Escolar Documentos
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About Sugarcane
Vernacular Names
Origin
Introduction
Botanical description
Climate
Vernacular Names
Noble
Cane,
Noble
Origin
Sugarcane originated in New Guinea where it has been known since about 6000 BC.The
cultivated canes belong to two main groups: (a) thin, hardy north Indian
types S.barberiand
the
Chinese S.sinenses and
(b)
thick,
juicy
noble
canes S.officinarum. Highly prized cane is S.officinarum. The origin of S.officinarum is
the Indo-Myanmar China border with New Guinea as the main centre of diversity.
The officinarums are called the "noble canes' due to thick, juicy, low-fibred canes of
high sucrose content. The origin of S.robustum is New Guinea. The origin
of S.spontaneum is subtropical India. The habitat of these two wild canes is swamps,
river banks, water courses etc. Tropical cane (Thick cane) might have originated in New
Guinea. From India it spreads probably to China, Arabia, Egypt and Sicily.
Introduction
Sugarcane and sugarbeet are the main sources of sugar in the world. Out of total sugar
produced in the world 60 per cent is obtained only from sugarcane. Asia is the largest
producer of sugar followed by Europe Most of the sugar in Asia comes from sugarcane
whereas in Europe from sugarbeet. Presently sugarcane is grown in an area of 16 m.
ha in over 79 countries. The global production of raw sugar is 112 m.t. India stands
first in area (3.93 m. ha) and production (167 m.t) among the sugarcane growing
countries of the world. Uttar Pradesh has the largest area almost 50 per cent of the
cane area in the country, followed by Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Haryana and Punjab. These nine are most important sugarcane
producing states. Sugarcane production is also highest in U.P. followed by Maharashtra.
Productivity wise, Tamilnadu stands first with over 100 tonnes per hectare followed by
Karnataka, Maharashtra. Bihar has the lowest productivity amount the major sugarcane
growing states. The sugar industry is the second largest agro-based industry, next only
to textiles, in the country.
Classification of Sugarcane
Family - Gramineae
Class - Monocotyledons
Order - Glumaceae
Sub family - Panicoidae
Tribe - Andripogoneae
Sub-tribe - Saccharininea
Top of page
Botanical Description
Sugarcane is a tall perennial tropical grass, which tillers at the base to produce
unbranched stems from 2-8 m more tall, and to around 5cm in diameter; it could be
called as giant grass. It is cultivated for these thick stems or stalks or canes, from which
the sugar is extracted. The botany of cane consists of root, leaves, stem and
inflorescences.
Root
Stem
Leaf
Inflorescence
Root
Stem
Sugarcane
is
propagated
vegetatively
from
stem
cuttings.
The stem of sugarcane is roughly cylindrical and
growth ring.
the stalk.
rows.
Leaf
The leaf consists of two parts, the blade and the sheath,
node.
The leaf blade is linear or lanceolate reaching one to one
auricles.
Inflorescence
Sugarcane is a tropical plant. It grows more successfully in those regions where the
climate is more or less tropical but it can grow in sub tropics too as in north India.
Sugarcane is grown in the world from altitude 35 N and 35 S, from sea level to 1000m
of altitude or little more.
Climatic factor
Latitude and altitude:
Sugarcane is grown in the world from altitude 36.7 N and 31.0 S, from sea level to
1000m of altitude or little more.
Rainfall:
A total rainfall between 1100 and 1500 mm is adequate provided the distribution is
right, abundant in the months of vegetative growth followed by a dry period for
ripening. It also grown in area where rainfall is low upto 500 mm. Above 1500 mm
rainfall cause lodging of cane.
Temperature:
Growth is closely related to temperature. It has a wide temperature range from over
38c. Optimum temperature for cane growth (germination) is 27 to 33c (80 to 90F).
Temperature below 27c definitely injurious to the cane, reduce tillers and above 38c
adversely affect the sprouting.
Ideal temperature:
Carbon
Sugar
Sugar
Tillering-33.3-34.4c
Root
Shoot growth- 33c
transport-
assimilation-30c
synthesis-30c
30-35c
growth-
36c
Relative humidity:
High humidity (80-85%) favours rapid cane elongation during grand growth period. A
moderate value of 45-65% coupled with limited water supply is favourable during the
ripening phase. Above 40% humidity coupled with warm weather favours vegetative
growth of cane.
Sunshine:
Sugarcane is a sun loving plant.
Greater incident radiation favours higher sugar yields.
About 7-9 hr of bright sunshine is highly useful for both active growth and ripening.
Frost:
Sever cold weather inhibits bud sprouting in ratoons and arrest cane growth.
At temperature -1c to 2c the cane leaves and meristem tissues are killed.
Wind:
High velocity winds exceeding 60 km/hr are harmful to grown up canes leading to
lodging and
cane breakage.
Statistics
Area,Production and Productivity of sugarcane in World
KERALA
Area, Production and Productivity of Sugar cane (2006-07)
KARNATAKA
Area, Production and Productivity of Sugar cane (2006-07)
Tamil Nadu
Karnataka
Kerela
Tamil Nadu
Sugarcane is grown chiefly in the main season (December - May) in the entire State.
In parts of Tiruchirapalli, Perambalur, Karur, Salem, Namakkal and Coimbatore
districts, it is also raised during the special season (June - September). The particulars
in respect of each season are given below:
1.
Main
i) Early: Dec - Jan
iii) Late:April - May
season
ii) Mid: Feb - March
Karnataka
The normal planting season is October-December. Delay in planting reduces cane yield.
Planting should not be delayed beyond February in the plains. In hilly tracts where
sugarcane is cultivated under rain fed conditions, planting should be done after
abatement of heavy rains.
Varieties
1. Particulars of varieties
2. Morphological characters
3. Season wise suitable varieties
4. Suitable varieties for Tamil Nadu (District wise)
5. New varieties of sugarcane
6. Important variety performance
7. Suitable varieties for Kerala
8. Suitable varieties for Karnataka
Particulars of varieties
Variety
CCS %
CCS (t/ha)
CoC 671
10
123.5
14.20
17.50
CoC 771
10
140.0
13.10
18.30
CoC 772
10
143.3
14.00
20.00
CoC 773
10
97.5
13.20
12.60
10 - 11
102.9
13.20
13.50
CoC 774
11
159.8
11.90
17.90
CoC 775
11
122.5
13.40
16.40
CoC 776
11
112.3
14.00
15.50
CoC 777
12
171.3
11.80
20.00
CoC 778
12
165.5
11.00
18.10
CoC 779
12
204.6
11.80
24.00
Co 419
12
112.5
10.50
11.80
Co 6304
12
115.0
13.50
15.50
CoC 8001
10-11
102.5
13.20
13.50
CoC 85061
10-11
128.5
12.90
16.60
CoC 86062
10-11
133.5
12.60
16.80
CoSi 86071
10-11
131.7
12.20
16.00
CoC 90063
10-11
124.0
12.30
15.40
Co 8021
10-11
137.7
11.00
14.60
CoC 91061
10-11
131.0
11.30
15.60
CoC 92061
8-11
132.7
12.76
16.05
Co 8362
11-12
124.3
12.40
15.40
CoG 93076
11-12
132.0
13.20
17.40
Co 8208
11-13
141.5
11.07
15.28
CoG 94077
11
133.2
13.5
17.6
CoG 95076
10-11
108.2
11.5
12.4
Co 85019
12
134.5
12.5
16.8
CoSi 95071
10
152.0
12.9
21
CoSi 96071
10
145.0
11.9
17.3
Co 86010
10-12
146.1
10.78
15.64
CoC 98061
10-11
120.0
11.60
13.80
CoSi 98071
12
144.7
12.3
17.7
Co 86249
10-12
128.7
11.3
14.3
CoC 99061
10-12
130.3
11.9
15.6
Co 86032
10-12
110.0
13.0
14.3
CoC (SC) 22
10-12
135.9
12.1
16.5
Co Si (SC) 6
10-11
142.0
13.1
18.6
CoG (SC) 5
11-12
115.0
12.7
14.6
Morphological characters
Characters
COC 671
COC 771
COC 772
COC 773
Parentage
Q63xCO775
CO419xCO658
CO740xCO658
CO658XCO1305
Leaf size
Broad
Broad
Broad
Broad
Leaf colour
Green
Green
Green
Green
Sheath colour
Green with
Green with
Green with
Green with
purple tinge
purple tinge
purple tinge
purple tinge
Clasping
Loose
Loose
Loose
Loose
Spines
Present
Present
Present
Present
Ligular process
Present
Absent
Absent
Present
Sheath
Stem colour
Green with
Yellow with
Yellow with
Yellow with
purple tinge
purple tinge
Green tinge
green tinge
Girth
Thick
Medium
Medium
Medium
Joint
Staggered
Straight
Staggered
Straight
Bud Groove
Absent
Present
Absent
Absent
Size
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
CO 8021
COC 91061
Character
COC 8201
COC 90063
Parentage
COC779 G.C.
Leaf size
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Leaf colour
Green
Green
Green
Green
Sheath colour
Green with
Green
Purple
Whitish
Pink tinge
Yellow
Sheath clasping
Loose
Loose
Loose
Tight
Spines
Glabrous
Present
Glabrous
Absent
Splits
..
Absent
Present
Absent
Ligular
Lanceolate
Present on
Present on one
Absent
one side
side Lanceolate
process
(4-5 cm)
Stem colour
Greenish yellow
Yellowish green
Purple
heavy
wax deposition
Girth
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Joint
Thick
Staggered
Erect
Staggered
Bud Groove
Present
Absent
Present and
Absent
Prominent
Size
Medium
Medium
Medium/Big
Small
Character
COC 92061
CO 8362
COG93076
CO 8208
Parentage
CO 7314 GC
CO 6304X
COC 772X
CO 62198X
(Natural cross)
COC 671
CO 419
COC 671
Involving
CO6314
as female
Leaf size
Broad
Medium
Medium
Medium
Leaf colour
Green
Green
Dark green
Dark green
Sheath Colour
Purple with
Green
Dark green
Greenish purple
heavy bloom
Sheath clasping
Loose
Loose
Spines
Deciduous
Deciduous
Deciduous
Deciduous
Splits
Absent
Absent
Absent
Ligular process
Stem colour
Greenish
yellow
Girth
Joint
Slightly
staggered
Straight
Bud Groove
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Size
Medium
Medium
Medium
Small
COG 95076
Present
Asymmetrical
Character
COG 94077
CO 85019
Parentage
COSi 95071
COC 671x MS 6847
Leaf size
Medium
Medium
Leaf colour
Dark green
Green
Light
green
harvest
Sheath colour
Greenish
with Green
Purple tingle
at Green
Sheath
Clasping
Loose
Loose
Spines
Absent
Present,deciduos
Easily trashing
Loose
Hard few
Absent
greenish
Present,
Asymmetrical
Stem colour
Greenish yellow
Girth
Medium
Medium
Joint
Slightly
staggered
Staggered
Bud groove
Short, shallow
Indicated
Absent
Present
Size
Medium
Medium
Small
Medium
Character
CO Si 96071
CO 86010
Parentage
C 82061GC
Leaf size
Medium
Broad
Medium
Broad
Medium
Leaf colour
Green
Light green
Green
Dark green
Green
Sheath colour
Light
green Light
green Green with Yellowish
pink pink tinge
green
with
pink with
blotches
blotches
Medium
Medium
CO 86249
Light green
Spines
Present
deciduous
Ligular
Asymmetrical
Stem colour
Purplish
Yellowish
Yellowish
Greenish
with
green yellow with green
tinge
slight
purple tinge
Greenish yellow
Girth
Medium
Thick
Medium
Thick
Thick
Joint
Concave,
convex
Cylindrical
Cylindrical
Cylindrical
Budgroove
Absent
Prominent
Absent
Numerous
Absent
Size
Small
Big
Medium
Big
Big
Character
& Absent
CoC
99061CoC
99061
Absent
Deciduous
Absent on Short
both sides
lanceolate
CO 86032
Small, present on
one side
COC (SC) 22
COC
Parentage
CO 6806 X CO 740
Leaf size
Medium
Medium
Medium
Leaf colour
Green
Dark green
Green
Sheath colour
Green
with
scarious border
Sheath clasping
Tight
Loose
Loose
slight
Spines
Deciduous
Splits
Absent
Present
Absent
Ligular process
Present,
lanceolate
Present asymmetrical
Stem colour
Dark
green
Yellowish
(Unexposed)
Girth
Medium
Medium
Medium
Joint
Cylindrical
Cylinderical
Cylindrical
Bud groove
Absent
Absent
Absent
Size
Medium
Medium
Medium
asymmetrical,
(Exposed) Reddish
pink Reddish Pink with
green (exposed)
purple
(exposed)
Greenish
yellow Greenish
(unexposed)
yellow(unexposed)
Early
Mid
Late
Factory
Jaggery
Factory
Co
Co
Co
CoC
CoC
CoC
CoC
CoC
CoC
CoC
671
CoC
771
CoC
772
CoC 8001
CoC 85061
CoC 86062
419 Co 6304
Co
658 Co
Co
449
6304
Co 62198 Co
Co
6304 CoC 8201
CoC 774 CoC 771
CoC 775 CoC 776 CoC 778
CoC 8001 CoC 8001 CoC 779
Co
419
658
62174
62198
671
771
772
8001
85061
86062
Jaggery
Factory
Special
Jaggery
Factory
Co 62175 Early
Co
419 varieties
Co
6304 are
CoC 8201 suitable
for
Special
-
Jaggery
-
CoSi 86071
CoC 90063
CoC 91061
CoG 94077
Co
Si
95071
CoC 98061
Co 86010
Co 86249
CoSi
CoC
CoC
CoG
-
86071 90063
91061 94077 -
CoG 93076
Co 85019
CoC 99061 Co 86032
CoC(Sc) 22 -
Co
740 Co
Co 658
-
CoG 93076
Co 85019
CoC 99061
Co 86032
CoC (SC)
22
740
-
Place / District
Suitable Varieties
Salient features
Pudukkottai
Erode
tolerance,
Vellore
CoV
92102,
CoC
90063 Good yielder even in
Co Si(Sc)6, Co G (Sc)5, Co C (Sc)22
drought suitable for late
Planting.
Thiruvannamalai
Kancheepuram
tolerance
& CoC 90063, CoV 92102, Co 86032, CoG Drought
94077, Co Si(Sc)6, Co G (Sc)5, Co C better yield.
(Sc)22
and
Karur
Co
V
92102,
CoSi
95071, Drought tolerance
Co Si(Sc)6, Co G (Sc)5, Co C (Sc)22
Cuddalore
Villuppuram
resistant
high
Thanjavur, Nagapattinam Co V 92102, CoG 93076, CoG 94077, Co Dought tolerance and good
yield
& Tiruvarur
Si(Sc)6, Co G (Sc)5, Co C (Sc)22
Coimbatore
and
Tiruvallur
85019,
CoC
22,
Co
Co G (Sc)5, Co C (Sc)22
Si(Sc)6, Drought
tolerance
good yield
and
Theni,
Madurai
Dindigul
and
and
Chengalput
and
Two clones evolved at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute, namely Co 98014 (Karan 1)
and Co 99004 (Damodar) have been released as varieties for the general public during
February 2007.
i. Co 98014 (Karan-1)
Year of Release
2007
Parents
Co 8316 x Co 8213
Recommended
region for release
General
performance
factors
Mean
cane
yield:
76.29
t/ha
Mean
sugar
yield:
9.26
t/ha
Meansucrose
%
in
juice(10
months):
17.59%
Red rot reaction: Resistant or Moderately Resistant (MR) to red rot
Botanical
description
(a).Cane
type:
Medium
thin
(b).Colour:
Greenish
yellow
(c).Internode shape: Conoidal internodes and long lanceolate auricle on one
side. (d).Others: The clone is free from spines, splits, pith, bud groove and bud
cushion. Leaf tip drying is common during summer months.
Year of Release
2007
Parents
Recommended
region for release
General
performance
factors
Mean cane yield: 116.69 t/ha Mean sugar yield: 16.83 t/ha
Mean
sucrose
%
in
juice (12
months):
18.76%
Disease
reaction:
Resistance
to
red
rot
and
wilt
Others: (a) Tolerant to drought and salinity; (b) Tolerant to internode borer
(c) Golden yellow A1 quality jaggery
(d) Shy flowering habit
General
characteristics
The variety has excellent field habits like erectness; early vigorous growth, dark
green foliage, tall canes without spines or splits and 14% mean fibre content.
Right seed
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in collaboration with Sugar Cane Breeding Institute,
Coimbatore released many high yielding varieties with high recovery to suit various eco
systems and other biotic and abiotic problematic area and of which the following listed
varieties can be recommended for higher cane productivity.
Important variety performance
Variety
Performance
CCS%
Co 86032
Yield (t/ha)
110.0
CoV 92102 High quality variety with yield on par with Co 86032. 12.2
Self stripping with good field habit. Non flowering.
Performs well in red, clay and alkaline soils. Ratoon
performance is satisfactory.
115
152.0
CoC 90063
Non lodging, high tillering, high yield and good quality. 12.30
Drought and alkaline tolerant variety and good ratooner.
124.0
Co 86027
Suitable for mid late planting. Moderate yielder with high 12.2
sugar. Non lodging and non flowering.
132
CoV 94101 Good ratooner. Non lodging. Suitable for early planting. 12.1
Thick cane with good tillering.
120
Co 85019
134.5
12.5
Co 86249
11.3
128.7
CoV 94102 Yield is on par with Co 86032 and quality is lower 12.2
than Co 86032
123
CoSi(Sc) 6
142.0
CoG(Sc)5
115.0
CoC(Sc)22
135.9
CoC(SC)
23
133.05
Source of seed
For the varieties released from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University for supply of primary
seed materials the Sugarcane Research Stations at Cuddalore, Sirugamani and
Melalathur may be contacted. For other varieties promoted by the factories, for seed
materials the concerned factories may be contacted.
Suitable varieties for Kerala
Varieties
Salient features
Co Tl 88322 (Madhuri)
Co 92175
Co 740
For rationing
Co 6907, Co 7405
(Thirumadhuram):
and
Cul
Co 88017 (Madhumathi)
Co 91010 (Dhanush)
Co 87025 (Kalyani)
Co 87044 (Uttara)
Sl No. Variety
Sucrose% Region
Planting
Season
Age at Expected
harvest
Recovery %
(months)
1.
Co 8371 12.5
Co 86032
Southern
Aug. 1st 12 to 14
& Coastal week
&
onwards
Karnataka
11.0 to 12.0
2.
C0 7804 13.0
Co 62174
Co 740,
Co 98014
Central
Karnataka
June,
12 to 14
July,
Aug, Oct
& Nov.
11.0 to 11.5
3.
Central&
North
Karnataka
Oct
Jan.
to 12 to 14
12.0 to 12.5
4.
North
Karnataka
June to 12 to 14
February
12.0 to 12.5
Gallery
Sugar
Nursery Management
About Nursery Management
Spacing
Polybag nursery
Soil
There
should
facility.
be
adequate
irrigation
and
factory
farm/research
farm/Government seed farm.
station
Soil preparations
Apply 25 to 30 tonnes of FYM or cured press mud may be applied about 15 days
before planting.
Spacing
Sett treatment
b. Sett treatment with Azospirillum: Prepare the slurry with 10 packets (2000
g/ha) of
Azospirillum inoculum with sufficient water and soak the setts in the
slurry for 15
minutes before planting.
c. Sett treatment with fungicide: The setts should be soaked in Carbendazim (1
gram in
1litre of water)
d. Aerated steam treatment: Treat setts with Aerated steam at 50 o C for one
hour to
control primary infection of grassy shoot disease.
June
July
August
Dec Apr
Polybag nursery
Generally sugarcane is grown by planting
Cultivation practices
About Cultivation Practices
Land Preparation
Intercultural Operation
Method of Planting
Weed Management
Ratoon Management
Land Preparation
Ploughing
Harrowing
Levelling
Ploughing
Harrowing
It is the secondary tillage operation in sugarcane
Levelling
leveller.
