Subject Code: IMT-46

Subject Name :

Computer Aided Management

ASSIGNMENTS
PART A
Q1. What is the purpose of a formula bar in a spread-sheet
program?
Ans spreadsheet is to automate calculations, which means using cells to perform
operations based on values in other cells. The spreadsheet recalculates all the values
each time a change is made to the value of a cell.
A formula is used to represent an expression, which, one entered into the cell, allows
the spreadsheet to perform automatic calculations based on values in other cells and to
display the result.
Formulas may also contain references to other cells, expressions, or functions.
Entering a formula is done by selecting a cell and by using the formula bar.
To enter a formula, start by entering the equal sign (=) and then enter the cell references
of the cells to be used and the operators and/or functions.
It is also possible to click on the button Formula on the formula bar. The example below
demonstrates the use of a formula in cell C15 to calculate the sum of cells D11 and D13.

When the Enter is pushed, the spreadsheet calculates the value of cell C15 and displays
the result:

Practical Example
In the example below, the use of formulas to automatically calculate the price with tax
included (Tax included) of a list of articles for which the "Before Tax" (BT) price is given,
and then to calculate the total price of these articles is shown.

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To obtain the Tax Included price for article 34FR453, add the value of the tax to the pretax value, meaning the pre-tax value multiplied by the VAT (19.6% in this case):
Amount_TI = Amount_BT + Amount_BT*VAT
In the above example,

the TI amount is located in E6,

the BT amount is located in D6,

the VAT amount is located in D11,

which gives the following formula:
= D6 + D6*D11
To calculate the TI amount for article 34FR453, first select the cell corresponding to this
calculation (E6) and then start entering the formula (either by starting with the equal sign
or by clicking the formula button).
The spreadsheet is therefore in the formula entering mode, and:

either enter the formula directly with the keyboard

or build the formula by selecting the cells one at a time

In the second example, clicking on cell D6 will automatically add its name to the formula
bar. Another click on this cell will display D6+D6 because addition is the default
operation in the spreadsheet. Push the * button to choose multiplication, and then select
cell D11.
To finish entering the formula, push the Enter button on the keyboard or use
theEnter button on the formula bar. The spreadsheet will display the result of the
calculation in cell E6:

Copying Formulas
Imagine that we want to copy this formula and use it for the other articles. Select the
formula in (cell E6), copy it, and select the block of cells from E7 toE9 (written E7:E9)
and paste the previously copied formula. Here is the result:

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Note that the copied formula does not produce the correct amounts:

In effect, when clicking on one of these cells, it can be noticed that the spreasheet
references the correct price before tax, but that the reference to the cell with the VAT
value is wrong (D13 instead of D11).
This is because the previously entered references were relative references. The
spreadsheet therefore performs an automatic offset on cell references when copying the
formula. Thus, to avoid the spreadsheet offsetting the cell with the VAT value, use
an absolute reference ($D$11). Let's redo the formula:

The spreadsheet now gives a coherent result:

Using Functions in Formulas

Functions may also be used in formulas, thus allowing advanced calculations. Most
spreadsheets offer a large number of integrated functions (Excel has more than 400).
Let's redo the above example. To automatically calculate the pre-tax total and the TI total
of orders, use the Sum() function. To do this, select the cell in which to display the sum
and enter the formula (starting with the = sign) using theSum() function. There are many
ways of entering the Sum() function:

by manually entering it in the formula bar

by using the function button that allows the function to be chosen from a list:

by using the sum button directly

Whatever method chosen, the two arguments of the Sum() function must be specified,
which means specifying the cells for which the sum is to be calculated. There are two
further possibilities for the user:

enter the references of the selected cells on the keyboard

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select the cells or the blocks of cells to be used

Q3. List five business applications for which one can use Excel.
Ans
Q4. How database is more reliable than file management
Systems?
Ans file system (or filesystem) is used to control how information is stored and
retrieved. Without a file system, information placed in a storage area would be one large
body of information with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next
begins.
By separating the information into individual pieces, and giving each piece a name, the
information is easily separated and identified. Taking its name from the way paper based
information systems are named, each piece of information is called a "file". The structure
and logic rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a
"file system".
There are many different kinds of file systems. Each one has different structure and
logic. Each one has different properties of speed, flexibility, security, size and more.
Some file systems have been designed to be used for specific applications. For example
the ISO 9660 file system is designed specifically for optical disks.
File systems can be used on many different kinds of storage devices. Each storage
device uses a different kind of media. The most common storage device in use today is
a hard drive whose media is a disc that has been coated with a magnetic film. The film
has ones and zeros 'written' on it sending electrical pulses to a magnetic "read-write"
head. Other media that are used aremagnetic tape, optical disc, and flash memory. In
some cases, the computer's main memory (RAM) is used to create a temporary file
system for short term use.
File systems are used to implement type of data store to store, retrieve and update a set
of files. "File system" refers to either the abstract data structures used to define files, or
the actualsoftware or firmware components that implement the abstract ideas.

