/2.1 12.1 _ Water flows through a rotating sprinkler arm as shown in Fig, P12.1 and Video V12.2, Determine the flowrate if the angular velocity is 150 rpm. Friction is negligible. Is this a tur- bine or a pump? What is the maximum angular velocity for this flowrate? T= th (eVox - 1; Yo) =O since there is no friction. Also, Vg Hence, Vo.=9 Yuk u 2 aired 2 150E8t ( 27) (Leia: alee 70 Thus, fe WA, sin@ = Un a ye Ze s Bek 2975 Hence, Q=2\b Ax= “oh (22 8) ) (975%) = 0.00958 = 43 gal/min This is a turbine because the sprinkler moves in vesponse to fluid tlw forces. (EH) M FIGURE P12.1 Since friction is negligible the maximum angular velocity for this Flovrate js the one Covresprnding to ISOvpm < (180 rs (27 4 (i i “ ce) ore or pum = 1S.7 rad 12.012.2 12.2 ‘wo sprinkler arms as sketched in Fig. P12.1 and as shown in »V'12.2, With the help of the moment-of- momentum equa- tion explain way, at a threshold amount of water flow, the sprin- kler arms begin to rotate. What happens when the flowrate in- creases above this threshold amount? Water flows axially up the shaft and out through the @ FIGURE P1 ; je This sprinkler is similav to the one of Example 5/8. Thus, re Me™ Shaft Fram the velocity triangle shown in toe sheth abwe, we comelude that Yoo = (Ww, sm 70" - U) where oh Une Combining , we get zh (w,sin 70° nw) So, when W, is large enough with c= O te overcome 2 Lo > We Sprinkler rotor begins 1 vfate. Shaft wher Htlowrale sncieases tarfher, w is no longer zero negligibly small, Tate 1H ae be W, si 70% rte and wo mereases with wnerease of W, unt) at maximun, value of Wwe alse have maximum valee of o, 12-4(2.3 12.3 The rotor shown in Fig. P12 rotates with an angular velocity of 2000 rpm. Assume thet the fluid enters in the radial direction and the relative velocity is tangent to the blades across the entire rotor. Is the device a pump or a turbine? Explain. MH FIGURE P12.3 T= mh (re Vog-r'Vo,) where Vo)= T{ the rotor is of constant height, then b,=bs and the continvity equation is 2777; by Vpy = 27 Fabs Vig or Vig= fe Vy = SSH (20) = L$ and r Ben, Y=rw so that U,=%> Uz =1.8U, Hence, the following velocity triangles can be drawn. Vj=20 Vea = et 1 y Ve Wh Y=180} i W, 2 I} is seem that the rotor turns the flow into the direction of the blade motion. This is a pump.12.4 12.4 Ata given radial location, a 15 f/s wind against a renee windmill (Gee Video V'12.1) results in the upstream (1) and downstream (2) velocity triangles shown in Fig. P12.4. Sketch an appropriate blade section at that radial location and deter ™ | mine the energy transferred per unit mass of fluid by = 20s Ju, = 20 0s Vielsts 607 m FIGURE P12.4 We can determne whether the axial tow furberrachyr involved is a turbine or @ Fan by compari he chee of the sift force on the rotor blade ee oe direction of the blade velocity Ur, If the lift tore and the blade velocity are jn the some direction a turbine i. involved | Lf the lift farce and blade velocity ave _ ° opposite duections, @ tan is shvolved. he divechon of th litt force can be mferred from the shape of the (the blade section sketched to be tangent the relative Hows enter and leaving the votor row. a | the entering relative flow angle, f, | B= Fon” tas 20) «53° y (is#) Tus, the rotor blade sections skekhed bela are appopriak (con't ) 1-312.4 C@on't) Since the iff force acting on each rotey blade sechon js in the same direction as the blade velocity we conclude that this turbomachine /s a turbine, The energy baurkrred por unit mass ts the shaft Work por unit mass , Wey, ) which we Can dekrmne with Eg. Is . Tras Upatp = ~ UL Vaz o From dhe velocity triangles we obtain Vo = W snl? -vU, 82 2 and Wo eW = Zz a Thus Ong AY tO snes) We - ft y ‘ ° 1 lb shat * (20%) / (ist) + (208f) sinéo -20tt es 7) - w - 33.9 thle Shady slug or —— lb I . fA Wrath? 330 fie | 1,02 i Slug (322 Iben bm Slag 12-412.5 {2.5 Sketch how you would arrange four 3-in.-wide by 12- inlong thin but rigid strips of sheet metal on a hub to create a windmill like the one shown in Video V12.1, Discuss, with the help of velocity triangles, how you would arrange each blade con the hub and how you would orient your windmill in the wind. | wind along rotation axis v, ——_—> Ja-s12.6 12.6 —Sketched in Fig. P12.6 are the upstream (section (1)] ‘and downstream (section (2)] velocity triangles atthe arithmetic mean radius for flow through an axial-flow turbomachine rotor. ‘The axial component of velocity is 50 ft/s at sections (1) and (2). (a) Label each velocity vector appropriately. Use V for ab- solute velocity, W for relative velocity, and U for blade veloc- ity. (b) Are you dealing with a turbine or a fan? (c) Calculate the work per unit mass involved. (d) Sketch a reasonable blade section. Do you think the actual blade exit angle will need to be less or greater than 15°? Why? FIGURE P.12.6 (a) See figure above. (6) T= (1 Voz ~ 1 Vor) = 2 Tmean (Von - Vor) where Ve220 and Vgi<0(see figure above) This, T>0. The machine is a fan. (©) Wygyy = UaNon - UNoy * U(Voa~ Vor) where U=U=Us Since Vy = Veo ~ 50%, if follows from the figure that * ws or Y= sue Naa) Uey-U U and UV coe30" = 50 or Y= 57-7 _ Vox so that Vo) =V, sin I5°=-518 sinist— 13-4 B and Vea Vj sin go"= 22.9 Also, U= MortMesl= 42-2 # i Hence, fgg = 4e2H (20.08 - C134 #)) = (780 (d)From the figure tanO= ates jor O= 48 ° 1 oe w/e This, the blade shape is as shown: r @ Fis? AN rat wtfo (con't ) Var 50 € a- 6[726 (con't) The acta] bade angle will need t be kss then 15° # achieve a 15° flow angle at The bhde exit. Because of boundary layer development on both surteces of the blade, the Fluid angle will be diffevent from the blade angle. Less turmiig Than expected will be achually achieved. 12-72.7 12:7 Shown in Fig. P12.7 is a toy “helicopter” powered by air escaping from a balloon. The air from the balloon flows radially through each ofthe three propeller blades and out small nozzles atthe tips of the blades. The nozzles (along with the rotating propeller blades) are tilted ata small angle as indicated Sketch the velocity triangle (i.e, blade, absolute, and relative velocities) for the flow fom the nozzles. Explain why this toy tends to move upward. Is this a turbine? Pump? = FIGURE P12.7 If we assume the helicopter is stationary, then the blade speed is wR in the horizontal plane as shown in the side view below. The relative velocity, W, i's directed along the nozale, and the absolute velocity, V=W+D, is as indicated. The toy teads to move upward because the flow over the blades push up on them. The air from the balloon forces the blades te rotate Iike 4 turbine. However, the blades act on the ambient av as a pump. 12-312:3 A centrifugal water pump having an impeller diameter of 0.5 m operates at 900 rpm. The water enters the pump parallel to the pump shaft, If the exit blade angle, B., (see Fig. 12.8) is 25°, determine the shaft power required to tum the impeller when the flow through the pump is 0.16 m'/s. The uniform blade height is 50 mm. pee i Wonety 7 Shab Shatt Tete 2 PG Ce Yon “h I) (24. 