Wel 11,1. Distinguish berween flow ofan idea! gas and inviscid flow of a fluid, The flew of an ideal gas involves a gas that obeys the equation of state, £4. Wet aa aad fer whe eal energy, &, 18 4 tinction of Hemperahare only An ideal gas rey have. non-zero viscosity. The inviscid tow of a tiwid savoles a tuid that has pero Viscosity, Thal fluid may o may nol be an idea | gas. U3 11.3 Five pounds mass of air are heated in.a closed, rigid container ‘from 80 °F, 15 psia to 500 °F. Estimate the final pressure of the air and the entropy rise involved. To determine the final pressure, Frigg, » We can Use the idea) gas eguation C&. 1-1). Thus, tor constant mass = alnsity , Y, 0 tq) lune. ‘fina! 15 pia 1960'R) SP leanne eens eaten 26.7 pain, Yinal = = 267 S Tinitial S4o'R 1.22 may be used to determine the entry vise, 5-5. Thus, 5-5 = Gn Trinat RB In Final Tint Goitel pote ible 47 (coe #16. Jim Hee) — 6 Fb (ze hay SHR sug, psn Ue}Met 11.4 Air flows steadily between two sections in a duct. At section (1), the temperature and pressure are 7, = 80°C, i = 30] kPa(abs), and at section (2), the temperature and pres sure “are 7; = 180°C. py = 181 kPa(abs), Calculate the (@) change in internal energy between sections (1) and (2), (b) change in enthalpy between sections (1) and (2), () change in density between sections (1) and (2), (2) change in entropy between sections (1) and (2). How would you estimate the loss of available energy between the two sections of this flow’ (a) &] 1-5 may be used to evaluate the change th tniernal energy, @- th. Thus, (b) %. “7 may be used to evaluate the change i enthalpy, ee 4. Thus, Bink GOT) = (ioe I Zur - #38) (C) The ideal gas eguation a Mt) may be used + evaluate the density at each section. 2) 100400 T Lo) os & aaa & a a tG-£) is (741, 000 (141, 00 Be) Gor, a0 x e-p eS ese ered aes aed) G453k) (353K) From Tabie.2 1 (a) &%.M.22 may be used % evaluak the change in catopy, 5-5, « Tus, 4-5, =Gn" BR In B «(fe foo T in fsse) 7 4 %y,k } 159K) | ie (246.4 ay Gert.) ees esi 7. 9K! [(stkh) = Hk (con‘€ ) ey i a e =7/720 T &-& = 6 C3) = G72. )086 269K) = TUT & m3UE | Ceon't ) Srince the Flan) involves 0 Significant change in density, see solution xo part (C) above, it is compressible and G. 5108 rust be used to evaluat the (oss in available energy Sehveen sections G) and (2). So ton Ey, 5.108 we get 2 joss = a & + [rU)- Bret and te comple this selebim we nted mot titrmetin 50 we can evaluate the inkgrel amd g hn US 15 Does the entropy change during the process of Example 11.2 indicate a loss of available energy by the flowing fluid? We combine Eg. 5-106 dé + pole )- Soret * (ios) in with &4- $92 «du (1, Ts = dite p(t) to get Teds - = dos) and conclade phat if this flow is adiabatic (H, =0)) an then entry change ir related hes. -3166 11.6 As demonstrated in Video VI1.1, fluid density differences in a flow may be seen with the help of a schlieren optical system. Discuss what variables affect fluid density and the different ways in which a variable density flow can be achieved. For an ideal gas: ee C* ar go changes an dens ty ewill accompany changes in pressure, P, ges composition Ry and/or temperatate, T. Variations in tluid volocity andfor heating and cooling may result rn pressure and temperafure changes. Changes in gas composition that alfect the value of the gas constant, R, will vesult ir changes of dens/ty, e. He4¥7 11.7 Deseribe briefly how a schlieren optical visualization system (Videos V11.1 and V1.4, also Fig. 11.4) works. How else might density changes in a fluid flow be made visible to the eye? Density Variations im a transparent Flowing Haid result in Variahans 1 the local speed of light through the tid. These. light speed Variasons result in changes in light ray direction and phase. Changes in light ray citection result in local variations in perceived light brightness, The shadewgraph and schijeren methods make visible these variahons tn light brightness. An interferometer makes visible the local variations tn light ray phase - A geod descriphor of these three Howe Vzualizahion, methods may be tound t_ The Handbook oF Hlujd Dynamics edited by Richard Wo Jehnson ancl published by the CRC Press (1992).Ug 14.8 Explain why the Bernoulli equation (Eq. 3.7) cannot be ac- curately used for compressible flows. Refer to Section 3.8.4 Compretsi bility effects jaro 119 Ait at 14.7 psia and 70 °F is compressed adiabatically by a ‘centrifugal compressor to a pressure of 100 psia. What is the min- imum temperature rise possible? Explain, The minimuna temperature rise would occur with an adiabatic and Bichenless process which invelves a constant entropy or isentepic: Flow. According to the second law of thermodynamics, €.5./0/ , the entropy must increase or remain Constant daring an adjebatic process, j# cannot decrease. The ilastrates rise. T-5 diagram sketched velw how the isentropic process results im a minimum temperain rout "<2 adiabatic process with Friction For the isentrpic process , x phat ds valid. Thus , 7 (ey ce) WD psia and qh, ~ tf, wth «99% Pinimam W-EU0 11.10 Methane is compressed adiabatically from 100 kPa(abs) and 25°C to 200 kPa(abs). What is the minimum compressor exit tem- perature possible? Explain, The minimum