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Some file systems are used on local data storage devices; others provide file access via
a network protocol (e.g. NFS, SMB, or 9P clients). Some file systems are "virtual", in that
the "files" supplied are computed on request (e.g. procfs) or are merely a mapping into a
different file system used as a backing store. The file system manages access to both
the content of files and themetadata about those files. It is responsible for arranging
storage space; reliability, efficiency, and tuning with regard to the physical storage
medium a Space management
Example of slack space, demonstrated with 4,096-byte NTFS clusters: 100,000 files, each 5 bytes per file,
equals 500,000 bytes of actual data, but requires 409,600,000 bytes of disk space to store

File systems allocate space in a granular manner, usually multiple physical units on the
device. The file system is responsible for organizing files and directories, and keeping
track of which areas of the media belong to which file and which are not being used. For
example, in Apple DOS of the early 1980s, 256-byte sectors on 140 kilobyte floppy disk
used atrack/sector map.[citation needed]
This results in unused space when a file is not an exact multiple of the allocation unit,
sometimes referred to as slack space. For a 512-byte allocation, the average unused
space is 256 bytes. For a 64 KB clusters, the average unused space is 32KB. The size
of the allocation unit is chosen when the file system is created. Choosing the allocation
size based on the average size of the files expected to be in the file system can
minimize the amount of unusable space. Frequently the default allocation may provide
reasonable usage. Choosing an allocation size that is too small results in excessive
overhead if the file system will contain mostly very large files.
File system fragmentation occurs when unused space or single files are not contiguous.
As a file system is used, files are created, modified and deleted. When a file is created
the file system allocates space for the data. Some file systems permit or require
specifying an initial space allocation and subsequent incremental allocations as the file
grows. As files are deleted the space they were allocated eventually is considered
available for use by other files. This creates alternating used and unused areas of
various sizes. This is free space fragmentation. When a file is created and there is not
an area of contiguous space available for its initial allocation the space must be
assigned in fragments. When a file is modified such that it becomes larger it may exceed
the space initially allocated to it, another allocation must be assigned elsewhere and the
file becomes fragmented.

Filenames
A filename (or file name) is used to identify a storage location in the file system. Most file
systems have restrictions on the length of filenames. In some file systems, filenames are

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not case sensitive (i.e., filenames such as FOO and foo refer to the same file); in others,
filenames are case sensitive (i.e., the names FOO and foo refer to two separate files).
Most modern file systems allow filenames to contain a wide range of characters from
the Unicode character set. Most file system interface utilities, however, have restrictions
on the use of certain special characters, disallowing them within filenames (the file
system may use these special characters to indicate a device, device type, directory
prefix, or file type). However, these special characters might be allowed by, for example,
enclosing the filename with double quotes ("). For simplicity, special characters are
generally discouraged within filenames.

Directories
File systems typically have directories (also called folders) which allow the user to group
files into separate collections. This may be implemented by associating the file name
with an index in atable of contents or an inode in a Unix-like file system. Directory
structures may be flat (i.e. linear), or allow hierarchies where directories may contain
subdirectories. The first file system to support arbitrary hierarchies of directories was
used in the Multics operating system.[1] The native file systems of Unix-like systems also
support arbitrary directory hierarchies, as do, for example,Apple's Hierarchical File
System, and its successor HFS+ in classic Mac OS (HFS+ is still used in Mac OS X),
the FAT file system in MS-DOS 2.0 and later and Microsoft Windows, the NTFSfile
system in the Windows NT family of operating systems, and the ODS-2 (On-Disk
Structure-2) and higher levels of the Files-11 file system in OpenVMS.

Metadata
Other bookkeeping information is typically associated with each file within a file system.
The length of the data contained in a file may be stored as the number of blocks
allocated for the file or as a byte count. The time that the file was last modified may be
stored as the file's timestamp. File systems might store the file creation time, the time it
was last accessed, the time the file'smetadata was changed, or the time the file was last
backed up. Other information can include the file's device
type (e.g. block, character, socket, subdirectory, etc.), its owner user ID and group ID,
its access permissions and other file attributes (e.g. whether the file is readonly, executable, etc.).
A file system stores all the metadata associated with the fileincluding the file name, the
length of the contents of a file, and the location of the file in the folder hierarchy
separate from the contents of the file.