2.0) WT Vp, Fe Tshatt = 2%. "02 on From Fig. 12.8 Oh V cot 8 = 2 Oe he so That Veg = a Vig Ob, a rad oe az 2 0.25m wrth po (100 Bh len er = 742 ee bo =, a Uric = (025m)(H2 #4) = 234 2 Since the flowrate 13 given, 1't follows That O= 27h a Ves m?) Ae @ (oe Ky = _Oles = Zoe mt 2° ahh, (20.26) (0.05.0) : Thus, from 9.2) Won 2 (23.67- 2.04 Cotes) = 172 F ana tom &4. 4) Theft = (999 £2, 0, No.zem)(19.2 $= Ted Noo o 5 Nim) (2m red \fGo0 ee ee = 40RkW ee 16 rat 6 Noe Nom i = tated 5 RW 12-412.9 12.9 Discuss the differences between a centrifugal pump ‘und a positive displacement pump (see Views V12.3 for an ex- ample of a positive displacement pump impeller that loos like 4 centrifugal pump impeller, A centifiugal pump vnpeller pushes agamst the torces developed by @ tluid Flowing over its wetted Surfaces and in So doing moves Aiuid threugh. e A positive displacement pump "paps ° or captures" a volume of Fluid and moves the entie volume from one location to another. 12-J012.10 ‘A centrifugal pump impeller is rotating at 1200 rpm in the direction shown in Fig. P12.10. The flow enters parallel {0 the axis of rotation and leaves at an angle of 30° tothe radial direction. The absolute exit velocity, Vz. is 90 ft/s. (a) Draw the velocity triangle for the impeller exit flow. (b) Estimate the i torque necessary to turn the impeller if the fluid density is 2.0 siugs/ft*. What will the impeller rotation speed become if, the shaft breaks? FIGURE P12.10 (a) The ext How velocity triangle can be tenstructed Graphically 45 Udicated below, ¥ \ (200 By New Ri) wih U,= ges 05%) —“Teea From the velocity Wade _ a Vee GH fig Veo Since Vp, Vz Sin 30° and that - (& -\y sin 30? Zé tan 2+ z V, 0530 <1 [62.9 £ -Go #) sii 30" (4 $£) cos 70° " W hn (cont) n= Ve @s 30° 1 follows 12-11(2IO (ton t> Thus, tron tne velocity triangle : Vv, 30°_ (94) tos0° Ww, > Vere = 2, OS = (05 530 2 5 12.7? (os 12.9° Gos 12.9° = 80.0 $ with fp, ana Wo known, tue velocity triage & Com pletel, speerfied. (£) From Fg. 12,7 with Vp, 20 TS heb mks Voz tl Since m= Pema b, Vez =(20 SM Var Nost)(z A) (G0, los 30° eens) slugs | so that trom Bg.) | Thats = (0.8 88°) (0.54) F) sin 30° A positie torgue is 1 the same divection as The retahon, when the shaft breaks, the torgue becomes sero and rhe impeller eventually stops because there js no longer & ariving torgue te force i# fo rotate. In a pump, the shatt forgue drives fhe impeller and the impeller moves fluid. On the ofber hand , ji F » 2 a turbine tty - Cla drives the tinpe Her. Bp Nate NEALE [2-12i211 Discuss the main simplifying assumptions associated with Eq. 12.13 and explain why actual head rise is always less than ideal head rise, Discuss how ideal head rise is head “added” to the fluid and actual head rise is head “gained” by the fluid. £51213 is ebhinecd assuming that no loss of avarlable encrgy ocean im the tow threngh the pump simpeller. The acral head vise across the pump is thus epual to the ideal bead rise across the pump ruinus the loss of available onersy suftereol by the lowing Slard became of trichsn. The blades add the sdeal head bise amount to the Howing Amid, however, The Fld Flow loss results py The achral tad rite real; red by tye towing Flajd berrg ess than the (deal amount by foe 1033. 12-13[azz 12.12 A centrifugal radial water pump has the dimensions , = 025 tis shown in Fig. P12.12.The volume rate of flow is 0.25 ft/s, if and the absolute inlet velocity is directed radially outward. The q { angular velocity of the impeller is 960 rpm. The exit velocity | as seen from a coordinate system attached to the impeller can | Tr bbe assumed to be tangent to the vane at its trailing edge. Calculate the power required to drive the pump. i is. Bin, t>- @) ion (a 0.75 ine m FIGURE P12.12, Frem &9. /2. uw we Vp, =0, a 7) What © = pou To determne Va we use = hoo = (iby) (oot, Neer 1 BN ioe )= tl E To obbers Voz we use the exct Velocity triangle a below | Since Von> Ua - Yee bee and y= @= @. (ozst Vien Be) lat te A, eb (zn) (8510-) (075i) . vt follows That te Von (6.1 ~h39 tine) # = 451% Thus, trom ic a) = (ign HE Nore Ela #1) Wong fe = lo1o feb or feb F 1010 = = g Wout = “eee ~ AA ET Shp 2-14213 | ‘Water is pumped with a centrifugal pump, and meas- ‘urements made on the pump indicate that for a flowrate of 240 ‘gpm the required input power is 6 hp. For a pump efficiency of 62%, what is the actual head rise of the water being pumped? From Ey. 12.23 The pump efficiency 13 given by TH oj uation _ ¥@ Aa / 550 q bhp o That ° (yCbhp Xe5o) Z,: oe @ 7 (2,626 Ap $5 Eh ) (ozy #2 )[ G40 S/O ENE, J] | = 613 IZ 15J2.d4 —, The performance characteristics of a certain centrif- uugal pump are determined from an experimental setup similar to that shown in Fig. 12.10. When the flowrate ofa liquid (SG = 0.9) through the pump is 120 gpm, the pressure gage at (I) indicates a vacuum of 95 mm of mercury and the pressure gage indicates a pressure of 80 kPa. The diameter ofthe pipe jet is 110 mm and at the exit it is $5 mm. Tf 2, ~ Z) = 0.5 m, what is the actual head rise across the pump? Explain how you would estimate the pump motor power re- quirement. From EB. (2.19 veut “ -Y 1 eee eee Sine _ Caogpm lb. 309 x10 me ys P.O spe NT i ees i A, = (o10m)* and ba hhe MO. 7 mAs m yz y (ee fe @mF#)@) z194 | . 3 Tous, From gs wih fe ~ Gy, )Oyy) = - Ce 04m) (3x13 2.) and p~,7 Fox 1d Nm? , f 0x0 MY. + (0.015 )isaxi0) Cana) leant) a (2.9019. 80x 10°) 2, om 2 64.82) ied se a To estimak. the Pump mato power reguivertnt use G. 2-23 = 0 he. bhp (550) b get bhp = & Oho, y5so) For A fering Values #9, a cooresponding bhp can be calerlike 12-16[21S ‘The performance characteristics of a certain centrif- ugal pump having a 9-in.