compressor exit temperature. would occur with an adiabatic and trichonless process which jnvohes a constant entopy or isentropic thw. According to the second law of thermodynamics , Eg. 5.101, the entropy must /nevease or Yemain canstant during an adiabatic process, it cannot decrease. The T-s diagram sketched below illustrates how the istntrepic process results tm o- lower exit temperature than any actiat adiabatic process betwen the same pressures F out Jeadiabatic process with tiction S a For the isentopie compression, we conclude Bom &%./)-24 that her faut \& a ce fae cena ee Zz) Lk o “35 Tig gee) Corre) eee aciik Miah ovum Joo kPa MFD 11.11 Air expands adiabatically through a turbine from a pressure and temperature of 180 psia, 1600 °R to a pressure of 14.7 psia. If the actual temperature change is 85% of the ideal temperature change, determine the actual temperature of the expanded air and the actual enthalpy and entropy differences across the turbine. To determme the actual temperature of the expanded Gir and the aeteal enthalpy and entrony differences across the turbine we need first te determine the idea) temperature change across the turbine The ideal temperature change across the turbine is associakd wilh an adiabatic and frictionless and thus isentrople turbine expansion The actual process thwles a Smalley temperature change as illeshakel With the 7-5 diagram skekh below. 44.11.24 is valid for the isentropte expansion. Thus, pee * (Es = (ioe) Ae 2 %@ idee] 180 psia Since (ip ~ 7%) = 095(T, ave Mhual mer then Tut = 0.85 (TR2% - see 1600'R = 705 ‘2 actual The achat 2 enthalpy ditlorence, by Jag -4, yr may be obtained witk 19, Thus, fat bi, =g Cas = bas Tz) = “Coos! ft. Soe ase 100%, HIT x00 Flt a sig The actual entropy Tees Seat = Sy BR et ee with Elf 22. Thaas, 5, =m et) - tof «lie Hist Me Fly \bn( 2 Pain i eons Be “rig ?R rare ene *R aa) ee #4. tb. Suk Sy, srr toe ee WsHAZ 11.42 An expression forthe value of cy for carbon dioxide as a function of temperature is 14S X10° | 2.49 x 108 T T where isin (ft- 1b)/(bm -°R) and 7 is in *R, Compare the change fn enhlpy of carbon die tinge come a, ofc, (See Table 1.7) with the change in enthalpy of carbon diox- ‘de using the expression above, for 7 ~ 7 equal to (a) 10 °R, (©) 1000 °R, (c) 3000 °R, Set 7, = $40 °R, Gy = 286 — For constont G, the change tn enthalpy hh, my be evaluated with €. 1.9. Thus, (hh) = : nA) G7) - For varying ve, the change im enthalpy, hy-h, , may be evaluated with &q. 18. Thus, cans, z fee [gar = |( -W5x10, 249x0°) ar 7 7 7 cam Rete) ial eC) rans mG = Tomi (a)For T = 540'R aud T= 550°R Ch-b,) = (172 Fo ) Gs0%- 5102) 2 i520 tele 2" AZanslant Tom. °K, Ibm and ey (ah) =(226 #. pen) ‘550'R- 5Y0'e fits xi tte Du [ERR veyrng lam R ( » 540'e / [244x108 Bae k ) Son oe “ ¥ Ge = 1590 ttlb Ah), Ee (con't D WhM12 (eon'? ) (b)For T= 5Y¥0R and T= /5¥0°e ee (52 thle te- 540%) = Sy Ch 4 Ne Be el )(see see) 152 x fl CE. L) fe (7 Hl ee varying Tom. ® — (end Bt 16) py, [SHOR ene 249 x08 TARY 1 (Gee Ibm Is$0R SHOR h,-h, ) = 195 x10” fb aaa Varyn o 9 for T= 540% aud T= 3540% (ae = (5 Ft le KB, dremaa” (f oe be lov (3540 'R- S¢o'x) 4.56 x1 G Soe = (2% ED Sp0%) (fas x0 oe 7 & — ae Sey ae) voy Co amy = TE Woitl Bji* Confirm the speed of sound for air at 70 °F listed in Table 036 is witeble fy calealatiog the speed of Sound in air. Thus, il 2 F4.1y \ G80 %*Ni40) ) # c= |RTR (i £4) Beal) 2 war f (cage ) ze From Table 83 6-128 # fy air at 70°F The values of c are comparable a HAS 1.15 From Table B.1 we can conclude that the speed of sound. in water at 60 °F is 4814 fis. Is this value of c consistent with the value of bulk modulus, £,, listed in Table 1.57 The speed of sound sy water may be approximated hrm a nominal value of the bulk modulus, EG, and density, p, With Ey. 1-38. thes pai (3.12.x105 te) (14# sa c+ fe - [sr2xn0® (Ha) th (19% stags\ (1 1b ) Fram Table 6.1 FON Sig: # 2 ff 5 ce = 4er4 ft sf U-MTW Ié 11.16 If the observed speed of sound in steel is 5300 m/s, deter- ‘mine the bulk modulus of elasticity of steel in N/m?. The density of steel is nominally 7790 kg/m’, How does your value of B, for steel compare with E, for water at 15.6 °C? Compare the speeds of sound in steel, water, and air at standard atmospheric pressure and 15°C and comment on what you observe. The speed of sound, c, is relaled to the bulk modulus of elasticity, Ey , and density, ¢, by by. 1.38 as follows Thus é,= pc Table 1:7). and for steel z ae (779% & ) (5300 PI? nw Steel Ld Ry. m or i ee &, = 219% X Sel = For water at 15.6 C we get tm Table hb in Table 2. & = 215x009 N “halo me : Fev water af 15.6% See 215x107 & oS P ) = (#70 a (9 20 x aa a ty. ee For steel C= $300 which is much ghey thah the ae) oe speed of sound in wale Fr air at IC we get bm rable 6.4 Cap = 340-4 mh The least compressible material, stee|, mveltes the Mhagest speed of sound. The most compressible malerial, air, ravo/ves the Smallest peed of Sound. This matches suv jntui fin. WeldW7 11.17 Using information provided in Table C.1, develop a table Of speed of sound in f/s as a function of elevation for U.S. standard atmosphere. We can use ©. 