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Q5. List some of the procedures using which one can calculate
Measures of Central
Tendency.
Ans The three most commonly-used measures of central tendency are the

following.
mean
The sum of the values divided by the number of values--often called the
"average."
Add all of the values together.
Divide by the number of values to obtain the mean.
Example: The mean of 7, 12, 24, 20, 19 is (7 + 12 + 24 + 20 + 19) / 5 = 16.4.
median
The value which divides the values into two equal halves, with half of the
values being lower than the median and half higher than the median.
Sort the values into ascending order.
If you have an odd number of values, the median is the middle value.
If you have an even number of values, the median is the arithmetic mean
(see above) of the two middle values.
Example: The median of the same five numbers (7, 12, 24, 20, 19) is 19.
mode
The most frequently-occurring value (or values).
Calculate the frequencies for all of the values in the data.
The mode is the value (or values) with the highest frequency.
Example: For individuals having the following ages -- 18, 18, 19, 20, 20, 20, 21,
and 23, the mode is 20.
PART B
Q1. What are the benefits of the following facilities in MS Word:
Mail Merge, Header
and Footer, AutoCorrect, AutoFormat, AutoText?
Ans Mail merge in Microsoft Word 2007 is a great facility you can use to create mass
documents in very efficient and quickest way. You want to creat invitation labels or mass
letters? Use the mail merge. It is very simple to use with great advantages.

Creating Your Database

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When I create a mail merge, I usually create my database first using Excel 2007. It is
because in Excel it is easier to enter the data. That is me.
But, that is not really important whether you first create your database and then your
document or the other way around. Of course, you can create your Word 2007
document first and then your database.
So here how to create your database with Excel 2007;
1.
2.

Open a new Excel 2007 worksheet;

On the top most row, create your field name such as First Name, Last Name,
Date of Birth, Place of Birth, Address, Phone Number, etc. Make sure to begin
from the most upper left corner cell and each cell in the first row is for a single
field name. You can make that field names bold, so it looks different from the
data underneath them;

Creating Your Word 2007 Document

Now is to create you labels, letters, envelopes, or just a normal document with
Microsoft Word 2007. In a mail merge document, you will likely to have some texts
which are static (not linked to your database) and some are dynamic which are
linked to your database.
1.

Open a Word 2007 new document;

2.

Click Mailings menu;

3.

Click Select Recipients and then Use Existing List;

4.

In the appearing windows, select your Excel worksheet that you have created
before as your data source;

Headers and footers are areas in the top and bottom

margins of a page. They provide quick information
about a document in a predictable format and help
set off different parts of a document. With headers
and footers you can also:
Have a different header and footer on the first
page of a document.
Have different headers and footers on odd and
even pages.
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 Use section breaks and create distinct

document sections with different headers and
footers.
AutoCorrect facility can automatically correct common spelling mistakes and oftenused acronyms, initialisms etc.
AutoCorrect can be turned on and off from the Tools menu:
1.

Go to the Tools menu and select Options.

2.

Click the Spelling & Grammar tab.

3.

In the Spelling area, check (on) or uncheck (off) the Check spelling as you
typecheckbox.

Adding entries to AutoCorrect

To manually add entries to AutoCorrect:
1.

Go to the Tools menu and select AutoCorrect (Word 2000) or AutoCorrect

Options (Word XP/2003).

2.

In the AutoCorrect: English (Australia) dialog, go to the Replace field and enter the
incorrect word or acronym/initialism (eg. organize, ATO).

3.

In the With field, enter the correct word or full text of the acronym/initialism (eg.
organise, Australian Taxation Office).

4.

Click the Add button.

5.

Click the OK button

AutoFormat feature in Word works behind the scenes to produce an

attractive, easy-to-read document while you concentrate on the content.
Word analyzes each paragraph to see how it's used in the document (for
example, as a heading or as an item in a numbered list) and then applies an
appropriate style for that item. Word also automatically formats Internet,
network, and e-mail addresses as hyperlinks; applies bold or underline
character formatting to text surrounded by asterisks or underscores; replaces
two hyphens with an em dash; and so on.
AutoFormat works in these ways:

Word automatically formats headings, bulleted and numbered lists,

borders, numbers, symbols, and so on as you're typing your document.
You can control which automatic changes Word makes, or you can turn
AutoFormat off completely.
You can automatically format selected document text or the entire
unformatted document, such as an e-mail message, in one pass with

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the AutoFormat command. You will be able to review, accept, or reject

each change.
Word automatically formats headings and lists in your plain text
WordMail messages when you open them. You can easily distinguish
the current message from the previous messages in the e-mail stream.

