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City of Wilmington
Traffic Light Signal Violation Monitoring System
Program Report for Fiscal Year 2014
Published by the
Wilmington Police Department
Bobby Cummings, Chief of Police
Department of Finance
Sheila Winfrey-Brown, Director
Appendix
Total Crashes Per Year .. .21
FY13 Red Light Camera Summary Report by Location Graph ..22
FY13 Red Light Camera Summary Report by Location ....23-27
FY14 Red Light Camera Summary Report by Location Graph ..28
FY14 Red Light Camera Summary Report by Location.29-33
Figures based on: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Red Light Running Data Overview 2012. Available at http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/t/red-lightrunning/topicoverview.
Costs are based on the KABCO scale and have been adjusted for inflation to 2010 dollars from the original source: U.S. Department of
Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, The Economic Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes, 2002.
These figures were confirmed in a study conducted for the American Automobile Association
(AAA), which found that a fatal car crash costs a community about $6 million. These estimates include
medical, insurance, legal, and emergency service costs, as well as lost work productivity and travel
delays. 3
Red light cameras are an effective way to discourage red light running. Enforcement is the best
way to get people to comply with any law, but it is impossible for police to be at every intersection.
Cameras can fill the void. An Insurance Institute for Highway Safety study comparing large cities with
red light cameras to those without found the devices reduced the fatal red light running crash rate by 24
percent and the rate of all types of fatal crashes at signalized intersections by 17 percent. 4
The use of red-light cameras truly requires the "Three Es" of road safety: Engineering, Education
and Enforcement. In this case, public education is crucial to accomplish a number of things. First, to
alert the public to the issue through public service announcements and seek voluntary change in
behavior at signalized intersections. Second, to gain public support, which is critical to successful redlight camera implementation. Third, to alert motorists to the increased level of enforcement (sometimes
the threat of enforcement is sufficient to change unsafe behavior). And finally, to sufficiently educate
the public on how the system works so that motorists are not surprised or confused when they receive a
ticket in the mail. In addition to educating the public, it is often essential to educate police officials,
legislators and the judiciary to the merits of red-light cameras and to assuage their concerns as to the
viability of such a system.
As documented in the Red-Light Camera Systems Operational Guidelines by the Federal
Highway Administration and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the following factors
contribute to crashes caused by red light running and have been identified from research and crash data
studies. These factors include namely:
Driver behavior
Intersection design and operation
Vehicle characteristics
Weather
See: Crashes vs. Congestion, Whats the Cost to Society? Prepared for the AAA by Cambridge Systematic, Inc., November 2011.
Figures based on: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Red Light Running Data Overview 2012. Available at http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/t/red-lightrunning/topicoverview
Driver Behavior
Driver behavior is the most significant contributing factor to the occurrence of running a red
light. Motorists may accelerate when anticipating a change in signal indication, in order to make it
through the intersection on the yellow. If a motorist misjudges the time of the signal change, he or she
will enter the intersection against the red signal indication.
Motorists driving above the posted speed limit or driving too fast for conditions increase the
distance needed to stop before entering intersections and decrease the distance available to react to a
change in traffic signal indication. In other words, speeding significantly increases the risk of running a
red light and the possibility of being involved in a crash as a result of running the red light.
For many drivers, inattentiveness may also be the contributing cause. Drowsiness, conversing
with passengers, eating, and use of a cellular phone or other electronic devices are among the many
common distractions that cause drivers to reduce their focus on the task of driving. Inattentive or
distracted drivers may perceive a change in signal indication late or in some cases not at all. Motorists,
who perceive the signal indication late, may not perceive the change in time and run through the red
signal.
Intersection Design and Operation
Deficiencies in the design and configuration of signalized intersections may contribute to red
light violations. Certain design and configuration conditions (geometrics) may provide inadequate
stopping distance, may cause motorist to be confused, or limit visibility of traffic control devices. Where
these design and configuration conditions can be identified and corrected through engineering
improvements, the number of red light violations can be reduced. Therefore, it is important when
considering the use of a red light camera system that an engineering study is done to identify potential
engineering improvements that could be implemented in the intersection design and configuration. If an
engineering study identifies countermeasures that might take considerable time to design and
implement, then appropriate short term solutions should be considered while long term improvements
are investigated and implemented.
An engineering study can identify the following conditions that may be present at a signalized
intersection and contribute to red light running by motorists:
Grade
The grade of an intersection approach may significantly effect the time and distance needed for a
motorist to stop a vehicle at an intersection. If approaching the intersection on a downhill grade,
motorists may not account for vehicle mass and momentum, which will require longer stopping
time.
Poor Visibility
Poor visibility due to darkness, rain, or snow and to a motorists impaired vision may prevent or
reduce a motorists ability to see and react to signs, signals, and other traffic control devices at
intersections and on the approaches to intersections in a timely manner.