11-36 70 delermine the speed OF sound br US standard Atmosphere at the elevations Wiskd tn Table C./, Tus, c= \RrR We use R= 116 a ki end = 1-40 fam Table -7. For absaup temperature we add “Gere to ‘F. For altitude = - 5000 f¢ [ime Fee ) Eee 40) cy, (# = 36 ft 5 For all elevations , the Same procedurt shown above was used. The results ave: altitude ft tts 5000. «1/36 oe. ye 5000 1097 10,000 © 1078 15,000 1058 2g000 037 25,000 10/6 / 79000995 34000 © 973 40,000 968 45,000 468 54000 %B 64000 968 7,000 a7 90,000 ©9738 94000 484 700,000 -49 150,000 1073 200/000 /028 250,000 © 944 u-l3T18_J 11.18 Using information provided in Table C.2, develop a table of speed of sound in m/s as a function of elevation for U.S. standard atmo- sphere, We can use £4. 11-36 t2 dekrmine the speed of Sound in U-S- Standard atmosphere at the elevations listed ih Table C.2 Thus, c RTR We use R= 286.9 2 apd k& = 1.40 from Table 8 For absoluk ek “ temperature we add 273K to “C. For altitude =-1000m 286.9 FT ) 9-5 K 1-40) KA gat 5 For all elevations, the above procedure was used. The yesulls are: ae 344 @D s Qltitade eS m m/s - 1000 344 ° 340 1000 336 2000 332 3000 328 4000 324 5000 320 6000 316 7000 she: 7000 308 $000 304 10,000 297 15,000 295° 26,000 245 26,000 298 30, 200 Boz 40,000 317 50, 000 330 60,000 BIS 70,000 217, 30,000 zaz U-lPMAP 1119 Determine the Mach number of a car moving in standard air at a speed of (a) 25 mph, (b) 55 mph, and (¢) 100 mph. The Mach number is the ratio of thal velocity + speed of stand. Thus standard air c= era - (i116 thle )6a R04) 2 wir t slag. g = (Wr a) Gee) = %16 mph ‘S280 ar (For Vz 25 mph A Ma= 25 "¥h _ oo oseg %16 mph @For y= 55 mph MA EN oozzz 761.6 mph =— OF V= (00 mph Ma = 100 mph = O13/ | Tol mph 1s”ZL 23 11.23 Ata given instant of time, two of the Pressure waves, each moving at the speed of sound, emitted by a point source moving with constant velocity in a fluid at rest are shown in Fig. P11.23 Determine the Mach number involved and indi- cate with a sketch the instantaneous location of the point source 0.15 m— The Mach mumber associabed with the1CURERN22 point Source pavolved 1h the sketch above js easily sbtaned with Eg. 139 as shown belaw, Me= + Sin oe From the sketch above we nok that a0olm _ O.dm SAG = Lama Thus B.t1m H0.15m+ 2) = OlmIL ae Le (em(olsm) _ o.og7m ©.09m) ier Qn She a 28" | asg9 2.017m Truce. Mae ee -'Wt 11.24 Ata given instant of time, two of the ‘inslovtenenus pressure waves, each moving at the speed of sound, of the pernt emitted by a point source moving with constant Fource velocity in a fluid at rest are shown in Fig. P11.24. Determine the Mach number involved and indi- cate with a sketch the instantaneous location of the point source. 2 in. 2 c(4-6 Z FIGURE P11.2+ To determine the Mach number, Ma, we use Ma = Vtwan C tases However, from the sketch above we have q@) CCE -tugve ) = In. = Cl - elie = 10in. - chy, Taus, Chae = (0 th - Zinn * Bin- and with &&./ Mae Sun. a Sin Also agen et vt a oeaay ct 1010. Thus, ve -@S25 (10m) a 6.25 in, Ul?25 11.25 Sound waves are very small amplitude pressure pulses that travel at the “speed of sound.” Do very large amplitude waves such as a blast wave caused by an explosion (see Video V11.7) travel less than, equal to, or greater than the speed of sound? Explain. The speed of sound is the speed at which an lntinitesimal pressure disturbance traveler through, @ fluid and it represents the minimum speed of +his disturbance. Finite pressure disturbances travel faster than sound waves because the larger pressure difference acts as a driver of facler movergent. U26 11.26 How would you estimate the distance between you and an approaching storm front involving lightning and thunder? One way to eShimate the distance between you and eppreaching storm clouds, x , is to count the number of seconds, 4, between seeing the lightoing and hearing thunder. (ising an approximate value of the speed of Sound, 4s LG see Table B.2) we Can apprximgle distance, x tom x = (wes £ Ye) AH2T 11.27 If a person inhales helium and then talks, his or her voice sounds like “Donald Duck.” Explain why this happens. The speed of sound tn helium is nearly three times the speed of sound tn air. W28B 11.28 If a high-performance aircraft is able to cruise at a Mach ‘number of 3.0 at an altitude of 80,000 ft, how fast is this in (a) mph, (b) ft/s, (€) m/s? (©) With Eg. I-46 V = Majo and at 60,000 fF in U-S. standard atmosphere, we have trom the Solution of problem 1.16 ce 97 ft 5 Thus V = (.0)C998 of) = 2930 a (a) Ther v= (2930 #) coe Me Boe ‘ (5u0 ft) wri (e) Also & ae (2930 ) (0.306 2) = 513 u-l9M24 11.29 AL the seashore, you observe a high- speed aircraft moving overhead at an elevation of 10,000 ft. You hear the plane 8 s after it passes directly overhead. Using a nominal air temper ature of 40 °F, estimate the Mach number and 2 ‘speed of the aircraft. xX=Ve The Mach number is related te the angle « by Bg. 39, Thus Mie 2 a Sin we c Also tana = 2 ne fe re Combining Eqs. (ond 2 we obtain Smee eee cose ery or “ft é wo = OS () (i106 Fle Ftp \ (500° 1-4) Flag. Cd) #) = (0% tt 5 Ma = Sn Further V = (ma) = (2.08)(10% #) W2O0130 11.30 Explain how you could vary the Mach number but not the Reynolds number in air flow past a sphere, For a con- stant Reynolds number of 300,000, estimate how much the drag coefficient will increase