AutoText from a gallery

To add AutoText from the gallery, you need to add that gallery to the Quick Access
Toolbar. After you add it, you can create new entries, and you can migrate you entries
from Word 2003 into the gallery

AutoText to the Quick Access

Toolbar
1.

Click the Microsoft Office Button

, and then click Word Options.

2.

Click Customize.

3.

In the list under Choose commands from, click All Commands.

4.

Scroll through the list of commands until you see AutoText.

5.

Click AutoText, and then click Add.

Q2. Explain the web designing tips.

Ans Think small, like 10-12KB per image. Yes, depending on the source, the
number of broadband users is going up. But slow pages are still really annoying,
even if you're on a T1. And huge images are a primary cause of slow pages. It's easy
to optimize your images.
1.
Always use graphics that fit the content. Just because you have an
adorable photo of your dog doesn't mean you should have it on your Web site
about Web Design (sorry, Shasta...). The main exception I would make to this is
for "design" images. These are photos or graphics that help make up the design
of the page, and are not intended to illustrate the content.
2.
Do not use images that blink or move or change or rotate or flash or do
anything on your page. Or use them sparingly. There have been many studies
that show that flashing graphics are distracting and annoying to people. In fact,
in one focus group I watched the browsers actually physically cover up flashing
graphics so that they could read the rest of the page.
Layout
3.

Stick with standard layouts. I've seen some pages that use 6 or 8 frames
on one page. Another site used a layout where you had to scroll to the right to
read everything on the page (but you never had to scroll down). These layouts
are cute, and you might find them fun to build, but they will drive your readers
nuts. The reason that the 3-column layout is so popular on Web sites and

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newspapers is because it works. You might think it's boring, but you'll keep
more readers if you stick with something simple that they can understand.
4.
Whitespace is more than the CSS property, it is a function of your layout. You
should be aware of the whitespace on your pages and how it affects how the
content is viewed.Whitespace is just as important in a Web layout as it is
in a paper layout.
5.
Use your graphics as elements in your layouts. Graphics can be more
than just graphics when you use them as actual elements in your layouts. An
extreme example is when youwrap text around an image, but any image you
have on your site is a layout element and should be treated as such.
Fonts
6.

Serif for headlines and Sans-Serif for text. If you've taken any type of
print design, this might be exactly the opposite of what you were taught. But
the Web is not print. Sans-serif fonts are much easier to read on computer
monitors because the screen resolution is not as high as in print. If you use serif
fonts for normal text, the serifs can blur together on the screen making them
hard to read. Your printer friendly page should use the opposite fonts (serif for
headlines and sans-serif for text).
7.
Limit the number of different fonts. One of the best ways to make your
Web site look amateurish is to change the font over and over. Sure, it's possible
to do, but limiting your page and site to 2 or possibly 3 standard font families is
easier to read and looks more professional.
8.
Use standard font families. Yes, you can choose to use "Rockwood LT
Standard" as your font on your page, but the chances that one of your readers
will have that font as well is pretty low. Sticking with fonts like Verdana, Geneva,
Arial, and Helvetica may seem boring, but your pages will look better and the
designs look correct on more browsers.
Advertising
9.

Don't be greedy. If you have any control over the number of ads on your
site, be aware that your readers are not coming to read the ads, they are
coming for the content. If the ads overwhelm the page content, many readers
won't stick around long enough to read your purple prose. Yes, it's important
to make money from your Web site, but if your ads drive people away, you'll
ultimately lose money.
10. Treat ads as you would any other image. Keep them small, avoid
blinking/flashing, and keep them relevant. Just because you can have an ad on
your site, doesn't mean that you should. If the content is relevant to your
readers, they're more likely to click on the ad.

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Remember Your Readers

11.

Test your pages in multiple browsers. Writing Web pages that work only
on the most modern browser is both stupid and annoying. Unless you are
writing a Web site for a corporate intranet or a kiosk where the browser version
is completely fixed, you'll have problems with people not being able to view
your pages.
12. The same is true for operating systems. You can't assume that just
because your page works in IE5.0 for Windows it will work in IE5.0 for
Macintosh.
13. Write content that they want. Unless you're writing a site purely for
yourself (and if you are, why is it posted to the Web?), make sure that your
content covers topics that your readers want to read.

Q3. What is spyware?

