Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
8
The Imperative Mood צִווּי
ברוך בשם
8.2
Steffen Han 2011 January revised.
All of these are general usage of the Imperative. Prohibition in Hebrew is also
issued in the Imperative Mood.
8.3
The Hebrew language allows the use of other ways to express a sense of
immediate, specific commands by placing אָלbefore a verb in the Imperfect
ברוך השם
Tense.
2 Hebrew Verbal System
8.4
Form of the Imperative
ברוך בשם
the Qal Imperative Mood, the Qal Imperfect Tense and the Qal
Perfect Tense.
NOTE:
Usually, Hebrew grammar textbooks explained that the Imperative mood
is formed by removing from the Imperfect Tense the pronominal prefixes of the
second person, singular and plural, both genders. Be that as it may. Since the basic
vowel scheme of the Imperative of all stems are really the same as the infinitive
ברוך בשם
construct of each binyan, it is far more logical and natural to teach that the Hebrew
Imperative would be formed by adding personal preformatives to the Infinitive
Construct of each derived stem of the verb.
CHAPTER EIGHT: The Imperative Mood צִווּי 3
8.5
Default vowels of the Imperative
The scheme of default vowels for the Imperative patterns after the
Infinitive Construct of each בניין, both the strong and weak verbs as well
as monosyllable verbs. In a way, the the Imperative and the Imperfect are
the Infinitive deritives.
8.6
The Qal Imperative
Verb in Qal Imperative Mood A sample of default vowels
totes the same pair of vowels as using the root: שְׁמֹר
the yoke used in Qal Infinitive עָתִּיד צִווּי מי לִבְּנוֹת
Construct [ֹ○+ְ○] (שְׁוְָא+)חוֹלָםחָסֵר, שְׁמֹר-ּת
ִ שְׁמֹר אַתָּה שְׁמֹר
as the vowels expressed in the
שְׁמְרִי-ִּת שִׁמְרִי שְׁמֹר ְּאַת
word לִבְּנוֹתto build where the
ּשְׁמְרו-ּתִ ּשִׁמְרו אַתֶּם שְׁמֹר
Steffen Han 2011 January revised.
8.7
A comparative scrutiny of the default vowel scheme in the Qal Infinitive
Construct, the Qal Imperative and the Qal Imperfect Tense for the word
שְׁמֹר, as a sample, would be enlightening.
8.8
The Qal Imperative:
(i) would load the same pair of default vowels the combination of
[ֹֹ○+ְ○] (חוֹלָם חָסֵר+)שְׁוָא, which is identical with the pair of
vowels used in Qal Infinitive Construct.
(ii) The deuce would be used in all strong verbs as well as weak
verbs. Only verbs headed by a weak consonant would it be
affected by the presence of contiguous [ְ○ְ○] ()שוואים, thus the
[ְ○] ( )שוואrules shall be applicable. Meanwhile, the pillion, stem
syllable would schlep the vowel [ֹ○] ( )חוֹלָם חָסֵרas stem vowel
for dynamic verbs; and [ַ○] ( )פַּ֫תַּחas stem vowel for stative
verbs in the Qal Imperative, as a distinction between these two
categories of versb.
(iii) In the preceding sampel of vowel template, the vowel [ִ○] ()היריק
under preformatives the אית”ן, the pronominal preformatives,
came about as a result of contiguous [ְ○ְ○] ()שוואים, that is when
two שוואיםcoming together in a row, the first would be reduced
to [ִ○] ()היריק. For the [ְ○] ( )שוואunder the pillion syllable, it
Steffen Han 2011 January revised.
8.9
ברוך בשם
8.10
Exception to this is rule would be [' )לָמֶד( ]לverbs (ל"ה, ע/ל"ח, )ל"א
and the few standard irregular verbs. In the case of a ע/ ל"חverb, the
stem vowel would be [ַ○] ()פַּ֫תַּח, as these verbs carried a פַּ֫תַּח גְּנוּבָה
(pathach furtive) in the Infinitive Absolute. On the other hand, for ל"א
(III- )אverbs in the Qal Imperative, the pillion or stem vowel will be
lengthened to [ָ○] ()קמץ, as the vowels in the sample word: ( מְצָאyou
go to) find out.
8.11
Vowel patterns for the Imperative of all binyamin would follow the two
default vowels given in the Infinitive Construct of each respective binyan.
As a general rule, the pillion or stem vowel is such that the active stem
would take the vowel [ֵ○] (—)צֵ֫רֵיincluding the Simple Passive binyan,
הַשְׁלִ֫יחִי
הָקְטֵל Hophal
6 Hebrew Verbal System
the Niph’al—while the passive and stative verbs and the irregular verbs
would load [ַ○] ( )פתחas theme vowel as well as the III-ע/ חor ע/ל"ח
verbs where the ( פַּ֫תַּח גְּנוּבָהpathach furtive) has been used in the
Infinitive Absolute. The vowel [ַ○] ( )פתחis also used in Qal Imperative
of Guttural I/II and Stative Verbs.