-diameter impeller and operating at 1750 rpm are determined using an experimental setup similar to that shown in Fig. 12.10, The following data were obtained during a series of tests in which zy — x, = 0, V3 = Vj,and the fluid was water. Qigem 20 [40 foo 80 fio | 120 | 40 ps— pices |402 |4oa foes {362 | ass | 301 | 258 Power input hp)| 1381 2271 2671 2951 aus! 34s! 400 Based on these data, show or plot how the actual head rise, fy. and the pump efficiency, 7, vary with the flowrate. What is the design flowrate for this pump? From Eg. (2.19 with 2 > 2 ana Vibe te= tach + Thus, for the first set of data in The table hee (v0.2 Be we Bi) © ee, 92. P46 5 eel ates 04« lose 1° tp and for the First set of data m the table 7: G24, )[@o sem) /(f.98 #1) (68, )] (oe. 84) 2 #03 IEC TPMT Gea MP nee Jj OTP OE fib np (1.58 hp )( 550 F = 0,247 he 249.7% Remastiing values br be ana tan be Caltulated th a simler tmanner and all values ave tabulated ii Tu table below. or Q CG pm) | zo to bo | 80 | foo | r20 | Yo ty (£4) \ 92.8 | 925 | 877 | 835) 773 695 | S45 ia) ea ete aioe 494.9 | SIS | 63 | bee | 52.6 a (cent) 12-177215] (cont ) A plot of the data is shown below The desigh Flowrate occurs at peak efficiency and ss 107 gpm. Teg : ope fae Fo orem oT pet i een ° ° me ‘ 7‘ ry Tes Be Te 12-181216 12.16 I is sometimes useful to have ft, ~ Q pump per- formance curves expressed in the form of an equation. Fit the hh, ~ Q data given in Problem 12.410 an equation ofthe form hh, = hy — RQ? and compare the values of f, determined from the equation with the experimentally determined values. (Hint: Plot h, versus Q* and use the method of least squares to fit the data t0 the equation.) Based on the data trom Problem 12.15, the Folloumg table can be Crected and fiom a Standard, linéar regression carve Frthiig Program The fellewiig results are obtaned @ (gpm) | 2 | #0 bo | 50 | Jeo | ize | s¥0 (0. Gpm]* exi0™| sox10?| aoxi0™| Gx 1°] Zo010* | See xi) /4bxi0"| A, Gt) | %2.9| #5) 979 | 635 | 773 | ots | ses b4,.l4* -l.00 | 0.8! -221| 2.26 | 0.39 | 0.33 |-2.52 * ok, = te Cexperimental) - Ay (predicted ) The eguetien obtained trom the dat. using linear regression i 4, = 74.5 — 0.00176 @ a) where 4, 15 im f4 with Q@ th gpm. A plot showms the Comparison between the experimental dite and the predicted results (from &g 1) ts Shown below 90 pan ~o- Experimental Flowrete, , gpm 12-1912,17 12.17 In Example 12.3, how will the maximum height, 2), that the pump can be located above the water surface change if (a) the water temperature is increased to 120 °F, or (b) the fluid is changed from water to gasoline at 60 °F? (4) From Table 8.1 the weber vapor pressure © | 692 psia and 6 = 6471 BSF Thus, with Ths Change Wh EB.(2) in Example 12.3 a (nh, ity Be) (Zz loz (692 Bde) eee | bin Bs 30 fat | Bina = SEF | Thus, There 13 4 decrease mm height fiom 2br ft to SSH. (6) From Table Lb The gasoline Vapor pressure at boF iW 8.0 psie and ts ¥2.5 ge? Thus, as above 2 MIE iy eB Cd’ we) na tb BE Bs te tn (70 #. Cre 4) i \ | | | | | | ¥2.5 xs | \ I | ~ itt so That Pa = L147 (2 ova ELE Tne negetive sign tr EJugy Indicates thak under the Condi twas specified the pump Could not operate loiThout Cavitation ‘unless 1+ Is located belour the Surface Jevel of the gasline- 12-20218 12/8 A centrifugal pump with a 7-in.-diameter impeller has the performance characteristics shown in Fig. 12.12. The pump is used to pump water at 100 °F, and the pump inlet is located 12 ft above the open water surface. When the flowrate jis 200 gpm the head loss between the water surface and the ump inlet is 6 ft of water. Would you expect cavitation in the ump to be a problem? Assume standard atmospheric pressure. Explain how you arrived at your answer. From Ef. i225" Rim WPsh= SE - 2, - Fh - i a from Table B./ The water vaper pressure eb (00°F 1s 0.9698 psa = b = : and £2 62.00 By. Thus, with Bagg M7 psa, B= l2tt, and From Fig, 12.12 at 200 gpm For proper pump speretion NPSH, 2 NPSHR Since this 1s true ii THiS case, W& expect Mat cavitaten Wi The pump would mot be a problem. Ne. M22112, 19 Water at 40°C is pumped from an open tank through 200 m of $0-mm-diameter smooth horizontal pipe as shown in Fig. P12.19 and discharges into the atmosphere with a velocity of 3 m/s. Mino: losses are negligible. (a) Ifthe efficiency of oe the pump is 70%, how much power is being supplied to the Powel oS purnp? (b) What is the NPSH, atthe pump inlet? Neglect losses. FIGURE 12.19 tn the short section of pipe Connecting the pump to the tank, Assume sangard atmospheric pressure 3 eal (@) oa Wear, = 2 ht Ft ag tat atts 4 a) where p=pao, Y= 2,29 aud 2.20, Thus, £3.01) becomes z+ Alse, VD. (3% a Ber EP = BEM ee La ap yh (6,580 x12") and trom Fig, 8.23 For smooth pipe £= 0.0152. Thus, trom ieee Z Gags i ggn)]- = EZ lie 0.012 (- Bm = L538 P2048) ” ™” Hence, Power gamed by fluid = rok, 3 = (4.73) x10 NE) o05m) (3 # )iee3m) FHS XIN = LS kW ana . : Auer gamed by Hud hed + some FAN Ny TA Per supphe pump EMfinieny = hLés kW = 2074W () From Eq. 12.24 NPSH = eS + te*. Pr where # and Ve refer te the pressure and Velocity at the Pump inlet, respectiely. Also, a, 4% & Ke By br +es By hte +4, # zs 2, + * Z% Se het with B= Pty , ViF9, B20, ant 4,50 (ont? Wd BR Diameter =2m@ (2)219 (Cont ) Btm ze Gea ogee aad Therefore trom Eg) The available NPSH 1s Ws, = late pz, ~ Pr 4 e + Note tat this result torvespotds to 2Z.12.25 With & pesitve (since pump 1s below reservoir) and ZL =0. | From Table B.2 the Wweter vaper pressure at Yo*C Us 737L 107 Ny? (abs) ant F= 9.731 x17 Nan? Thus, Prom Lg (4) Wi Fete * lot kPe i by W PSH, = Ger xv? 2, ) (zs xw,) —— ot Bm OF 30 3 09:73) xv? #, ) (4231 110° %,) = (26m 12-23 Ww/2.20 12.20 The centrifugal pump shown in Fig. P12.20 is not self-priming, That is, ifthe water is drained from the pump and Pipe as shown in Fig. P12.20(a), the pump will not draw the ‘water into the pump and start pumping when the pump is tumed ‘on. However, if the pump is primed {ic filled with water as in Fig. P12.20(6)]. the pump does stant pumping water when tumed on. Explain this behavior. (@) w m FIGURE P12.20 The head-tlowrate characteristics for a typual centrifugal pump are shown in Fig, 12.11. The maximum head That the pump ¢an add occurs When when GHO (ce, at shark up for example) This heed bs ui terms of the Fluid 1a the pump. Neglecting losses and the velocity head (ana cavitation effects) the Pump Can lift the Hud a heght # egual to the head added by the pump. However, 1 the Fluid ri The pump i ach (ere, not primed) the head added Ws 16 berms of FL or m of aly, For example, st b= 7fk The pump tould raise water thet Nigh 1f 1t 1 primed (filled ita water) LF fhe pump i not primed (filled with air) Then The pump can enly raise wattr up to « distance Hs Gof lub = gofy STB) _ 0.0368 42 (era i, water Er Hence the water we'll mot geé into the pump. 12-24%“2.27 (Owing to fouling of the pipe wall, the friction factor for the pipe of Example 124 increases from 0.02 to 0.03. De- termine the new flowrate, assuming all other conditions remain the same. What is the pump efficiency at this new flowrate? Explain how a line valve could be used to vary the flowrate through the pipe of Example 12.4. Would it be better to place the vaive upstream or downstream of the pump? Why’ lit #=0.02, Betz) im Example 124 eames y2 r (200 ft) = 03 Zett) 4 (o, —_ 4,2 wt +| 003 rye) le s+1s10)| Tare w Since, y= @. ol) 7 2 QGiay Eg.) Can be Written as Aye jo + 6.040? or with @ ns gel/min 2 Ape (0+ 3.00.Ki° (@ lgebbua)] a The intersection of Eg.t2) (the system eguetion) witr te performance curve rv the pump, @5 shown below, Mnthitates That tre new Htlowrate 1% O= 1400 and the efhicieney at tha flouvate | approximately 7. 