as the Mach number is increased from 03 t0 10. Considering air as an ideal gas, we can express the Mach number Ma, as V Moa a co RT : The Reynolds number, Re, is = Wd — PVd (2) ag me RT Looking at equations Land 2 we Yeason that we can vary Ma while holding Re constant by varying Vand P only With pV held constant. From the qvagh below we conclude that at Re= 3xi> the drag wefficient increases from 0.47 to 0.75 at Ma increases fm 0.3 to 1.0. Me=12 2030 15 Tas. Ce FIGURE 11,2 The variation of the drag coefficient of a sphere with Reynolds number and Mach number. (Adapted from Re x 10-5 Fig. 1.8 in Ref. 1 of Chapter 9) W-2]MW. 33 11.33 Starting with the enthalpy form of the energy equation (Bq. 5.69), show that for isentropic flows, the stagnation temperature remains constant. Why is this imporant? Starting with 43. S69 We have ae md : aD hag h, + ‘eee + GOs? a] et” Weft het in remains asad and ven = oO. | ee enthalpy is defined 05 hoz ht for isentropic Flow the entrep 2 » For negh'srble change im elevahan (okay tr gases) and ho shaft work, Weg ther v hy Temains constant , and since tor an ideal gas enthalpy is a tancton of temperature only, we conclude that constant A, means constant stagnation temperature 7, . This constant stagnahen temperature provides us with a Convenient reference property at every location in a specific isentropic flow M-2zWd4 11.34 Explain how fluid pressure varies with cross section area change for the isentropic flow of an ideal gas when the flow is (a) subsonic; (b) supersonic. With the help of 4 147 we can Comment On how pressure Varies With area change In an istrtrepie Hav. From Eg. 1-47 we oblain do =n OF ) C=mat) 4 (a) For subsonic flow, £y./ Suggest that changes of p Follow Changes of A. If A thereaces, p pacwases and vice versa. (b) For supersonic Hou, &.1 suggest that changes Of p are onpsite to changes of A. If A increases, p decreases and vice versa. 11.35 For any ideal gas, prove that the slope of constant pres- sure lines on a temperature—entropy diagram is positive and that higher pressure lines are above lower pressure lines. Why is this important? From the second Tds equation (& 11.18) we note that for @ consfout pressure line dk ds and since for an ideal gas &y.11.7 16 valid, we have dh =GaT and thus Tet Gt) With 1 we conclude that the slope of a Constant pressure line on a temperature - Entropy diagram is positive. Further, trom Eg. 024 we conclude phat 5 &) 7 for any isentropic preess and thus higher pressure lines are above fewer, presture Lincs in, Jemperstue ¢ onhemy alepracts Bris bormactin is or tant diagrams corres u-23[use J 11.36 Air flows steadily and isentropically from standard atmospheric conditions to a receiver pipe through a converging duct. The cross-sectional area of the throat of the converging duct is 0.05 ft. Determine the mass flowrate through the duct if the receiver pressure is (a) 10 psia, (b) 5 psia. Sketch tempera- ture~entropy diagrams for situations (a) and (b). Verify results obtained with values from the appropriate graph in Appendix D With calculations involving ideal gas equations. Is condensation of water vapour a concern? Explain. This problem is similar to Example 11.5 The mass Howrate is obtared at the throat with &y.11-¥0. Thus, ens Gina a The throat density can be obtamed with &y.s1.60. Thus, 7 os i "A iE = i] i (2) The critical throat pressure is obtamed with Eq. 1.61. Thus, * es af Be eG) ite ee) = 776 pia reer Jt the receiver pressute,, Pp, is qreakr than or equal pt, ae d Be then P= PB and the How is not choked. If Re Pa + 2 then p= p® and the tlow is choked. “i th th The velocity at the threat i: obtarred with EGE 1-H and pe Combrhed to yield = a Y= Ma, [RT where Ty is obfarhed with &. 156. Thus, (5) M24136 | (con't) (a) For R210 psia. > B= 2b pila, P= l0psia and we we G3 %0 hs the throat Mach senoer Thus, M (2. 4.7 psa )'S™ aie (2) 2 ) (tee a = 0.7628 From Eq.2. we obtein = (2.35. x0 =) f aaa i+ C82) 00.7028) From &%.5 we get 7a] -3 = 4807x10 slay fe wate SIF'R *, i, = —————_—_ = 64.92 1+ (194-1)00,7628) and with by. ¥ y =(0.788 ) (in6 FM) (1.40 4.9%) th Ree) 7pm GZ FP iy. ) bi With Ey. 1 we obtain mm = (1307x0 IG 0s #*) (‘906.2 fH) = 0.0%8 sg : Fig. Dl with a nee aye me) By lopsi m then Cy i cL ery se a 4-7 pala The value of Ma, is Ma = 0-76 th For May = 0.76, we gel fom Fig, Bt y= 689% )7=(0.9 sie) = 467% Then witk €. $ Ye = 0,% 1716 Ftlbe Vigo 1 io G ete) ee ee as fe ies a Z (con't) u-Z51-36 (con't) For Ma, = 0-To we get tom Fig. Dt = -7 A, = 210th =(0.% )(2.3Pxt0 ##)- 18 X10 wy Now, with Eg.1 we obtain m= (8 x0" gj (0.08 4 )(005 Hy = 0.076 At. 2 4y bbe (6) p= Spin < p "22.76 pia, B, th = (238x007 hey a) = 776 pig ane May = 68 From § 2) per -1 ri[ep | = S00 Fly a ard Fron Eq. we obtain Tae Fi nee eee Haat oie) e/a est) z and with &.4 (ine #4 ay }e = /019 fF F Jag. ft as With Eq-1 we obtain 5 1.509 x0 S49 )(o.05 £47 )(fo19 FF) = (' ay ee Alternately tm Fig- Dit fy Ma = 0 T = (082 )iomR)= #21 % % 7 shy 2 2H7 Ibm s —-s 0 and 7 = 22bkw lg) = 7 ? the 4,2 0.64 JC /o we) $2 x0 es Then with Ey. ¥ = fim F& Ki Sis, fag ¢ NUH) O31") ea 0 fa” tang 7 Huy, FE ea (Con't ) Un 261.36 \con't) and with &/ we obhein ms ag ale? 0.05 f° )(jez0% ) = 2078 ay 4 R fo is r Ti 1 pe ) e* (a late Za E he 5 s Condensation of water vapwur is a topic. that deserves tautther Study and discussion . 