1:1 ratio.(sugarcane trash-15cm thickness,pressmud5cm thickness, rock phosphate, gypsum and urea in
the ratio of 2:2:1,cow dung slurry or water for
moisture, ready to use after 3months).
45 cm spacing.
Intercultural Operations
1. Trash mulching
2. Raising inter crops
3. Crop rotation
4. Gap filling
5. Earthing up
6. Control / Regulation of flowering in sugarcane
7. Detrashing
8. Propping
9. Removal of water shoots
10. Covering the field with green leaf manure plants
Trash mulching
Tamilnadu
Areas of adequate irrigation, sow one row of soybean
Kerala
Intercropping with short duration pulse crop.
Karnataka
They sow groundnut and pulse as inter crop with
sugarcane.
Crop rotation
Gap filling
Fill the gaps, if any, within 30 days after planting with
sprouted setts.
Maintain adequate moisture for 3 weeks for proper
Earthing up
with spade.
Detrashing
Detrashing
Propping
Method of Planting
rows)
Recently in STP (Spaced transplanting) method single eyed sets are used for
For this STP or single eyed set method 750-1MT seed per acre is required.
For both furrow and flat method rows are made 90cm apart and settlings are
spaced at 45 90cm.
This method saves seed cost by 60-70%. In this method distance between two
'
Tissue culture
Weed Management
Introduction
In India, sugarcane is planted in spring (February-March), autumn (SeptemberOctober) and adsaliplanting (July-August). Being a long duration crop, it is heavily
infested with a variety of weeds. Nearly 150 weed species including manuals, perennials
and parasitic have been observed in sugarcane fields in different parts of India. The
weed flora differs from location to location due to variation in agro-ecological conditions
and management practices.
Major weed flora observed in sugarcane fields are:
Sedges- Cyprus rotundus
Grasses-Cynodon dactylon, Sorghum helepense, Panicum spp, Dactylocternium
aegyptium, the cogan grass Imperata cylindrica
Broad leaved weeds Striga asiatica, Chenapodium album, Convolvulus arvensis L.,
Amaranthus viridis L., Portulaca oleraceae L., Commelina bengalensis L., Trianthema
portulacastrum L.
weeds.
In sugarcane, weed infestation during 60-120 days after planting has been found
In ratoon crop, critical period of crop-weed competition has been identified as 30-
ranged from 11-74% depending upon the nature and intensity of weed flora and
period of occurrence of weeds.
Chemical Method
Mechanical Method
Since
laborious and expensive, and weeds in intrarow spaces are not killed.
Besides,
Cultural method
Crop rotation. Certain weeds have association with
sugarcane crop and hence, monocropping of
sugarcane may lead to severe crop-weed
competition. Inclusions of green manure crops or
fodder crops like sorghum not only suppress weeds
but also help in crop diversification.
Chemical method
Generally, application of single herbicide may not be
effective in controlling weeds in sugarcane because
of a great diversity in weed flora and a longer
duration required to suppress the weeds which
come in several flushes. Pre-emergence application
of simazine or atrazine at 1.5-2.0 kg/ha or
metribuzine at 1.0 kg/ha or diuron at 2.5-3.0 kg/ha
or ametryn at 2.0 kg/ha each followed by 2, 4-D at
0.75-1.0 kg/ha as post-effective for broad-spectrum
weed control in sugarcane.
the
herbicide
2,4-D
can
be
used
before Strigaflowering, as an alternative to
hand-pulling but it may need to be repeated.
o Irrigation at 40-45 DAP followed by hoeing and
Pre-Emergence
weed
management:
Protect the sugarcane crop without weeds
for 90 days from planting onwards. During 3rd or 4th
day after planting spray Atrazine @ 2.5 kg/ha
uniformly on the surface of field before the
emergence of weeds. Chemical should be diluted in
1000liter of water and spray through hand sprayer.
Separate hand sprayer and nossel should be used
for herbicide application. Before application of
fertilizer, weeds which are not controlled by
herbicide application should be uprooted by hand
weeding. By this method we can reduce the
maximum level of crop damage.
Post-Emergence
weed
management:
After the emergence of weeds, spray 2-4-D
@ 2.5kg/ha to control broad leaves weed.
Grass sp are controlled by hand weeding. Spraying
of Ethoxy sulfuron @ 13kg/10 litre of water controls
the Cyprus sp.
Herbicide
Control
(weeks)
21 - 30% 30%
Pre-Emergence
1
Atrazine 50 FW
6- 8
2.0
2.5
3.0
Ametryn 80 WP
6- 8
2.0
2.5
3.0
Diuron 80 WP
5-7
2.0
2.0
2.5
Metribuzin 70 WP
10-12
2.0
2.5
3.0
Alachlor 48 EC
6- 8
3.0
3.0
4.0
Trifluralin 48 EC
5- 7
1.5
1.5
1.5
Pendimethalin 50 EC
8-10
1.5
1.5
1.5
Terbacil
---
1.0
1.2
1.5
Diuron + 2, 4-D
---
1.2 + 1.8
1.2 + 1.8
1.2 + 1.8
10
Atrazine + Dalapan
---
1.25
2.5
Post - Emergence
1
5-6
1.0
1.2
1.5
Paraquat
---
2.0
3.0
4.0
Glyphosate 41 WSC
1.2
1.5
2.0
MAMA
4.0
4.0
4.0
While planting, care is to be taken not to disturb the soil of the poly bag.
11.
With a blade give a gentle cut on one side of the bag along the length,
remove bag carefully and put the setting in the furrows of the main field and
press gently.
5. Trash mulching:
This should be done by applying 3 tonnes of trash per hectare and need to be spread
on the field inbetween the furrows. The advantages include the following:
1. Forms as a cover to the soil.
2. Prevents evaporation of soil moisture.
3. Conserves the soil moisture.
4. Keep the root zone moist.
5. Helps in the production of more tillers.
6. Early Shoot Borer (ESB).
7. Keeps the standing crop in lush green
color.
8. Aids the
nutrients.
plant
in
absorbing
more
Disadvantages:
7. Cane yields are generally lower than plant crop yields.
1. Nitrogenous fertilizer requirement is more.
2. In almost all the places, the ratoon crops receive neglected attention. Neglected
cultivation makes the ratoon crops more prone to pests and diseases.
3. Under some situations in certain varieties, flowering takes place and unusual
delay in the harvest and particular conditions might result in the increase of fiber
content that might ultimately affect the sugar recovery.
Raising nursery using single-budded chips (conventionally, 2-3 budded sets are
direct planting of 3-budded chips is done). Raising a nursery and grading reduces
plant mortality significantly as compared to conventional cultivation.
Maintaining wide spacing (5 x 2 feet) in the main field, which reduces the seed
All of the above practices, lead to increased length and weight of individual canes,
and alteast 20-25 tillers/plant and 9-10 millable canes/plant, as compared to 1015 tillers and 4-5 millable canes in conventional cultivation.
Cultivation aspects
Bud selection
Nursery preparation
with coco-pith.
Transplanting
Intercropping
SSI supports intercropping in sugarcane with crops like wheat, potato, cowpea, french
bean, chickpea, water melon, brinjal etc. In addition to effective utilization of land, this
practice will reduce the weed growth up to 60% and give extra income to farmers.
Weeding
Mulching
organic
manure
FYM/compost/well-decomposed
mud (about 8-10 tonnes/acre).
like
press
Quantity
Water management
Furrow
irrigation
helps
in
proper
application and saving of water. Alternate
furrow irrigation means irrigating the
furrows of odd numbers initially followed
by irrigating the furrows of even numbers
after 7 to 15 days as per the moisture
content and age of the crop. This will
ensure saving of water up to 50%.
Particulars
Flood Irrigation
Drip Fertigation
Water Requirement
2200m.m
1000m.m
Duration of irrigation
250 days
250 days
Irrigation Interval
7 days
1 day
Number of irrigation
36
250
6.1 lakhs
0.4 lakhs
Yield
92-105 t/ha
150-200 t/ha
30%
60%
1.97
4.7
Water
requirement
irrigation(lit)
of
single
Earthing up
Earthing up means application of soil at the root zone to strengthen the crop stand.
Normally two earthing ups (partial and full) are followed during a crop period.
(kg/ha)
N
0-30
39.4
31-60
48.6
26.25
61-90
51.4
20.50
13.5
91-120
55.2
16.25
14.6
121-180
57.8
40.5
181-210
10.5
35.0
Total
275.0
63.0
115.0
Harvesting
Overall benefits
In conventional method, cost of setts occupies the major part of cost of cultivation
By practicing SSI, this seed cost can be reduced up to 75%
Reduction in the plant mortality rate
Increases in the length and weight of each cane
It is easy to transport the young seedlings for longer distance
Intercultural operations can be carried out easily due to wider spacing
Scope of SSI in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu, being the number one state in sugarcane productivity (more than 100
t/ha), has a great potential in SSI. The following are some of the reasons to foresee
the great impact of SSI in Tamil Nadu sugarcane sector.
Farmers are very much innovative, eager to take up any new technologies with
labour cost and other soil fertility and productivity related issues.
Due to wider spacing, intercultural operation becomes easy, thus reducing the
harvester, an effort already in practice in some of the Mills areas in Tamil Nadu.
Conclusion
SSI involves use of less seeds, less water and optimum land utilization to achieve more
yields. It is governed by some principles like using single budded chips, raising nursery,
wider spacing, sufficient irrigation and intercropping. By practicing these measures, the
following benefits can be realized:
Better germination percentage
High number of millable canes
Reduction in the duration of crop to some extent
Increased water use efficiency
Improvement in accessibility to nutrients with optimum use of fertilizers
More accessibility to air and sunlight
Reduction in cost of cultivation and
Extra income from intercrops
On the whole, by practicing SSI farmers can very well increase their productivity by
reducing the use of inputs like fertilizers and saving the vital resources like water
simultaneously. Hence, it is very much possible for sugarcane farmers to reap greater
economical benefits by maintaining ecological sustainability.
Irrigation Management
About Irrigation Management
Water requirement
Irrigation Methods
Drip irrigation
Fertigation
Drought management
Water requirement
S.No.
Crops
Duration in days
Water
(mm)
1.
Sugarcane
365
2000
requirement No.
irrigations
of
24
Duration of phase
Water Requirement
Germination
0-45 days
300mm
Tillering Phase
45-120 days
550mm
120-270 days
1000mm
Ripening Phase
270-360 days
650mm
Coarse
textured soil
Medium
textured soil
Fine
soil
Germination(0-45 days )
5-6
6-7
8-10
Tillering Phase(45-120days )
6-7
7-10
12-15
Grand Growth
270days)
10
12-15
10
12-15
15-20
Ripening
days)
Phase(120-
Phase(270-360
textured
Water applied
Irrigation
system
(ha -cm)
Cane
yield
(mt/ha)
Water use
efficiency
C.
(mt/ha)
175.26
126.56
0.72
17.87
Drip irrigation
132.14
128.64
0.97
18.29
Furrow
irrigation
258.45
104.42
0.4
14.71
Rain
sprinkler
gun
fiber
yellowish.
C.S.
Irrigation Methods
Flood irrigation:
Furrow irrigation:
Furrow irrigation is most commonly used and is
irrigation.
Sprinkler irrigation:
For sprinkler irrigation, increasing use is made of spray
Drip irrigation:
Drip irrigation is defined as the precise, slow and
Drip Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
Drip
Drip
Surface Drip:
o The application of water to the soil surface as
dripline
is
"multicrop".
Advantages
Planting
pattern
Drip
system
Distance (m)
Two
rows
of a
pair
Two
Two
driplines
paired
/
rows
two rows
Dripline
installation
depth (cm)
Emitter
distance
(m)
Discharge
(LPH)
Single
row
Surface
---
---
Paired
row
Surface
---
Paired
row
Sub
surface
0.15 to 0.30
Soil
Suitable for any type of soil
Suitable for marginal and undulating land
Low tillage requirement
Fertigation
Fertigation
Sugarcane being a giant crop producing huge quantity
Fertigation
Concept of fertigation
Fertigation is the judicious application of fertilizers by combining with irrigation
water.
Recommended Nitrogen & Potassium @ of 275 and 112.5 kg/ha may be applied
sources respectively.
Duration in days
First stage
Second stage
Third stage
Fourth stage
Fertilizer grade
No. of times
Quantity
(kg/time)
14
0.9
14
1.8
Urea
14
12.1
12-61-00
10
1.2
13-00-45
10
5.0
Urea
10
20.9
12-61-00
3.1
13-00-45
5.6
Urea
14.1
12-61-00
10
2.5
13-00-45
10
6.8
Urea
10
8.3
Nutrients (kg/ha/day)
N
P2O5
K2O
1-30 Days
1.20
0.10
0.20
31-80 Days
1.50
0.40
0.24
81-110 Days
2.00
1.00
0.40
111-150 Days
0.75
0.30
0.75
151-190 Days
--
1.50
Nutrients (kg/ha/day)
N
P2O5
K2O
1-30 Days
1.5
0.15
0.25
31-80 Days
2.0
0.60
0.30
81-110 Days
2.5
1.50
0.50
111-150 Days
0.75
0.50
1.0
151-190 Days
--
1.80
Advantages of fertigation
Ensures a regular flow of water as well as nutrients resulting in increased growth
Offers greater versatility in the timing of the nutrient application to meet specific
crop demands
Safer application method which eliminates the danger of burning the plant root
system
Offers simpler and more convenient application than soil application of fertilizer
Convenient use of compound and ready-mix nutrient solutions containing also
Distribution of plant nutrients more evenly throughout the wetted root zone
throughout the season to meet the actual nutritional requirements of the crop
Soil compaction is avoided because heavy equipment never enters the field
No salt injury to foliage
Allows rising of crop on marginal lands, where accurate control of water and
Nitrogen
Urea
Ammonium
Ammonium
Calcium
Magnesium
Urea
Ammonium
Potassium
Monoammonium Phosphate
Nutrient content
Nitrate
Sulphate
Nitrate
Nitrate
Nitrate
Nitrate
46-0-0
34-0-0
21-0-0
16-0-0
11-0-0
32-0-0
13-0-46
32-0-0
Phosphorus
Monoammonium
Monopotassium
Phosphoric Acid
Phosphate
Phosphate
12-61-0
0-54-32
0-82-0
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Monopotassium Phosphate
Chloride
Sulphate
Nitrate
Thiosulphate
0-0-60
0-0-50
13-0-46
0-0-25
0-52-34
NPK
Polyfeed
19-19-19
20-20-20
Micronutrients
Fe
EDTA
Fe
DTPA
Fe
EDDHA
Zn
EDTA
Ca
EDTA
Rexolin CXK (B+Cu+Fe+Mn+Mo+Zn+Mg)
13
12
6
15
9.7
---
Drought Management
Drought
Drought is a meteorological term and is defined as a period without a significant rainfall. Infact, when evapotranspiration exceeds soil moisture supply i.e. water uptake, the water deficit/drought is resulted.
Sugarcane being a long duration crop which requires more irrigation. In sugarcane, Germination and
grand growth phase are the two important periods which requires more irrigation. In India this period comes
on summer months and availability of water is poor. So the requirement of water is insufficient during those
period which leads to drying of crop and yield loss.
Drought Management:
1. Planting of sugarcane in early season at the depth of 30 cm in furrow.
2. In drought area plant the setts with spacing of 60-75 cm instead of 90
cm.
3. Soak the setts in lime solution (80 kg Kiln lime in 400 lit water) for one
hour.
4. Removal of dry trash at 5th month and leave it as mulch, in the field.
This reduces the temperature upto 2C.
5. Spray potash and urea each at 25 gm in 1 litre of water during moisture
stress period at 15 days interval.
6. Spray Kaolin (60 g in 1 ltr. of water) to alleviate the water stress.
7. Under water scarcity condition, alternate furrow and skip furrow
irrigation method is beneficial.
8. Apply 125 kg of Muriate of Potash additionally at 120 day of planting.
9. Basal incorporation of coir waste @ 25 tonnes/ha at the time of last
ploughing.
10. Use drought tolerant resistant varieties like Co 86032, Co 99004, Co
94008 and Co 86249
Nutrient Management
About Nutrient Management
Introduction
Role of Nutrient
Nutrient Application
Organic Manure
Nutritional Disorder
Integrated Nutrient Management
Fertilizer Requirements
Introduction
Among
various
riputes
of
sugarcane
production, although nutrients contribute
maximum to the increase in yield.
many nutrients.
The
Role of Nutrient
Plants require 16 essential nutrient elements. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are
derived from the atmosphere and soil water. The remaining 13 essential elements
(nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, zinc, manganese,
copper, boron, molybdenum, and chlorine) are supplied either from soil minerals and
soil organic matter or by organic or inorganic fertilizers. These nutrients are essential
for proper crop development. Each is equally important to the plant.
Major Nutrient
Nitrogen
Influences sugarcane yield and quality.
Required
yield.
Excess Nitrogen leads to:
i. harmful to crop
ii. prolongs vegetative growth
iii. delays maturity and ripening
iv. increases reducing sugar content in juice
v. lowering juice quality
vi. increases soluble
clarification
vii. susceptible
incidence
to
lodging,
in
juice
pest
and
affecting
disease
Phosphorus
Uptake depends on presence of soluble and plant
absorbable form.
build up.
Important for cell division leads to crop growth
Stimulates root growth
Necessary for plant metabolism and photo synthesis
Required for adequate tillering
Interacts with N and thus enhance ripening.
Excess P is wasted due to fixation in soil
Potassium
Requirement of K is greater than N and P.
Required for carbon assimilation, photo synthesis
translocation of carbohydrates
storage organs.
Develops
resistance to
disease and lodging.
Maintains
cell
conditions.
turgidity
sugarcane
under
against
moisture
pest,
stress
Minor Nutrients
Sulphur:
It is essential for synthesis of amino acids, protein and
vitamins in sugarcane.
Zinc:
It is essential for bio synthesis of plant growth
Manganese:
It is activator of many enzymes involve in protein
synthesis of sugarcane.
sugarcane crop.
Boron:
The main functions of boron relate to cell wall strength
development.
Magnesium:
Mg is the central element of the chlorophyll molecule.
Carrier of Phosphorus in the plant
Magnesium
Sugar synthesis
Copper:
It is a constituent of several enzyme systems involved
Copper is important in
metabolism.
It is important to the formation of lignin in plant cell
Nutrient Application
Basal application
Basal
application
of
organic
manures:
1. Apply FYM at 12.5 t/ha or compost 25 t/ha or filter press
mud at 37.5 t/ha before the last ploughing under
gardenland
conditions.
2. In wetlands this may be applied along the furrows and
incorporated well.
Soil application
Apply 275 kg of nitrogen and 112.5 kg of K2O/ha in
Cover
Foliar application
as a wetting agent.
Organic manure
ploughing.
An
Green manure:
Sow green manure crops like daincha or sunhemp on
Press Mud:
Press Mud is a by-product of sugar industry. For every
It
Bio fertilizer:
Application of azospirillum gives atmospheric nitrogen
application.
Neem cake:
Neem cake is the residue left, after oil has been
as
day
Nutritional disorders
Nitrogen:
All leaves of sugarcane exhibit a yellow green colour.
Retardation of growth.
Cane stalks are smaller in diameter.
Premature drying of older leaves.
Roots attain a greater length but are smaller in
diameter.
Management:
Soil application of N fertilizer or foliar spray of urea
1-2% twice at weekly interval.
Phosphorus:
Reduction in length of sugarcane stalks, diameters of
Reduced tillering.
Decreased shoot / root ratio with restricted root
development.
Management:
Foliar spray of DAP 2% twice at fortnight interval
Potassium:
Depressed growth
Yellowing and marginal drying of older leaves and
Development of slender stalks.
Orange, yellow colour appears in the older lower leaves
Reddish
Management:
Foliar spray of KCL 1% twice at fortnight interval
Zinc:
Earlier development of anthrocyanin pigments in the
leaves.
major veins
veins.