100 more Bichon (closing valve) — ' Ge aa ° Beesaee eee eee = 0400-800 —*1200—*1600 2000-2400 don't) Flowrate, gain 12-2572.21 | (Con't ) A tne valve acts as te the tow a variable Frichonal resistance the valve is Gquivalend to adding frletion and moving The. system curve to the lett tnterseching the head curve at an cperatonal Polit MavelVjin Cl losing less flowrate than with a more open valve setting, This system curve is sketched in the Figure on the previous Page and labeled “more tiction (closing vale ). Opening te Valve is similar Te removing ficthern agnol moving the Systtm curve to Ihe right iatersecting the head wurve at an operating point smveling mere floaimle an with a less open valve setting, This Sekm curve /s shathed on the previous page and labeled “Wess teichin Copemag vale). at would be generally beter tr place the valve downstream of The pump to aver the low suction pressure, and cavitation possible wilh upsheam placement of fhe vahe, 12-26[az] 12.22 A centrifugal pump having a head-capacity relation- ship given by the equation fi, = 180 - 6.10 x 10-40", with hr, in feet when Q is in gpm, isto be used with 2 system similar 16 that shown in Fig. 12.14, For =. — =, = 50 ft, what is the expected flowrate ifthe total length of constant-diameter pipe is 600 ft and the fluid is water? Assume the pipe diameter to be 4 in, andthe friction factor to be equal t 0.02. Neglect all minor losses. | | aye she Bw Zur Fre rh =o B+ Brartge 27) and with pzpro, Yah so, soft, £20.02, D= Ha tt, and A= beott 29.4) becomes 2 4,2 Soft + 0.02 Coot) _V*_ @) a CE a) 2022 £) ee 2, Since ys oe o(#) A _ GE) £02) can be writen as | 2 tp= For 73.4 @ or with 0 th gal/min 2 dps S04 3by x” lo w%)] (3) The pump head- capacity relationship 1+ -~4% BS tee 18d - b.soxi* [0 aid] o) Thus, The operating point wll occur at the flowrate Where Ag = tp, or | | - ~# 186 ~b10xD Q) = 50% BbYxI0 | | Re So thet D= B65 apm 12-2712.23 A centrifugel pump having a 6-in.-diameter impeller and the characteristics shown in Fig. 12.12 isto be used to pump gasoline through 4000 ft of commercial steel 3-in.-diameter pipe. The pipe connects two reservoirs having open surfaces at the same elevation. Determine the flowrate. Do you think this pump is @ good choice? Explain re +2 + FOR, (ep) =e, L= ¢o00tt, md D= Y2tt Cneplecting muir losses), Bg (1) becomes and with $= p20, (Yoo) _V* __ (2) (ff) Ht) wank) Since ye = GHG) 4 &lger Bg.) can be writen #s hy = N03 x10 °¢[ovx)) eB The Prichey Father depends on Ke= Wiy= 4afrov Gna with Vi 4GXlOftYs her gesoline ) ‘ Ret cagiceL = /6 ‘LEY © Mh MGT) r x10 @ (Fe) Fer commercial steel 3-in diameter pipe (From Aig, 8.22) poe oA BT PX Thus, bra given O, £ Can be chtained trom the Hoody chart , or the Colebrook eguation CE. £35), ana kp dekermined from &3.(3). Tabulated values ave fivéu i the Following table (cont) 12-28(2.23 (Cent) | 0c) o#)| ke | # | 4@ | Yo 0.0391 | %27xI0"| 00208) /70 | |g ore | /85xu®| 00/93 | 630 | | 20 0.267 2.78 x108| 0.0187 | 137 | Ieo | 0357 | 371 05] 0.0184 | 242 200 | une | youre] no1e2 | 373 a4o 6.535 | SSX") 601g) | 534 These data (hp v5.Q) arc plotted on Fig, 2.12 (reproduced Yelow), ank the flowrate 26 the latersection of The system Curve and the pump curve 1 G= 58 Jal 70 Sirice at ths flowrete the pump operates near peak efbicsency This type of pump Would appear fo be & geod Chore sf tre 158 9M min Howrate 13 ab or near The desired Poisrate | stot ie Capacity, gatimin | 42-29[2.24 | Determine the new flowrate forthe system described in Problem 12.23 if the pipe diameter is increased from 3 in. to 4 in. Is this pump still a good choice? Explain. Refer bo solution to Problem 12.73. With b= Weft gen be comes (ooo #t) S 4: f avare) (2) aoa 2 - OC%) Pea so thad Ay= 24510" £ lowe. ))” 3) The Reynolds number becomes ke £& = 4 OG) = 7.304 0° 0 AY) TOV i) Yfe (41) Ee comnercie! steel ttn dremeter pipe (from Fig. £22), £ = $3 yD. Thus, for & giten @, F Can be obtained fon The Moody chart, or the Clebrook eguatiin CE. 835), aud hp determnéd trom &y (3). Tabulated Values are givén i the follewing Fable . oG)| of) ke # [44 | te ogg | basxi” | oozn 4l | 8 2178 | 139x105 | oor | MKF 2. 0.267 | Lopxw® | 00/83 | 32.0 lear 0.357 | 278X107 | 0.0179 559 | 200 o.4ye | 348x105 | 0.017% 853 | 24 6.535 | I7Kws | ool | 22 280 aore | 487405 | ore | lb4 | 320 0.713 | 5,5440* | 0.0170 | 22 These data. (hy vs. 0) are ploed on Fix, (2.12 Creproduced on the following page), and the Hlavrate at the satersecton of fhe system Curve ank The pump lurve ss - ga! P= 255 = (con't) J2-30eH Cont) 4080 120 160° 200 280 380 320” ‘Capacity, gtimin Since at tus flowrate fre pump efficiency fairly dow (49%), this pump i ne longer « geod ches (2-3)12.25 A centrifugal pump having the characteristics shown in Example 12.4 is used to pump water between two large open tanks through 100 ft of 8-in.-diameter pipe. The pipeline con- tains 4 regular flanged 90° elbows, a check value, and a fully ‘open globe value. Assume the friction factor f = 0.02 for the 100-ft section of pipe. Other minor losses are negligible. If the static head (difference in height of fluid surfaces in the two tanks) is 30 ft, what is the expected flowrate? Do you think this pump is a good choice? Explain. Application of The energy eguation between te two fre surfaces, points (1) and 2), gives 2 2 2 Pe, Vy ” tw ewe ar D4 Y=y=0, and B-2,= 3044, Eg U1) becomes ' dep= Bott + = 4, | The heed foss_term Can be expresied as 7 pg ZA, [¥l03) + lor 2 + 0.02 (Fp) [2 G22) Te ie with The miter Joss Coefficients obtamed from Table 23, Also, y= 2. PFD a” Dae 2 Ap Bot 2.06 (at#%4)] or the system t5uetion Can be writin 45 “5 gel. tips Fer 102 xio (oz) (7) The intersechon of the Systm curve (%.3) with 100 ae oInamn ae tieenBeIninHEE the pump Curve as Shown | onthe tgure, thdicates | that i p= tty Hh Smice the efticiency af this flowrate 1s near peak efficrencg, 4S Shown on Tre figure, Tis_pump would be fachry. (2 and &f.%) becomes fo— E0icTeney if (ohm 0 400 ~ “800-1200 160026002400 Fiowrate, gain 12,25 (2-3272.26 12.26 Ina chemical processing plant a liquid is pumped from an open tank through a 0.1-m-diameter vertical pipe into another open tank as shown in Fig. P12.26(a). A valveis located in the pipe, and the minor loss coefficient for the valve as a function of the vaive setting is shown in Fig, P12.26(b). The pump head-capacity relationship is given by the equation h, = 52.0 - 1.01 X 10° ? with fi, in meters when Q is in m'/s. ‘Assume the friction factor f = 0.02 for the pipe, and all minor losses, except for the valve, are negligible, The fluid tevels in the two tanks can be assumed to remain constant, (a) Determine the flowrate with the valve wide open. (b) Determine the re- quired valve setting (percent open) to reduce the flowrate by 50%. Oren o 20 30 60 80 100 (Closes) (Open) Percent valve setting ” M FIGURE P12.26 fila = fr Weae Dh A) F-brarh 4 ann with $2 p20, V.