1-23N37 11.37 Determine the static pressure to stagnation pressure ra tio associated with the following motion in standard air: (a) a runner moving atthe rate of 10 mph, (b) a cyclist moving at the rate of 40 mph, (c) a car moving at the rate of 65 mph, (4) an airplane moving a the rate of 500 mph, With a value of Mach number Calculated wilh Ma= ¥ a We can cakenint (1-59) i & with 3 Ce 1) Ma asceyaral For ¢ we use for parts a,b and ¢ = Rte = (519 "2 )Ui-#0 ) @ ae) Sug. ft 117 £¢) Beco a es ond (S2%0 # @) For V= lomph m7) Mare lO RRR oi 11, 7616 mph 35 ia 4 le Geryearry | eae ork oe (4) ee v= #0 mph Mas tomph 2 0.0525 GLb moh ee a ae - (e) ae 6S mph = ry tt or o and Ma= eSmph 0.0654 7616 moh 35 “e —————1]) =0% eal aed aa Ccon't) W- 281-37 | Ceon't) (d) For airplane we assume a neminal altitude of 30,000 Ft. From Table ¢.} we note a cowesponding temperechsre of - 4783, Then ee (im fe. W\ Let 7.93-+ ¥60 YR 10-8) pe c= 295 i= or ae (095 £: ft (3600 (3600 5) = 67% mph (2 ) ft Then tov Ma = eben 0738 678 mph irae ! te une & / +0-2(0:738) H~ 29M38 11.38 The static pressure to stagnation pressure ratio ata point in 1 gas flow field is measured with a Pitot-static probe as being equal to 0.6. The stagnation temperature of the gas is 20 °C. Determine the flow speed in m/s and the Mach number if the gas is air. What terror would be associated with assuming that the flow is incom- pressible? To determine the lw speed and Mach number having been given the static pressure to stagnation pressure vatie, PB) and stagnation temperate, T,, for air we enter Gi. D.1’ with the given value of Eo ond read tae Corresponding pee of Ma. Thus with £- 206, the corresponding value tm Fig. BI is For Ma = 084, Fig. D1 gives L 0% a and tues T= es G = 0.86 )(293K) > 252K Then Vs Maye = Ma [Rre = 089 /(2669 jays? Kila) AXi-4) 49.k or GE we) y= 263m = Inspection of Fig. 3-24 suggests that fw this Mach number level, the error associated with assuming that the flow is incompressible Would be unaccephabl, “large M-3011.39 The stagnation pressure and tempera- ture of air flowing past a probe are 120 kPa (abs) and 100°C, respectively. The air pressure is 80 kPa (abs). Determine the air speed and Mach number considering the flow to be (a) incom- pressible; (b) compressible. (a) Assuming incompressible tow we use Bbernoullif epuation (6.3.7) Yo connect the she and stagnation stakes and ger ve /2Q-2) 4) fo With the ideal gas eguation of stak (6-1) we obtain = & og (2) and combining js. | and 2 we obtain Vie 2(2-P) RE & or Wan fe L120 ®fa(abs)— 30 ®alabe)] (2%. [120 kla(abs)] C wv ) For Mach number we need ise Ma = = (3) < Vare To determine T we use the equation of medion (&q.I:4)% ablin Te T- VOY) , a73¢ _ (207 B)(i4-1) (Ce) aoe 24) 2069 te ) ie gk OT = BBS K (con't ) N-3/[439 T Cont) With &%-3 we obtain = 647 Mee = = 0.725 (2569 wa E (8) For compressible Flow, 80 Rfa(abs) 120 4s (abs) = 0.67 a a and from Fig. pI we bead Ma = 9.78 Ako fom Fig. Do} we vead Zs 0.84 ‘o ana thus 7 =(0.99 «)(373K) = 332 K Thus , V= Maf/RTR = (0.78) (332 KM0-4) ak) ad and Ri v= 2es m = s MBL#9 11.40 The stagnation pressure indicated by a Pitot tube mounted on an airplane in flight is 45 kPa (abs). If the aircraft is cruising in standard atmosphere at an altitude of 10,000 m, determine the speed and Mach number involved. For 10,000 m standard atmosphere we get thom Table C.2 26.50 kfa Cabs) pe and T = 223./K Thus Pa 250kK (8) _ o5g 48 tte Cabs) and tom Fig. D.7 we read Thus V= (Maye = MalRTR = (04 )] (286.9 Me™ Y223.1K 4) Ag k 1D ep. M- 33“11.42 An ideal gas enters subsonically and flows isentropically through a choked converging—diverging duct having a circular cross-sectional area A that varies with axial distance from the throat, x, according tothe formula A=01+2 where A is in square feet and x is in feet. For this flow situation, sketch the side view of the duct and graph the variation of Mach ‘number, static temperature to stagnation temperature ratio, T/T, and static pressure to stagnation pressure ratio, p/p, through the duct from x= ~0.6 ft to x= +0.6 ft. Also show the possible fluid states at x = —0.6 fe, Of, and +06 ft using temperature entropy coordinates. Consider the gas as being helium (use 0.051 = Ma = 5.193). Sketch on your pressure variation graph the nonisentropic paths that would occur with over- and under- expanded duct exit flows (see Video V11.6) and explain when This is like Example 11.8, 'Y will ocour When will isentropic supersonic duct exit flow occur? Since Az Tre and Az Ot x™ then Ac ulate a) With &3.1° we can determine r values corresponding +0 values of x. The are Summorized jn the graph and tables duct is choked, AX: 01 #P and Oa. @) an Ot : With 6&2 we can determine 4 values corresponding to values of x. These A values are ‘tebulaled For heliann we enter pregran. ISENTROP with #=16 and with Ma. values within the range specified in the problem statement and Obtain values of 4 (64.001) x (eg. 2), Z (e456) and ‘0 E (6.050). These values are tabulake and graphed on pages that fo/low. (oon't } Mn 34W142 Cont) From program ISENTROP with R= 1.66 (Copeaere es ete era aera Ma fe x(#E) z @ cual subsonic solution ° 0,051 M06 £1.00 0.99914 0.99784 a,c 0.076 743 toro 0.99807 0.99522 0.123 HOD £0.60 0.99503 098155 0.223 261 £0.40 0.48385 0.95989 0.460 1-40 20.20 0.93473 0.94386 1.00 1:00 ° 07518 ono ob Supersonic. Solution 1955 nto 020 0.46827 0. 