Mangement:
Soil application of 37.5 kg Zinc sulphate/ha before the last
ploughing.
Iron:
Young leaves where pale stripes with scanty chlorophyll content occur between
parallel lines.
Management:
Soil application of 25kg/ha of FeSO4 or foliar spray of FESO4 0.5% on 90, 105
and 120 days after planting.
Calcium:
Mottling and chlorosis of older leaves
Spindles often become necrotic at the leaf tip and long margins
Rusty appearance and premature death of older leaves
Management:
Soil application of 100kg/ha of gypsum
Magnesium:
Mottled or chlorotic appearance at the tip and margins
Red necrotic lesions resulting in "rusty" appearance
Internal browning of rind
Management:
Soil application of MgSo4 25kg/ha or foliar spray of MgSo4 2% twice at
fortnight interval.
Sulphur:
Chlorotic young leaves
Narrower and shorter leaves with faint purplish tinge
Slender stalks
Management:
It is advisable to use sulphur containing fertilisers:
Ammonium Sulphate
24% S
Single Super Phosphate 12% S
Potassium Sulphate
18% S
Gypsum
13-18% S
Any one of the above fertilizers at the rate of 10-20 kg/ha.
Molybdenum:
Short longitudinal chlorotic streaks on the top one-third
of the leaf.
Management:
Application of ammonium molybedate (54% Mo) and
sodium
molybdate
(39%
Mo)
are
common
sources of Mo to reactify its deficiency in soils and crops.
In many sugarcane growing areas, the productivity of the soils has declined due
to intensive cropping and lack of proper soil fertility management practices. The
soil productivity can be restored through rationalized integrated nutrient
management (INM) involving organic manures, fertilisers and biofertilisers.
Bulky organic manures like farmyard manure, compost and pressmud must be
Sunnhemp green manure can be grown as intercrop and incorporated into the soil
Soil-test based fertiliser schedules are advisable. When this is not possible, a
the time of first hoeing and weeding during 30 to 45 days after planting.
Nitrogenous and potassic fertilisers must be applied in four splits, first split during
30 45 days, second split during 60-75 days, third split during 90 105 days
and fourth split during 120 135 days after planting.
The efficiency of urea can be enhanced by blending it with neem cake powder in
4:1 ratio, a day before application. It is advisable to apply the mixture of urea
and potash fertiliser in holes of 10 cm depth at intervals of 15 cm spacing on the
sides of the plant rows.
the leaves of the crop, 5 kg of ferrous sulphate, 2.5 kg of zinc sulphate and 5 kg
of urea per hectare may be dissolved in 500 litres of water and sprayed over the
foliage. If necessary, one or two more sprayings can be given at intervals of 15
days.
with 10 kg of compost and applied basally in the planting furrows or at the time
of first hoeing and weeding during 30 45 days after planting. The soil pH must
be maintained in the neutral range of 6.5 to 7.5 for the crop.
Fertilizer Requirements
Tamil Nadu:
Sugarcane
plant
crop
(meant
275: 62.5: 112.5 kg N, P2O5 and K2O per ha
Recommendation
for Plant crop
for
Blanket
Recommendation(Kg/ha)
sugar
mills)
Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha)
Super
Muriate of
phosphate potash
Urea
Basal
62.5
390
30-45 days
90
37.5
200
62.5
75-90 days
92.5
37.5
205
62.5
92.5
37.5
205
62.5
Total
275
62.5
112.5
610
390
187.5
Apply FYM at 12.5 t/ha or compost 25 t/ha or filter press mud at 37.5 t/ha before the
last ploughing under gardenland conditions.
Blanket
Recommendation(Kg/ha)
N
Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha)
Super
Muriate of
phosphate potash
Urea
68.5
62.5
148
390
30-45 days
90
37.5
200
62.5
75-90 days
92.5
37.5
205
62.5
92.5
37.5
205
62.5
Basal
Total
343.5
62.5
112.5
758
390
187.5
Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha)
Basal
62.5
30-45 days
75
37.5
75-90 days
75
120-135 DAP or
DAR
75
Total
225
62.5
Urea
390
162
62.5
37.5
162
62.5
37.5
162
62.5
112.5
Super
Muriate of
phosphate potash
486
390
187.5
Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha)
82.5
45 days
82.5
90 days
82.5
Basal
Total
165
82.5
Urea
Super
Muriate of
phosphate potash
515
41.5
179
69
41
179
68
82.5
358
515
137
Apply compost or cattle manure, 10 t/ha or press mud 5 t/ha or dolomite 500 kg/ha or
calcium carbonate 750 kg/ha.
Apply N and K2O in two split doses, the first 45 days after planting and the second 90
days after planting along with earthing up. Do not apply N beyond 100 days after
planting. Apply entire dose of phosphorus as basal dressing.
Chittoor area
225: 75: 75 kg N, P2O5 and K2O per ha
Recommendation
for Chittoor area
Blanket
Recommendation(Kg/ha)
Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha)
75
468
45 days
112.5
37.5
244
62
90 days
112.5
37.5
244
62
Basal
Total
225
75
75
Urea
Super
Muriate of
phosphate potash
488
468
124
Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha)
75
468
45 days
57.5
45
124
74
90 days
57.5
45
124
74
Basal
Total
115
75
90
Urea
Super
Muriate of
phosphate potash
248
468
148
Blanket
Recommendation(Kg/ha)
Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha)
75
468
60 days
125
75
271
124.5
90 days
125
75
271
124.5
Basal
Total
Recommendation
for Ratoon crop
250
75
150
Urea
Super
Muriate of
phosphate potash
542
468
Blanket
Recommendation(Kg/ha)
249
Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha)
75
468
60 days
157.5
95
341
157
90 days
157.5
95
341
157
Basal
Total
315
75
190
Urea
Super
Muriate of
phosphate potash
682
468
314
Other fertilizers
10:26:26 complex, Urea and Muriate of potash recommended dose in kg/ha
Fertilizers
Before planting
45th day
90th day
10:26:26 complex
250
urea
280
280
Muriate of potash
50
50
Before planting
45th day
90th day
17:17:17 complex
375
urea
235
235
Muriate of potash
50
50
Before planting
45th day
90th day
DAP
135
urea
280
280
Muriate of potash
100
100
Fertilizers
Before planting
45th day
90th day
20:20 complex
315
urea
240
240
Muriate of potash
100
100
Crop Protection
About Crop Protection
Pest Management
Disease Management
Pest Management
Sugarcane crop is affected by more than 60 insects of which about 10 insects are
rather more important as far as the yield loss is concerned. Among the major insects
damaging sugarcane, borers, sucking pests, soil dwelling insects are more prevalent
in Tamil Nadu and adjoining states which account 20% loss in cane yield 15% loss in
sugar yield.
Sl.No
Common Name
Scientific Name
Family
Order
Chilo infuscatellus
Crambidae
Lepidoptera
Internode borer
Chilo
indicus
sacchariphagus Crambidae
Lepidoptera
Top borer
Scirphophaga excerptalis
Pyralidae
Lepidoptera
Termites
Odontotermes obesus
Termitidae
Isoptera
White grubs
Holotrichia Consanguinea
Melolonthidae
COleoptera
Woolly aphid
Ceratovacuna lanigera
Phempigidae
Hemiptera
White fly
Aleurolobus
barodensis Aleyrodidae
Neomaskellia
bergii
N . andropogonis
Hemiptera
Mealy bug
Saccharicoccus sacchari
Pseudococcidae
Hemiptera
Scale insects
Melanaspis glomerata
Diaspididae
Hemiptera
10
Nematode
Reniform
nematode
- Trichostrongylidae
Rotylenchulus
reniformis.
Root knot nematode
Meloidogyne
spp
Lance
nematode
Hoplolaimus
indicus
Lesion
nematode
- Pratylenchus coffeae
Monhysterida
11
Grasshopper
Discription:
Tamil Nadu, Andra Pradesh, U.P., Bihar, West Bengal, Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab,
Rajasthan. In Tamil Nadu, its occurance is noted in all sugarcane growing areas.
Symptom of damage:
Dead heart in 1-3 month old crop, which can be easily pulled out,
rotten portion of the straw coloured dead heart emites an offensive odour. A
number of bore holes at the base of the shoot just above the ground level.
Life cycle:
Egg: Flat scale like eggs are laid in 3-5 rows on the lower
surface of leaves in masses of 4-100. The masses are slightly
overlapping like tiles. It hatches 4-6days.
Larva: Larva is dirty white with five dark violet longitudinal
stripes and dark brown head. Duration 16-30days.
Pupa: Pupation takes within the tunnel. Caterpillar before
pupating makes a large exit hole in the stem and blocks the
opening with silken discs.
Adult: Pale greyish brown moth with black dots near the
coastal margin of the forewings and with white hind wings.
Management:
Cultural method:
Use resistant varities like CO 312, CO 421, CO 661,
Physical method:
Remove and destroy dead hearts.
Biological method:
Apply granulosis virus 1.1 x 10 5 IBS / ml
Chemical method
Apply any one of the following insecticides if the
Distribution:
Major pest in tropical India
Symptom of damage:
Internodes constricted and shortened, with a number
of boreholes and fresh excreta in the nodal region. Affected
tissues reddened.
Nature of damage:
Caterpillars attack sugarcane plants after 3 months
of planting. They bore into the canes near the nodes; entry
holes are plugged with excreta. Entry is generally confined to
the first five internodes.
Life cycle:
Egg: Scale like oval, flat, shiny and waxy white eggs
forewings
Management:
Cultural method:
Use resistant varities like CO 975,COJ 46 and CO 7304
Select internode borer damage free setts for planting
Detrashing & burying the trash during the 5th, 7th and
9th month
Physical method:
Collect and destroy the eggs periodically.
Detrash the crop on 150th and 210th day of planting.
Biological method:
Release egg parasite, Trichogramma chilonis at the rate of 2.5
cc / release / ha. Six release at fortnightly intervals starting
from 4th month onwards.
Setting pheromone traps at spindle level on 5th month of the
crop at the rate of 6 traps per acre in a 15 metre grid. The
pheromone septa need to be changed twice at 75 days
interval.
Chemical method:
Avoid the use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers.
easily pulled.
Parallel row of shot holes in the emerging leaves.
Bore holes at the top of the shoot and shows bunchy top appearance.
Nature
of
damage:
Caterpillars are mainly found in the apical portion of the canes, boring
through the growing point and down the upper joints until it reaches the sappy
portion of the stem, there it feeds on the tissues and destroys the cane. They
also bore into the unfolded leaves preferably into the midrib, mining its way
to the base.
Life cycle:
Egg: Eggs are laid on the lower surface of top leaves in
Management:
Cultural method:
Use resistant variety CO 419, CO 745 and CO 6516 and
Physical method:
Collect and destroy the egg masses.
Biological method:
Release Ichneumonid parasitized Gambroides (Isotima)
Chemical method:
Application of Carbofuran 3G 1 kg a.i/ha or Thimet 10G 3
kg a.i/ha
Symptom
of
damage:
Poor germination of setts (after planting),
characteristic semi circular feeding marks on the margin of
the leaves in the standing crop. Causes yellowing and drying of
outer leaves first followed by the inner leaves Entire shoot dries
up and can be pulled out. Setts hollow inside and may be filled
with soil. Cane collapses if disturbed; rind filled with mud.
Life cycle:
Eggs: Dull, kidney shaped and hatches in 30-90 days
Nymphs: Moult 8-9 times and are full grown in 6-12 months
Adult: Creamy coloured tiny insects resembling ants with dark
coloured head
Management:
Cultural method:
Flood irrigation at the time of planting.
Physical method:
Locate and destroy the termite colony.
Collect and destroy the termite affected setts from the
field.
Chemical method:
Fumigate the termite mounds with aluminium phosphate
2 tablets / 1 meter/Mounds.
at time of planting.
Symptom of damage:
Yellowing and wilting of leaves.
Drying of entire crown.
Affected canes come off easily when pulled.
Cause extensive damage to roots and base of shoot.
Life cycle:
Egg: A female lays on an average of 27 eggs in the soil, which
are
pear
like
white
enclosed
in
earthen
cells.
Grub: Fleshy C shaped, whitish yellow in colour found close
to
the
base
of
the
clump.
Pupa: Pupae are tan to brown, and occur deeper in the soil in
earthen
chambers.
Adult: Adult beetles are a rusty-red color just after emerging
from the pupal stage, but turn nearly black.
Management:
Cultural method:
Provide adequate irrigation.
Deep ploughing immediately after harvesting.
Physical method:
Set up light trap.
Collect and destroy the adult beetles.
Chemical method:
Apply lindane 1.6 D @ 50 kg/ha near the root zone.
Symptoms:
Adults and nymphs desap leaves by piercing styles
through stomata. Whitish patches coalesce to turn yellowish
and drying from the tip along margins. Leaves become brittle
and dries completely. Heavy secretion of honey dew
development of sooty mould. Deposition of wooly matter on
ground / soil distinctly visible.
Life cycle:
Adult emerged after fourth moult and viviparous reproduction.
Apterous (Wingless) female reproduce parthenogenetically. Each
femal produced about 15 35 young ones within 24 hr after
mating. Each female reproduces maximum of 217 nymphs during
the period of 20 days. The female are more in the population,
which leads to fast multiplication. Nymph takes 6 to 22 days to
complete
four
instars
and
become
adult.
The life cycle of female complete within one month
period. The longevity of adult is from 32 to 57 days. The life cycle
may vary according to the climatic conditions and variety. In most
of the affected fields at various locations all the nymphal instars
and adults are noticed. In extreme cases, the winter is passed as
eggs which are laid during the previous autumn by sexual
females. In spring they hatch and give rise to apterous
parthenogenetic viviparous females. The winged females appear
in such swarms as to darken the sky and cover the vegetation.
The non-migratory species, the whole life cycle is spent on the
same plant.
Management:
Cultural Method:
Paired row system of planting.
Avoid excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Use of organic fertilizers.
Rapping of canes all along the rows.
Infested tops should not be transported.
Infested canes should not be used as seed for planting.
Biological Method:
1. Encourage local predators
Meyrick Pyralidae
like
Diapha
aphidivora
a. Ishchiodon scutellaris
b. Episyrphus baleatus Syrphidae
c.Chrysopa spp. Chryospidae
d. Schymnus sp.
e. Cheilomeness
sexmaculata,
septempunctata, Synnonycha grandis
Coccinella
Symptom of damage:
Yellowing of leaves
Leaf turns pinkish or purple and later gradually dry.
Infested leaves look white and black dots.
Life cycle:
Egg: Females lay eggs in a line near the midrib or any
colour, flat and oval in shape, later turn shiny black. Its
body is surrounded by fringes of wax.The fourth instar
being the pupal stage, is flat, oval, grayish in colour and
slightly bigger than the nymph. There is a T shaped
white marking on the thorax, which splits at the time of
adult emergence.
Management:
Cultural Method:
Avoid indiscriminate use of insecticides for control of other
pests such as pyrilla, black bug, wooly aphids
Mechanical Method:
Detrashing the puparia bearing leaves and immediately
disposing by burning or burying to prevent emergence of
adult white flies
Chemical Method:
Spray fenitrothion 50 EC @ 2 lit / ha (1000 lit spray fluid)
Symptom
of
damage:
Pinkish oval insects beneath leaf sheath on the nodes,
with whitish mealy coating, main cane stunned also attack
roots. Sooty mould develops on the honey dew giving blackish
appearance on canes.
Life cycle:
Eggs: Eggs are retained in the female reproductive organs
untils almost fully mature. Incubation period is short. The
females may bring forth hundreds of young ones
parthenogenetically. Egg is yellowish, smooth, cylindrical and
rounded
at
both
ends.
Nymph: Newly emerged nymphs are quite active with a
pinkish
transparent
body.
Adult: White with mealy coating, sessile.
Management:
Cultural method:
Use resistant varieties like CO 439, CO 443, CO 720, CO
Physical method:
Detrash the crop on 150 and 210 DAP
Chemical method:
Apply any one of the following insecticides per ha and
Symptom of damage:
The leaves of infested canes show signs of tip drying and
and
with
continued
Life cycle:
Nymph: Females multiply ovo-viviparously. The nymphs that
hatch out from the eggs within the females body come out
through the genital aperture. They are called crawlers. They
settle
after
selecting
suitable
site
for
feeding.
Adult: Greyish black or brown circular scales, they cover the
nodal region forming a thick encrustation.
Management:
Cultural method:
Use resistant varieties like CO 439, CO 443, CO 453, CO
Physical method:
Detrash the crop at 150th and 210th day of planting.
Biological method:
Release Chilocoris nigritus (or) Pharascymnus horni.
Chemical method:
Presoak the setts in 0.1% solution malathion.
Spray dimethoate 0.06% or 120th and 150th after
detrashing.
Nematodes
Symptom:
Usually paling of leaves, first in the form of streaks, later
Nematode types:
There are several nematodes present in the soil of which, four
nematodes are mainly damaging the sugarcane crop. They
are:
Lesion nematode - Pratylenchus coffeae
Root-lesion nematodes are migratory endoparasites Females
ofP. penetrans lay about 1 or 2 eggs/day for about 35 days,
with a maximum of 68 eggs being laid by one female. Eggs
are laid singly or in clusters in both soil and roots. Second
stage juveniles hatch after eggs have incubated for 9 (30 C)
to 25 (15 C) days. Males are required for reproduction by P.
penetrans but not by P. neglectus.
Lance nematode - Hoplolaimus indicus
Lance nematodes, Hoplolaimus spp., are ecto-parasites,
sometimes semi-endo-parasites. Nematodes which are large
and highly resistant to effects of temperature extremes and
dry soil conditions. Larvae look similar to adults except that
they are smaller.This group of nematodes is easily detected
with soil sampling.
Root knot nematode - Meloidogyne spp.
Root knot nematodes are microscopic
roundworms, obligate endo-parasites that complete most of
their life cycle within their host roots. The nematodes survive
in soil as eggs and also second stage larvae.
Management:
Cultural method:
Deep ploughing, solarisation, flooding, crop rotation and
or marigold or daincha
Biological method:
Application
of
biocontrol
agents
like Pochonia
chlamydosporia, Paecilomyces lilacinus or Trichoderma
viride or Pseudomonas fluorescence @ 20 kg/ha at the
time of planting mixed with moist FYM or cured
pressmud and distributed uniformly will help in
suppressing the plant parasitic nematode.
Chemical method:
Apply carbofuran 3G @ 33 kg/ha at the time of planting
Symptom of damage:
Adult and nymph grasshoppers feed on leaves from the
Identification of pest:
Egg: Eggs in the form of egg pods, usually more than ten,
either in the sand or among leaf litters. Each egg pod consists
of about 10-300 eggs that are rice shaped.
Nymph:
Nymphs are miniature versions of adult grasshoppers, except
that they are light in colour and do not possess wings. The
nymphal stage may last for a period of 5-10 days.
Adult:
After about a month, a nymph becomes an adult. An adult
grasshopper lives for 1-2 months.
Management:
Cultural method:
Tillage - Tillage controls grasshoppers primarily by
eliminating the green plants on which grasshoppers feed.
Biological method:
Baits containing the protozoan Nosema locustae is a
biological control option that may be considered for treating
grasshopper breeding sites. This is sold under the trade names
Nolobait or Semaspore and can produce infection of many
species of grasshoppers. Because it is selective in effects, only
affecting grasshoppers.
Sugarcane Diseases
Red rot
Symptoms
The affected canes exhibit leaf colour change, from green to
orange and then to yellow in the third or fourth leaf. Then the leaves
start drying from bottom to top. The cane loses its normal colour and
longitudinal discoloration spots / ribs are seen. The internode region
shrinks with rupture of tissue in the root eye region and the spores
are ejected from these spots. If the fungal spores enter the leaf
sheath through the leaf midrib, then reddish spots can be seen on the
backside of the leaf midrib also. The external symptoms appear only
after16 - 21 days after infection and drying of entire cane takes
another 10 days time. When the affected cane is split opened, the
inner region is reddish in colour with intermittent white tinges across
the cane length. If the variety is highly susceptible or disease
incidence is severe, ash colour fungal growth is seen inside the cane.
