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DEFINISI
W.Meissner
(1819)
Alkaloids (
alkali=base,
oid=like sub) are
basic nitrogenous
compd. of plant
origin which have
complex molecular
structure & many
pharmacological
activity.
Landenberg
Alkaloids are
defined as natural
plant compounds
that have a basic
character and
contain at least
one nitrogen atom
in a heterocyclic
ring and having
biological activities
Characteristic
Features
Alkaloids are basic
nitrogenous plant
origin, mostly
optically active &
possessing
nitrogen hetero
cycles as there
structural units
with physiological
action.
Pelletier 1983
alkaloids is cyclic
compounds
containing
nitrogen in
negative of
oxidation state.
Which is of limited
distribution in
Living organisms
Classification:
Function in Plants
Physical Properties:
I- Condition:
II- Color:
The majority of alkaloids are colorless but some are
colored e.g.:
Colchicine and berberine are yellow.
Canadine is orange.
The salts of sanguinarine are copper-red.
Physical Properties:
III- Solubility:
Both alkaloidal bases and their salts are soluble in alcohol.
Generally, the bases are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in
water
Exceptions:
Bases soluble in water: caffeine, ephedrine, codeine, colchicine,
pilocarpine and quaternary ammonium bases.
Bases insoluble or sparingly soluble in certain organic solvents:
morphine in ether, theobromine and theophylline in benzene.
Salts are usually soluble in water and, insoluble or sparingly
soluble in organic solvents.
Exceptions:
Salts insoluble in water: quinine monosulphate.
Salts soluble in organic solvents: lobeline and apoatropine hydrochlorides are
soluble in chloroform.
3. PROTO ALKALOID :
struktur - N asiklik , derivat asam amino
contoh : efedrina, meskalina , kolkisina
Contoh : meskalina
2. ALKALOID IKATAN SEKUNDER (R2NH) ;
Contoh : Efedrina
3. ALKALOID IKATAN TERTIER (R3N) :
Contoh : Atropina, hiosiamina, skopolamina
1. PIPERIDINA - PIRIDINA
9. PURINA
2. KINOLIN
10 LUPINAN
3. TROPAN
4. ISOKUINOLIN.
5. PIROLIDIN
6. PIROLIZIDIN
7. INDOL
8. IMIDAZOL
12. STEROID
Piridin
Piperidin
Kuinolin
H
C
H2C
N
N
H2C
C H3
CH2
N
CH2
C
H
Indol
Tropan
H
N
Im idazol
Isokuinolin
CH2
NH
Pirolidin
Purina
Steroid
N
Pirolizidin
CO
N+
H
OCH3
CH3
Arekolina
- Kegunaan : antelmentik
OH
N+
CH3
Lobelina
H
C
H2C
CH2
H2C
C H3
CH
C H3
CH
CO
CH
CH2OH
Hiosiamin
hiosiamina
H
C
CH2
CH2OH
CH2
Tanaman penghasil :
CH
Atropin
H
C
H2C
CO
CH2
H2C
C
H
CH2
C H3
CH
CO
CH2
CH
CH2OH
Skopolamin
Atropa belladona
Hiosyamus niger
Datura stramonii
(Familia Solanaceae)
Kandungan : Atropina
Hiosiamina
Skopolamina
Beladonina
Datura stramonium
H2C
H
C
H2C
C
H
CH
C H3
CH
CH2
COOCH3
Kokaina
Simplisia : daun
Khasiat
Kandungan : kokaina
H
C
CH2
CH2
CH2
HO
H3CO
N
Kinina
Kandungan Kimia :
H
C
CH2
HO
CH2
C
H
H3CO
N
Kinidina
CH2
Khasiat :
Antimalaria
kinina
Antiaritmia
kinidina
Cinchona succirubra
N
N
O
HO
Kam poteksina
Antikanker
Tanaman
Camptotheca acuminata
ALKALOIDA ISOKUINOLIN
Tanaman penghasil :
Hydratis canadensis Linne (familia
Ranunculaceae)
Simplisia : Rhizoma atau radix
Hydratis canadensis Linne
ALKALOIDA ISOKUINOLIN
ALKALOIDA ISOKUINOLIN
ALKALOID ISOKUINOLIN
Tanaman :
Papaver somniferum
(Papaveraceae)
Daerah asal :
Cara memperoleh :
Buah ditoreh dengan pisau, biarkan semalam atau
sehari . Getah dikumpulkan.