14833, 2708 260 o4o 6.28195 0, 0414t 3.647 4.60 0.60 0.18556 01446 4448 240 0.80 0.13282. 0.00624 5193 no 1.00 O.Jo102 0.00313 oo | | | | $i | 10 208 Hee 702 Tt y * oF Variation of Mach number toy helium (con't) u-3Sae = Lae Eee LC Hal aFT FRECHE : TECH ) = a et ine i ft Variation of static temperature tb stagnation temperature ratd tor helium Variation of static pressure to stagnation pressure ratio for helium (con't) M- 36.u_42) (con't) eal “LL EH Temperature entropy diagram ty) helium (con't) N-3FU1. 42. (con't) Over- and under-expanded duct exit flows will occur on approximate paths sketched on the magnified pressure variation graph below when the ambient pressure of the surroundings into which the duct is discharging is respectively greater than and less than the flowing fluid pressure at the duct exit. This illustrates how the flow adjusts to these pressure differences through oblique shock waves that involve irreversible and thus non-isentropic flows. When these two pressures are equal, the flow is “ideally expanded” and the flow into the immediate surroundings is nearly isentropic. over-expanded Oat under. exparded +O WU 38*11.43 An ideal gas enters ‘Supersonically and flows isentropi- cally through the choked converging diverging duct described in Problem 1142. Graph the variation of Ma, 7/T, and p/p from the entrance to the exit sections of the duct for helium (use 0.051 = Ma = 5.193). Show the possible fluid states at x= —06f,0f, and +0.6f using temperature—entropy ‘coordinates. Skeich on your pressure variation graph the nonisen- tropic paths that would occur with over- and underexpanded duct exit flows (see Video V11.6) and explain when they will occur, ‘When will isentropic supersonic duct exit flow occur? This is Similar to Example 11-9. This problem involves the duct of froblem J! . however the flow enters sypersonically. We can use values trom the tables of problem | — with « litle veavrangement to account for the Supersonic entering flow. Foy helium we have From Progran. Isenteop with R= 1.66 Tene eee ea Ma a x(#4) rz aes stale ae To a supersonic solution 5.193 Te) 1.00 0.jou02 0.00313 a 4s 74 6.80 0.13282 0.00624 3.647 46 0 0.18556 o.014¥6 2.716 Lb 0.40 0.28145 O04 1.855 1 0.20 0.46827 0.14833, Lo Lo ° 0.715188 oysos ob 1.955 4 0-20 46827 0.19833 2778 26 ovo o.zsi4s oun 347 4b 060 a18556 0- 0146 44t 14 0.80 0.13282 0.00624 5.193 no 1.00 2.110% 2.00313 ¢ Subsonic — Soluhon 0.460 140 0.20 0.93473, 0.24346 0.223 2.61 0.40 0.78385 0.95939 0.123 462 0.60 0.79503 08755 0.076 7.43 0.80 0.99804 0.99522 0.051 106 100 999914 0.99784 d (Con't) eee U311.43 | (Con) Si0) 0 Loe Te =e gab TH CAPLEFEL 1 nc#t) Variation of Mach number for helium 02 ° 2100 OR “ae Eb) ae oak no | PEPPER EEE | Variation of Static temperature + stagnation temperahire ratio for helium (con't) M40[EBT eon ii ne EEE H Hh Variation of state pressure to stagnation pressure ratio for helium (con't) Ss] dinarans fo hele W-4(con't) Over- and under-expanded duct exit flows will occur on approximate paths sketched on the magnified pressure variation graph below when the ambient pressure of the surroundings into which the duct is discharging is respectively greater than and less than the flowing fluid pressure at the duct exit.This illustrates how the flow adjusts to these pressure differences through oblique shock waves that involve irreversible and thus non-isentropic flows. When these two pressures are equal, the flow is “ideally expanded” and the flow into the immediate surroundings is nearly isentropic. over-expanded _ ae deelly-expanded under -exparded x) 60 N-42UG 11.44 An ideal gas flows subsonically and isentropically throu the converging -divering dct eacbedin Poem 11-2. res the variation of Ma, T/T, and p/pp trom the entrance 10 the exit sections of the duct for air. The value of p/pp is 0.6708 at x = O ft ‘Sketch important states on a T—s diagram. This is like Example 1.10- Since E= 0670s at x= 0 is greater than B" « 05263 for air the air Flow through the converging diverging duct iS mot choked. Fev values of Fe at different values of x we obtem corresponding values of Ma, ea ana L. and £. For A* we use + A Me A) : evaluated at X=0 where 4 = 0.) ft. We determine 4 at x20 (a) For atv we enter Fig. p.) with value of A get ma, Z a” From Fig.D.1 For the subsonic flow value of £< = ab78, we get fiz n0S — and thus ae ‘ Urs ft". 0.095 fF? 105 We. dekrmine the 4 Varlation Hrough the duct with xO we ero (n ae 0.095 The corresponding values of Ai, Ma, I ant 2 fom 3 zg p Fip.D. are also tabulakd on the next page. (n't) Mn 4344 (con't ) With &.y Fron Fig. D.1 x(A) 4 Ma iF; Ee i % & “Lo Wé 0.05 049 O99 0.8 1? 0.08 0.99 0.99 -0.6 48 ee 09 on 0-4 Fi J 0.22 0.99 0.966 0.2 LS 04d 0% 0.387 o Lo 0.78 039 2.66 02 LS O44 0-%6 0.97 O4 24 022 0.99 0.4 Ob 4B 04D 0.99 O O8 718 0.08 0.97. 