Sometimes, the pith inside the cane is filled with blackish brown liquid
and exhibited alchohol odour.
Identification of pathogen
Management
Cultural method:
The red rot affected field must be rotated with rice for one
Growing
Physical method:
Removal of the affected clumps at an early stage and soil
Chemical method:
Adopt sett treatment with Carbendazim before planting
Sett Rot
chlorotic.
Eventually the leaves may wither and the shoots wilt.
If the affected shoots and setts are examined the central
odour.
Identification of pathogen:
Management
Cultural method:
Proper drainage and planting of setts in 1-2 cm depth.
Chemical method:
Sett treatment with Carbendazim or bavistin before
Pre treatment the setts with hot water has been found to
Smut
Symptoms
Production of whip like structure of 25 150 cm. from the
reduced in length.
Identification of pathogen
Ustilago scitaminea
The fungal mycelium spores are echinulate, light brown and
spherical, measuring 6.5 8.5 in diameter.
They germinate readily in water, producing 2-3 celled
promycelia.
Management
Cultural method:
Growing of resistant and moderately resistant varieties
Physical method:
Treating the seed setts with Areated Steam Therapy
Wilt
Symptoms:
External: Gradual yellowing
shrinkage/withering of canes.
and
drying
of
foliage,
Identification of Pathogen
Management
Cultural method:
Healthy seed, sett treatment with fungicides, resistant
Chemical Method:
Dipping the setts in 40 ppm of boron or manganese, or
Rust
Identification of pathogen
Puccinia erianthi
Uredinia were elongate, reddish-brown, with capitate,
were
thick-walled,
orange-brown,
obovoid, measuring 26-34 x 16-20 m. The
urediniospore surface was echinulate with 4-5 equatorial
pores.
Management
Cultural method:
Use resistant varieties like Co 91010 (Dhanush), Co
87025 (Kalyani)
Chemical method:
Spray Tridemorph 1.0 litres or Mancozeb 2.0 kg/ha.
Symptoms
Initial symptom appears in the young crop of 3 4
months age as thin papery white young leaves at the top of
the cane. Later, white or yellow tillers appear in large number
below these leaves (profuse tillering). The cane becomes
stunted with reduced internodal length. There is no millable
cane formation. At times, one or two canes grow well in the
affected tillers with greenish leaves. When these seemingly
good canes are used for setts, the following crop produces only
whitish leaves; these leaves dry early and gaps in the field.
Mode of spread
Management
Cultural method:
Growing resistant varieties viz., Co 86249, CoG 93076
and CoC 22
Physical method:
Rogue
in
the
secondary
and
Chemical method
Spray dimethoate @ 1ml in 1 litre of water to control
insect vector
Symptom of Damage:
Yellowing of midrib and adjacent laminar region and
subsequent leaf drying along the mid rib in 3 to 5 leaves from
top. In some cases reddish discolouration is also seen and in
severe cases drying of spindle along with leaves.
Pathogen:
The
Management
Cultural method:
Use healthy seed cane
Field should be maintain with proper hygiene
Application
Chemical
method:
Secondary transmission of the disease by insect vectors can
be controlled by application of Malathion(0.1%) or
Dimecron(0.2%).
Ratoon Stunting
The organism that causes RSD is, Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, a
small aerobic bacterium. The genus ofthe pathogen was
previously called Clavibacter.
Management
Cultural method:
Select healthy setts for planting.
Mechanical method:
Treat setts with hot water at 50C for about 2 hours give 100
per cent control.
I. Sugarcane planter:
This is a tractor mounted machine and can be drawn by any tractor of 35 hp. This can
be lifted or lowered by the hydraulic system of the tractor.
Cane planting includes
Planting of sugarcanes in two rows.
Opening of furrows at a spacing of 75
cm.
Cutting of cane into 37 cm. long setts
Placement of setts in the furrows
Droping of fertilizer below the setts
Dispensing the insecticide solution over
the setts
Covering
Advantages:
Irrigation water saving:20- 30%
Seed Saving:40%
Fertilizer Saving:40%
Full yield of Wheat and sugarcane is obtained.
The cost of operation per ha in case of this equipment will be in the range of Rs. 2000
as compared to Rs. 7000 manually. Machine costs approximately Rs.85,000
Specification
ii.Power requirement : 35
45 hp tractor
ii. Capacity : 250 to 300
holes / hour
Cost of the unit (Approx) :
Rs.85000/-
General
Information
Salient
features
Specification
General
Information
4. Sugarcane Detrasher
Function
Specification
Salient
features
5. Sugarcane Crusher
Function
Specification
Test Results
Power requirement : 5 hp
electric motor
Labour requirement : Two
Shelling extraction : 65%
Cost of equipment : Rs
11,000/-
6. Sugarcane Intercultivator:
This newly developed intercultivator, has two
sets of tynes with three tynes in each set.
This can be hitched to the heel-adjusted
tractor. It can be run on the field 40 days
after planting to remove the weeds in
between the crop in two rows. The escaped
weeds and other large dicot weeds within the
rows can be removed by engaging minimum
labour. The improved intercultivator can
cover an extent of over a hectare in a day.
Its shovel-shaped tynes help in uprooting the
deep-rooted tubers of the monocot weeds,
which is not possible with hand held spades
or hoes.
7. Earthing up Ridger
Function : For making ridges and earthing
up the sugarcane field.
Cost of the equipment : Rs.15,000/-.
The performance of an earthing up
implement, which can be run in between the
crop rows to cover the nutrients applied as
first top dressing on the 40th day of planting.
This tractor-drawn implement consists of two
heavy body ridgers fitted to a strong frame.
When the crop is nearing 80 to 90 days of
age, a second top dressing is done, and the
same implement can be used again for full
earthing up of the plants. This labour-saving
implement can cover an area of 1.2-1.6
ha/day. The furrows are uniformly deep, and
it facilitates uniform flow of irrigation water in
the field.
11. Rotavator:
Rotavator, unlike traditional implements can produce a seed bed with one or two
passes. The tractor/rotavator combination can commence cultivation much sooner
after rain than traditional drawn implements. It is most suitable for Sugarcane stubble
removal, eradication of rhizomes.
Product Specification
1. Supporting chassis: tractor
2. External dimensions (L X W X H):
1150025005900mm
3. Power: 191KW260HP
4. Productivity: min30T/h
5. Row spacing: min1.4m
6. Length of cane part: 200-300mm
12. Sugarcane combine harvester:
Range of application:
Plan, Mountain area, Hill, Dry field.
Function:
1. Loading sugarcane, wood, and other
agricultural use.
2. Loading sandy soil, stone and other
construction use.
Feature:
1. Lifting high, loading height can reach 4.25m; it
can meet all truck loading sugarcane needing.
2. High-power, mate with four cylinder 260hp
engine.
3. It is well established for its flexible operations
with wide base tire, full hydraulic transmission
and steering.
4. It can harvest 1.2 ha/day ie., 20 tone/hr.
Harvesting
About Harvesting
Harvesting Process
Types of Harvesting
Maturity symptoms and Harvesting period
Processing of Sugarcane
By Products
Harvesting process
Time of Harvesting
or under-matured cane)
Cutting cane to ground level so that the bottom sugar rich internodes are
eliminated
Proper cleaning of the cane i.e., removing the extraneous matter such as leaves,
Harvesting: Sugarcane matures in 10-12 month in North India and 18-20 month in
South India. Brix value is 16-18 in Dec and Jan at or below 200 C. Different Indicators
of harvesting are leaves become yellow, plants stops growing and arrows come out,
cane produces metallic sounds, buds swell out and eyes start sprouting.
Harvesting Schedule
Types of harvesting
Manual Harvesting
Hand knives, cutting blade or hand axes are
used for manual harvesting. It requires skilled
labourers as improper harvest of cane leads
to loss of cane and sugar yield, poor juice
quality and problems in milling due to
extraneous matter.
Mechanical Harvesting
Covering the harvested cane with trash and sprinkling with water both under sun and
shade reduced the moisture loss and prevented quality deterioration. Among the
varieties studied, maximum loss of moisture (5.9%) was recorded by the variety Co
86249 while the varieties Co 94008 and Co 85019 have registered minimum loss of
moisture (4.7%).
Therefore, proper harvesting should ensure:
To harvest the cane at peak maturity (i.e., avoiding cutting of either over-matured
or under-matured cane)
Cutting cane to ground level so that the bottom sugar rich internodes are
eliminated
Proper cleaning of the cane i.e., removing the extraneous matter such as leaves,
Cane yield
Cane
yield
stalk
number
single
cane
weight
General
The integrated production strategies for harvesting the maximum cane yield includes
1. Selection of suitable varieties specific to the locations
2. Through land preparation
3. Use of healthy nursery seed material
4. Planting at proper season with suitable varieties
5. Maintaining optimum plant population through adequate gap filling
6. Application of appropriate herbicide combinations for effective control of the
weeds
7. Enrichment of the organic content of the soil by way of application of bulky
organic manures or in situ incorporation of green manure crops.
8. Application of correct dose of inorganic fertilizers based on soil test
recommendations. Need based micro nutrient can be applied.
9. Use of bio fertilizers Especially Azospirillum, Acetobacter and Phosphobacteria
10.
11.
Appropriate water management practices and especially adopting drip
fertigation systems
12.
Harvesting at appropriate time and upto bottom of the cane using sharp
knives.
For Ratoon
Covering the harvested cane with trash and sprinkling with water both under sun and
shade reduced the moisture loss and prevented quality deterioration.
Cleaning and Crushing
Juicing
The shredded pieces of sugarcane travel on the conveyer belt through a series of
heavy-duty rollers, which extract juice from the pulp. The pulp that remains or
"bagasse" is dried and used as fuel. The raw juice moves on through the mill to be
clarified.
Clarifying
Carbon dioxide and the milk of a lime are added to the liquid sugar mixture and it is
heated to the boiling point, as the process of clarifying begins. As the carbon dioxide
travels through the liquid it forms calcium carbonate, which attracts non-sugar debris
(fats, gums, and wax) from the juice, and pulls them away from the sugar juice. The
juice is then pushed through a series of filters to remove any remaining impurities.
Evaporation
The clear juice which results from the clarifying process is put under a vacuum, where
the juice boils at a low temperature and begins to evaporate. It is heated until it forms
into thick, brown syrup.
Crystallization
Refinery
Once the final evaporation and drying process is done, screens separate the different
sized sugar crystals. Large and small crystals are packaged and shipped, labeled as
white, refined sugar.
Sugar Facts
Refined white sugar is 99.9-percent sucrose.
White sugar is pure sucrose, containing no preservatives or additives.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE
Sugar,
Nutritional
(3.5 oz)
Sugars,
brown
granulated
per
100 g Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
value
Energy
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Dietary fiber
Fat
Protein
Water
Riboflavin (Vit. B2) Calcium
Iron
Potassium
-
Energy
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Dietary fiber
Fat
Protein
Water
Riboflavin (Vit. B2)
Calcium
Iron
Potassium
Folate (Vit. B9)
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Zinc
By- Products
Raw sugar
Raw sugar is obtained from the processing of the sugar cane juice extracted from
The crystals (raw sugar) are separated from the molasses by centrifugation.
Refined sugar is purified white sugar of approximately 99.50 pol, a moisture
Sugarcane Juice
The sugarcane variety for juice should give high in
Gur or Jaggery
The result of the milling process is pure whole unrefined
non-centrifugal cane sugar, called Panela (right). The
earliest modern record of Panela is around 3000BC in
India, where Panela was known as Gur Jaggery, or more
commonly today Gur, or 'poor peoples sugar'.
Procedure
for
Preparation
of
jaggery:
1. Fresh sugarcanes are cut from the fields, canes are cut in
such a way that the head and tail are chopped off. They are
carefully brought in a plastic sack, to the place where they
are
made
juice.
2. To extract juice from the sugarcane, they use a small
power run machine, where at one side four or five canes are
fed, and at the other end, extracted sugar cane juice is
directly
feed
to
the
vessel.
3. Next step involved is boiling the extracted juice, juice is
feed to a large big iron vessel, which is usually called as
kadai.
Molasses
Molasses is a viscous byproduct of the processing of sugar cane. To make molasses, the sugar cane juice is
extracted from the canes, usually by crushing or mashing; it can also be removed by cutting. The juice is
boiled to concentrate it, which promotes the crystallization of the sugar. The result of this first boiling and
removal of the sugar crystals is first molasses, which has the highest sugar content because comparatively
little sugar has been extracted from the source. Second molasses is created from a second boiling and sugar
extraction,
and
has
a
slight
bitter
tinge
to
its
taste.
The third boiling of the sugar syrup makes blackstrap molasses. The majority of sucrose from the
original juice has been crystallized, but blackstrap molasses is still mostly sugar by calories. However, unlike
refined sugars, it contains significant amounts of vitamins and minerals. Blackstrap molasses is a source of
calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron; one tablespoon provides up to 20% of the daily value of each of
those nutrients. Blackstrap, often sold as a health supplement, is also used in the manufacture of cattle feed
and for other industrial uses.
Bagasse
The bagasse (or the crushed cane fibres), which results from the milling, is used in the
boilers for steam production which is used to power the process. The surplus bagasse
is used in industry, to produce power, make paper, building materials, as a fuel and
even as stock feeds.
Ethanol
Sugarcane can also be used to make ethanol, a liquid that can be used as an
automotive fuel or a gasoline additive. Sugarcane is an excellent feedstock because
the biomass of the sugarcane plant is relatively rich in the sugar that can be readily
turned into fuel. Brazil is the worlds leading producer of sugarcane ethanol and it is
estimated that upward of 40% of Brazils transportation energy needs are met by sugar
cane ethanol.
Syrup
Candy
Rum is a distilled beverage made from sugarcane by products such as molasses and sugarcane
juice by a process of fermentation and distillation. The distillate, a clear liquid, is then usually
aged in oak and other barrels
Filter cake or mud press
Filter cake or mud press is a chocolate, sticky waste during juice extraction of cane stalks
containing 5-15 % protein, calcium and phosphorus; 5-15 % sugar; 10-30% fiber; 10-20%
ash and other micronutrients. It is a by-product with high potential as important component of
organic fertilizer and animal feed and as source of sugarcane wax and methane (gas for fuel)
when process.
Yeast
Yeasts are complex, protein-rich, living unicellular organisms that have been selected and
isolated through research, Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce baker's yeast. It is normally
produced from molasses. About 4 kg of molasses would be required to produce 1 kg of active
dry baker's yeast (92 percent dry matter). Yeast is used in bread production at about 1 percent
by weight of flour. On a dry matter basis, it contains about 44 percent protein
Confectionary
Sugar confectionery refers to a large range of food items, commonly known as sweets. Boiled
sweets,
toffees,
marshmallows,
and
fondant
are
all
examples.
Today, sugar confectionery includes a large range of food items, commonly known as sweets.
Some examples are; Boiled sweets, Toffees, and Marshmallows.
Sugarcane Tops
Sugarcane tops are a major by-product of the sugarcane industry which is left in the field after
harvest and widely used for feeding draught animals or cattle owned by workers on the sugar
estates or by the sugar companies. The tops, or leaves from sugarcane are mostly fed to large
ruminants and so do not normally constitute a feed resource for small stock.
Sugarcane Marketing
About Sugarcane marketing
Marketing Depends On
Transport of Cane
Cane Price and Payments
Sugar Mills and Factories
Marketing Depends On
The profitability of sugar mills is affected by the ratio of free sale quota to levy
quota. Though this ratio has been considerably reduced to 10:90, the sale of
free sugar is subject to monthly release system.
Sugarcane alone accounts for 60 per cent of the cost of sugar production. Though
the Central Government fixes the Statutory Minimum Price (SMP) for sugarcane,
the mills have to procure sugarcane at State Advice Prices (SAPs) fixed by the
State governments. As the SAPs are invariably higher than the SMP, it affects
the viability of processing.
There is a visible difference in the plant size and operational efficiency of the mills
Transport of Cane
Optimum
The price for the sugarcane supplied to the sugar factory is fixed by the local state
governments based on the cost of cultivation and other factors and the price is
linked to the sugar recovery. The Tamil Nadu State Government has recently
(year 2009-2010) fixed a price of Rs.1, 550 per tonne of cane with 9.5 percent
sugar recovery.
The sugar factories make payment to the registered cane growers through banks.
Ambur
Coop.
Sugar
Mills
Ltd., Amaravathy Coop. Sugar
642
Vadapudupet
635
812 Krishnapuram
Vellore
District Coimbatore
Ph: 04252 - 252221 -2 lines
Ph: 04171-242227, 242337.
Mills
Ltd.,
111
District
.M.R. Krishnamurthy Coop. Sugar Mills Kallakurichi -I Coop. Sugar Mills Ltd.,
Ltd.,
Moongilthuraipattu
605
702
Sethiathope,
Chidambaram
TK Villupuram
District
Cuddalore
Dist.
608
702 Ph: 04151 - 250304
Ph: 04144 - 244391 / 92 / 93 / 95
Coromandel
Makavalli,
K.R.
Mandya
District-571
Ph.: 08230-210844
Coop.
Sugar
Mills
Ltd.,
Sugars Cheyyar
PET. Anakkavoor, Thenthandalam Village 604 401
District
426 Tiruvannamalai
Ph: 04182-222354/222454
Pondicherry
Coop.
Sugar
Mills
Lingareddipalayam
605
502
Katterikuppam.
Ph: 0413
2674602
/
2674603
2674604 / 2674682
19. Arignar
Anna
Sugar
Kurungulam
613
Thanjavur
Ph: 04362 - 382425
Mills
303
District
20.Madura
Pandiyarajapuram
Madurai
Ph: 04543-254261
Sugars,
209
District
625
21.Perambalur
Sugar
Mills,
Eraiyur
621
133
Perambalur
District.
Ph: 04328 - 252221 / 252223 / 252235
Dharani Sugars & Chemicals Ltd., Rajashree Sugars & Chemicals Ltd
Dharani
Nagar Vaigai
Dam
Post,
Varadaraj
Nagar
Vasudevenallur
627
760 Theni District
Ph : 2441370, 2441371, 2441372
: +91 - 4546 - 237250, 237251
Ph
Ambika
Sugar
Sakthi
Sugar
Mills
Pvt.
Ltd., Sri
Thittakudi
Appakudai,
Erode Pennadam,
Ph :0424246241,
246341 Cuddalore District
Ph: 04144 - 244391 / 92 / 93 / 95
EID Parry India Ltd., Kurumbur Village, . Kothari Sugars
Aranthangi
Taluk, Kattur
Road,
Pudukottai
Trichy District
Ponni
Sugars
Odapalli,
Cauvery
Pallipalayam, Erode-638 007
&
Mills
Taluk
Chemicals Ltd.,
Lalgudi
Taluk,
Ltd., Bannari
Amman
Sugars
Ltd.,
R.S, Aluthukombai
Sadhmugi
P.B.
16,
Sathyamanglam TK, Erode 638 401
Tamil
Nadu.
Ph : (91)-4295-220363, 220387
Sri
Chamundeswari
Sugars
Ltd., Bannari
Amman
Sugars
Ltd.,
Bharathinagar,
Karnataka
571
422 ALAGANCHI VILLAGE - 571 301
K.M.Doddi, Maddur Tq., Mandya dist P.B.No.
27,Nanjangud,
Mysore
Dist.,
Ph.: 08232 - 35342 / 35343
Ph.: 0821-228844, 55, 66, 77, 88,235045
Jamakhandi
Sugar
HIREPADASALGI
Naganur
Jamakhandi
Bagalkot
Ph.: 08353 54081/54163
Mills
587
Ltd.,
Post,
301
Taluk.
Dist.
The
Mysore
Sugar
Company
Ltd
Sugar
Town,
MANDYA
571
401
Ph.: 08232
Fin.