=%=0, and 2-22 83m, Eg.) becames toy = B8m + Eh, ay The head Joss Hrm cun be expressed 45 Zh (kr FOy (4) With the valve opty Ki xho (Arm Fig. P12.296) 50 thet wity f 20.02, A= 3om, and D= Olan, Ey.C2) Can be written as 2 Seen? J] v2 = o ve ty > 33m + [ho + 02 oe riz) and with -2 Ol) VOR lam)? ow £93) becomes 2 A= Bim + [hor b.0]G26) Loom] cH) P : : tps 89+ F78x00 [oe] es) or (cont) /2-33[ 12.26 J (tent) Since The pump epuation ts i tps FL.0-1 00 x0 °F ce)” “) | yl) and 9.06) can fe cae b deteroune the Fowrate, Thus, BB+ STB 79° = 52.0-/. 0] x10 59 and am? QF 0.052 |b) tf the Aowrate si to be cat mi half so that Qe 005242 = 0.0265 ms, the heed added Sy the pump “s : Ap> Sh0- joi x13 (0.02652) | = S0.bm From 29.2 wim Kk, unkqown S0.b.m = 380+ Ch, +b.0N92b)(0.005-2°)* So That A= 243 From Fig. 12294) the vale Would be [3% epen te obtain This kK, (2-3412.27 A centrifugal pump having an impeller diameter of 1 mis to be constructed so that it will supply a head rise of 200 m at a flowrate of 4.1 m°/s of water when operating at a Speed of 1200 rpm. To study the characteristics of this pump, 1/5 scale, geometrically similar model operated at the same speed is to be tested in the laboratory, Determine the required model discharge and head rise. Assume both model and pro- totype operate with the same efficiency (and therefore the same flow coefficient) For similarity The model pump rust operate at the same Flow wefticient, &f. 12.32, 50 That (Se), * (GS) ad>/,, wD3/p Where the subscript (im) refers to The model and (p) to the Prototype - Thus; Wem [Dog 4 Gm” ae (#) % and with Lm > lp, De /Dy= 15, and Got Ela, Then Q, = UUES 412?) = 003282? From 2g. 12,33 ate E ate (45) (5) =~ & [lim */ Do }* 4,,,> Gon (ey RI4, ta = = a we WIT p= Jom m= &p 2m /Dp= Vo, and Bag = 20m, so That 4, =U) $)* oom) = 8.00 1m (2-35(2.22 rs Explain how Fig. 12.18 was constructed from test dala. Why is tis use of specific speed important? llustrate with | a specific example. A variety of pump configurations like the ones shown in Fig. 12.18 were tested over a range of flow rates. Performance data like those shown in Fig. 12.17 were acquired. For each pump configuration, the operation at maximum efficiency was noted and the specific speed, N, , (Eq. 12. 43) was calculated for that condition of flow. These specific speed values calculated at maximum efficiency operation were then used to distribute the different pump configurations as shown in Fig. 12.18. Specific speed is important because from desired design operational data (, Q, and h, ) a specific speed value can be determined. With that value of specific speed and Fig. 12.18 the designer can decide what kind of pump configuration to use for maximum efficiency operation. For example, at lower values of specific speed, a centrifugal pump is generally best. At higher values of specific speed, an axial-flow pump may be best. In between values of specific speed may suggest that a mixed-flow pump would serve most efficiently. 12-3612.29 Use the data given in Problem 12.15 and plot the dimensionless coefficients C,, Cs, 7 versus Cy for this pump. Calculate 2 meaningful value of specific speed, discuss its use- fulness, and compare the result with data of Fig. 12.18. From Problem I215 the tollewny dete were obtained ' © Gpm) Ze 4 bo 80 oo 20 Ie he GD ae 92.5 | 879 53.5 77:3 bas | 545 q Ch) 24.7 $2 454 SUS 643 bay S2e wer 158 2.27 | 2.67 29s" 319 | 349 Yoo siiput (hp) | Far w= (750 "Ver wll = [83306 and D> Z 4, it Follows That 2 G2 Gomi G2 ¥ Maks) CO Ca) EAP = 268K 10” © (ppm) ~ pha. (22) 4.44) wo” (193,384) (Lay = 70x? LB) = Webb - Weepe Chp) (550 & ) Puede (se (isa ew 4 = 194 X15 * Wes CHP) Based en the data above! Olgpm)| 20 4 60 go foo | oe | M¥o | Co | srei6*| Lisaw?| 123.00 230en?| 29B00"| 246x089) Hoax? CH O15 81 | 0157 OSE98 61923 | 0/317 | oHd# | 0.10% @ la.07 v0 #yoxw''| Susewt| sre | bu9ib*| G70 ZIbrI0 xr 24-7 | fue | 44 | SUT | a3 | 6e¥ 74 C cont) 12-37i i | 12.29 (con't ) The plot of Cy, $7 versus Cg 18 Shown below. esl lo cael awe tae BLi0" 0 ee3 Ng = Go (1pm) (lyr) Chen] - fe = 63% So for Q= /00 pn at Ve 63 N= (1750 9m) fear) 5 a COz3#)] ‘ which is wittua the vange oF MN) wolues Ar vaclin/ Siow pumps im Fig. 12.18 (2-3812.30 12.30 A centrifugal pump provides a flowrate of 500 gpm when operating at 1750 rpm against a 200-ft head, Determine the pump’s flowrate and developed head if the pump speed is increased to 3500 mpm. For « gwen pump the effect of a change if specel on O and ty 3 gwen by Es, 12.36 aan 12.57, Thus, a, w =z z (49.12.36) and wilt B= S00gem, W,= /7sp bpm, and W,= 3500 rpm, Then = ep = (3500 rpm) (500 4pm & aw, cares IP) = (000 gpm Similarly, te =e =, (£3 12,37) so Thad with 4g, = 200 ft A, (8 Pky = ( PERE) C200 fe) 7 ‘) 7750 rpm = s00ft 2-3412.31 12.31 A centrifugal pump with 2 12-in.-diameter impeller requires a power input of 60 hp when the flowrate is 3200 gpm against a 60-ft head. The impeller is changed to one with a 10- in, diameter. Determine the expected flowrate, head, and input power if the pump speed remains the same. Fer geometrically similar pumps operating at the Same Speed The effect of « Change it impeller diameter 1 Givin by Pgs. 12.39, 12.40, 12.41. Thus, Gs af (&g. 12.39) o BP and with b= B200gpm, OF I2In, And Dz 10In. = (2, 3 Pa G2* (B) @= [2 ) (4200 spm) = (850 5pm J2 tn. From ©. 12.40 d oD” Cé far 2 f. 12-40) fe, So thet with te, = 60 4 2 = uJ = fo) 7 = tas (By he, = (Bitte) = HH 4 Stmilarla From ©g. [2.41 Wshete, DF ts 5 pe W244 W su, 9° z a and with Wepats = b0hp 4 s 7 . _/B\ _ (/o1n. - Wyeps,= (Pe) Vout, = (LE )Gotp)= 241 12-40[7232 12.32 Do the head-flowrate data shown in Fig. 12.12 appear to follow the similarity laws as expressed by Eqs. 12.39 and 12.40? Explain. Tae data im Fig. [2.12 show tne ebbect of charging impeller diamekr en head- Howrate Chavackenshies. According to the similarity lows expressed by &g. 12.39 Gnd by. 12 0 - 2 2 = 2B (£g. 12.39) fe = 2. (Ep, )2.4) 2 ys Thus, as the dtameter 1 Iereased ftom bi. to 7 be bin the tlowrete increases according to Ef (239 « . : 3 bh. \2, (From bin. Tin.) @+(2) 5 (22 ¥4, = 1599, and . 3 Grom bin. by 8.) Qe 5a )'o, = 2374, Similarly, from £9. (2.40 . 