PROBLEMS, SECTION 1 iy In the bouncing ball example above, find the height of the tenth rebound, and the distance traveled by the ball after it touches the ground the tenth time, Compare this distance with the total distance traveled. Derive the formula (1.4) for the sum Sy of the geometric progression S, =atar+ ar? +-..+ar""!, Hint: Multiply S, by r and subtract the result from Sn; then solve for S,. Show that the geometric series (1.6) converges if and only if |r| < 1; also show that if |r| <1, the sum is given by equation (1.8). Use equation (1.8) to find the fractions that are equivalent to the following repeating decimals: 3. 0.55555... 4, 0.818181... 5. 0.583333. 6. 061111... 7. 0.185185... 8. 0.694444... 9. 0.857142857142-.- 10. 0.576923076923076923 - .- 11. 0.678571428571428571 --- 12. Ina water purification process, one-nth of the impurity is removed in the first stage. 13. 14. In each succeeding stage, the amount of impurity removed is one-nth of that removed in the preceding stage. Show that if n = 2, the water can be made as pure as you like, but that if n = 3, at least one-half of the impurity will remain no matter how many stages are used. If you invest a dollar at “6% interest compounded monthly,” it amounts to (1.005)" dollars after n months. If you invest $10 at the beginning of each month for 10 years (120 months), how much will you have at the end of the 10 years? A computer program gives the result 1/6 for the sum of the series 772 9(—5)". Show that this series is divergent. Do you see what happened? Warning hint: Always consider whether an answer is reasonable, whether it's a computer answer or your work by hand. Connect the midpoints of the sides of an equilateral triangle to form 4 smaller equilateral triangles. Leave the middle small triangle blank, but for each of the other 3 small triangles, draw lines connecting the midpoints of the sides to create 4 tiny triangles. Again leave each middle tiny triangle blank and draw the lines to divide the others into 4 parts. Find the infinite series for the total area left blank if this process is continued indefinitely. (Suggestion: Let the area of the original triangle be 1; then the area of the first blank triangle is 1/4.) Sum the series to find the total area left blank. Is the answer what you expect? Hint: What is the “area” of a straight line? (Comment: You have constructed a fractal called the Sierpitiski gasket. A fractal has the property that a magnified view of a small part of it looks very much like the original.)‘step ta ball bounces 2 ed height ofits previous bounce, then the successive heights ar in @ geometries sequence. 2 2 aarar* yor Hee, al, re So, after the tenth re bounce, the height reached is calculated as follows: r = 0.026012294 Provide feedbaci2) ‘Step 2 of (Colculate the distance traveled after the tenth bounce (um of ten terms in geomettic progression). Gl G 2.94797541 Calculate the total distance traveled by the ball ‘So by comparing the distance traveled after the tenth bounce, the total distance and after bounces are ‘almost the same, > HI< cH Step 1 Ssatartar.... bart a Maltiply S, bys, we get PSsar-tar? tar ar" @) ()-Q) 5,-18, =a-ar* 35,(-7)=a(I-") a(l-7*) Mert =, Provide feesbaci(0) Stop 2 of 2 If <1, then lim ff =0 Now, lim S, lim (I-r*) (1-9) as le Thus the sum of mterms approaches =~ as n increases, and we say thatthe sum ofthe series is convergent and converaes to =" (since the sum ofan infinite series i the limit ofthe sum of nterms as n 300 Hence if |r|<1. the sum is given by, s: > cHStep 4 of f < Ween waite cH. 2P 0.55555. > cH a sun ofthe sees (S) = 0.55555. Provide feasbaci0)< cua Step oft We can urite 0.818181... =0.81+ 0,0081+0.000081+ Here a= 0.81 r=107 ‘Now the sum of the series S) ‘Therefore 0.818181 > cH. ee< Step 1 oF2 “We can write cHis4P 0583333... =0.58+0,003+0,0003+. In the series 0.0034 0.00034. here a= 0.003 ral 10 ‘Sum of the series S= 4 = 0003 = a 10 3410 1000 9 i 500 Provide feedback(1) Now osesss3.. =05e+ 300 ooh 700300 _ T7441 “300 rt 300 > cHt..6Pgets > We can write O.61111...