8.12
The Imperatives of non-Qal binyanim generally load [ֵ○] ( )צריas stem
vowel for the Active בניינים, such as the Pi’el, Hithpa’el, Hiphil, and
ברוך בשם
the Simple Passive the Niph’al. There is no Imperative in the Passive
stems, except Niph’al, but as far as the theme vowel is concern, Niph’al
Imperative is treated like an Active binyan where a [ֵ○] ( )צריis used. By
the nature of the Passive binyanim (the Pu’al, Hophal, even the Niph’al),
it would be impossible to issue instruction or command in the passive
inflection.
Pi’el
Pu’al
הצֵּל ַ
הִתְקַטֵּל הִתְקַטֵּל Hithpa’el
הצִּ֫ילִיַ
הַקְטֵל
ה ֹושִׁ֫יבִי הַעֲמִ֫ידִי
הַקְטִּ֫ילִי הַקְטִיל Hiphil
הוֹשֵׁב הַעֲמֵד
ברוך בשם
Hophal
Hophal
CHAPTER EIGHT: The Imperative Mood צִווּי 7
8.13
The guttural letters ←( אחהערread this way) do not take דגשand the
vowel beneath each one of them would cause changes to the vowel
Steffen Han 2011 January revised.
8.14
Once the student has learned up the vowel templates of the the Infinitive
Construct of various binyanim (seven in all), he would be able to manage
other patterns of the verb: the imperative, the jussive, the Cohortative,
the imperfect, and the participle. Inflection of the Perfect tense is the
least difficult pattern of the Hebrew verb.
8.15
The Cohortative Mood
As for its meaning and usage, the Cohortative Cohortative
is used by a speaker to express his own will or affirmatives
determination, intention or desire to do a certain Plural Singular
action, reflectively, in the first person, thus the ָה---ְנ ָה---ֶא
Cohortative is conjugated for the first person
only, both singular and plural, both genders,
using the same set of affixes אֶ—ָהto embed the Infinitive Construct of a
root for all בניינים. The suffix [)הֵא( ]ה, however, would not be added to
Steffen Han 2011 January revised.
ל"הverbs, as this category of the verbs would have already been given
a [ )הֵא( ]הby default and the consonant [ )הֵא( ]הcould not be doubled.
The rule of propretonic reduction of the first vowel in pluralization is
applicable as there would be a shift of accent in this case as the inflection
involves adding vocalic sufformatives to the verbal root the שורש.
Whereas the prosthetic אis one from the אית”ן, being the preformative
for the first person singular for both genders in the Imperfect Tense, and
ברוך בשם
8.16
Under certain condition, the stem Sample of conjugation for
vowel for Cohortative could take the the Cohortative Mood
vowel [ְ○] ( סֶגוֹלsuch as before of a
כְתֹב root
laryngeal in ’ לverbs).
8.17 ָה--- אֶכְהְבָה ֶא I
These broad principles shall be ָה--- נִכְתְבָה ְנ We
applicable to all derived stems of the
Hebrew verb: namely, the active and
passive of Qal, the Intensive forms (the Pi'el) and the Causative forms
(the Hiphil), both the strong as well the weak verbs.
Genesis 31:44
נִכְרְתָה בְרִית אֲנִי וָאָ֫תָּה
let us make a covenant, I and you (you and I).
Nehemiah 2:18
ּנָקוּם וּבָנִינו
Let us rise up and build…
Numbers 21:22
ָאֶעְבְּרָה בְאַרְצֶך
Let me pass through you land
8.18
Steffen Han 2011 January revised.
Example:
Genesis 16:5
CHAPTER EIGHT: The Imperative Mood צִווּי 9
8.19
The great number of occurrence of verbs in the Jussive Mood in the
תנ”ךcome in the third person singular: but a small portion of the Jussive
come in the second person.
8.20
The same principle of conjugation and The Jussive
operative manner as those working in the עָתִּיד מי
צִווּי
Cohortative Mood and the Imperative שְׁמֹר שְׁמֹר-ִּת אַתָּה
would be applicable to the formation of שִׁמְרִי י-ִשְׁמְר-ִּת ְּאַת
a verb into Jussive mood by adding to ּשִׁמְרו ּו-שׁמְר-ִּת אַתֶּם
the root the pronominal prefix from the שְׁמֹרְנָה נָה-ְשְׁמֹר-ִּת אַתֶּן
אית”ןfor the third person singular and
plural, which vowels are already given
by defaults in the Infinitive Construct of each respective binyan.
Steffen Han 2011 January revised.
ברוך בשם
10
ברוך בשם
Steffen Han 2011 January revised.
ברוך בשם