2 Ge tn Bi) yal BY, A BE) Ie ang (trom bit. to bin. ) 42 EE) he = L78 he, Thus, fr any gin point, sacn ao CA) luhere Q= leo gpm ana ty 7250 (see fig, 1212 on pollown's page) for thw bt diameter Impellee, Me Corresponding predieted Perit would be & (B) Where z a “ Gy = U.59) Creogpm) = 141 gpm A, = (26) (sett) * 340 ft fe ( con't) 12-4)[72.32 | (con't) eae meee | 0 BO 120 16200240 F80 “320 Capacity, gatmin Similarly, tor the Bin duimeter impeller the Predicted port, pont (C), weuth be at @ +(2.37) [ize gpm) = 28% gpa and thas (78) (ese tt) = ws Ft Powts B) ana () Fall near The Corresponding curves 1” Fig, 2.12 thereby demeonstratiig thet They do appear to fellow Te similarity faws, Yes Note tak according to The Smilanty laws Tue b-si. diameter curve 1s simply translated to Tae night and upward te obtein the eorrespondiig hetd-flowrabe carves for The Tin and g-in. diameter pumps Lt us clear trom Fig. 12.12 Tat ths 1s generally how The Three Curves are related. 12-42,A centrifugal pump has the performance character: istics of the pump with the 6-in.-diameter impeller described in Fig. 12.12, What is the expected head gained if the speed of this pump is reduced to 2800 rpm while maintaining a flowrate ‘equal to 200 gpm? From Fig. 12.12. for the brn diameter impeller qperating at I800r~m, Q= 70 gpm ank he=230Hk when eperetiny at peak eFhicrency Csee Agure below). Thus, rf The pump is still operated at peak efficiency with Te Speed reduced +e 2900 rpm Then from £9, 12.3 Bw C&y, 12. 36) — 506 rpm so That Qs BOF (Zee Neregpe) = lab gpm From 4G, 12.37 so That { tem ¥ er ee ) exe ft) = it | : pees - a ee ti izes Vol oa Bo 120160 200 280 260320 Capocity etimin (Ep, 12.37) | 12-4312.34 Ina certain application a pump is required to deliver '5000 gpm against 2 300-ft head when operating at 1200 rpm. ‘What type of pump would you recommend? Br Q= S000 gpm, es 300 Fh, and w= noorpm, the Specific speed My = c2 Crom) [0 Gem) (h]”* (i200 rpm ) } Stee gpm eee en (32 Aa)" oo Fron Fig. 12.18, Ws spectre speed a radial Plow pump Centrifuge! pump) weuld be recommended [2-4412,35 12.35 A certain axial-flow pump has a specific speed of, Ng = 5.0. If the pump is expected to deliver 3000 gpm when ‘operating against a 15-ft head, at what speed (rpm) should the pump be run? came ao Cred) [@CL) Ng= ae * [gee) 4.G¢0)] % for N= 50, p= tz teh} Ke IE fQ, and wity Bee #4. 5 Gale Sua e (248 £2.) (bmn ) bes it Pollows That 4 (50) [Gare & is fe)} ly (Als) = y 663 = (9g "8 Hence Z (rpm) = (1% m4) (sox; ) rad 20 rev = 1900 rpm JA-45[72-36 A certain pump is known to have a capacity of 3 m/s when operating at a speed of 60 rad/s against a head of 20 m. Based on the information in Fig. 12.18, would you recommend a radial-flow, mixed-flow, or axial-flow pump? oe ee 0 Cradle) | BGs) © [iglolge) Ae Om) fr t= borad/s, = Bamls, g=F8imls? and fo = 20m p= (eth? (sr [Cermhs)foom)] = 198 From Fig, 12.18 corte Mp= 498 The pump 1s Ge neal Aes 12-46[a.s7 J 12.37 Fuel oil (sp. wt = 48.0 Ib/ft?, viscosity = 2.0 x 10-5 Ibs/ft?) is pumped through the piping system of Fig. P12.27 with a velocity of 4.6 ft/s. The pressure 200 ft upstream from the pump is 5 psi. Pipe losses downstream from the pump are negligible, but minor losses are not (minor loss coefficients are given on the figure). (a) For a pipe diameter of 2 in, with a relative roughness e/D = 0.001. determine the head that must. ==: Spsi bbe added by the pump. (b) For a pump operating speed of 1750 v=a.6 Ws ‘pm, what type of pump (radial-flow, mixed-flow, or axial-flow) }—_200 eS would you recommend for this application? tx, 180 m@ FIGURE P12.37 gt > tea QQ) (a ta fea rh Be Brae Z4 Win be eoW fe, bespsi, R=0, Yr Kb Hh, nae and Z,-2,5 2044, &g.0 becomes Sipe ) (1 2) : Ce OEY gs tohe Zh, ow OR, oe The head “Sho fe ““ fepresee ¢ a ee aa 10.0 F1S + 10 —_—- ate LTT thn, eit | ef CAEP) The Reynolds number 1% 4 mpi. (BE a BE . | — = SUXIb 2.0 x 10% Nes =a ana with Sp= 0001 f= 0.02 (fam Fig, £23). Thus, AL= (3b ft and fim FF (2) hp= 18.3 £4 ) Sine a @=VAF OG Kei #) = 0/00 er b= (0.100?) (743 ! Nios, ) = HS.0 gpan the specific speed at 1750 rpm Us ee OGpny)_ = (1750 rpm) HO ppm Ogpm yg = = = 1330 [Ae] Wes] For This speci speed a radis/-flow pump would be recommended tor Tus application Csee Fig. 12.18). /2- #7(2-39 12.39 The axial-flow pump shown in Fig. 12.19 is designed to move 5000 gal/min of water over a head rise of 5 ft of wa- ter. Estimate the motor power requirement and the U,V, needed to achieve this flowrate on a continuous basis. Comment on any cautions associated with where the pump is placed vertically in the pipe. From &y, /2.21 we get the power equivalent to the head rise and flourak 'melved. This is the minimum power rejuived fo achreve the performance specified. | P= 7Q&h, : ft GF) — P = G4d, ‘S000 7a! Va 2) pings) (#2) (= ae P= &l hp To estimate the shaft ov mot poner requirement, we need +> of the Conversion of Shaft or metor assume the efficiency power into the pump pertvmance specified. = £ a tv 80h, ef beieneg -p ze mere ~ 9 Pa 7 it we YU, Vg, ot Coat te are related tm &. 12-4 Yorough Ban Elan = AVES POLY, ° yy he e G.4#hp) (2 a | Jon Fi Mes, fone : (29 (cue Ccon't ) 12-4812:39 \con't ) The main Caution in placing the pump vertically Pa the sntake pipe is t do so th a way te avoid Cavitation tin the pump. The Collapse of cavilahon pubbles tr the pump can erede pump blade, and other wetted Surfaces. Applying the energy equation, be. 5.84, between th, Hee surface (1) amo the pump enhance (2) we get and 4 Maximize, Fo, we mininaige B,-B,. To ochieve this we place fhe puny high vertically ta the mite Pipe. This will tend to eee fe, high enmgh ty avoid cavitation which occurs when Pp and/or Yelalecl pressures th the pump become less than the vopor pressure of the Fluid. 12-491241 A Pelton wheel turbine is illustrated in Fig. P12.41 “The radius tothe lin of tetion ofthe tangential rection force ‘on each vane is 1 ft. Each vane deflects fluid by an angle of 135° as indicated. Assume all of the flow occurs in a horizontal plane, Each of the four jets shown strikes vane with a velocity ff 100 ft/s and a stream diameter of 1 in, The magnitude of Vole of he jemi conan lon te ane re \ (a) How much torque i required to hold the wheel stationary? (b) How fast will the wheel rotate if shat torque is nesigible and what practical situation is simulated by this condition? 100 ts M FIGURE P12.4) T= ttm (U-ViMl-cos@) where n= 4 a (a) With the wheel stationary V=0 so that T=-# fm Vy U-cos8) where i = pAV= (194 Set) P(A) (J00 &) = 2057 Se Thus, T= 4 (1057 SBS ) (1 4) (jo0#) (1-cos 135°) © - 722 ft-lb (b) From £9.()), when T=0, then UV, Thos, z ye _ 100 a rad 7 60. Ire Y= ety =Y on eth = MOE poo 94 £85)( tet, 955 rpm The zen forge case represents a broker shaft situation. 12-5072.42. 