= 06+0.01+0.0014 cH TP. In the series 0.01+0.001+. ‘The firet term ie a= 0.01 and r=107 ‘Now the sum of the series $= 2 Provide teesbaci(1) Step 2 Now ositn.=06+4 30g | teetet We ean unite curser 0.185185, here a= 0.185 r=10> 185+0.000185+, ‘The sum ofthe series S=—— 0185 1-107 185, 1000 ‘Therefore 0.185185...= > cHt.1 6°< Step 4 of2 We ean write 0.694444, = 0,69+0.004+0 0004+ In the series 0.004 +0,0004+ ‘The firstterm is a= 0.004 and r= 107 sum of the series S=—2_ Provide feacback(0) Step 2 of2 Now 4 0.694044, = 0.694 —— 500 6, 4 -8 4 100” 500 _ 621b4 "500 = 825 300 2 36 cus 9< Step tft “We can write CHa. 0.857142857142... = 0.857142-+0.000000857 142+. 857142 oe = 085142 1-107 _ 35742 999999 ato Therefore 0.857142857142 > oH 10< cH Se Step 4 of 2 We can write 0,5769230769230... =0.5 + 0.076923 + 0,000000076923+. Consider the series 0.076923+0,000000076923+ bere a= 0.076923 r=10* ‘Sum ofthe series 5. i 0.076923 “10% 76923 “999999 Provide feadbaci0) Step2c2 Now osreneson60230,, =054 2 5,7 a 10°51 _ 455470 = 910 > cana HP< cH. 10? Step to We can write 10.67857142857142857 1... = 0,67 +0,00857142 +0.00000000857142+.. Inthe series 10,008571.42 + 0,00 00000085714 2+. ‘The first term is a= 0,00857142 r=loé Sum of the series & ir o.00857142 0 857142108 1g 999999 _ 857142 99999800 Provide feastoack(0) step, Now as7142 39999900, 67, 957142 100 "39998900 __ 66999933-4857142 "99999900 _ 81851075 99999900, =1% “8 0,678571428571428571... = 0.674.< CHL IF step > cH Consider the case, when (One-half ef the impurity is removed in the fist stage, and in each successive stage, the amount of imputty removed is one-half of the impurity removed in the preceding stage. From this information, the water purification procedure is as follows: HG) 2"\z rs 1 2 it 2 So, the water purification procedure is completed at one go, i. 100 percent impurities can be removed Provide feacback(0) Step 2 of 2 Consider the case when = 3 ‘One-third of the impurity is removed in the fist stage, and in each successive stage, one-third of the “amount of impurity is eemoved from that removed in the preceding stage, Based on this information, the water purification procedure is es follows: 6-6) fee Th Thats, only half ofthe impurities are remaved from the waterStep 1 of 1 < 6% interest annually —>©.x—L = 0,005 monthly interest. cnt 12 12” 100 Ifthe principle invested is $ 10 for 120 months, then the amount A= P(1+0.005)" =10(1.005)” = $18.1939 at the end of ten years > CH1.1 14P< CH1.113P Step 1of2 Consider the sum of the infinite series. Zrol-3) Show that the series X.,(-5 )" is divergent Xo (-5) =e an” where a=1,r= Recall that the geometric series >: ar" iS convergent if \rl. a(-5)" is divergent. > CH1.1 15P< cH14 14P Step 1 of 2 > CH1.1 16P, Suppose the equilateral triangle has the area one unit, Then the area of the triangle obtained by joining the midpoints of the sides is ; sq, unit, Again the area of the equilateral triangle obtained by joining and pints of the sides of the smaller triangle is in of ; sq.unit. In this way three triangles, and hence the area left blank is > Similarly the areas left blank are successively 2. 1377 Thus we get the sequence of areas —,—,—5,—4,.... aaa ge Provide feedback(0) Step 2 of 2 3 PF 3 ‘crear . + The infinite series for the total area left blank is 1 =. rrr 1,32 44°48 1 : This isa geometric series with firstterm, a= 7 and the common ratio, r= > Total area left blank is = 3 + at (infinite terms). Ale 3 L348 +54. (infinite terms) =