Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a behavioral learning theory introduced by psychologist B.F.

Skinner. Also known as Instrumental conditioning, it relies on the basis of using positive and
negative reinforcement to illicit desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors. Skinners
theory relies heavily on future behaviors. Because of its effects on behavior and probability to
significantly influence behavior, Operant conditioning is still highly apparent in education and
even in organizational behavior (Operant Conditioning, 2009).
Since both workplace and educational environments focus on learning, operant
conditioning is used as a tool to influence change in learning and behavior. Positive reinforcers
are often used to increase the likelihood of certain behaviors in classrooms. Activity reinforcers
are among the most educationally relevant, since activities can be done with educational value
(Tuckman, 2009). Its also important to only maintain the positive reinforcement (rewards or
punishment) at rare occasions once the desired behavior is more prevalent. This is more of a
mechanical behavior vs consequence aspect of operant conditioning. As educators its important
to keep in mind how positive and negative reinforcement in the environment can affect behavior.
A recent study on early adolescents showed how positive and negative environmental
reinforcers effect behavior over a span of a year. Research was completed on 230 participants to
to examine the combined influence of positive reinforcement process using a behavioral task
measuring risk taking propensity and negative reinforcement processes using a behavioral task
measuring deficits in distress tolerance on a range of risk taking behaviors (Daughters et al,
2010). Data indicated that from these adolescents between the age of 9-13 with a risk taking
propensity displayed a higher number of risk taking behaviors but only if they had a low distress
tolerance. The study showed that both positive and negative reinforcement in combination can
help to assess early risk behavior in youth.
Operant conditioning, when used correctly or with a well thought our intent, is a
beneficial learning theory in the classroom. However; educators must also take into
consideration their students environment and cognition. Skinner advocated Behaviorism as
more of a cause and effect model when certain behaviors are cause for certain consequences.
However one must also look at cognition in behavioral change. Thinking and internal processes
can also influence behavioral change.

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References
MacPherson, L., Reynolds, E., Daughters, S., Wang, F., Cassidy, J., Mayes, L., & Lejuez,
C. (2010). Positive and negative reinforcement underlying risk behavior in early
adolescents. Prevention Science: The Official Journal Of The Society For Prevention
Research, 11(3), 331-342. doi:10.1007/s11121-010-0172-7
"Operant Conditioning." Encyclopedia of Management. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. 27
May. 2014 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Tuckman, Bruce. (December 23, 2009). Operant Conditioning. Retrieved 27 May 2014
from http://www.education.com/reference/article/operant-conditioning/