Roadside Obstructions
Roadside obstructions (i.e., parked vehicles, vegetation growth, pedestrians) may block a
motorists field of view to road signs, traffic signals, and other features at the intersection, thus
contributing to driver confusion. Intersections and adjoining approaches should be engineered so
that roadside parking does not interfere with sign visibility. Signs should be regularly monitored
and cleared of vegetation over-growth.
Line of Sight
As motorists approach an intersection, their line of sight to the intersection should be
unobstructed. Any obstructions may reduce reaction times and/or negatively impact driver
behavior. Line of sight problems often occur at intersections located at the base of a hill, where
the traffic signal is partially or completely hidden from the drivers view until reaching the top.
Line of sight problems may also occur when following a taller vehicle, whereby the taller vehicle
obstructs the line of sight of the driver of the following shorter vehicle.
Traffic Volumes
Research studies have indicated that time of day and traffic volume may be associated with
increased red light running behavior. During peak traffic periods, increased traffic volumes and
congestion may contribute to the number of motorists running red lights. Motorists traveling
during these periods are often subject to the delays from traffic congestion that may negatively
affect their driving behavior. If traffic signals are not properly timed to accommodate the
increased traffic volumes and coordinated to enhance traffic flows, motorists may wait for two or
more cycles before passing through signalized intersections. Frustrated motorists may choose to
enter the intersection on a red light in order to avoid waiting through an additional cycle. Traffic
volumes during the late evening and early morning hours are relatively light. During these time
periods and especially on non-traffic-actuated approaches at signalized intersections, motorists
may have to wait for extended times when there is little or no traffic on the other intersection
6
approaches. Faced with this situation, motorists may engage in unsafe or aggressive driving
behavior by electing to run the red light. A study has also indicated that larger intersections and
high volumes seem to be related to red light running.
Vehicle Characteristics
Vehicle characteristics may contribute to red light running and to crashes resulting from red light
running. Vehicles that carry heavy loads require additional time to slow and stop when a traffic signal
changes to yellow. Drivers of vehicles with heavy loads may forget or disregard the effect of the loads
on stopping distances, and this may result in red light running.
Weather
One study has found that weather is not a predictor of red light running. However, it is
reasonable to infer that weather conditions such as heavy rain, snow, hail, or high winds may distract
drivers, make roadway surfaces slick, and may cause stopping distance to be increased. Inclement
weather conditions will likely exacerbate the effects of steep grades, limited sight distances, and high
approach speeds. Reduced visibility resulting from severe weather, sun glare, or dust and debris may
also prevent a motorist from observing signs, signals, or other traffic control devices in a timely manner.
Location and configuration of signals relative to early morning and afternoon sun glare can reduce
visibility of signal colors.
Red light cameras also provide a more effective means of law enforcement than traditional
enforcement methods carried out by police. Enforcing traffic laws in dense urban areas proves difficult
for police, as they typically follow a violating vehicle through a red signal in order to cite the motorist.
Traffic volume and safety considerations mean that law enforcement officials can only apprehend a
fraction of the violators, placing motorists and pedestrians at risk of injury. Without red light cameras,
jurisdictions would need tremendous financial capabilities to constantly patrol intersections in order to
cite red light violators. Red light cameras provide safe and consistent enforcement at a reasonable cost,
while enabling officers to focus on other enforcement issues.
The Traffic Light Signal Violation Monitoring System Program is an electronic monitoring
system authorized for 34 cameras installations at 31 signalized intersections within the City of
Wilmington. The current camera locations meet eligibility through monitoring for potential incidences
of red light related crashes. The program may be expanded in the future to include additional
intersections as deemed necessary based on crash data.
The equipment used is able to automatically detect a vehicle which is violating the red light
traffic signal, the number of seconds of yellow time elapsed, and the number of seconds of red time
elapsed while the vehicle is used or operated in violation of the State of Delaware and City of
Wilmingtons Traffic Laws.
Title 214101(d) of the Delaware Code allows the Delaware Department of Transportation
(DelDOT) and/or the governing body of any city or county to install and operate traffic light signal
violation monitoring systems and assess fines accordingly. The fine for violating the red light traffic
law within the City of Wilmington or the right turn on red traffic law is $110. Wilmingtons Traffic
Light Signal Violations Monitoring System program is currently managed by Xerox, State and Local
Solutions, Inc.
If camera installation is performed on state-maintained streets or roads by an entity other than
DelDOT, DelDOT must first approve such installation.
All intersections using a traffic control photographic system or other traffic light signal violation
monitoring system must adhere to the exact duration of the yellow light change interval. This timeperiod must be no less than the yellow light change interval duration specified in the design manual
developed by DelDOT.
Digital technology allows Xerox to produce both still images and videos of the violation, thus
providing additional information to help determine whether a vehicle was forced into an intersection by
an emergency vehicle, for example, and whether a vehicle made a right turn on red after coming to a
complete stop, which is required by law.