Advisor:224221
224196 GM: 224036, 224228
Factory
Coromandel
Makavalli,
K.R.
Mandya
District-571
Ph.: 08230-210844
Ltd.,
Nagar,
591234
Sugars
PET.
426
mills
co.op
Sugars
Ltd.,
101,
Ltd.,
college,
Market
Committee/
Regulated
Markets
Address
Std Code
Phone No
Commodities
Thiyagadurgam
Rishvindiyam
Road,
Thiyagadurgam
606 206
04151
233234
Sugarcane
Std Code
Phone No
Commodities
262223
Sugarcane
Phone No
Commodities
650399
Sugarcane
Market
Committee/
Regulated
Markets
Address
Anaimalai
Pollachi
Road, 04259
Anaimalai 642 104
Market
Committee/
Regulated
Markets
Address
Std Code
Madurai
CODEXALIMENTARIUS
C O D E X A L I M E N T A R I U S is about safe, good food for everyone - everywhere.
The C O D E X A L I M E N T A R I U S international food standards, guidelines and
codes of practice contribute to the safety, quality and fairness of this international food
trade. Consumers can trust the safety and quality of the food products they buy and
importers can trust that the food they ordered will be in accordance with their
specifications.
The Codex Alimentarius Commission, established by FAO and WHO in 1963 develops
harmonised international food standards, guidelines and codes of practice to protect
the health of the consumers and ensure fair trade practices in the food trade. The
Commission also promotes coordination of all food standards work undertaken by
international governmental and non-governmental organizations.
Codex standards are based on the best available science assisted by independent
international risk assessment bodies or ad-hoc consultations organized by FAO and
WHO. While being recommendations for voluntary application by members, Codex
standards serve in many cases as a basis for national legislation.
Codex process - in many cases assisted by the Codex Trust Fund, which strives to
finance - and train - participants from such countries to enable efficient participation.
Being an active member of Codex helps countries to compete in sophisticated world
markets - and to improve food safety for their own population. At the same time
exporters know what importers demand, and importers are protected from substandard
shipments. International governmental and non-governmental organizations can
become accredited Codex observers to provide expert information, advice and
assistance to the Commission.
Standard for Sugars
CODEXSTANDARDFOR
SUGARS1
CODEX STAN 212-1999
1.
This Standard applies to the following sugars intended for human consumption without further processing
(synonyms are in round brackets). It includes sugars sold directly to the final consumer and sugars used as
ingredients in foodstuffs. The description of each of the sugars is also given below:
Name
Description
White sugar
Powdered sugar
(icing sugar)
Dextrose anhydrous
Dextrose monohydrate
Powdered dextrose
(icing dextrose)
Glucose syrup
This Standard replaced the Standards for White Sugar, Powdered Sugar (Icing Sugar), Soft Sugars, Dextrose
Anhydrous, Dextrose Monohydrate, Powdered Dextrose (Icing Dextrose), Glucose Syrup, Dried Glucose
Syrup, Lactose, and Fructose.
Lactose
Fructose
(laevulose)
2.
FOODADDITIVES
Only those food additives listed below may be present. Wherever possible levels should be as low as
technologically achievable.
2.1.
SULPHUR DIOXIDE
The maximum permitted sulphur dioxide levels in the final product are set out below.
Sugar
White sugar
Powdered sugar
Dextrose anhydrous
Dextrose monohydrate
Powdered dextrose
Fructose
Soft white sugar
Soft brown sugar
Glucose syrup
Dried glucose syrup
Dried glucose syrup used to manufacture sugar
confectionery
Glucose syrup used to manufacture sugar
confectionery
Lactose
Plantation or mill white sugar
Raw cane sugar
2.2.
ANTICAKING AGENTS
The following anticaking agents are permitted for use in powdered sugar and powdered dextrose to a
maximum level of 1.5% m/m singly or in combination, provided that starch is not present:
Calcium phosphate, tribasic
Magnesium carbonate
Silicon dioxide, amorphous (dehydrated silica gel)
Calcium silicate
Magnesium trisilicate
CODEX STAN 212-1999
Page 3 of 5
Sodium aluminosilicate
Calcium aluminosilicate
Powdered sugar and powdered dextrose may have up to 5% starch added if no anticaking agent is used.
3.
CONTAMINANTS
3.1
HEAVY METALS
3.1.1
Raw cane sugar shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard to human health.
3.1.2
Other Sugars
The products covered by this Standard shall comply with the maximum limits established by the Codex
Alimentarius Commission.
3.2
PESTICIDE RESIDUES
The products covered by this standard shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the
Codex Alimentarius Commission for these commodities.
4.
HYGIENE
It is recommended that the products covered by the provisions of this standard be prepared and handled in
accordance with the appropriate sections of the Recommended International Code of Practice - General
Principles of Food Hygiene recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC/RCP 1-1969), and
other relevant Codes of Hygienic Practice an Codes of Practice.
The products should comply with any microbiological criteria established in accordance with the Principles
for the Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods (CAC/GL 21-1997)
5.
LABELLING
In addition to the provisions of the General Standard for the Labelling of Pre-packaged Foods (CODEX
STAN 1-1985), the following specific provisions apply:
5.1
All products covered by this Standard must conform to the description given for that product in Section 1 of
the Standard.
In addition, the following specific provision applies to powdered dextrose (icing dextrose) - the name shall
be accompanied by a reference to dextrose anhydrous or dextrose monohydrate or both as appropriate.
Where the glucose syrup contains fructose above 5% it shall bear a description to reflect this.
5.2
LIST OF INGREDIENTS
The presence of starch and the maximum amount present shall be declared on the label or containers of
powdered sugar or powdered dextrose.
6.
METHODSOFANALYSISANDSAMPLING
CODEX STAN 212-1999
Page 3 of 5
ANNEX
This text is intended for voluntary application by commercial partners and not for application by
governments.
I.
The composition and quality factors for the sugars covered by the Standard are set out in Table 1.
II.
Composition and
quality factors
Sulphated ash
(% m/m)
N/A
Conductivity ash
(% m/m)
PMWS
N/A
0.04
Soft
brown
sugars
Soft
white
sugars
Powdered
sugar (icing
sugar)
Dextrose
monohydrate
Powdered
dextrose
Glucose
syrup
Dried
glucose
syrup
Fructose
Lactose
3.5
N/A
N/A
0.25-on a
dry basis
0.25-on a dry
basis
0.25-on a
dry basis
1.0-on a
dry basis
1.0-on a
dry basis
N/A
0.3-on a
dry basis
N/A
0.2
0.04
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.1
N/A
0.1
Dextrose
anhydrous
0.04
0.1
12.0
0.3-12.0
0.04
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
88.0
97.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.5
6.0
Loss on drying
(% m/m)
0.1a
0.1a
4.5
3.0
0.1a
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Starch content
(% m/m)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
5.0
N/A
N/A
5.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Colour
(ICUMSA units)
pH (for 10% m/m)
60
150
N/A
60
60
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
30
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.5-7.0
4.5-7.0
N/A
N/A n
t
International Institutions
National Institutions
Sugarcane Research Station
Schemes
International Institutions
Functions:
The South African Sugarcane Research Institute (SASRI) is a world renowned
An Extension Service provides the essential link between researchers and sugarcane
farmers. SASRI also offers a range of services including fertiliser advice, disease
diagnoses and education courses.
Contact:
1. SOUTH AFRICAN SUGARCANE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
170 Flanders Drive, Mount Edgecombe
Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, 4300
Telephone: (031) 508 7400
Fax: (031) 508 7597
E-mail: sasri@sugar.org.za
USDA-ARS, SUGARCANE RESEARCH UNIT
The Location provides administrative and facility support to the Sugarcane Research Unit
as it strives to develop research-based solutions that enhance the viability of sugarcane
as a sugar and/or biofuels feedstock. This is implemented using multidisciplinary research
teams to develop improved varieties and environmentally friendly production strategies
that will insure industry profitability, expand the cropping range, and combat a constantly
evolving pest complex that includes diseases, insects, and weeds.
Contact:
USDA-ARS, Sugarcane Research Unit,
5883 USDA Road
Houma, LA 70360 , Tel. (985) 872-5042 , Fax. (985) 868-8369
The Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI) is only institute in the country
which is mandated to conduct research and provide sugarcane technology to meet the
demand of the farmers in the mill zones and non-mill zones and to keep sugarcane
cultivation
a
viable
enterprise
for
the
farmers.
Two basic functions are performed by this institute: a) Development of sugarcane variety
as well as improved production technology and b) Dissemination of varieties and
technologies to the farming community.
Contact:
Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
Ishurdi - 6620, Pabna, Bangladesh
Telephone: +88 07326 63414 (Exchange), +88 07326 63628 (DG), Fax: 88 07326 63888
NATIONAL SUGAR CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE (NSRI)
Objectives:
To collect and test viability of sugarcane fuzz.
To develop new sugarcane varieties.
To test national and international sugarcane varieties.
To screen sugarcane varieties for flowering synchronization.
Contact:
National Sugar Crops Research Institute (NSRI),
Sugarcane Research Institute, Thatta.
PARC-Makli, Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan.
Telephone No : (92-29) -770524, 770267
Fax: Fax:(92-29) 770524
Email: keerio10@hotmail.com
Functions:
Sugarcane germplasm (including new elite varieties)exchange and introduction.
Sugarcane molecular biotechniques and genetic engineering.
Sugarcane crossing/breeding and development of new techniques.
Sugarcane drought resistance and water saving techniques.
Experts exchange visits and scientific exchange.
Contact:
Director
Sugarcane Research Institute
Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science
363, Eastern Lingquan Road
Kaiyuan
Yunnan Province, ER. China
Tel : 86-87347227014
MITR PHOL SUGARCANE RESEARCH CENTER, THAILAND
Our objectives and approach is three fold. First is to increase sugar production per unit
area and quality through a
dedicated breeding program and to develop package of practices for maximizing cane
production through fertilizer,weed and water management. Second is through transfer
of appropriate and new technology to farmers and finally to
conduct researches in process to improve recoveries and quality of sugar and byproducts.
Functions:
1. High Quality Breeding
2. Genetic Base Broadening
3. High Biomass and Multipurpose Cane Varieties
4. Breeding strategies and the genetic basis for important agronomic traits
Contact:
West Indies Central Sugar Cane Breeding Station,
Groves, St. George,
Barbados, BB19073.
NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Objectives:
Monitoring
pests
and
rodents
including
To develop cost effective Agro-techniques for enhanced input use efficiency and
Contact:
Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research
Raibareli Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow - 226 002
Ph: (Director) 0522-2480726 (EPABX) 0522-2480735/6/7,
Fax : 0522-2480738
Email: iisrlko@sancharnet.in
SUGARCANE BREEDING INSTITUTE
as the source of improved varieties for the nation, commendable contributions have been
made in the areas of crop production and crop protection researches also.
Contact:
Director
Sugarcane Breeding Institute
Coimbatore - 641 007.
Tamil Nadu,India
Director - Ph:91-422-2472621 Fax:0422-2472923 Email:sugaris@vsnl.com,sugaris@md3.vsnl.net.in
U.P. COUNCIL OF SUGAR CANE RESEARCH
Functions:
The institute are engaged in fulfilling the major objectives of the organisation
like
conducting
research
on
various
aspects of sugarcane in relation to breeding and productivity, evolving varieties for
different agro climatic zones of the state, producing and multiplying the nucleus seeds
of
improved
varieties
for
distribution
to
the
farmers
and
disseminating the research
findingsthrough various communication media.
Contact:
U.p. Council of sugar cane research,
Shahjahanpur (uttar pradesh), india.
GENDA SINGH SUGARCANE BREEDING & RESEARCH INSTITUTE
G.S.S.B.R. Institute, since its establishment, has been playing an active role in the
development and release of new sugarcane varieties suitable for the agro-climatic zone
of the eastern U.P. and Bihar. It has successfully released about twenty four varieties till
date. The major objective of this institute is to evolve improved varieties of sugarcane
besides basic and applied research in Genetics, Cytogenetics, Physiology, Biochemistry,
Agricultural, Soil and Pesticide Chemistry, Agronomy, Pathology, Entomology, Extension
and Biometrical aspects of Sugarcane.
For the first time in history of sugarcane breeding, a new method of hybridization
"Modified Lantern Technique" was developed at Seorahi, which made it possible to
develop high sugared, high yielding and disease resistant varieties by implementing
desired crossing programme in U.P.
Contact:
Genda Singh Sugarcane Breeding & Research Institute
SEORAHI, P.O. Tumkuhi Raj,
Distt. Khusinagar - 274407 U.P.
ph- 05564-262024
SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION-GUJARAT
Objectives:
To work out the production technologies for recommended and promising sugarcane
varieties.
Screening
of
various
genotypes
against
pests
and
diseases.
Screening of various varieties for jaggery including research on jaggery making and
storage.
To carryout time-bound, result oriented research on various priority problems.
To carryout research on the utilization of by-products of the sugarcane and sugar
industries.
To provide technical services such as advisory, consultative, extension and information
services as well as training facilities to sugarcane farmers and technical personnel's of
Sugar industries.
Contact:
Sugarcane Research Station
Navsari Agricultural University
Navsari-396 450, Gujarat
SUGARCANE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PUNJAB
Functions:
Cane and sugar yield maximization research.
Development of varieties for varied soil and climatic conditions.
Production technology for ratoon cropping.
Drought and salinity effect and post harvest losses minimization.
Research for efficient cropping system.
Technology for cane mechanization.
Economic utilization of sugarcane by- products.
Contact:
Suagracane Adaptive Trial Substation,
Barpali,
Distt Sambalapur,
Punjab.
Objectives
1. To evaluate the Coimbatore canes under different agro-climatic conditions.
2. To work out appropriate sugarcane based cropping system under different farming
situation.
3. To develop sugarcane varieties resistance to salinity, drought and water logging
conditions.
4. To develop production technology under limited water, poor quality of irrigation
water and saline soils of costal area.
5. To identify the pest and diseases its nature of damage and to work out its control
measures.
6. To screen the most stable sugarcane variety for south saurashtra Agro-climatic
zone of Gujarat.
7. To find out the nutrient and water requirement of promising varieties of sugarcane.
8. To develop the economical agronomic package of practices for sugarcane crop.
Contact:
Main Sugarcane Research Station,
Kodinar, Junagadh district,
Junagadh Agricultural University,
Gujarat.
SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION-WEST BENGAL
Functions:
Agronomic Evaluation of Promising Sugarcane genotypes
Evaluation of Pre-Zonal/Zonal varieties /genotypes for resistance to red rot, wilt and
smut
Survey of sugarcane diseases naturally occurring in the area on important sugarcane
varieties
Evaluation of Zonal varieties /genotypes for their reaction against major insect pests.
Survey and surveillance of sugarcane insect pests.
Contact:
Sugarcane Research Station.
Bethuadahari, Nadia.Pin-741126.
Government of West Bengal (Department of Agriculture)
Website: www.srswb.org. Email :info@srswb.org.
Ph No: (03474) 255353.
VASANTDADA SUGAR INSTITUTE
Vasantdada Sugar Institute is one of the recognized centres under All India Coordinated
Research Project (AICRP) on sugarcane since 1986. Under the project various
sugarcane varieties are tested for determining their suitability for growing them in
various agro-climatic zones. Taking into consideration the suitability of the released
sugarcane varieties, sugar factories in Maharashtra are provided with the planting and
harvesting programme for achieving maximum returns. This section is engaged in
collection and maintenance of sugarcane germplasm, development of elite sugarcane
varieties through hybridization and undertaking field performance trials under AICRP
programme of the selected promising genotypes.
Section has also undertaken the studies on the flowering behaviour of sugarcane
varieties at various locations in Maharashtra and has identified Amboli, Dist.
Sindhudurg as a suitable place for establishing a Sugarcane Breeding Centre.
Contact:
Vasantdada Sugar Institute
Manjari Bk, Taluka Haveli,
Pune-412 307,
UP, India
Ph: 091-20-26993988, 26993989
Fax : 091-20-26992735
E Mail: vsilib@giaspn01.vsnl.net.in
NATIONAL SUGAR INSTITUTE
The main functions of the Institute are : Provide technical education and training in research in all branches of sugar
RESEARCH STATION
TamilNadu
SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION,cuddalore
OBJECTIVES:
To develop sugarcane varieties with high yield and high quality for different seasons
To carry out research for increasing sugarcane production in the coastal belt
To develop cost effective and adoptable sugarcane production techniques
To formulate integrated pest and disease management practices for sugarcane
Contact:
Sugarcane Research Station
Semmandalam, Cuddalore - 607 001
Tamil Nadu, India
Phone : +91-4142-220630
Fax : +91-4142-212630
E-mail : phsrscud@hotmail.com
arscuddalore@tnau.ac.in
SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION, SIRUGAMANI
Sugarcane activities:
To tackle the problems in sugarcane cultivation in wetland under flow irrigation.
To evolve high yielding, high quality sugarcane varieties which are resistant to early
drought and late water logging, saline and alkaline conditions, red rot, smut and
internode borer.
plant-health care.
Contact:
SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION,
TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,
SIRUGAMANI- 639 115,TRICHY
TAMILNADU, INDIA.
arssgm @tnau.ac.in
Objectives:
1. Evolving clones suitable for jaggery production.
2. Evolving high yield and high quality clones suitable for early, mid and late season
crushing.
3. Evolving high yielding and good quality clones with tolerance to come up well in the
tannery effluent affected soils.
4. Evolving drought tolerant clones.
5. Evolving shade tolerant clones suitable for growing as intercrop in coconut gardens.
6. Identifying suitable management practices for obtaining maximum sugarcane and
sugar yield per unit time.
7. Screening varieties resistance to various pests and diseases.
Contact:
Sugarcane Research Station,
Gudiatham,
Melalathur - 635 806
North Arcot Dt.
Ph: 04171-220275
SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION,THIRUVALLA
Functions:
Three sugarcane hybrids - Madhuri, Thirumadhiram and Madhurima - were released
for
the
cultivation
of
sugarcane
were
standardised
and
recommended.
An appraisal on the major sugarcane diseases of Kerala was also done.
The cultivar Co 7704 was identified as resistant to red rot and recommended for
cultivation.
The Centre also released a snake gourd variety - Kaumudi and a bitter gourd variety
Contact:
Sugarcane research station,
Kallunkal p.o.,
Thiruvalla,
Pathanamthitta Dt-689 102
Ph: 0469-2604181Kallunkal p.o.,
Thiruvalla,
Pathanamthitta Dt-689 102
Ph: 0469-2604181
Mandate
Maintenance of world collection of sugarcane germplasm
Developing varieties resistant / tolerant to water logging
Utilization of germplasm resources for developing new genetic stocks
sugarcane germplasm : collection, maintenance, evaluation, documentation and
utilisation
Contact:
Sugarcane Breeding Institute Research Centre,
Civil Station Post,
Kannur - 670 002
Kerala.
Tel.No. 0497-2705054.
SUGARCANE BREEDING INSTITUTE, REGIONAL CENTRE-KARNAL
Objectivies:
To evaluate the sugarcane germplasm under sub-tropical conditions and identify
potential donors.
To produce breeder seed of some elite sugarcane varieties for supplying to sugar
mills/farmers.
Contact:
Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Regional Centre
Agarsein Marg, Opp. PWD colony
Post Box No. 52, Karnal 132 001
Ph: 0184-2268096: 0184-2265567 EPBX Extn 1-35
Fax: 0184-2265723
Gram: IKSHU, Karnal
E-mail: bksahi.@Yahoo.co.In.
Objectivies:
To encourage and assist farmers in the backward district of Bijapur, to take up
Karnataka, to select and multiply seeds of suitable varieties, and to supply diseasefree healthy seeds of these varieties to farmers for commercial cultivation
To evolve and popularise sound soil and water management practices
To educate and train farmers in various aspects of scientific agriculture
To devise and popularise labour-saving agricultural implements and machines suited
to the region
Contact:
Sugarcane Breeding Institute Research Centre,
Girishnagar,
Jamkhandi-587302,
Bijapur (Dt), Karnataka,
Ph : 0853-40482
SCHEMES
The State Scheme on sugarcane development is being implemented in all the districts except Thoothukudi,
Ramanathapuram, The Nilgiris and Kanyakumari with the objective of increasing area, production and
productivity of sugarcane in Tamil Nadu.