Ans spyware software that covertly gathers user information through the
user'sInternet connection without his or her knowledge, usually for advertising purposes.
Spyware applications are typically bundled as a hidden component
of freeware or shareware programs that can be downloaded from the Internet; however, it should
be noted that the majority of shareware and freeware applications do not come with spyware.
Once installed, the spyware monitors user activity on the Internet and transmits that information
in the background to someone else. Spyware can also gather information about email addresses and even passwords and credit card numbers.
Spyware is similar to a Trojan horse in that users unwittingly install the product when they install
something else. A common way to become a victim of spyware is to download certain peer-topeer file swapping products that are available today.
Aside from the questions of ethics and privacy, spyware steals from the user by using the
computer's memory resources and also by eating bandwidth as it sends information back to the
spyware's home base via the user's Internet connection. Because spyware is using memory and
system resources, the applications running in the background can lead to system crashes or
general system instability.
Because spyware exists as independent executable programs, they have the ability to
monitor keystrokes, scan files on the hard drive, snoop other applications, such as chat programs
or word processors, install other spyware programs, read cookies, change the default home
page on the Web browser, consistently relaying this information back to the spyware author who
will either use it for advertising/marketing purposes or sell the information to another party.
Licensing agreements that accompany software downloads sometimes warn the user that a
spyware program will be installed along with the requested software, but the licensing
agreements may not always be read completely because the notice of a spyware installation is
often couched in obtuse, hard-to-read legal disclaimers.

Q4. What is a Web bug?

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Ans A Web bug, also known as a Web beacon, is a file object

that is placed on a Web page or in an e-mail message to

monitor user behavior.
Unlike a cookie, which can be accepted or declined by a
browser user, a Web bug arrives as just another GIF or other file
object. It can usually only be detected if the user looks at the
source version of the page to find a tag that loads from a
different Web server than the rest of the page.
Although proponents of Internet privacy object to the use of
Web bugs in general, most concede that Web bugs can be put
to positive use, for example to track copyright violations on the
Web.
According to Richard M. Smith, a Web bug can gather the
following statistics:

The IP address of the computer that fetched the Web bug.

The URL of the page that the Web bug is located on.

The URL of the Web bug.

The time the Web bug was viewed.

The type of browser that fetched the Web bug.

A previously set cookie value.

Web bugs are often used by spammers to validate e-mail
addresses. When a recipient opens an email message that
includes a Web bug, information returned to the sender
indicates that the message has been opened, which confirms
that the email address is valid.
Q5. Why one needs to create Report?
Ans eport finds that since 2009, employees have lost about one quarter

of the purchasing power they have from their incomes, adding that if
high unemployment continues to place pressure on wages, then they will
lose half of their purchasing power in 2014
It will take 20 years to create one million jobs the number of
positions lost since the start of the crisis - and bring the unemployment
rate down below the pre-crisis level of 10%, a study to be published later
this month will claim.

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The annual report from the Labour Institute of the General Confederation
of Greek Workers (GSEE), which represents private-sector employees,
will say that as the expected investments in the intervening two decades
will not be labour intensive or high-tech, this will produce so-called
jobless growth.
For the second month running, unemployment rose to a new record
high of 27.6% in May, the most recent month for which figures are
available. That month, 1,381,088 people were registered as out of work,
compared to 452,465 in the same month in 2009.
The full report is expected to be published ahead of the Thessaloniki
Trade Fair, an occasion usually used by the government to set out its
economic agenda for the coming year.The report also finds that since
2009, employees have lost about one quarter of the purchasing power
they have from their incomes, adding that if high unemployment
continues to place pressure on wages, then they will lose half of their
purchasing power in 2014.
The institute says that the earnings of salaried employees and the selfemployed had fallen by 41bn in the last three years.In addition,
domestic demand has slumped to 1999 levels, while in from 2011 to
2013, the stock of fixed capital has fallen for the first time since the end
of the Greek civil war (1949).
PART C
Q1. What is the relevance of Auditing Tools in Excel?
Ans The Auditing Tools for Excel were developed to help Microsoft Excel users audit
and check spreadsheets models. Many studies report that spreadsheet errors are the
rule and, for many spreadsheet models, Microsoft Excel Audit tools are not enough.
Auditing a spreadsheet can be made on a Cell-by-Cell basis or Group-by-Group
Basis. The first requires users to check every cell, a lengthy and fault process. The
later requires users to analyze a group of colored cells indicating different type of
data. Microsoft Excel Audit tools works on a cell-by-cell basis. Excel Smart Tools
Auditor works either on a cell-by-cell basis or group-by-group basis; thereby
significantly improving the efficiency of spreadsheet auditing processes.
Key Features of Auditing Tools for Excel include:

Auditor Quick Info provides users information about workbook properties,

active worksheet size and complexity and potential problems and tips Auditor Quick
Info provides users information about workbook properties, active worksheet size
and complexity and potential problems and tips.