0.99 1.0 16 0.05 0% 0.99 hoy T at EEEEEEEEEEE H} | FEEEEEEEEEEEFE Et FEEL SEY | ot ' ie a f Ma. 04] oat +08 | (ide | ow Loe 02 ebb af i o x( ft) Variation of Mach number yor alr Biel HEH oe OH 0b ol F I I I beef) fi f Variation of static temperate to stagnation temperature ratio ey aur (con't) 1-44HAF) (can't) Eh oat 7 3 2 oH } rt et ELREEEEEEEEEEEEPEEE EEE oie T Variation of stare presure 10 stagnation pressure ratio for air Tos diagram fe air UAE/I. rr 1.45 An ideal gas is to flow isentropically from a large tank where the air is maintained at a temperature and pressure of 59 °F and 80 psia to standard atmospheric discharge conditions. Describe ‘in general terms the kind of duct involved and determine the duct exit Mach number and velocity in ft/s if the gas is air. To determine the duct exit Mach number , Mag,., ) we Use &g-1-59 or fe air, FIG. D.i. Thus, Ma, @) ov fw air Meee Riga) ie xr « finchon of Rxit @) zB To determine exit velocity, Vo, , we use 2 Ce) Co ean | Rig, & @ where Tei lexi Me, oy) or fe air eas 1 ( 2 vate thom Fig.D-) foe Ma,,,) 6) eel AAEM 4 Go psia and thus fom Fig. D.1, the Corresponding values are. (con't ) N4645 | (con’€) Then with &.5 we obtain ZT, = G9) (062 7 = 322% exit and with &%. 3 we conclude that Vegp ~ 3) [ (116 Cs22 *e)(n4) exit G ce rae = (580 & slug. 2 A converging diverging nesyle is reared because (he €xit How is supersonic. H-4Fth 11.46 An ideal gas flows isentropically through a converging— diverging nozzle. Ata section in the converging portion of the noz- 2le, Ay = 0.1 mi, py = 600 kPa(abs), 7; = 20°C, and Ma, = 0.6. For section (2) in the diverging part of the nozzle, determine A,,p,, and 7; if May = 3.0 and the gas is air, To determne A, we use 64.1471 or for air, Fig. Pl Thus, ‘Ap 1 re (Et) Maz a Ana (ae) fe, [- 1+ (act ti) . i (4) Lt mL fale sad ee or tor air (Fig. Dl vome of Aa for Ma,) (Fig. 0.1 value oF Zz tr Ma,> To determme Fo we use €9. 1-59 or ea air, Fig. D.|. Thus, S a + a ili @) é pa [eye] pe p [Eig et value of £ te ar @ “LCFIg Dit value of B for Ma,) To determine 7, we use &%. 1.56 or tr ain, Fig. ps, Thus, y, L Te EN [irene] Ss 7 7 @ [rraeyar] ov for air i a gra lame. (of eo) is e fo eee eet ee 24.2 leads! (Fig Df vale of E for ma,) Aneel) (sae) Soe Eq-4 leads fo C2) R= [600 khe(ate]? 0.03 |) = 23 kh eis) pase ae and &.6 gives Garey CHEE se (aa, ) => W483aa J 2 11.47 Upstream of the throat of an isentropic converging diverging nozzle at section (1), V; = 150 m/s, p; = 100 kPa(abs), and 7, = 20°C. Ifthe discharge flow is supersonic and the throat area is 0.1 m°, determine the mass flowrate in kg/s for the flow of air. We determbe the Mach number at section(s) with y y Ma [SS >= a 7 Rie For the gas tavoled i+ is likely that Ma, is less than 1.0 because Vv, is low. Thus, the How at the throat 1's choked sinte the entering flow is subsonic and the leaving Flow is supersonic, For mass Howrak we use €%.140 40 obtain ‘ * m= p"Aty* (2) For throat velocity, Vt we use v*e /RT*R (3) To obtar 7% we use 69.163. Thus, Romer eae (arr) e or fer air, TY = G(value of from FI9.D.1 for Mazto) &) es To To determine 7, we use €g.M-56. Thus, per fie Em] or fr air Tat eee (vatue of Z frm Fig. Di} for Ma, ) 7 (0on't) 99UAT. Gon't ) To determme jo" we use the ideal gas equation of stale (ég.11:1). Thus, * ert ae @) For p® we use &9.1.6/. Thus pr=p (2) © fae, a or tor air, * p= p (value of LY from Fig. Dt for Mato) io) For Bowe use €%. 0.59. Thus, k ti B= pe lit A) me jee mM or a ae (value of B Fomn Fig. BI fo Mes) Ge) (@) For air we use =. te obtain Ma = (2B) 0.43 /(286.9 oO 4) rar Thus the How is chiked at = threat. From &. 7 we obbin for corresponding value tn Fig.0.1 for Ma, = 0 4¥ 7 eee ae : (0.9% » With &.5 we obtun 7* = (0S £)(0.53333) = 244% Thus ie a y* = ehegecr Jes4 EMG). sig 2 2) (con't) ar)W47 J (con't) From & 12 we obtain with the help of Fig. Dy Reg Pe CONSE Tc enlace) O87 and with &%.10 pX = [US bxlaes)] (0.52828) Then with & pis (608 x10? # ) a = 0593 (246.9 pm ast Ky eae ae Finally, with &5. 2" we obfarh m= 683 8 (erm) es) = 608 krelabs) N-5tU48 11.48 The flow blockage associated with the use of an intrusive probe can be important. De- termine the percentage increase in section veloc- ity corresponding to a 0.5% reduction in flow area due to probe blockage for air flow if the section area is 1.0 m’, Ty = 20°C, and the unblocked flow Mach numbers are (a) Ma = 0.2; (b) Ma = 0.8; (©) Ma = 1.5; (d) Ma = 3.0, We want to ascertain % ~ Vanble locked fonbluked gy Venblocked To determine the unblocked area velocity, Vnbipey , we Use Vnbloctewl =| Musticctes VPs Me Tunblockes! ea ee . ar trom la ae ete Fe Maa aie Ep. tte |) @) Te determing the blotlad aren velociy, Von), we uae Votocket = 4p yy VRi, ae &@ For Mayes we use blocked and dekverie * For May, Pros GF 8h ih Setup of 24.171 foe Hayy, From Ablocked resuizes trial and erry: To dekrmine Ablabd we set a,” Ablebed _ 0,995 Alecked (m ar Rf We obtain Aunblocked fram Eg. 117! with the Given value oF Ma ¥ on a To del mine Volockay MC 4S EG 056% obtain Bloc — ~ © TO) Mey (con't ) I-52Uge | €Eon't) = 0.2 we cbhin with Eg 2 and 56 (@) For Lae Tanblocked = (2BE) (0.99206) = 290.7K Then with €5-/ we have “anbloaad = CO2) (286.7 Hem Ge Fe RI SLAs D = sent we use &§.¥ and IIT) to get ‘ne a uae =(0.995,)(2.9635) = 2.949 and wil Ef. 1-2) we ebtem Mey, = 020) With 3-5 we get Tie 8 zoek (UL aany? Wits &%3 we have — ey) Ycteg = (0.201) [49 Be Vem sky Oe aes =) a and 6 Vedecker ~ Yous - “unblocked ) = (6. 