Sl.
No.
Components
Target
1999-2000
Achievement
Upto
Feb.2000
Programme for
2000-2001
2.75
2.90
2.75
37.00
37.00
37.00
1000
10500
3.50
3.75
575
575
575
Name of Scheme
Project Area
Details of Works
Benefits
(Subsidy)
Eligibility
Time-limit
Implementation
WORLD BANK AIDED TAMIL NADU IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE MODERNIZATION AND WATER
BODIES RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT (TN IAMWARM) PROJECT
Name of Scheme
Details of Works
Installation of Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation 50% subsidy to farmers subject to the ceiling fixed by
systems
Government of India
PVC Pipe laying & Community Bore wells 100% grant to farmers. However, 10% beneficiary
contribution is collected for maintenance.
Farm mechanization
Construction
of
Harvesting Structures
Eligibility
PRECISION FARMING-SUGARCANE
This technology is highly effective for Agricultural Crops like Sugarcane, Cotton and
Maize. Under this programme, drip irrigation with fertigation is provided besides
adoption of all other scientific cultivation methods.
Societies for obtaining Bank loan and for marketing their produce.
Bringing more area with available water and get higher production through adoption
The 50% subsidy extended for Drip irrigation is now enhanced to 65% subsidy with
the central assistance of 40% and State assistance of 25% from 10%.
state Government through Agricultural Insurance company of India Ltd with the
objective;
To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event
of failure of any of the notified crop as a result of natural calamities, pests and
diseases.
To encourage the farmers to adopt progressive farming practices, high value
inputs
and
higher
technology
in
Agriculture.
To help stabilize farm incomes, particularly in disaster years.
Under this scheme, the Food crops (Cereals, Millets and Pulses), Oilseeds,
Till 2005-06, only the enrolled loanee farmers got the benefits.
In order to provide the benefits of the scheme to non loanee farmers also, the State
Government have sanctioned Rs.8 crores to extend 50% premium subsidy during
2006-07 to non-loanee farmers to motivate them to enroll under crop insurance
scheme.
During 2008-09, an amount of Rs.40 crores sanctioned to extend 50% subsidy and
Tamil Nadu is the only State providing premium subsidy under crop insurance
scheme for protecting the farmers.
of India to small and marginal farmers in both loanee and nonloanee category.
Name
of
Area of operation: All
Details of Works:
Scheme: Minor
District (Except Nilgiris
Irrigation
and Kanyakumari
Scheme
District)
Name of Scheme
Project Area
Details of Works
Sl.No Component
Item of works
Agricultural Mechanisation
b)
Unlined
farm
c) Compartmental Bunding
3
pond
Benefits
(Subsidy)
of
KARANATAKA
Scheme Details
This Scheme aims at development in agriculture through Work Plans prepared by
The Scheme provides flexibility to States to develop and pursue activities on the
The States have flexibility within given parameters to select Schemes of their choice
out of the 27 Schemes and their components and include them in their Work Plans.
The States are also free to include new interventions in the Work Plans provided it
is not covered under any other Scheme of the Central Government or is not part
of any ongoing State Scheme. T
The expenditure on any "New Initiative" should not be more than 10% of the total
The approved pattern of assistance under the scheme is in the ratio of 90:10 for the
The Central assistance to be released will be in the ratio of 80% Grant and 20%
Loan.
How To Apply
The Commissioner for Cane Development &
Director of Sugar,
Government of Karnataka
No 32, 6th floor, Chowugle House,
Cresent Road, Bangalore - 560 001
Ph: 080 22250248 / 22262148
Fax: 080 22250248
Scheme Details
The Central Government approved a scheme in December, 2007 to provide loans for
sugar factories from banks on the basis of excise duty paid and payable in 2006-07 and
2007-08 sugar seasons on production of sugar, with full interest subvention up to a
maximum of twelve per cent per annum, out of which five per cent of the interest
subvention was provided through budgetary support from the Central Government and
the rest seven per cent from the Sugar Development Fund to utilize the loan proceeds
for payment of sugarcane arrears of 2006-07 and sugarcane dues of 2007- 08 sugar
season (October-September).
How To Apply
The Commissioner for Cane Development &
Director of Sugar,
Government of Karnataka
No 32, 6th floor, Chowugle House,
Cresent Road, Bangalore - 560 001
Ph: 080 22250248 / 22262148
Fax: 080 22250248
CENTRAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED UNDER VARIOUS RENEWABLE ENERGY
SCHEMES
/
PROGRAMMES
Scheme Details
The Government has been providing several concessions in the form of fiscal and
Financial incentives to encourage the use of renewable energy sources. These include
capital/interest subsidy, accelerated depreciation, nil/concessional excise and customs
duties. Further, as applicable to all new infrastructure projects, profits earned from sale
of renewable power are exempt from Income Tax for any 10 years out of the first 15
years of projects operation. This apart, preferential tariff for grid interactive renewable
power is being given in most potential States.
How To Apply
M/s. Karnataka Renewable Energy
Development Ltd.,
No.19, Queen's Road,
Maj.Gen. A.D.Loganathan INA Cross,
Bangalore - 560 052
Ph: 080 22282220/21, 22208109, 22207851
Fax: 080 22257399
Scheme Details
The Sugar Development Fund Act, 1982 provides for formation of a fund to be called
Sugar Development Fund. The source of the Fund is the proceeds of the duty of excise
levied and collected under the Sugar Cess Act, 1982, net of cost of collection and the
moneys received by the Central Government for the purposes of this Act including any
income from investment of such amounts.
Among other purposes for which the Fund can be applied, the following types of loans
can be given to the sugar factories from the Fund:
i) Loans for facilitating the rehabilitation and modernization of any sugar factory or any
unit there of Expansion of crushing capacity upto 10,000 TCD is considered part of
modernization.
ii) Loans for undertaking of any scheme for development of sugarcane in the area in
which any sugar factory is situated.
iii) Loans to any sugar factory or any unit thereof for bagasse based cogeneration
power projects with a view to improving their viability.
iv) Loans to any sugar factory or any unit thereof for production of anhydrous alcohol
or ethanol with a view to improving their viability.
How To Apply
The Commissioner for Cane Development &
Director of Sugar,
Government of Karnataka
No 32, 6th floor, Chowugle House,
Cresent Road, Bangalore - 560 001
Ph: 080 22250248 / 22262148
Fax: 080 - 22250248
CONVERSION OF PURCHASE TAX ON SUGARCANE INTO INTEREST FREE LOAN
Scheme details:
New sugar factories and existing sugar factories who have not availed purchase tax
deferment having co-generation facilities and ethanol production would be considered
for conversion of purchase tax on sugar cane as interest free loan on case to case basis
depending on the financial position of the factory In case of existing Sugar factories
which establish co-generation plants, ethanol plant, such investment will be treated as
expansion for availing incentives & concessions as
per this Policy, but limited to the investment made on such additional projects.
How To Apply
The Commissioner for Cane Development &
Director of Sugar,
Government of Karnataka
No 32, 6th floor, Chowugle House,
Cresent Road, Bangalore - 560 001
Ph: 080 22250248 / 22262148
Fax: 080 22250248
Scheme details:
Cooperative sugar factories, which have remained shut for long owing to a variety of
reasons will be handed over to private entrepreneurs on a 30-year lease. This will
increase crushing operation.
How To Apply
The Commissioner for Cane Development &
Director of Sugar,
Government of Karnataka
No 32, 6th floor, Chowugle House,
Cresent Road, Bangalore - 560 001
Ph: 080 22250248 / 22262148
Fax: 080 - 22250248
ESTABLISHMENT OF SUGAR INDUSTRY SPECIFIC ZONES
Scheme details:
Sugar industry specific zones will be created in Bidar, Belgaum, Bagalkot, Shimoga and
Mandya Districts.
How To Apply
The Commissioner for Cane Development &
Director of Sugar,
Government of Karnataka
No 32, 6th floor, Chowugle House,
Cresent Road, Bangalore - 560 001
Ph: 080 22250248 / 22262148
Fax: 080 - 22250248
PLEDGE LOAN SCHEME
Scheme details:
This scheme is in force since 1994-95 in 132 markets of the State. Loans up to
Rs. 50,000-00 or 60% of the value of the agricultural produce may be paid to
the farmers against the pledge of their agricultural produce. No interest will be
charged for the first 30 days. Interest at the rate of 8% and 12.5% will be
charged for the next two successive months The scheme is for a short period of
90 days
How To Apply
http://maratavahini.kar.nic.in/apmc_eng/
e_schemes.htm
Scheme details:
Rs. 4.45 lakhs is provided for conducting demonstrations and supply of equipment seed
sets.
SWARNA MITRA SCHEME
KERELA
Sponsored by
State Government
Funding Pattern
Description
Farmers in the State face production risks on various counts, such as drought, floods,
etc. A crop insurance scheme has been in operation in the State, with contribution from
the participating farmers, covering 25 major crops grown in the state since 1995. The
present scheme aims at revamping the crop insurance programme making it viable so
as to cater to risk coverage of small and marginal farmers. Outlay of the scheme is
Rs.100.00 lakhs.
Beneficiaries
Eligibility criteria
Any farmer.
How to Avail
01 / 04 / 1995
Valid Upto
31 / 03 / 2010
Sponsored by
State Government
Funding Pattern
Description
Of late, the share of high yielding varieties of seeds has increased by leaps and bounds
in the total quality of seeds used in the State for cultivation of food crops. These high
yielding varieties are susceptible to various pests. It is in this context that the
agriculture department of Government of Kerala has proposed a scheme to establish a
full-fledged system of pest surveillance in a phased manner, to cover major crops of
the State. The thrust of the scheme will be on biocontrol measures from a long-term
perspective. The main objectives of the scheme are: 1.To keep pests and diseases of
crops below Economic Threshold level by adopting an integrated pest management
practice. 2.Constant pest surveillance and monitoring to ascertain pest population
3.Creating awareness among farmers on the prominent pests and diseases, which cause
severe damage to crops and suggest measures to prevent them. The total outlay of the
scheme is Rs. 50.00 lakh
Beneficiaries
Farmers
Eligibility criteria
Any farmer.
How to Avail
01 / 04 / 2009
Valid Upto
31 / 03 / 2010
Sponsored by
State Government
Funding Pattern
Description
Details
Eligibility criteria
Any farmer
How to Avail
01 / 04 / 2009
Valid Upto
31 / 03 / 2012
The Scheme Mahila Kisan Yojana is meant to assist women beneficiaries belonging to
Scheduled Castes to engage in agricultural and allied activities and generate income for
the sustenance of their family. The assistance is rendered to those beneficiaries having
minimum or marginal land holdings on their own which are suitable for undertaking any
kind of agricultural activity. The maximum unit cost of the scheme is 50,000/- and the
rate of interest is 5%. The loan is repayable within a period of 5 years.
Modernisation of Agricultural Farms under the Department of Agriculture
Sponsored by
State Government
Funding Pattern
Description
How to Avail
Under this scheme foundation and primary seed nurseries are sown on farmers field
objective : To provide improved seed to farmers.
i.
Foundation Nursery : Under this scheme, nucleus cane seeds are obtained from sugarcane
research centres and distributed to farmers.
Primary Nursery : Seeds/sets produced from foundation nurseries are used for sowing primary
nurseries. Such nurseries are maintained by progressive and skilled farmers :
Under this scheme, soil and sett treating pesticides are distributed to farmers on
subsidised rates.
Subsidy : From Government : 12.50 percent
From Sugar Mill : 27.50 percent
From Cane Development Council : 10.00 percent
Ratoon Management Programme
Under this scheme, plant protection chemicals/ urea are sprayed on farmers cane
fields. Following subsidies are given to farmers :
Subsidy : From Government
: 12.50 percent
From Sugar Mill
: 27.50 percent
From Cane Development Council
: 10.00 percent
Total
: 50.00 percent
CENTRAL SCHEMES
Name of the
Sustainable development on sugarcane base cropping system(SUBACS)
Scheme
Sponsored by Central Government
Funding
Pattern
Description
The major programme components covered under the SUBACS are as under : i Field
Demonstration ii. Training iii. Farmers Field School iv. Farm Implements v. Seed
Multiplication vi. Drip Infrastructure
Beneficiaries
Individual,Family,Community,Women,other,
Details
Eligibility
criteria
How to Avail
Sponsored by
Description
All Farmers
Eligibility criteria
Introduced On
30 / 09 / 2000
Valid Upto
01 / 01 / 2012
Sponsored by
Central Government
Funding Pattern
The funding pattern is 90% Central share and 10% State share. The work Plan for 200607 under Agriculture sector has been posed at Rs.1331.00 lakh, out of which 25% will
flow to KBK districts as mentioned here under. Besides, due emphasis have been given
on SC, ST and women category of farmers.
Description
24 / 07 / 2007
Valid Upto
01 / 01 / 2012
Beneficiaries:
Scheme is available to all farmers loanee and non-loanee both irrespective of the size of
their
holding.
Objectives/facilities:
To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of
failure of any of the notified crop as a result of natural calamities, pests and
diseases attack.
To encourage the farmers to adopt progressive farming practices, high value in-puts
Field Demonstration
Field Demonstration : (75:25) Field demonstrations are done on farmer's field as per
target. Each demonstration will be for the size 0.5 hectare field.
Subsidy : Rs. 5000 per demonstration.
Objective : To popularise scientifically recommended and most suited agro specific
informations regarding varietal selection, fertilizer management, irrigation and plant
protection measures etc. amongst farmers.
Seed Multiplication
Moist and hot air treatment plants are installed in sugar mills/seed corporations or on
sugarcane research centres.
Subsidy : Rs. 2.00 Lakh per MHAT plant.
Utility :
Treated seeds are free from pests and diseases and also give better and faster
germination.
less.
Bullock drawn implements : 50% of the cost of implements or Rs. 1500 whichever
is less
Tractor drawn implements : 25% of the cost of implements or Rs. 10000 whichever
is less
In this scheme only ISI marked agricultural Implements are supplied to farmers.
SEASON
VARIETIES
CULTIVATION PRACTICES
NURSERY PREPARATION
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
WEED MANAGEMENT
SUGARCANE PROCESSING
RATOON MANAGEMENT
SEASON
What are the seasons is best for planting sugarcane in Tamil Nadu?
i) Early season: Dec Jan
ii) Mid season: Feb March
May
iv) Special season: June July
Varieties
What are the varieties that serves for resistant of red rot?
32 to 38c
What are the varieties that serves best for TamilNadu under drought
conditions?
CoV 92102, CoC 90063, Co Si (Sc)6, Co G (Sc) 5, Co C (Sc) 22, Co 86032, CoSi 95071,
Co 86249, CoG 93076, CoV 94102, Co 85019, Co Si(Sc)6, Co G (Sc)5, Co C (Sc)22, Co
86032, Co 86027, Co 97009, Co Si(Sc)6, Co G (Sc)5, Co C (Sc)22, CoG 94077, CoC
671.
What are the new varieties of sugarcane released recently?
Two clones evolved at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute, namely Co 98014 (Karan 1),
an early variety (spring planting) suited to North Western Zone and Co 99004
(Damodar), a mid-late variety suited to Peninsular India (Gujarat, Maharashtra, interior
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil nadu, Karnataka and Kerala) have been released as varieties for
the general public during February 2007.
What are the salient features of Co 98014 (Karan 1) sugarcane variety
Mean cane yield: 116.69 t/ha Mean sugar yield: 16.83 t/ha Disease reaction: Resistance
to red rot and wilt Others: (a) Tolerant to drought and salinity; (b) Tolerant to internode
borer (c) Golden yellow A1 quality jaggery (d) Shy flowering habit The variety has
excellent field habits like erectness; early vigorous growth, dark green foliage, tall canes
without spines or splits and 14% mean fibre content.
Where the seed for sugarcane will be available in areas of TamilNadu?
For the varieties released from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University for supply of primary
seed materials the Sugarcane Research Stations at Cuddalore, Sirugamani and
Melalathur may be contacted. For other varieties promoted by the factories, for seed
materials the concerned factories may be contacted.
What are the varieties that are suitable to kerala?
Co Tl 88322 (Madhuri), Co 92175, Co 92175, Co 740, Co 6907, Co 7405 and Cul 57/84
(Thirumadhuram), Cul 527/85 (Madhurima), Co 88017 (Madhumathi)
In varieties pertaining to Kerala which are tolerant to drought?
Co 92175, Cul 527/85 (Madhurima), Co 88017 (Madhumathi) are drought tolerant. Cul
527/85 and Co 88017 are also red rot resistant.
In varieties pertaining to Kerala which are tolerant to red rot?
Cul 527/85 and Co 88017, Co Tl 88322 (Madhuri), Co 6907, Co 7405 and Cul 57/84
(Thirumadhuram) are resistant to red rot.
Which sugarcane variety has high sugar content and best suited for Kerala?
Co 6907, Co 7405 and Cul 57/84 (Thirumadhuram).
Cultivation Practices
How to prepare a wetland for cultivating sugarcane after harvesting paddy?
In wetlands, preparatory cultivation by ploughing the land and bringing the soil to fine
tilth could not be done. i) After harvest of the paddy crop, form irrigation and drainage
channels of 40 cm depth and 30 cm width at intervals of 6 m across the field and along
the field borders. ii) Form ridges and furrows with a spacing of 80 cm between rows with
spade. iii) Stir the furrows with hand hoes and allow the soil to weather for 4 to 5 days.
What type of soil is suitable for growing sugarcane?
Sugarcane can be grown in all types of soils ranging from Sandy loam to Clay loam soils.
How can we conserve our soil fertility?
Integrated management with organic manure and inorganic fertilizers.
How much soil organic matter is necessary for higher sugarcane yield?
2-3% soil organic matter.
What are the measurements to create ridges and furrows in case of problem
soil before cultivating the sugarcane?
In problem soils, with excessive moisture where it is difficult to drain water, form raised
beds at 30cm intervals with Length - 5 m, Width - 80 cm, and Height -15 cm.
What are the proportions in which the organic manure has to be applied to a
field inorder to cultivate sugarcane?
Apply FYM at 12.5 t/ha or compost 25 t/ha or filter press mud at 37.5 t/ha before the
last ploughing under gardenland conditions. In wetlands this may be applied along the
furrows and Incorporated well. Test the soil and apply P fertilizer based on soil test
values. Otherwise apply superphosphate (375 kg/ha) along the furrows and incorporate
with hand hoe. Apply 37.5 kg Zinc sulphate/ha and 100 kg Ferrous sulphate/ha to
zinc and iron deficient soils.
What size of pits can be made to plant sugarcane? Or How to prepare pits for
sugarcane planting?
Pit to pit spacing- 1.5 1.5 m, number of pits/ha- 4,444 pits, pit diameter 0.9 m, Pit
depth 0.38 m, number of budded setts / pit 32 (Single budded setts) or 16 number
of single budded setts.
equal spacing between each setts and cover the setts with the soil. On 50 to 60 days
after planting give partial earthing up by sliding the soil from the outer boundary of the
pit and full earthing up should be given leaving a depression of 2.5 cm from the ground
level at 90 to 100 days after planting.
When to use fertilizer after transplantation of sugarcane settlings?
Within 7 to 14 days.
What is the recommended fertilizer dose for the pith method of sugarcane
planting?
Fertilizer dose- 275:62.5:112.5 kg NPK/ha The entire phosphorous dose can be
applied as basal at the time of planting. The nitrogen and potassium as urea and MOP
(White potash) should be applied through fertigation system in 14 equal splits starting
from 15 DAP upto 210 DAP.
How can we satisfy higher nutritional demand of sugarcane?
Ensure application of balanced fertilization with recommended doses of fertilizers.
What is dual row planting method of sugarcane? What is its advantage?