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Auditor Check Errors command can locate some problematic and difficult
errors, like numbers and formulas formatted as text and formulas that omit adjacent
cells.
Iterative Auditing: automatically draws precedents and dependents arrows for
selected cell. Each time you select another cell, new arrows are designed.
Mark Blocks of Data : this set of commands colors worksheet cells according
different options, providing users a simple way to detect potential errors.
Select cells by set of commands allows users to select or scroll cells and
analyze formula, precedents and dependents cells to check if there are no errors.
Reports provide user information about Workbook size, worksheet cells, its
formats, comments and dependency references in a new formatted worksheet.
Compare Worksheet command lets users compare the differences between
two worksheets, even on different workbooks. This command is normally used to
compare worksheets updated on various time periods, or to compare worksheets
saved on different locations (e.g. worksheets saved on Hard Disk and Server
locations).

Q2. Name five key types of Graphics Software.

Ans here are dozens of graphics software products on the market. They tend to fall into
categories defined by the tasks they are programmed to execute. The main categories of
graphics software are page layout, image editing, illustration, web design, presentation
and web animation. This article provides an overview of widely used programs in each
category
Page Layout

Page layout software uses typography and images such as illustrations

and photos to compose pages for use in books, magazines and other printed
items. The industry leader is Adobe InDesign; it is the standard tool for
professional graphic designers. InDesign has taken over the leading spot from
Quark Xpress, a powerful, designer-friendly layout program that also offers
web functionality. The main competitors are Microsoft Publisher and Corel
Draw Graphics Suite. Microsoft Publisher is less expensive than the other
programs.
Image Editing

Image-editing software can be used to edit photographs and

illustrations, as well as to create graphics. This type of software is used to
manipulate pixel-based images. Many professional illustrators use imageediting software to add color to their illustrations. Adobe Photoshop is the
standard image-editing program across the spectrum of professional design
disciplines. Corel Draw Graphics Suite is also used for image editing. Corel
offers Paint Shop Pro as an entry-level image-editing program at an attractive
price.

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Q3. Write a brief note on the following:

(a)
Ledger (b) Tally Vault (c) On screen Key board
Ans a) A ledger line or leger line is used in Western musical notation to
notate pitches above or below the lines and spaces of the regular musical staff. A
line slightly longer than the note head is drawn parallel to the staff, above or below,
spaced at the same distance as the lines within the staff (see Figure 1).
Although ledger lines are found occasionally in manuscripts of plainchant and
early polyphony, it was only in the early 16th century in keyboard music that their use
became at all extensive (Anon. 2001). Even then printers had an aversion to ledger
lines which caused difficulties in setting type, wasting space on the page and
causing a messy appearance. Vocal music employed a variety of different clefs to
keep the range of the part on the staff as much as possible; in keyboard notation a
common way of avoiding ledger lines was the use of "open score" on four staves
with different clefs (Godwin 1974, 1617).
When there are many notes in a passage requiring more than three ledger lines, it is
often preferable to switch clef or use 8vanotation. Some transposing instruments,
such as the piccolo, double bass, guitar, and the tenor voice, transpose at the octave
to avoid ledger lines.
Notation of tuba, trombone, and euphonium parts always use ledger lines below the
bass staff, and never the 8va bassa notation (Read 1969, 354).
When music for bass clef instruments, such as the cello or trombone, goes several
ledger lines above the bass clef, the tenor clef is used; if it were to go even higher
than practical in tenor clef, the notes may be notated in treble clef, or in the case of
trombone, alto clef.
(b)

he user can enter the TallyVault password while creating the company or execute the
following steps to provide the TallyVault password for existing companies.
1. Load the Company that has to be secured using TallyVault.
2. Go to Gateway of Tally press F3 : Company Info > Change TallyVault

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3. In the Change TallyVault screen select the required company from the List of
Companies.
3. Enter the Password in the New Password field. Tally.ERP 9 displays the strength of the
password entered depending on the combination - Alphabets, Numbers and Special
Characters.
N ot e: To un der st an d the c ondi ti on s that dete rmi ne a Pas sw or d' s st ren gth,
cl i ck P assw o rd S tr en gt h In di ca to r .

3. Re-enter the password to confirm in the Repeat New Password field.

3. Accept to Change the TallyVault password.
3. Tally.ERP 9 displays a message Created New Company followed by the new Company
Number, press any key to return to Company Info menu.
Once the company data is encrypted the Name of the Company and Financial Year will not be
visible in the Select Company screen.
8. In the Company Info, press Select
8. The Select Company screen with the encrypted company is displayed as shown.

10. Select the encrypted company, Tally.ERP 9 will prompt the user to provide the
TallyVault password.

11. Provide the required password and the company data is available for use in a readable
format.
The above procedure will ensure that the data/information is available only to authorised
users.
To enable TallyVault while creating a new company, you must provide the TallyVault password
and repeat the password, the new company created will be secured using TallyVault.

