii.

Post repair evaluation through tests

xiv.

Load test to study the behavior

xv.

Choice of course of action for the

restoration ofPrepared
structure.
by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

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Flow chart of
assessment
procedure

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 i)

Deterioration due to corrosion

ii)

Environmental effects

iii)

Poor quality material used

iv)

Quality of supervision

v)

Design and construction flaws

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Swelling of concrete
Cracks parallel to the reinforcement
Spalling of concrete cover
Spalling at edges
Dislocation
Internal cracking and reduction
in area of steel reinforcement.

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 Micro-cracks

present

in

the

concrete

causes
carbonation: carbon di-oxide reacts with
alkaline
in
cement
and
causes
deterioration.
Freeze and thaw effect: water in the crack
expels in cooling and causes deterioration
Erosion: In aggressive environment
Chloride contamination: Due to sea water
in marine environment causes corrosion of
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reinforcement.

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 Quality

of materials, to be used in
construction, should be ensured by means
various tests as specified in the IS codes.
Alkali-aggregate reaction and sulphate
attack results in early deterioration.
Clayey materials in the fine aggregates
weaken the mortar aggregate bond and
reduce the strength.
Salinity causes corrosion of reinforcing
bars as well Prepared
as deterioration
of concrete.
by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

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 Construction

work should be carried out as

per the laid down specification.

Adherence to specified water-cement ratio

controls strength, permeability durability of
concrete.

Insufficient

vibration may result in porous

and honey combined concrete, whereas
excess vibration
may cause segregation.
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 Design

of concrete structures governs the

performance of concrete structures.
Well designed
less
concrete
deterioration
The beam-column joints are particularly
prone to defective concrete, if detailing and
placing of reinforcement is not done
properly.
Inadequate concrete cover may lead to
carbonation depth reaching up to the
reinforcement, thus, increasing the risk of
Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL
corrosion of the
reinforcement.

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The cement sand mix in the mortar and brick

masonry is made quite early, prior to its use
and in larger quantities than required.

The construction materials like sand, bricks,

Aggregate etc are not washed and are full of
deleterious material and dust.

Compaction of bottom strata in foundation

work is not carried out.
During concreting of footing, the concrete is
poured at a height greater than 1m.
Generally, trapezoidal footings are resorted to
where concrete is never vibrated.

Reinforced concrete column, being an

important part of the structure are neither
mechanically vibrated nor machine
mixed.

They are cast in short lifts with increased

number of joints.

Cover to reinforcement in column, beams

and slabs is insufficient.
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No cover to reinforcement in contact of

the ground

Mis-alignment of column at foundation

level and rectification at higher level,
leading to eccentric loading.

Reinforced coping at plinth level being

an important barrier to dampness is
never densely cast.
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At the joints of reinforced concrete and

brick masonry, either :(i) The RC surface is not roughened

(or)
(ii) Filling of mortar at the joint is not
evident.
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The joint of brick masonry at larger

height
are improperly racked.
Mixing ratio in plaster
masonry
is not maintained.
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and

brick

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In the case where beams are cast prior to

slabs :

In large slabs, the concrete in beams

starts setting before casting of RC slab.

The concrete spilled on the sides of

beams while casting is never removed
which gets set subsequently

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Reinforcement of RC column is kept exposed

above RC slab.
Hacking to concrete surface is poorly done prior
to Plastering.
Bearing to lintels on both the ends is not

sufficient.
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In load bearing structure ,secondary

beams
are resting directly on the walls giving
point
loading.
Proper care for uplift pressure in black
cotton soil is not taken in by proving with
Ground beam
Combined footing
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Result of mistakes.
The above 20 no of construction mistakes may result in

Cracks in concrete.
Improper bonding between concrete and
brick masonry.
Spillage of plaster.
Dampness of walls.
Leakage of slabs.
Cracks in brick masonry.
Settlement of foundation and walls.
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Causes for poor quality can be

summarized as ignorance, poor
materials, poor design, poor detailing,
poor workmanship, improper quantity
of cement, improper concrete mix,
excess water, inadequate compaction,
substandard forms, inadequate curing,
inadequate cover, poor construction
practices, poor supervision and above
all lack of technical knowledge.

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