To facilitate mechanization and to improve the cane yield under wide rows, a new
technology, 'dual row planting' is developed. In this method, broad furrows are formed
at a spacing of 150 cm and in the middle of the furrows sugarcane setts are planted in
two rows adopting a spacing of 30 cm between them. The dual row system of gave
planting cane yield of 136.3 t/ha and the highest variety Co 94005 recorded the highest
cane yield under dual row planting.
What are the benefits of paired row cultivation?
Two grow more than one intercrop, to earn more income within the same land and to
generate more scope of utilizing labour force.
What is the Spaced transplanting method?
Recently in STP (Spaced transplanting) method single eyed sets are used for planting.
Either direct sets or seedlings raised in polybag nurseries are transplanted into the field
after 50-55 days. For this STP or single eyed set method 750-1MT seed per acre is
required. This method saves seed cost by 60-70%. In this method distance between two
sets kept at 30cm.
Which are improved methods of sugarcane planting?
Different improved methods of sugarcane planting are: Ridge-furrow, flat, trench,
double row, ring pit, Spaced Transplanting (STP), Poly bag
What is technology detail of ring-pit method?
About 7600 pits/ha of 90/75 cm diameter and 45 cm deep are made by tractor mounted
pit-digger machine. Twenty 2 budded treated setts are arranged horizontally in cyclic
manner in each pit partially filled with mixture of 5 kg FYM, 45 gm DAP, 45 gm Urea and
some part of soil, then followed by spray of chlorpyriphos 20% EC @ 5 liters/ha On setts,
soil cover up to 2.5 cm above setts and light irrigation. Half of the excavated out soil
with 25 gm urea is filled back in each pit in the month of March/April, remaining half of
the soil is placed in pit with 25 gm urea and 4.5 gm Phorate 10 G by the end of June.
Which method of planting is suitable for late conditions?
Under late planting condition 25000-30000 STP raised settlings are transplanted in one
hectare land maintaining 75 cm row spacing and 60 cm plant to plant spacing leaving 5
cm of shoot above ground level followed by irrigation.
What is Chip-bud technique?
In this technique the bud along with a portion of the nodal region is chipped off using a
bud chipping machine. This bud is used for planting.
What are the advantages in tissue culture of sugarcane?
Production of true to type plantlets Rapid multiplication Independent of seasonal
constraints Maintaining and improving the productivity of outstanding varieties in the
field Production of disease free planting material from apical meristem
Within how many days gap filling was done?
Fill the gaps, if any, within 30 days after planting with sprouted setts.
What is trash mulching
Mulch the ridges uniformly with cane trash to a thickness of 10 cm within a week after
planting. It helps to tide over drought, conserves moisture, reduce weed population and
minimise shoot borer incidence. Mulch the field with trash after 21 days of planting in
heavy soil and wetland conditions. Avoid trash mulching in areas where incidence of
termites is noticed.
What are the possible intercrops for sugarcane?
In areas of adequate irrigation, sow one row of soybean or blackgram or greengram can
be used. Intercropping of daincha or sunhemp along ridges and incorporation of the
same on the 45th day during partial earthing up helps to increase the soil fertility, and
also the cane yield. Especially Intercropping of Co.1 Soybean gives a yield of 800 kg/ha
without any adverse effect on cane yield.
What are the non flowering varieties of sugarcane?
Non-flowering varieties are Co 8021, Co 86032, Co 87025, Co 91010, Co 94005 and Co
94008.
How to control flowering in sugarcane?
Ethephon (ethrel) applied at the rate of 500 ppm effectively controlled flowering in a
number of profuse flowering varieties. By altering the planting date, flowering can be
avoided in heavy flowering areas. Adsali planting or special season planting (July to
September) helps in avoiding flowering and its adverse effects.
What are the benefits of detrashing sugarcane?
It increases sugar recovery by reducing insect & disease pests.
Recommend the suitable intercrops in sugarcane?
Soyabean, blackgram, greengram and cowpea are suitable for intercropping with
sugarcane
Nursery Preparation
June
July
August
Dec Apr
Nutrient Management
Blanket
Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha)
Recommendation(Kg/ha)
Super
Muriate
phosphate potash
Urea
Basal
62.5
390
30-45 days
90
37.5
200
62.5
75-90 days
92.5
37.5
205
62.5
92.5
37.5
205
62.5
Total
275
62.5
112.5
610
390
of
187.5
ii. Sugarcane Ratoon crop (meant for sugar mills) 275 + 25% extra N: 62.5: 112.5
kg N, P2O5 and K2O per ha
Recommendation
for Ratoon crop
Blanket
Recommendation(Kg/ha)
N
Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha)
Super
Muriate of
phosphate potash
Urea
68.5
62.5
148
390
30-45 days
90
37.5
200
62.5
75-90 days
92.5
37.5
205
62.5
92.5
37.5
205
62.5
Basal
Total
343.5
62.5
112.5
758
390
187.5
Blanket Recommendation(Kg/ha)
Basal
62.5
30-45 days
75
37.5
75-90 days
75
120-135 DAP or
DAR
75
Total
225
62.5
Straight
Fertilizer(Kg/ha)
Urea
Muriate
Super
of
phosphate
potash
390
162
62.5
37.5
162
62.5
37.5
162
62.5
112.5
486
390
187.5
Irrigation Management
How many irrigations are necessary for sugarcane?
3 to 5.
What are the irrigation intervals in each phase of sugarcane that must be
given?
The irrigation intervals in each phase are given below:
Days of irrigation interval
Stages
Sandy soil
Clay Soil
10
10
10
14
The application of water below the soil surface through emitters molded on the inner
wall of the dripline, with discharge rates (1.0 - 3.0 LPH) generally in the same range as
integral surface drip irrigation. This method of water application is different from and
not to be confused with the method where the root zone is irrigated by water table
control, herein referred to as subirrigation. The integral dripline (thin or thick-walled) is
installed at some predetermined depth in the soil depending on the soil type and crop
requirements. There are two main types of SDI - "one crop" and "multicrop".
Weed Management
How many days of sugarcane field should be maintain weed free?
120 to 135 days.
How to control parastitic weed striga in sugarcane field?
If the parasitic weed striga is a problem, post-emergence application of 2,4-D sodium
salt @ 1.25 kg/ha in 500 litre of water/ha may be done. 2, 4-D spraying should be
avoided when neighboring crop is cotton or bhendi. Apply 20% urea also for the control
of striga as direct spray.
How to manage weeds in sugarcane field with intercropping system?
Premergence application of Thiobencarb @ 1.25 kg ai/ha under intercropping system in
Sugarcane with Soybean, blackgram or groundnut gives effective weed control. Raising
intercrops is not found to affect the cane yield and quality.
Suggest the herbicides suitable for control of weeds in sugarcane?
Pre-emergence application (Before the emergence of weeds) of Atrazine 2kg a.i. / acre
mixed with 80 - 100 l of water within 3 days after planting while spraying these
herbicides soil should contain optimum moisture. Gramoxone 1 l / acre mixed with 80 100 l of water should spray 8 - 12 days after planting that is just before the emergence
of sugarcane. To control the sedges and broad leaved weeds apply gramoxone 1 litre +
Fernoxone 1kg / acre . Dilute these herbicides separately in water mixed in tank while
spraying.
What is the Pre-emergence weed management?
Protect the sugarcane crop without weeds for 90 days from planting onwards. During
3rd or 4th day after planting spray Atrazine @ 2.5 kg/ha uniformly on the surface of
field before the emergence of weeds. Chemical should be diluted in 1000liter of water
and spray through hand sprayer. Separate hand sprayer and nossel should be used for
herbicide application. Before application of fertilizer, weeds which are not controlled by
herbicide application should be uprooted by hand weeding. By this method we can
reduce the maximum level of crop damage.
What is post-emergence weed management?
After the emergence of weeds, spray 2-4-D @ 2.5kg/ha to control broad leaves weed.
Grass sp are controlled by hand weeding. Spraying of Ethoxy sulfuron @ 13kg/10 litre
of water controls the Cyprus sp.
Granular insecticides, in general, can only give less coverage to target parts of plants
than EC formulations for contact action. Moreover application of granules on leaf whorls
of very small shoots numbering about one lakh in an acre is extremely difficult. More so,
because sand is to be used as diluents with the granules, due to improper mixing of
granules and sand, many a time shoots will receive no granule or sublethal dose only.
Further, the slight fumigant action of carbaryl as fumigants will not be effective in the
open and the slight systemic action of gamma sevidol is not of any consequence as even
the fully systemic Furadon or Temik are not effective against shoot borer. Also, using a
combination insecticide like sevidol is unscientific as it would render both insecticides
useless due to development of cross resistance. Also, one of the components of Sevidol,
viz gamma BHC is already banned by the government.
Why is not shoot borer controlled even after the application of lindane or
chlorpyriphos?
If the application procedure described earlier is followed it will certainly give control of the
borer. Further, dead heart formation by shoot borer takes a few days to a few weeks
depending on the instar attacking the shoot, age of the shoot, prevailing weather and
varietal ability. So, if new dead hearts are noticed even after the insecticidal application,
they would have been the shoots already damaged by the borer and were in the process
of drying at the time of insecticide application.
What are the control measures other than insecticide for shoot borer?
Frequent irrigation and deployment of pheromone traps. Shoot borer attack kills the shot
which would naturally induce formation of compensatory shoots. If irrigation is given, the
formation and growth of compensatory shoots are encouraged. In fields where frequent
irrigation is not possible compensatory shoots will not be formed and the infested parts of
the fields will remain gappy Spray Granulosis virus at 1.5 x 1012 PIB/ha twice on 35 and
50 days after planting (DAP) or release 125 gravid females of Sturmiopsis inferens /ha on
30 and 45 DAP.
What are the pheromone traps?
Pheromone traps are an important device in early pest warning system to detect
presence of insects in fields and give an indication to initiating pest control measures with
appropriate insecticides or biological control agents at the right time. Pheromone traps
are lures that contains the female hormones to attract the male insects. When
pheromone lure is placed in dispenser and kept in the trap, pheromone from dispenser
gradually evaporates and spreads in air by diffusion process. Male species of insects
receives the smell of pheromones and get attracted to the lures, which serve as female
trap, and male insects eventually get trapped. Insecticides with knock down and
fumigation effect, such as dichlorvos, kerosene and diesel are used to kill trapped males,
which might have otherwise mated with females to produce innumerable eggs. Once the
insect enters the trap, it will not be able to come out.
The Rajshree sugars and Chemicals Ltd., Varadharaj nagar,Vaigai dam, 625 562, Theni
and Pest control India Ltd., Bangalore are producing the pheromones. The former firm
recommends eight traps per acre while the latter recommends four per acre. But 10 traps
per acre, 45cm trap height and weekly filling of water and kerosene in the trap are
essential for the method to be effective against shoot borer.
Can we use the same pheromone for any pest?
We can use the same trap for any pest but not the same pheromone lure. Each species
has different pheromones and hence only specific ones are to be used.
There is no special smell in the rubber septa supplied by the firms? How to
find out they are genuine?
The smell will be known only to the individuals of the particular insect species and even
the other pest species will not be able to identify it. From the collection of months in the
traps the genuineness of the septa can be ascertained provided there is moth emergence
when deployed.
What are the side effects of pheromones?
No side effects at all at the quantity of 3mg used in a lure. On the other hand it has same
advantages that are not there even in biological control or in resistant varieties.
In fields set with pheromone traps for internode borer, its attack was more
while the adjacent fields where pheromone traps were not set was having less
INB. Could the reason be that moths are attracted from that field to our fields?
Not possible. When moths can get attracted from adjacent fields it is more probable for
the more attraction in pheromone deployed field itself.
Suppose the maintenance of pheromone traps is poor in deployed field, the
moths attracted from adjacent fields will not be killed and so the population of
the moth in the pheromone deployed field will rise which could have increased
the incidence?
No. The attracted moths are only males and females. So even if they were not killed they
cannot lay eggs and also the females once mated with the local males will not mate
again. So there is no possibility of increase in pest incidence.
Will trash mulching reduce shoot borer incidence?
Yes. The trash acts as mechanical barrier to the tiny and just emerged shoot borer larvae
which have to move from one clump to another only through the soil surface as leaves of
adjacent clumps will not touch each other during that age of crop. Moreover, the trash
will encourage development of general predators such as spiders, carabid beetles etc
which increase chances of predation of the moths and the dispersing larvae. However, the
possibility of cut worm or rat damage in mulched fields is more.
No.
It will not because, the larvae are so tiny that they can find their way to the lower
part of the shoot below the soil in the gaps present in between the leaf sheaths and the
shoots which can never be covered by any amount of earthing up.
The dead shoots of plants have a lot of small white larvae. Are they the
causative agents?
No. Shoot borer larvae are big and only one and rarely two will be present in a shoot.
Several tiny larvae seen in dead shoots are saprophytic maggots that develop on
decaying plant matter and never be able to attack a plant. If you want to collect shoot
borer larvae, select the shoots showing wilting of spindle (and not dried ones) which will
have shoot borer larva.
Internode Borer
What pest attacks the internode portion of sugarcane reducing its quality
ultimately?
Internode borer affects the crop from 4th month stage onwards up to harvest. The pest
affects the nodal portions of the crop and conspicuous by their bore holes. Affected crop
exhibits nodal sproutings and frass material inside the tunnels.
How do Internode borer enter and get effect the Sugarcane crop?
Caterpillars bore at the nodal region and enter the stem. Its feeding makes the tissues
red. Entrance hole is usually plugged with excreta .A single larva may attack a number of
nodes.
How to control the internode borer in sugarcane?
Release egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis at the rate of 2.5 cc/release/ha. Six
releases 15 days interval starting from 4th month onwards will be necessary. During
rainy weather and when ants are present, release the parasite through mosquito net
covered plastic disposable cups.
Detrash the crop on the 150th and 210th day after planting.
What is the possible cause for the presence of dead heart in sugarcane?
Top borer, a serious pest of sugarcane creates dead heart condition. Its incidence is seen
from 6th month stage onwards. The affected cane exhibits dead heart in central whorl
leaf which cannot be pulled out easily. Sprouting of top buds in cluster renders a bunch
top appearance in the plant. More than the yield, sugar recovery loss is more pronounced
in crops damaged by top borer.
Even after Trichogramma chilonis release the dead heart formation by INB is
not reduce. Why?
Trichogramma chilonis is not an efficient parasitoid to control INB. So, T.chilonis release
may be dispensed with for INB management.
Termites
Will termite attack be more in light soils?
Not necessarily. There are 13 species of termites in sugarcane. Some will be in light soil
and some in heavy soil. So attack can be in any soil type.
Will the termite be controlled if irrigated?
No. Irrigation temporarily stops termite attack due to excess moisture and when the
optimum moisture level is reached the attack will revive.
How to prevent sugarcane against termite?
Application of chlorpyriphos @ 5 lit/ha with 1500-1800 lit water in the furrow during
planting controls termite in Sugarcane.
Even if termite mounds are not there in the vicinity termite attack is seen in
the field?
Of the 13 species of termite in sugarcane not all form above ground mounds. Five species
form below ground mounds and hence will not be visible.
Scale Insects
What is the control measure for scale insect?
Scale is not a serious pest to take up control measures. The feeding by scale is from the
storage cell that contains sugar. It may use negligible amount of sugar for its
development and so the damage is not sever. Because, the dead remains of the scale
insect continue to stick to the internodes till harvest it will give an illusion of severe
infestation of entire cane at the given time but in fact the encrustation has built up over
several months. Any contact insecticides such as dichlorvos etc. When applied to the
infested cane stalk after detrashing will only kill matured scales as young ones would
have already settled on tender internodes that are covered by understandable leaf
sheaths from which the infestation will continue.
What insecticide is best for sett treatment against scale insect?
If the setts are to be planted in situ there is no need for sett treatment with any
insecticide as scale cannot develop on setts below the soil for four months till internodes
are formed. However, if the setts are to be taken from infested place to new areas for
planting such setts may be dipped in dichlovos at 1ml per lit water and placed in cement
bags with the mouth tied and transported. The quick acting Nuvan with fumigant action
will effectively kill the scale population on the setts.
Mealy Bugs
How to control mealy bug infestation in sugarcane?
Mealy bug is another minor pest and dose not causes any appreciable loss.
Detrashing will help to minimize the incidence. Apply any one of the following
insecticides when the incidence is noticed spray on the stem only: Methyl parathion 50 EC
1000 ml (or) Malathion 50 EC 1000 ml.
Nymphs and adults suck sap and reduce the vitality of the crop; excrete honey dew on
which sooty mould grow, due to which internodes appear black, and cane growth is
retarded.
Wooly Aphid
Dose SWA cause itching on the body?
No. The neonate that crawl over the body of the person may give a tickling sensation but
not known to cause any allergic irritation.
SWA is spreading to the entire field within 10 days.
Not true. If the climate is favourable, it would take a minimum of two to three months to
spread to entire field.
Is Thimet granule application very effective for SWA?
No. It will give only 50 per cent control which is not sufficient to minimize SWA
population.
Since Thimet granules have powerful odour, SWA is effectively controlled even
when they are placed in perforated polythene bags and the bags are hung at
different places in the cane field.
Not true. The respiratory system of human and that of insect is entirely different. Unless
the chemical has specific fumigant action and when it could be used in air tight places
then only the fumigant action will work. Since, Thimet is not a fumigant it cannot be
effective against SWA when suspended on sugarcane plants and even if it is a fumigant it
cannot work in the open.
Is methyl parathion dust very effective for SWA?
Not so. Dusts in general are less effective than EC formulations because it cannot be
applied thoroughly to cover the lower surface of leaves and are not systemic.
Is there any microbial agent for SWA control?
No. There are no microbial agents native to SWA. The pathogens of other insects are not
effective also. Moreover spraying the pathogen in sugarcane field is very difficult as they
have to be sprayed only on the under surface of the leaves to facilitate contact with the
pest.
Where we can get predators of SWA?
They will be available in the SWA infested field itself and not commercially available
anywhere. However a method to rear it in trays by farmers themselves has been
developed by SBI.
Though there reports that it develops in maize and sorghum it is not recorded widely.
Moreover, because of the long duration and continuous availability of sugarcane crop and
the ability of SWA to attack any stage of sugarcane crop, there is no pressure on the
aphid to switch or seek other hosts as alternatives.
How to control the wooly aphid pest infestation in sugarcane?
Application of granular systemic insecticides after two days of irrigation may reduce the
infestation of aphids even up to 30 days. During acute incidence, spray any one of the
following insecticides once or twice in affected patches: Acephate 75SP 2gm/lit (or)
Chlorpyrifos 25EC 2ml/lit (or) Monocrotophos 36WSC 2ml/lit.
What are the biological control methods for wooly aphids in sugarcane?
Conservation of lepidopteran predator, Dipha aphidivora predator population in limited
areas of sugarcane crop for further distribution and use thereof. Regular surveillance and
monitoring of sugarcane woolly aphid for timely forewarning and adoption of IPM
measures including judicious use of recommended pesticides and bio-pesticides
(Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, Verticillium lecanii).
Pyrilla
How do the Leaf hopper/canefly look like?
Major pest distributed throughout India. The adults are straw-coloured, with posteriorportion of the wings darker, wings folded on back in a roof-like manner and head
projected forward forming a rostrum. Eggs are laid in clusters of 20-25, on the under
surface of leaves, and are covered by a white-fluffly material. Nymphs are pale brown
with a pair of wax - covered anal processes.
When can expect the incidence of Pyrilla pest in sugarcane?
This pest normally infests the crop during pre-monsoon period, mostly from August to
October months in the coastal region of Tamil Nadu.
How should pyrilla be controlled?
In peninsular India, pyrilla had never assumed a pest status. The nymphal instars have
five stages and the skin moulted at each stage sticks to the leaves persistently giving an
illusion of severe pyrilla population. Moreover, in all parts of peninsular India its
parasitoid Epiricania melanoleuca is present which will (automatically) naturally control
the pest. It is very important not to spray any insecticide in pyrilla affected field where
Epiricania is present.