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(c) he basic on-screen keyboard lets you easily type text. You can also use
these on-screen keyboard options:

Split keyboard. The split-keyboard

makes it easy to type with your

thumbs while you hold the Surface in two hands. It also has a numeric
keypad in the center of the screen when youre in landscape mode.

Handwriting. The handwriting option

lets you write with a Surface

pen, a capacitive stylus, or just your finger.

To switch between keyboard options, tap the key in the lower right corner of
the on-screen keyboard, and then tap the icon for the keyboard you want to
use.

On-screen keyboard tips

To

Do this

Use text suggestions

Swipe left or right across the spacebar to selec

then tap the spacebar to select the word sugge

want.

Use keyboard shortcuts that start with

Tap CTRL, and then tap the letter key.

the CTRL key, like CTRL+C or CTRL+V

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To

Do this

Turn Caps Lock on or off

Double-tap either Up Arrow (Shift) key.

Type a period

Double-tap the spacebar.

Show the numeric keypad from the

Tap the &123 button.

standard keyboard

Quickly type a number from the

Tap and hold a key in the top row, then slide to

standard keyboard

Type a character with a diacritical

Tap and hold the letter the mark is applied to, t

mark, like

the character you want.

Type special characters like or

Tap the smiley face

, and then tap the !? icon

bottom row. (For the symbols you use most, tap

icon.)

Find emoticons or other fun symbols

Tap the smiley face

, and then tap the icon in

row. (For the symbols you use most, tap the he

Change the on-screen keyboard settings

You can change typing settings in PC settings. Heres how:
Swipe in from the right edge of the screen, and then tap Settings.
Step (If you're using a mouse, point to the lower-right corner of the screen,
1:

move the mouse pointer up, and then click Settings.)

Step
2:

Tap or click Change PC settings.

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Step
3:

Tap or click PC and devices.

Step Tap or click Typing, and then tap or click to turn the typing settings you
4:

want to change to On or Off

Q4. Describe the complete process ti link two or more work

sheets.
1.
Ans Small Business >
2.
3.

Accounting & Bookkeeping >

Excel

How to Join Two Worksheets Together

Using MS Excel
by Andrew Tennyson, Demand Media

Whenever you create a new Excel document, you are opening what is called
a workbook. Each workbook can have multiple worksheets. If your small
business sells fruit, you might have an Excel workbook devoted to keeping
track of current fruit inventory. Within that workbook, you might have two
worksheets one listing your current inventory of apples and the other listing
oranges. To easily view a summary of all fruit inventory, you can create a
third worksheet that joins together data from the two worksheets. Joining
information from different Excel worksheets is a process called
"consolidation."
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Step 1
Open the two Excel worksheets containing the data you want to consolidate.
They might or might not be part of the same workbook. Make sure that both
worksheets use the same formatting. If you are going to gather all of the data
from the first row of both sheets, for instance, ensure that there are no blank
spaces in that row on either sheet.

Step 2

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Create a new, blank worksheet to serve as your master worksheet. It can be

in an existing workbook or a new workbook. The data youll be joining will
appear on this sheet.
Related Reading: What Are the Uses of Excel & MS Word in Companies?

Step 3
Select a cell on your master worksheet. The data you are about to join will fill
columns downward and to the right from the cell you select, so its usually
best to select the uppermost left cell on your worksheet.

Step 4
Click Consolidate from the Data Tools group, which is found within the Data
tab. A Function box pops up.

Step 5
Select the "Sum" function from the menu in the Function box. In Excel, you
use the sum function when you want to add data together, which is what you
are doing when you join two worksheets.

Step 6
Select the data you want to join. Start by clicking your mouse in the
Reference field within the Function box. Then navigate to the first of the
two worksheets containing data you want to consolidate. When you are on
that sheet, use your mouse to highlight the desired cells. Click Add in the
Function box on your master worksheet.

Q5. While using NPV, in what scenario one can say the project is
viable?
Ans The Net Present Value shows the difference between the projects financial benefits and
costs. NPV is expressed in current money terms. It has the benefit of summarising a lifetime of
cash flow values into a single figure and allowing easy comparison of value between different
projects. Comparisons of the NPVs of different projects must be assessed using the same
discount rate.
Only projects with positive NPV should be developed further. If a project has a negative NPV it
means the costs are greater than the benefits. Such a project should not be continued in its
current form, but it may be possible to redesign it to reduce costs or increase benefits so that the
NPV is positive.