1242 Consider the Pelton whee! turbine illustrated in Figs 12.24, 12.25, 12.26, and 12.27. This kind of turbine is used to rive the oscillating sprinkler shown in Video V12.4. E> how this kind of sprinkler is started, and subsequ al constant oscillating speed. What is the physical si , of the zero torque condition with the Pelton whee! rotating? As shown on page 775 below £9. 12. $0 Tet 7 Pe (U-Y)(i- cog) So ty no roletion of the whee or U= 0, the variation OF Tiapy With changing oc st Uinear When Tigy # Just larger than fhe resisting torgne. provided by the sptinkler, the Felton wheel rotates and drives the oscillation ot the sprinkler, Aflw wheel relation and sprinkler oscillation begins, any Constank value of i and Thele Contant value of CU and thus retaton speed and alo oseillahon pevied. resulls in a If the shat amneching the arcillabing sprinkler to the Pelt whee] breaks daring operation , the sprinkler will Cease oscillating and the Rltm wheel will ran at constant rotator Speed conrespandias ft U=\Y4 12-5/12-43 | 12.43. A small Pelion wheel is used to power an oscillating lawn sprinkler as shown in Video V12.4 and Fig. P1243. The arithmetic mean fadius of the turbine is 1 in. and the exit an- gle of the blade is 135 degrees relative to the blade motion. Wa- ter is supplied through a single 0.20-in. diameter nozzle at a speed of 50 i/s, Determine the flowrate, the maximum torque eveloped, and the maximum power developed by this turbine. From Fig. l.22 D=0.20in. {oi Tin ct (eet) em and 0 then goto 300 (3) 4x) Gite 780 print 790 print " x Y Y(predicted)" 800 for i=1 to npoint 810 print using "+#.#8RE°"7" 4#.8RHEOTT™ HH HEHECT OT CG) yCi) y(d)-erré(i] 820 next i *This program is based on an algorithm described in Conte, $.D. and de Boor, C., Elementary Numerical Analysis: An Algorithmic Approach, 3rd Ed., McGraw- Hill, New York, 1981, p. 259.POWERL.BAS 5 cls 20 Print adeccuod ua dap aa odo OBO IEEE O SEDO OHO OOOO 20 print ""** This program determines the least squares fit **" 30 print "** for a function of the form y=a* x" b wen $0 Br int iebdreaara a rooEo lao rE Dr GE EO OCG IE EC On OIA AOGE EI! 50 dim x(101),y(101),logx( 101) , logy(101) ,ybar(101) 55 print 60 input "Number of points: "jn 70 print:print "Input X, ¥' 80 for ton 90 input x(i),y(4) 98 logx(i)=log(x(i)) 99 logy(i)=log(y(i)) 100 next i 101 sx=0 102 sy=0 110 sxy=0 120 sxsq 130 for i=i ton 131 sx=sxtlogx(i) 192 sy=sy+logy(i) 340 sxy=sxytlogx(i)*logy(i) 150 sxsq=sxsqtlogx(i)"2 160 next i. 161 loga=(sxsq*sy-sxy*sx)/(n*sxsq-sx"2) 170 b=(n*sxy-sx*sy)/(n¥sxsq-sx"2) 175 azexp(loga) 180 print 190 print using "a EET 200 print using "b= +#.##8°77*";b 210 print 220 print : x Y ¥(predicted)" 230 for i=1 ton 240 ybar(i)=a*x(i)~b 250 print using "+8. #8887 260 next i THR REB OTT HEH BEESO OCS) ,y CG) pybar(i)SIMPSON.BAS 100 cls THO Br nt a sGSr Epo ro noc Ea CHES EOO BORO HOS HEEB Eo OIE 120 print "** This program performs numerical integration **" 130 print "** over a set of an odd number of equally at 140 print "** spaced points using Simpson's Rule ae 150 Br int ASH S EERO RO ED OHO EOD OBOE OSES OBESE EGE x 160 print 170 dim x(101),y(101) 180 input "Enter number of data points: ",n 190 print "Enter data points (XK , ¥)" 200 for i=1 ton 210 input x(i),y(i) 220 next i 230 h=(x(n)-x(1))/(n-1) 240 s=0 250 for to n-1 step 2 . 260 s=stu¥y(i)+24y(i+1) 270 next i 280 intgrl=h/3*(s+y(1)-y(n)) 290 print. 300 print using "The approximate value of the integral is: +#.8###°777"; inter] TRAPEZOLBAS 100 cls 1110 Br int Mesa o ape Soerre rar BEADED HOD E OED EOD EEE REDE 120 print "** This program performs numerical integration mo 130 print "** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule **" Te MST MSrrTerirettesrrerrsrettrtirsettertrttrsr sere trrssredy 150 print 160 dim x(101),y(101) 170 input “Enter number of data points: 180 print "Enter data points (X , ¥) 190 for i=1 ton 200 input x(i),y(i) 210 next 2 "n 280 print 290100 120 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 COLEBROO.BAS cls TInt SARS B ESBS EBS EEO ES SESE BBB OBIS DEGAS print "** This program determines the friction factor, f, for **" print "** pipe flow for the case of laminar or turbulent flow **" print "** (solving iteratively Colebrook's equation), given **" print "** the Reynolds number and the relative roughness of **" print "#* the pipe ee BIN HESS Ss OB BOBO BOO E OED IDE ESSEC DOOR OOOO COG DEE! print input "Enter Reynolds number, Re = ",re £=64/re if re < 2100 then goto 260 input "Enter relative roughness, rr = fi £=1/(-2.0*log(xr/3.7+2.51/(re*fp*.5))/log(10))72 if abs(1-£/£p)>0.001 then goto 230 print print using "The friction factor is f = +#.##eHTT"7"G£ 1r CUBIC.BAS cls Int SARS E ESSA SH EO BEES SA OREO EEC SEEDS OBB EE DEBE IS EES EO EEE print "** This program determines the real roots of a * print "** cubic equation of the form x3 + a¥x*2 + bkx + c = 0 * Bn t Hesanean ea ARB SEED OG EOE CEOS A HAO OCDE OAS A EAD print input " input " input " ‘Check if the equation has complex roots 3¥b-a°2)/3 j= ( 24a 3-9kakb+27*C)/27 if q°2/4+p73/27<=0 then goto 250 print:iprint "The equation has complex roots" a/3+2/3*(a*2-3¥b) "0.5 for i=1 to 20 X1= (2*x0"34a*x072-c)/(3*x02+2*a*x0+D) GE abs(x1/x0-1)<0.0001 then goto 310 stop meatx1, n=bta*xitxi*2 x25 (-m+ (m7 2-4%n) > .5)/2 x3=(-m=-(m"2-4n)*.5)/2 print print "The roots of the cubic equation are print using "x1=+#.RHRC777 xc2=+R. RHETT" Set AR BROT 1 x2, x3 AgFAN-RAY.BAS 100 CLS ZHLO BICINT SERCH eG ASHER BE SEEDS BS GIBBS BI EE ISEB ESSE HOBOS EOE 120 PRINT "#* This program computes the one-dimensional Fanno or **" 130 PRINT "** Rayleigh flow functions for a gas with constant x 140 PRINT "** specific heat and molecular weight. (NOTE: k > 1) x eo Mritirtrt Tr Tt ererssicerestrsrrversstcsrersrsarerectrrrest) 160 ' 170 ' Fanno flow functions 180 DEF FNFTTSTAR (K, MA) = (K + 14) / (2# + (K - 1#) * MA * 2) 190 DEF FNFVVSTAR (K, MA) = SQR(FNFTTSTAR(K, MA) * MA ~ 2) 200 DEF FNFPPSTAR (K, MA) = SQR(FNFTTSTAR(K, MA)) / MA 210 DEF FNFPOPOSTAR (K, MA) = (1@ / FNFTTSTAR(K, MA)) ~ ((K + 1#) / (28 * (K ~ 4 #))) / MA 220 DEF ENFLD (K, MA) = (1# - MA * 2) / (K * MA * 2) + (K + 18) * LOG(ENFVVSTAR( K, MA) * 2) / (2H * K) 230 ' 240 ' Rayleigh flow functions 250 DEF ENRTMP (K, MA) = 1# + (K - 18) * MA 7 2 / 2 260 DEF FNRPPA (K, MA) = (1# + K) / (18 + K * MA * 2) 270 DEF ENRTTA (K, MA) = (FNRPPA(K, MA) * MA) *~ 2 280 DEF FNRVVA (K, MA) = FNRPPA(K, MA) * MA ~ 2 290 DEF FNRTOTOA (K, MA) = 24 * FNRPPA(K, MA) ~ 2 * MA * 2 * FNRTMP(K, MA) / (K + 1b) 300 DEF ENRPOPOA (K, MA) = FNRPPA(K, MA) * (24 * FNRTMP(K, MA) / (K + 19)) 7 (K 7 0K = 18)) 310! 