Cara memperoleh
OPIUM
Serbuk Opium
Kandungan :
Morfina (9-21%)
Kodeina (0,8 -2,5%)
Papaverina (0,5 - 2,5%)
Noskapina (4-8%)
Tebaina (0,5-2%)
HO
HO
CH3O
CH3
CH3
N
CH3O
OCH3
HO
OCH3
CH3O
Morfina
Khasiat :
Sedativum
analgesik
Codeina
Khasiat :
Antitusive
Papaverina
Khasiat :
Spasmolitikum
H3C
O
N
CH3
H3C
C
O
H3C
CH3
C
O
H3C
HO
Morfina
C
O
Heroina
(Aktivitas 3 X morfina)
Sediaan farmasi :
Morfina, Codeina, Papaverina, Thebaina,
Noskapina, Opium , Pulvis Doveri
Identifikasi Opium :
ditambah FeCl3 (menjadi merah) , karena
kandungan asam mekonat dalam opium
ALKALOID ISOKUINOLIN
Tanaman : Chepaelis ipecacuanha
(RUBIACEAE)
Simplisia : Akar
CH3O
N
Kandungan : Emetin
CH3O
H
N
Khasiat :
Emetina
CH3O
CH3O
Emetikum,
Ekspektoran
Antiamuba
Cantharanthi Herba
Tanaman
: Catharanthus roseus atau (Vinca rosea)
Familia Apocynaceae .
Simplisia
Kandungan
Kegunaannya
: Daun
: vinblastina dan viskristina
: Antikanker antara lain leukemia.
Catharanthus roseus
(Vinca rosea)
Simplisia : biji
N
Kandungan : striknina
CH2
CH2
O
Striknina
ROC
CH3
(C2H5)2N
CH3
N
R = -N(C2H5)2
N
H
N
H
ASAM LISERGAT
CH2OH
I
R=- NH-CH
I
CH2OH
Reaksi Semisintesa
CH2OH
I
CH - HN
I
CH2OH
CH3
N
ERGONOVINE
(ERGOTAMIN)
N
H
Simplisia : akar
Kandungan : Reserpina
Resinamina
CH3O
N
O
O
CH3COOC
OCH3
OCH3
CH3O
OCH3
Reserpina
Khasiat : Antihipertensi
Simplisia : Cortex
Kandungan : yohimbina
Khasiat : Afrodisiaka
P. microphyllus
P. pennatifolius ( RUTACEAE)
Simplia : Daun
Kandungan :
CH2
CH2
NC H3
N
PILOKARPINA
Khasiat :
Ophathalmik
(Antiglaukoma)
S. laciatum
S. aviculare
S. grandifllorum
(SOLANACEAE)
Simplisia : buah
H
H
H
Kandungan : Solasodin
solasodine
N
H
Solanum mammosum
Tanaman :
Aconitum napellus
( RANUNCULACEAE)
Simplisia : akar
Kandungan : akonitina , akonina
Khasiat : analgesik-antipiretik
diuretik
Ephedra vulgaris
(GNETACEAE)
Simplisia : Herba
Kandungan :
OH
Ephedra vulgaris
Khasiat : bronchodilator
NH CH 3
EFEDRINA
OH
NH CH 3
EFEDRINA
H2N
amphetamine
OH
H
N
NH CH 3
EFEDRINA
METHAMPETAMINE
(Shabu-shabu)
O
HN
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA)
Ecstasy/Inex
O
CH3
Kandungan : kationina
NH2
Kationina
NH2
H3CO
OCH3
Struktur meskalina
atau LSD
Simplisia : Daun
Kandungan kimia: kafeina 4% , teofilina, teobromina , tanin atau
polifenol.
Kegunaan teofilina adalah sebagai muscle relaxant untuk kasus asma,
sedangkan kafeina sebagai CNS stimulant dan diuretik.
Sediaan teh :
(1) teh hijau yang dibuat tanpa proses fermentasi , diproduksi di Cina dan
Jepang
(2) teh hitam yang dibuat dengan proses fermentasi lebih dahulu,
diproduksi di Sri Lanka, India dan Indonesia.
Echium platagineum
Sympytum officinale
Gynura procumben
1. Antitumor
2. Karsinogenik
3. Toksik pada jaringan hewan dan manusia
Mekanisme efek toksik
CH2OH
[O]
N
Pirolizidin
Mitokondria
N
1-dihroksimetil-1:2 dehidro
pirolizidin
EFEK TOKSIK