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The Internal Rate of Return is related to the NPV but it is expressed as a percentage. The IRR
shows what interest rate would lead to an NPV of zero. It should be compared with the investors
required rate of return. If the investor has a required return that is lower than the IRR, it means
the project is attractive to that investor (since the project offers a higher return). If the investors
required return is higher than the IRR it means that the investor would not be interested in
pursuing the project.
By allowing an investment to be compared against a required rate of return the IRR gives a yes
or no answer about whether the investment is financially viable. This means the IRR is useful for
testing whether a project is financially viable or not.
However, the IRR alone does not give enough information to say whether one project should be
pursued ahead of another. Instead, the NPV should be used to compare different projects.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

IRR represents the time adjusted earnings over project life. It is that rate that equates the present
value of cash inflows to the present value of cash outflows of the project. Or in other words, the
discount rate that set sets NPV of cash flows to zero.
In the calculation of IRR, a distinction is made in Project IRR and Equity IRR. As the name
suggests, the project and equity IRRs differ in terms of the cash inflows. Project IRR signifies
returns to all investors in the project. For the Project IRR, the cashflows considered would be the
ones directly benefiting the project. Equity IRR measures the returns for the shareholders of
company, after the debt has been paid off. Therefore the latter is based on the free cash flows of
equity holders.
Project IRR must be able to cover the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of the project.
WACC is calculated as the post-tax weighed average cost of the mix of funds employed for the
project. Hence when studying the financial feasibility of the project, we must compare its Project
IRR with its WACC. Only, if Project IRR is greater than the WACC of the project, then the project
should be termed as feasible. Similarly, Equity IRR should be able to cover the cost of equity, for
the project to provide adequate returns to the equity holders.
WACC = (Post-Tax Cost of Debt x proportion of Debt) + (Cost of Equity x proportion of Equity) +
(Cost of Quasi-Equity x proportion of Quasi-Equity)
Project IRR: Returns to all Investors
Is the Rate that makes
Initial Cash Outflow = Operating Cash Inflows + Terminal Value
where
Operating Cash Inflows = PAT + D + A + Interest + change in Net Working Capital
PAT: Profit After Tax
D = Depreciation

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Equity IRR: Returns to Equity holders

Is the Rate that makes
Initial Equity Outflow = Free Cash Flows to Equity + Terminal Value
where
FCF Equity = PAT + D + A Loan Repayment + change in Net Working Capital

CASE STUDY - I
Use the student database available online
( http://www.mhhe.com/behl2e) to answer
following queries using Access:
(a) List the MBA graduates
(b) Student with first name as JOY
(c) Students with first name as JOY or JOE
(d) Name of IT students.
(e) List of all electives.
Ans List of United States business school rankings is a tabular listing of all business
schools and their affiliated universities located in the United States that are included in one
or more of the major public rankings of full-time Master of Business Administration programs.
This is not a comprehensive list of business schools in the United States. These rankings
are a subset of college and university rankings. Business schools are university-level
institutions generally affiliated with a university or college that produces students who
attain business administration degrees. Most of the schools listed in the rankings below
are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. Some of the
publications shown here have related rankings for undergraduate, part-time and executive
curricula.

CASE STUDY-II

A retail company is thinking to open a new stationary store in the

local mall. The fixed
cost to open and manage a store is 30000 Us Dollar, unit price
that they want to charge
for each item is Rs 10 and average unit cost is Rs. 2. Management
wants to find the
optimal demand, so that they are able to break even.
(i) In this case Which tools of Ms excel will give the solution ,
explain the
tools and steps for solving the problem.
(II) Explain all the three kind of What if analysis tools.
Ans (i) Solver is part of a suite of commands sometimes called what-if
analysis tools. With Solver, you can find an optimal (maximum or minimum)
value for a formula in one cell called the objective cell subject to
constraints, or limits, on the values of other formula cells on a worksheet. Solver
works with a group of cells, called decision variables or simply variable cells, that
participate in computing the formulas in the objective and constraint cells. Solver
adjusts the values in the decision variable cells to satisfy the limits on constraint
cells and produce the result you want for the objective cell.

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(II) o for example you could have some products and see what the effect is of

changing the price, or changing the amount of supplies you get, or changing the
amount of staff you are using. Will you make more money by getting staff that must
be paid higher wages but can produce more goods, or staff that are cheaper but
don't produce as much? These things can be tested by entering in the values to be
used in the formulas and calculate the profits. Companies can then make decisions
based on these kinds of analysis.
Excel and other spreadsheet packages provide different ways to do these things.
There is the IF function. There is the Input Tables facility. There is the Scenarios
facility. By using these and other facilities in a spreadsheet you can do What-If
Analysis.
Read
more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_what_if_analysis_used_for_in_Excel
#ixzz34ajBM2vZ

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