How do the Leaf hopper/canefly Quality of juice effected?
Nymphs and adults suck sap from the leaves. In severe cases the leaves fade and dry up.
Plants present a sickly and blighted appearance. Insects excrete honeydew on which
sooty mould develops. Since, sucrose content is reduced; the quality of Jaggery is
drastically affected.
White Fly
Monocrotophos 36 WSC 2000 ml. Spraying acephate 2g per lit water will control
whitefly. The spray has to be repeated after a month to kill the nymphs emerging from
eggs. Being a sucking pest, this pest becomes more predominant in problem soil areas
as encountered in saline, alkaline, poor drainage, micronutrient deficiency, drought
conditions etc. Ill drained fields are more affected.
White Grub
How to control the white grub incidence in sugarcane?
Avoid ratoons in infested fields, Provide adequate irrigation, since under inadequate soil
moisture conditions, the pest appear in the root zone. Apply lindane 1.3 D 125 kg/ha
near the root zone and give one more round 30 days later
How to control white grubs in standing sugarcane crop?
It is very difficult and a costly operation to control white grubs in standing crop of
sugarcane. No insecticide is effective against white grubs. Stagnating water for 24hrs in
the cane crop will bring the grubs above ground which may be handpicked and destroyed.
Care to prevent lodging of crop due water stagnation should be taken.
Rat
How to control rat?
First it has to be ascertained whether the rats come from outside the sugarcane field or
live inside the sugarcane fields. Generally, if they are coming from outside the cane
fields, the attack will start from the boundaries. If they have burrows inside the field, the
attack will be in patches at the beginning itself. After the cane harvest, the live burrows
in and around the sugarcane fields are to be identified. This is done by first plugging the
rat holes with mud and inspecting them the next day to check whether they are opened.
The opened burrows indicate rat activity. These burrows should be applied with half half a
tablet of celphos and the burrow mouth plugged with the mud. Since celphos is a
fumigant with odour less poisonous gas it should be handled only by the experienced
persons and two persons should handle it. The soft rind varieties such as Co 86032 may
be avoided in rat attack prone areas and hard rind varieties may be grown.
Which is the best chemical for poison baiting of rats?
In general poison baits will not be of much use in fields that have abundant food supply.
If zinc phosphide is used in baits, the rats will develop bait shyness after a few feeding
and baiting will become ineffective. Moreover, the baits will kill birds such as peacock,
patridge, quoel etc.
Any predators are available for use against rats?
Available but not practicable. Wild cats, snakes, owls, mongoose, jackals etc are effective
but cannot be brought to cane fields. Domestic cats besides being not so effective will
become used to the feeds provided by human beings or would hunt easier prey such as
lizard and may not effectively hunt rats.
Can we use cats, snakes, owls for rat control?
They are natural predators of rat. However, to colonies them in sugarcane fields is
difficult process. Even if they are colonized the danger of snake bite and the hooting of
owl is considered inauspicious. Except jungle cats, domestic ones may not be effective
hunters of rat in the field and may pose danger to domestic birds. Besides, the predators
in general have strong territorial behavior and so it is not possible to have any number of
predators than destined ones in a unit area. Because of this the desired result will not be
achieved in the expected time frame. Moreover, once the rat problem is solved these
predators may be danger or nuisance to us.
Should an extra sticking agent added with insecticide solution for better
sticking on foliage?
No. The insecticide itself contains the sticking agent. For instance, if you take
Chlorpyriphos 20EC, of the one litre of insecticide purchased, only 200ml (20%) is the
actual insecticide and the remaining 80% are the wetting, sticking, spreading, and
emulsifying agents to make the insecticide effective. So is the malathion 50EC or Nuvan
76EC etc.
In which soil nematode infection is predominant?
Loamy soils have more nematode problem rather than in the wet clayey soils.
How to control the incidence of sugarcane nematodes?
Apply carbofuran 3G @ 33 kg/ha at the time of planting or 2 months after planting or
Cartap 1.5 kg a.i./ha or apply pressmud at 15 t/ha or poultry manure @ 2 t/ha or neem
cake 2 t/ha or apply pressmud @ 15 t/ha or poultry manure @ 1 t/ha before last
ploughing in garden lands. Under wetland conditions, intercropping sunnhemp or
marigold or daincha coupled with application of pressmud 25 t/ha or neem cake 2 t/ha.
Diseases
Red Rot
How the red rot disease spreads in sugarcane?
The disease is mainly spread by the preparation of setts from diseased cane. Bottom
portion of the cane left over in the field after harvest, irrigation, rain and wind also
spread the disease causing fungi. Ratooning of the affected cane also spread the disease
further.
What is the sett treatment to control the red rot disease?
Adopt sett treatment with Carbendazim before planting (Carbendazim 50 WP (0.5 gm in 1
litre of water) or Carbendazim 25 DS (1gm in 1 litre of water) along with Urea (10 gm in
1 litre of water) for 5 minutes) to avoid the red rot disease in sugarcane.
At what stage of the crop the disease is expected?
The disease occurs in all the stages of crop in the field from germination to harvest.
What are the typical symptoms?
Orange / yellow discolouration of leaves followed by drying of canes in a clump. External
rind discolouration as dull brown patches on nodes and internodes. Splitting of the canes
reveal the typical reddening of internodal tissues with intermittent white spots. At later
stage mycelia growth is seen in pith region.
What type of symptoms can be seen on leaves?
Usually leaves in the infected canes show orange to yellow discolouration before drying.
In highly susceptible varieties reddish brown lesions on the mid ribs can be seen.
How it affects the crop yield?
Infected stalks result in death of canes, leading to reduced cane yield. Inversion of
sucrose into glucose and fructose due to pathogenic invertases cause loss in sugar
recovery.
How to identify disease infection in seed canes?
While cutting partially infected canes cut ends will show reddening and nodal region may
show rectotic patches.
Will it cause more damages in ratoon?
Yes. Since the initial inoculum to cause the disease is high, more damage to the crop is
noticed in ratoon crop than in plant crop. However, in case of epidemic situations plant
crop also suffers more damage.
Do the pathogens survive in the soil?
Yes. It survives for a limited period in the soil, but in the leftover infected stubbles it
survives for many months.
Smut
What is sugarcane smut?
Sugarcane smut is a serious disease of sugarcane which can reduce yields by 30 to 100
percent. The disease is caused by the fungus Ustilago scitaminea. It is highly infectious
and can be spread by wind or carried on clothing and machinery.
Pokkah boeng Top rot Sooty mould Herbicide damage may also look similar.
Wilt
What are the diagnosable symptoms?
External gradual yellowing and drying of foliage, shrinkage and withering of canes.
Internal infected canes show light to dark reddish brown discolouration of ground
tissue, pithiness and boat shaped cavities in the middle of the internode.
How to differentiate the stalk symptoms with red rot?
Reddening of ground tissue with characteristics white spots as red rot are absent in case
of wilt. Further wilt affected cane would show pithiness with boat shaped cavities with
reddish brown discolouration.
Whether sugarcane is infected by both red rot and wilt same time?
Yes. Such canes show symptoms of both the diseases.
What aggravates wilt severity?
Extended drought in the summer followed by water logging in the monsoon. Damages to
roots, especially by root borer and other root pests increase wilt severity.
How to control wilt?
Healthy seed, crop rotation, optimizing soil moisture status and reducing root borer
infestation are recommended to control wilt in an integrated approach.
Sett Rot
Why the germination phase vulnerable to infection?
Surviving pathogen in the soil enters the sett tissues through cut ends and cause rotting
if they are not protected with fungicide, delay in germination due to deep planting or
water stagnation in the field enhance entry into the setts and pathogenesis.
Is it amenable for fungicide control?
Yes. Dipping of setts in the fungicide solution (Carbendazim, 0.05%) protests the cut
ends from the surviving fungus in the soil.
How to prevent this disease?
Avoiding deep planting during monsoon and preventing water stagnation during
germination phase. Dipping of setts in fungicide has to be done as a prophylactic
measure before planting.
What are varieties that are susceptibile to top rot in sugarcane?
Some of the susceptible varieties are CoC 671, CoC 90063 and CoC 92061.
Grassy Shoot
What are the varieties that are resistant to sugarcane grassy shoot disease?
Grassy shoot disease resistant varieties of sugarcane include Co 86249, CoG 93076 and
CoC 22.
What are the possible treatments for grassy shoot of sugarcane?
Treat setts with aerated steam at 50C for 1 hour to control primary infection. Spray
dimethoate @ 1ml in 1 litre of water to control insect vector Avoid ratooning if GSD
incidence is more than 15 % in the plant crop
Phytoplasmas.
What are the characteristic symptoms?
Profuse tillering with lean, lanky and chlorotic tillers. Stunting of affected canes with
auxiliary bud sprouting.
How to differentiate its symptoms with deficiency symptoms.
Excess tillering with chlorotic leaves (partial or complete) is the typical symptoms the
excess tillering will not be seen. Further the axillary buds show sprouting only in GSD
affected canes. Chlorosis due to iron show recovery of symptoms when sprayed with
ferrous sulphate whereas in case of no recovery will be there. Further, GSD appears in
isolated clumps whereas chlorosis due to deficiency appears in patches.
Why it is more severe in ratoons?
Due to low pathogen load in plant crop, the crop suffers less. Once ratooned, the
pathogen in ht stubbles initiates disease in the newly emerging shoots and such clumps
will not millable canes.
How the pathogen spreads?
Infected seed cane serves as primary source and insect vectors spread the pathogen cane
to cane in the field.
Is it amenable for heat therapy?
Yes. Aerated steam therapy eliminates the pathogen in the seed canes.
Ratoon Stunting
Does it affect ratoon crop only?
No. It also affects plant crop. But the severity is more in ratoons.
How the disease can be recognized in the field?
Slow decline of varietal performance with cane thinness and poor vigour.
Is there any diagnosable symptoms??
Reddening of nodal tissue (internal) in the form of streaks, dots or commas. No
symptoms can be seen in internodes.
Why the canes become thin due to RSD?
The pathogenic bacterium systemically colonizes the xylem vessels. If the same seed
source is used for many years the pathogen titre increase and cause decline in varietal
performance.
What are the suggested control measures?
Aerated steam therapy eliminates the pathogen from the infected canes. Use of
disinfectants to clean seed cane cutting tools would reduce chances of spread of pathogen
from infected to healthy setts.
Sugarcane Processing
What should be the criteria for the best quality of cane / juice?
Should have accumulated peak sucrose content in juice Should have low level of non
sugars Should have high purity Should have optimum fibre content Should have
negligible amount of unwanted materials (trash, binding materials, dead and dry canes,
mud particles, water shoots, etc.) Should have higher quantity of juice There should
not be pith in the can
What are the factors that affect the quality of the juice?
Factors like variety, nutrient management practices, stage of maturity, soil condition,
growing condition, lime and method of harvesting, and time of transport to mill, incidence
of pest and disease etc. have profound influence on the accumulation of sucrose and
other non-sugars in cane juice.
How does the soil type and quality of irrigation water affect the quality of
sugarcane?
The quantity and quality of irrigation water also influences the juice quality to a large
extent. Cane grown under saline and alkaline conditions tends to accumulate large
proportion of chlorides and sodium in addition to increased mineral content. Sugarcane
grown under river water irrigation produces juice of better quality as compared to
sugarcane grown under well water. Reduction in sheath moisture by increasing interval of
irrigation at maturity phase is reported to be conducive for increased sucrose content in
juice.
What is the composition of cane juice?
The constituents of the normal cane juice fall within the following limits: Water: 75 to
88% Sucrose : 10 to 21% Reducing sugars: 0.3 to 3% Organic matter other than sugar:
0.5 to 1% Inorganic compounds: 0.2 to 0.6% Nitrogenous bodies: 0.5 to 1%
What is meant by maturity / ripening in sugarcane?
In sugarcane by maturity or ripeness it is generally meant the stage which the juices in
the cane stalk contains an economic level of sucrose and not to the changeover of the
crop from vegetative to reproductive phase. At this stage, the stalk will contain stored
sugar to support reproduction, but its sugar storage potential has not necessarily been
realized. In a simple way ripening is storage of excess sucrose. If juice pol and purity
percentages are more than 16 and 85, respectively the cane is considered to be ripe.
Several factors like soil fertility, added fertilizers (quantity and time), pests and disease
attack in addition to variety and weather parameters actually decide the maturity of the
cane.
Small mill test: the juice is analysed for brix, sucrose and purity values in laboratory
using brix hydrometer spindle and polarimeter. A minimum purity value of above 85%
indicates its suitability for harvest. Ratio of top / bottom brix: as the stalk gradually
ripens, the brix of the joints up to the one leaving the highest dead leaf tends to become
equal. Hence when a stalk is divide into equal parts, the ratio of their average brix, the so
called top / bottom ratio (TBR) will be indicative of the degree of ripeness. In the case of
unripe cane this ratio will be less than one. As the cane ripens TBR will approach unity.
How to conduct a pre-harvest maturity survey in sugar factory?
The maturity survey should be started at least 4-6 weeks before the scheduled harvest
date. Separate survey for plant crop and ratoon crop should be preferable. The fields
should be grouped according to variety and month of planting. Entire area in a factory
zone should be grouped into number of zones of convenient size of about 50-60 ha.
For each zone or area one team of persons comprising one Cane Assistant with two
laborers for collection of samples should be assigned. Each team can normally visit 2025 fields per day and complete the work. Thus one team can complete the survey in
approximate 120-150 fields within 6 days. About 40 teams for each factory area can
complete the entire area of a factory (5000-7000 ha) during one week time. The
refractometer brix values of representative samples of each field should be recorded with
the help of a hand refractometer and juice extractor needles. Then the fields are
arranged in the descending order of brix values for each zone. Cutting orders are
issued based on the brix values in descending order. The above method of issuing cutting
order helps to crush the cane of uniform maturity and avoids cane of immaturity, thus
leading to improvement in sugar recovery to the tune 0.2 to 0.5 per cent over and above
the existing sugar recovery figure.
1. Harvesting of immature and over mature canes should be avoided. 2. Quick transport
of varieties identified to be susceptible to post-harvest deterioration. 3. Keeping the
harvested cane under shade during hot weather period 4. Covering of harvested cane
with trash and sprinkling of water periodically to keep the cane moist. 5. By dipping the
cut ends of cane in certain biocides like polycide @ 2 ml/lit or bactrinol-100 @ 100 ppm
and spraying the same on the stored cane could arrest deterioration upto 120 hours. 6.
Dipping both the cut ends of cane in sucroguard improved sugar recovery upto 0.9%.
Due to 70% reduction in microbial population of the primary juice of cane.
What is the composition of cane jaggery?
The jaggery contains approximately 60-85% sucrose, 5-15% glucose and fructose. Along
with 0.4% of protein, 0.1 g of fat and 0.6 to 1.0 g of minerals (8 mg of calcium, 4 mg of
phosphours and 11.4 mg of iron). It is also found to contain traces of vitamins and amino
acids. 100g of jiggery gives 383 kcal of energy. In ayurvedha, jaggrery is considered as
the best base material for the preparation of medicines. In contrast, the white crystal
sugar contains only sucrose to the tune of 99.5% without any minerals.
What is an ideal juice clarificant for jaggery making?
The clarificant should meet the following requirements Removal of all constituents of
juice other than sucrose, reducing sugars, inorganics (phosphates, iron and calcium) and
organics (higher proteins and fats) Control of undesirable colour development and
inversion of sucrose during boiling and concentration. Better crystallization.
Prevention of overheating and charring. No adverse effect on jaggery taste and human
health. Longer storage life of the product. Easy availability of clarifying agent.
What are the various vegetable clarificants that are used for jaggery making?
Stem and root of green plant of Deola and Bhendi, Green bark of the Phasla and Semul
trees, dry bark of the sukhlai plant, Seeds of castor, groundnut and soyabean. The
quantity of clarificant is approximately 40-70 g per 100 lit of cane juice.
What are the various chemical clarificants that are used for jaggery making?
Hydros (sodium hydrogen sulphite), Lime (calcium oxide), Sodium bicarbonate, Sodium
carbonate, Sajji (50% sodium carbonate, 6.4% sodium sulphate, 4.5% sodium chloride),
Super phosphate and alum are used. Use of various chemicals as juice clarificants during
jaggrey preparation results in presence of harmful chemicals like SO2 in jiggery and also
affects the taste and storability of such jaggery.
Ratoon Management
Is there any technology for improving sprouting in winter initiated ratoon?
To improve sprouting in winter initiated ratoon potash at the rate of 80 kg/ha along with
irrigation, one month prior to plant cane harvest is given. FYM based Trichoderma culture
@ 20 kg/ha with PMC (10 t/ha) application helps in sprouting of winter initiated ratoon.
Which method is suitable for obtaining optimum number of millable cane from
ratoon crop?
Farmers can obtain higher ratoon yield when sugarcane is planted under paired row
system (30: 120 cm) with 20% higher on normal seed rate and gap filling at 1st irrigation
in ratoon crop. This also curtails the gap filling operation in ratoon crop.
Please tell the suitable gap filling material and when gap should be filled in
ratoon crop?
30-35 days old polythene bag/STP raised settlings are suitable gap filling material. The
gap appearing at above 60 cm should be filled within 30 days after ratoon initiation.
What is method of trash mulching and their advantages in ratoon crop.
Trashes collected after harvest of plant crop should be evenly spread in alternate
rows,followed by light irrigation and spray of Chlorpyriphos 20 EC solution @ 5.0 liters/ha
in 1600 liters of water to control termite and army-worm. Trash mulching in ratoon
conserves moisture and thus, preserves ground water by saving irrigation water up to 3040%. It also improves soil fertility and helps in weed check.
Related Links
About Related Links
Government Links:
Ministry of Agriculture
Government
department)
of
http://agricoop.nic.in
India
(Agriculture
http://india.gov.in/citizen/agriculture/index.php
Dacnet
http://dacnet.nic.in/
http://www.tn.gov.in/departments/agri.html
http://www.tn.gov.in/departments/crop/indexhtml
http://www.nic.in
AGMARKNET
http://www.agmarknet.nic.in/
Research institutes:
Indian Council of
http://www.icar.org.in/
Agriculture Research
Indian Institute of
http://www.iisr.nic.in/
Sugarcane Research
Sugarcane Breeding
Institute,Coimbator http://www.sugarcane.res.in/
e
HARC
Sugarcane
http://www.harc-hspa.com/HARCSGR7.HTM
Research
Sugarcane Research http://www.agripunjab.gov.pk/index.php?f=1&m=66&1=163&r=
Institute,Punjab
0
Tamil
Agricultural
University
Nadu
http://www.tnau.ac.in/
Sugarcane research
http://cuddalore.nic.in/sugar.htm
station, cuddalore
Sugarcane research
http://vellore.nic.in/Research%20Institute/research-mela.htm
station, Melalathur
Sugarcane research
http://sites.tnau.ac.in/trri/srs-sir
station , sirugamani
Kerala Agricultural
http://www.kau.edu/Default.htm
University
Sugarcane Breeding
Institute, Regional http://karnal.gov.in/res_sbric.asp
Centre, karnal
National
Institute
Sugar
http://www.sasa.org.za/sasri_overview615.aspx/
South
African
Sugarcane Research http://www.nsi.gov.in
Institute (SASRI)
Reginol
sugarcane
research
institute, http://www.nau.in/Research_SugarScane.htm
gujarat
Vasantdada
institute
sugar
http://www.vsisugar.com/
Miscellaneous Links:
Sustainable
initiative(manual)
sugarcane
http://assets.panda.org/downloads/ssi_manual.pdf
Sugaronline
http://www.sugaronline.com/
Sugar Association
http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/sugarcrops_sugarcane.htm
http://www.harc-hspa.com/HARCSGR7.HTM
Sugarcane
cultivation
management book
and
http://www.agripunjab.gov.pk/index.php?f=1&m=66&1=163&r=0
http://www.sucrose.com