Transmission Lines & Waveguides - Important Equations

UNIT:I FILTERS
Attenuation in neper:
( N )=ln

Attenuation in decibel:

|| | |
IS 1
P
= ln
IR 2
Pout

D ( dB )=10 log 10

Symmetrical T-Network:

Symmetrical -Network:

Z21
Z0=
+Z 1 Z 2 ; Z 0= ZOC Z SC
4

=ln 1+

Z1 Z0
+
2 Z2 Z2

Z0=

Z 21
+ Z1 Z2
4

] [

Z1 Z 2
; Z 0 = Z OC Z SC
Z0T

] [

Z0
; Z =Z 0 sinh
1
tanh
2

Cutoff frequncy condition : X 1 + 4 X 2=0

Phase angle passband : =2 sin1

Attenuationstopband : =2 cosh1

Z A =Z0 tanh ; Z B=Z 0 coth

2
2
Prototype Low Pass Filter :
L
Design Impedance :R 0=
C

Z1
4 Z2
Z1
4 Z2

Prototype High Pass Filter :

L
Design Impedance :R 0=
C

Cutoff frequency : f C =

Filter Fundamentals:

Z 0 = Z A Z B ; Z 0= Z OC Z SC
Z 0+ Z A
Z +Z
=ln B 0
Z 0Z A
Z BZ 0

Z1 Z1
Z
Z
+
= ln 1+ 1 + 0 T
2 Z 2 Z0
2 Z2 Z 2

= T ; 2 Z 2=

Symmetrical Lattice Network:

Z1 Z2

=ln 1+

Z1
Z

=Z 0 tanh ; Z 2= 0
2
2
sinh

=ln

||

I
P
=20 log 10 S
P out
IR

| |

1
LC

Cutoff frequency : f C =

1
4 LC

Transmission Lines & Waveguides - Important Equations

f 2
; Z0=
fc

( )

Z 0 T =R0 1

=2 cosh1

R0

f
fc

Z 0 T =R0

( )

( ff ) ; =2sin ( ff )
1

R0
1
; C=
(f c )
(f c ) R0

R0

f
1 c
f

( )

R0
1
; C=
( 4 f c )
( 4 f c ) R0

Prototype BandElimination Filter :

L2
L
= 1
C1
C2

Design Impedance :R 0=

L2
L
= 1
C1
C2

Resonance frequency : f 0= f 1 f 2

Resonance frequency : f 0= f 1 f 2

Design Equations:

Design Equations:

L1=

L2=

R0
( f 2f 1 )
; C 1=
( f 2f 1 )
4 R0( f 1 f 2)
R 0 ( f 2f 1 )
4 ( f 1 f 2)

; C 2=

L1 =

1
R0 ( f 2f 1 )

L2 =

R 0 ( f 2f 1 )
( f 1 f 2)

; C 1=

4m
Z
(
Z
1m )
1m
For T section , Z =(
Z + ; For section Z =
4m )
m
4m
( 1m
) Z +( m Z )
'

(m Z 1 )

'
1

1
4 R0 ( f 2 f 1 )

R0
( f 2f 1)
; C 2=
4 ( f 2f 1 )
R0( f 1 f 2)

m-derived sections :
2

( ff ) ; =2sin ( ff )

Design Equations: L=

Prototype Band Pass Filter :

Design Impedance :R 0=

( )

=2 cosh1

Design Equations: L=

fc 2
1
; Z0=
f

Transmission Lines & Waveguides - Important Equations

m-derived LPF sections:
f =

fc

1m

m-derived HPF sections :

m-derived BPF sections:

f =f c 1m2

f 0 = f 1 f 2 = f 1 f 2

f 0= f 1 f 2 = f 1 f 2

f
m= 1 c
f

( )

f
m= 1
fc

f 2f 1
m= 1
f 2 f 1

( )

Crystal Filters:
Resonance Frequency :f R=

1
2 LC

Antiresonance Frequency :f A=f R 1+

f A f R =f R

m-derived BRF sections :

C
'
2C

series resonance Frequencies :f R 1=f R 2=f A 1

C
C'

C
C'

f 2 f 1
m= 1
f 2f 1