Right turns on red are permissible after a complete stop, except when prohibited by a posted
sign or a steady red arrow is displayed. Left turns on red are permissible after a complete stop from a
one-way street to another one-way street unless prohibited by a posted sign, or a steady red arrow is
displayed.
Delaware law requires motorists facing a red signal to come to a complete stop prior to the stop
limit, whether marked by sign or painted line, or if none, before entering the crosswalk or the near side
of the intersection or, it none, then before entering the intersection.
Total crashes include all crashes occurring within the vicinity of the intersection.
Angle crashes include right angle crashes, as well as left-turn crashes caused by a
motorist proceeding through a red light. Crashes caused by a motorist turning left on a
permissive signal indication (i.e., a circular green or flashing red arrow) are not
included in this analysis.
Red light running crashes include crashes where a law enforcement officer cited at least
one driver for disregarding a traffic signal.
Rear end crashes include crashes when the rear vehicle fails to stop and strikes the front
vehicle. This includes rear end crashes that occur at the onset of the yellow and red
intervals as well as rear end crashes that occur at the back of a queue of standing vehicles
that frequently occur several seconds following the change to a red signal indication.
In FY2013, 190 crashes were identified as having occurred within the vicinity of the
intersections monitored. In FY2014, 200 crashes were identified for the same locations, resulting in a
5.26% increase.
SEE APPENDIX A for charts detailing the average number of crashes at the thirty-one
intersections with enforcement technology.
10
See: Electronic Red Light Safety Program: Program Report for CY 2014 Prepared by the Delaware Department of
Transportation, June 2015.
11
12
Thirty-four (34) red light cameras at 31 intersections are positioned throughout the City of
Wilmington. Technology used by the program enables the City to better enforce violations of the right
turn on red laws as well as violations of traveling through a red light.
The Wilmington Police Department (WPD) is responsible for reviewing all violations before a
ticket is issued. Locations of the red light cameras within the City are listed below:
14
15
Fiscal Year
Additional
Expenses
Total Revenue
Xerox Expenses
Total Expenses
Surplus
2013
2,168,040
1,162,470
400,381
1,562,851
605,189
2014
4,463,186
1,474,222
462,330
1,936,552
2,526,634
Total
6,631,226
2,636,692
862,711
3,499,403
3,131,823
Expenses incurred for the Traffic Light Signal Violation Monitoring System also includes operational
cost from City departments that help manage the program.
The decision was made by the WPD during fiscal year 2014 to hire a retired Sergeant with over 33 years
of WPD service to review and determine the red light violations. This employee, supervised by a captain
in WPD, replaced a revolving team of police officers. As a result of utilizing a dedicated resource, the
number of violations for fiscal year 2014 increased when compared to fiscal year 2013.
16
2,500,000
FY14
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
Total Revenue
Expenses
Surplus
17
Affidavits
Delaware law (21 Del Code 4101 (d) (9)) permits a registered vehicle owner to transfer
responsibility for a violation by furnishing an affidavit that states the owner was not the operator of the
vehicle at the time of the alleged violation and provides the name and address of the person or company
who leased, rented or otherwise had control of the vehicle. If a registered owner identifies another
driver as the violator on the affidavit, the identified driver has the same legal options as the registered
owner originally has to either accept responsibility and pay the fine or to challenge the violation in
Court.
18
At the time of this publication, no new intersections are planned for the Traffic Light Signal
Violation Monitoring System Program. Expansion approval will only take place if crash data supports a
change and with the approval of DelDOT (if applicable), and the City of Wilmingtons Departments of
Public Works and Finance.
Monthly review of the worst of the worst red light violations, including crash data to better
understand ways to improve safety
Continuation of monthly meetings with key stakeholders to ensure program validity remains
intact
19
APPENDIX A
20
2014 -200
2013-190
10
12
14
16
18
21
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
22
Total
867
Total
444
Total
898
Total
1183
Total
1137
Total
156
Total
403
Total
206
23
Total
838
Total
166
Total
686
Total
135
Total
924
Total
312
Total
458
Total
334
24
Total
2107
Total
1768
Total
3256
Total
417
Total
756
Total
2820
Total
1156
Total
1758
25
Total
317
Total
936
Total
445
Total
500
Total
1075
Total
587
Total
179
Total
711
26
Total
565
Total
8,666
Total
554
556
Total
Total
20,390
29,056
27
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
28
Total
411
Total
242
Total
1502
Total
1131
Total
2586
Total
270
Total
743
Total
298
29
Total
1255
Total
303
Total
433
Total
231
Total
1385
Total
263
Total
515
Total
293
30
Total
5269
Total
2739
Total
4136
Total
633
Total
492
Total
3186
Total
1273
Total
3325
31
Total
598
Total
1452
Total
509
Total
545
Total
1126
Total
2234
Total
204
Total
1301
32
Total
586
Total
455
457
Total
Total
Total
16,904
25,022
41,926
33
Thank You
34