320 ' Get functions desired 330 LOCATE PRINT "Program options" 340 LOCATE PRINT " (1) Fanno flow calculations" 350 LOCATE 10: PRINT " (2) Rayleigh flow calculations" 360 LOCATE 11: INPUT "Enter the number of the option desired: ", OPT 370 IF (OPT <> 1) AND (OPT <> 2) THEN LOCATE 11: PRINT SPACE$(79): GOTO 360 380 ' 390 400 cts 410 IF OPT = 2 GOTO 480 820 PRINT CS CO GO re BAO BOSC SIDES O OIA IDES C EDS O IEEE DE! 430 PRINT "** Computing the one-dimensional Fanno flow functions **" 440 PRINT "** for a gas with constant specific heat and molecular **" 450 PRINT "** woight. (NOTE: k > 1) ae 460 PRINT (Cac ecE sca cacG CEE COEUR CROCE DCEO USED CE GOT! 470 GOTO 540 $80 PRINT Bob sr SSO B EBB SBOE E SOE EO ESD E SREB ES SESE HIDEO SESE EEE 490 PRINT "** Computing the one-dimensional Rayleigh flow functions **" 500 PRINT "** for a gas with constant specific heat and molecular **" 510 PRINT "** weight. (NOTE: k > 1) ae" 520 PRINT (GB aG ESO HCO HG CEO EO EDC HO HORSE SE GC OIC OSC EOE DECC 530 ' 540 '--- Get the user specified specific heat ratio 550 LOCATE 7: INPUT "Enter the specific heat ratio, (k > 1): " - Display banner specifing which flow calculation is being performed (cont ) Arlo560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 865 870 875 880 885 890 895 900 908 910 920 930 940 (con't ) FAN_RAY.BAS IF K c= 1 THEN GoTo 550 LOCATE 7: PRINT SPACES(79): LOCATE 7 PRINT USING "The specific heat ratio is k=##.###" ' Get Mach number to solve for FOR I = 8 TO 16: PRINT SPACES(79): NEXT I LOCATE 16: PRINT SPACES(79): LOCATE 16 INPUT "Enter a Mach number to solve for (999 to quit): ", MA IF MA = 999 THEN END IF MA > 0 AND OPT = 2 THEN GoTO 710 IF MA > 0 AND OPT = 1 THEN GOTO 830 LOCATE 9: FOR I = 1 TO 6: PRINT SPACES(79): NEXT I: LOCATE 14 PRINT "Valid Mach number range: Ma > 0" GOTO 620 ' Solve Rayleigh flow functions for specified k and Ma LOCATE 9: FOR I = 1 TO 6: PRINT SPACES$(79): NEXT I: LOCATE 9 PRINT USING " Ma = #.8488°777"; MA PRINT USING " P/Pa = #.###87777"; ENRPPA(K, MA) PRINT USING " T/Ta = #.44##8°777"; ENRTTA(K, MA) PRINT USING " V/Va = #.###87777") FNRVVA(K, MA) PRINT USING "To/Toa = #.4###7777"; ENRTOTOA(K, MA) PRINT USING "Po/Poa = #.####°7°7"; ENRPOPOA(K, MA] o ' Loop back for another Mach number GOTO 620 ! Solve Fanno flow functions for specified k and Ma LOCATE 9: FOR 1 TO 6: PRINT SPACE$(79): NEXT I: LOCATE 9 PRINT USING " Ma = #.HHeEOTOTS MA PRINT "E(1*-1)/D = "5 PRINT USING "#.4##8°7"""; FNELD(K, MA) PRINT T/T =; PRINT USING "#.#4##°77°"; FNFTTSTAR(K, MA) PRINT a vive =o"; PRINT USING "#.##8#°77°"; FNEVVSTAR(K, MA) PRINT a P/px ='" PRINT USING "#. #48 FNFPPSTAR(K, MA) PRINT " 'Po/Po,* ="; PRINT USING "#.####°""°"; FNFPOPOSTAR(K, MA) PRINT ' Loop back for another’Mach number GOTO 620 Aw100 CLS. T1710 BICINT "Sora p GHEE ECBO ESO OSB AUD EEO BEO BEBO OE BE CHOKES SEER! 120 PRINT "#* This program computes the one-dimensional isentropic +x" 130 PRINT "** flow functions for a gas with constant specific heat *#" 140 PRINT "** and molecular weight. (NOTE: k > 1) ae 1150 PRINT HebbaSE ERO OHO SEBO EO aC SOE EO HO SBOE EO COAG GEORG 160 ' 170 ' Isentropic flow functions 180 DEF FNITTO (K, MA) = 2¢ / (2# + (K - 1) * MA * 2) 190 DEF FNIPPO (K, MA) = FNITTO(K, MA) 7 (K / (K - 1#)) 200 DEF ENIRRO (K, MA) = FNITTO(K, MA) * (1# / (K - 18) 210 DEF FNIAASTAR (K, MA) = (2 / ((K + 1#) * FNITTO(K, MA))) ~ ((K + 14) / (28 C= 1H) 7 220! 230 ' Get user specific heat ratio and display 240 LOCATE 7: INPUT "Enter the specific heat ratio, (k > 1): ", K 250 IF K <= 1! THEN GOTO 240 260 LOCATE 7: PRINT SPACE$(79) 270 LOCATE 7: PRINT USING "The specific heat ratio is k=##.#84"; K 280 ' 290 ' Get Mach number to solve for 300 FOR I = 8 TO 15: PRINT SPACES(79): NEXT I 310 LOCATE 15: PRINT SPACES(79): LOCATE 15 320 INPUT "Enter a Mach number to solve for (999 to quit): ", MA 330 IF MA = 999 THEN END 340 IF MA > 0 THEN GOTO 390 350 LOCATE 9: FOR I = 1 TO 5: PRINT SPACE$(79): NEXT I: LOCATE 13 360 PRINT "Valid Mach number range: Ma > 0" 370 GOTO 310 380 ! 390 ' Solve isentropic flow functions for specified k and Ma 400 LOCATE 9: FOR I = 1 TO 5: PRINT SPACE$(79): NEXT I: LOCATE 9 410 TIO = ENITTO(K, MA) 420 PPO = FNIPPO(K, MA) 430 AASTAR = FNIAASTAR(K, MA) 440 RRO = FNIRRO(K, MA) 450 ¢ 460 ' Display computed results 470 PRINT USING " Ma = #.0HRETTOT SM 480 PRINT USING * T/To = #.8#8#7777"; TTO 490 PRINT USING" P/Po = $.888#°777"; PPO 500 PRINT USING “RHO/RHOo = #.#88H7* RRO 510 PRINT " ae = ty 515 PRINT USING "#.####°7"7";AASTAR 520 PRINT 530 ¢ 540 ' Loop back for another Mach number 550 GOTO 310 ISENTROP.BAS AZ100 0 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 Kt SHOCK.BAS cLs BRTINT (Hes SHS ESSE SB SED ES OOO OOO C EE HBO HEE BEIGE OE DEx PRINT "** This program computes the one-dimensional normal-shock **" PRINT "** functions for a gas with constant specific heat and **" PRINT "** molecular weight. (NOTE: k > 1) xt BRIT Heber BOSCO SSE SDE CAO SSE C EEE OBESE DEORE OSS OO OAK ' Normal-shock functions DEF FNSTMP (K, MAK) = (24 * K * MAK 7 2 / (K - 18)) - 1# DEF FNSMAY (K, MAX) = SQR((MAX ~ 2 + (2# / (K - 1#))) / FNSTMP(K, MAX)) DEF FNSPYPK (K, MAX) = 24 * K * MAX * 2 / (K + 1#) - (K = 18) / (K + 18) DEF FNSVYVX (K, MAX) = (K + 1#) * MAK * 2// ((K ~ 18) * MAX * 2 + 2#) DEF FNSTYTX (K, MAX) = (1# + (K - 18) * MAK * 2 / 28) * FNSTMP(K, MAX) / ((( LH) * MAK) ~ 2°/ (28 * (K ~ 18))) 230 DEF FNSPOYPX (K, MAK) = ((K + 1#) * MAX * 2 / 28) * (K / (K - 18)) * ENSPYDX’ CX, MAX) 7 (4H / (1 - KD) 240 DEF FNSPOYPOX (K, MAX) = (((K + 18) * MAX * 2) / (2# + (K - 14) * MAK 7 2)) * (K / (K = 18)) / FNSPYPK(K, MAK) 7 (18 / (K ~ 18)) 280! 260 ' Get user specific heat ratio and display 270 LOCATE 7: INPUT "Enter the specific heat ratio, (k > i): ", K 280 IF K <= 1! THEN GoTO 270 290 LOCATE 7: PRINT SPACE$(79): LOCATE 7 300 PRINT’ USING "The specific heat ratio is k=##.###"; K 310 ¢ 320 ' Get Mach number to solve for 330 FOR I = § TO 17: PRINT SPACES(79): NEXT I 340 LOCATE 17: PRINT SPACES(79): LOCATE 17 350 INPUT "Enter a Mach number to solve for (999 to quit): ", MAX 360 IF MAX = 999 THEN END 370 IF MAX >= 1! THEN GOTO 420 380 LOCATE 9: FOR I = 1 TO 7: PRINT SPACES(79): NEXT I 390 LOCATE 15: PRINT "Valid Mach number range: Ma,x >= 1 400 GoTo 340 410 ' 420 ' Solve normal-shock functions for specified k and Ma 430 LOCATE 9: FOR I = 1 TO 7: PRINT SPACES(79): NEXT I: LOCATE 9 4u0 MAY = FNSMAY(K, MAX) 450 PYPX = FNSPYPX(K, MAK) 460 VYVX = FNSVYVX(K, MAX) 470 TYTX = FNSTYTX(K, MAX) 480 POYPOX = FNSPOYPOX(K, MAX) 490 POYPX = FNSPOYPK(K, MAX) 500 ' 510 ' Display computed results 520 PRINT USING " Max = #.HRHRC 530 PRINT USING " May = @.4888°777") MAY 540 PRINT USING " — Py/Px = #.8##H"777"; PYPK 550 PRINT USING "RHOy/RHOx = #.4848°°77"; VYVX 560 PRINT USING " Ty/Tx = HHEEETTOT"; TYTK 570 PRINT USING " Poy/Pox = 4. #8847777"; POYPOK 580 PRINT USING " Poy/Px = #. #888777"; POYDX 590 PRINT 600 ¢ 610 ' Loop back for another Mach number 620 GOTO 340 47/3