2) oe Red Se pelon ee aint nbecher 61 2 (1) For Ma = 0.8 we obtans with EFL2. and 1-56 vier = (293k )( 0.88652) _ 259¢k Then wile G1 we get Venblochast = 5 [C809 fm GEIB IOY) = ry we use EGs# and 11.7) Ce Bunked (0.995 )( 103823) = 1033 piace EG. (L7i we obtan Sty May ctat = 0.8/3 With &%.5 we get T. eerie = 205K Becket d=! Yona (con't) U-S3”48 | (Con't) With &. 3 we have Via = (0.3/3) Hage 25) GBF KI (0H) ere and er #) Vrrctag a Nnblatted ) 100 (2620 258-42) (100) =1.43 % V netockeet Gse4 sy CC) For Ma = IS, we obtary with 75.2 and 56 Tendd = (293K) (0.6695) = 202.1K Then with &y./ we get Wrotedag) SD) (AR aE) ee oon EER gee es We use E954 and IL 7) dp get Can “ Sebel (0.995 XiIn2) = 47 and with ©. 7 we obb, Mag pcg = 149 With &%.5 we get < = a = 202.8K 7 locked sey L949 With &.3 we haw Yiecag = (411), | (2869 Be )Getnyin | = teem G ie 4a) Vy aif blocked ‘unbledad ) ,, tog = (425.8 F ~ 427.4 2 roo) _ - 2.445% Manbtocked ate CA) For Ma =3-0 we Obtairy with &2 anol in. 5 Tones = (297K)(0-35714) = 1046E Then with Gq. 1 we gef Vonbtockag = (2) (PEEP BS HEED «6x5 1 ‘g.2) (con't) Mn S44U48\ (con't) we use Eg 4 andil-7) A plocked = (0.495 )(4.23%6) = 4.2/3 A*® and with Eq. W271 we sblar mM. . “bocad = > 995 With &4.5 we get 7 ia 293 & ‘blockad = 104.9K TECHN) Aiatsy With &%. 2 we have y, = Gas ))/ (286 (ova IW) ‘blocked ) fe = ane m and ae ecten ~Yenblocke) *100 > GBS ~ 614.9 2 Nite) 2 0.03% Vs Blocbuef (ste92) I-55WHF 11.49 (Sze Fluids in the News article titled “Rocket nozzles,” Sec- tion 11.4.2.) Comment on the practical limits of area ratio for the diverging portion of a convergingdiverging nozzle designed 0 achieve supersonic exit flow. From Fig. D./ we see that the A/AX vs. Ma curve becomes Very steep with increasing velues of Ma (very large increase in A/A* needed to achieve even smal] gains i Ma /evel) suggesting precttcal limits to area divergence rats 1s actnal devices. Fer example , asing £3. 1-7, the ALA* divergence ratio needed h- Max 5 is 3450 / U-56UF 11.51 An ideal gas enters [section 1)} an insulated, constant cross- sectional area duct with the following properties: Ty = 293K (01 kPa(abs) Ma, = 0.2 For Fanno flow, determine corresponding values of fluid tempera- ture and entropy change for various levels of pressure and plot the Fanno line if the gas is helium. This is similar to Example Mt. //. For Fanno flow of an ideal gas we use &%s. 11.75 and 11.76 Po establish the Fanno line states. Thus, Tr G@vjut | a) 7 2G g) §-5, = @ In(Z)- Rh (e) (2) For helium, => 1.66 and R= Besar (Table19) ancl p> 9224 ee from Probie 1G). Wwe determinl “the constant value of ev by calculabng 2, with the ideal gas Guation of stak. (3.3) ana VU, with G4. For T, we use Ef.U-56 to ebtan 4 ana (297k) a Taree faa Sek M 66 =! 1+ (Bt) Ma} 1404"! Yoz) Then, with €4-4 we sbfain = 2077 Mm V(ZPF-2 K-66) = 199.7 ay eee aes For put exe ty ont cee | FZ ae ier ak & sel ey A 0 [ rym] = Lovbncial aay 772 Kl) ard with &%.3 we cbtain Ae C7-12.x007 & ) eats # Thus, the value of pV 4 eae 4 RY, = vee) Bt Ying) = 388 me U-SFHS Cont) &3./ becomes toy helienn T+ C249 BY 7 eG = 293k 2 (s224 Mee ee “(e077 rin ay K or 7+ 4388x10° I" . 293 a) ie Where T is in K @nd P 5.2 cecomes for helium = (5224 Be) Caan) -e SD) aca | ii Where T is th & and pit th kfalabs). With 95. 6 and 7 we comstuct the table of Values Shown below. ism &, ie s Mem P [kfacebs)] T CK) ose eae) 70 286 630 60 293 705 a aD 1210 40 273 (sz) a 260 1400 25 250 2060 20 234 2179 1s 225 2200 Is 208 zis 10 164 4423 e 47 1650 Be ioe 200 Tk) 0 Fanne bine for helium ° 500 000 1500 2000 M58WS 11.52 For Fanno flow, prove that aV _ fk(Ma?/2)(dx/D) v 1-M and in so doing show that when the flow is sub- sonic, friction accelerates the fluid, and when the flow is supersonic, friction decelerates the fluid, Starting with Ey. 1.95 we have £ (r+ mat) HO) Cha), £4 idx 29 a) a ve Ma> z 2 From €3. 1199 we have da) 2 MYL) 4 (er un? ] (@) a> e a &) Combining Egs, | and 2 we obtain pee v77 fey 27 dV), Lh made (i ane) LY [ire me] + C4 meds = 0 (3) or + (mars) a -- a Ma? de and dv7) _ Ma fh dx @ Goes) O72 ‘ However dv?) = 2vdVv @ Tas combining Eqs. and S we get FACE )CE) ig - Mat When the Flow is subsinic CMato), &%. 6 leads to LY fiction deceleraes the Fiaid. r Ga) = and 1 Phir Case N59MBP 11.53 _ Standard atmospheric air (T, = 59 °F, Py ~ 14.7 psia) is drawn steadily through a fric- tionless and adiabatic converging nozzle into an adiabatic, constant cross section area duct. The duct is 10 ft long and has an inside diameter of 0.5 ft. The average friction factor for the duet may be estimated as being equal to 0.03. What is the maximum mass flowrate in slugs/s through the duct? For this maximum flowrate determine This js Similav to Example the values of static temperature, static pressure, | stagnation temperature, stagnation pressure, and velocity at the inlet [section (1)] and exit [section (2)] of the constant area duct. Sketch a temper- ature-entropy diagram for this flow. Ula, AS eXplavied 1 Examyle 1/-12, the maximum flowrak through the duct will occur when the Constant? aren duct exit [section (2)] is With chokes 10. MA=AAY HAAG We note tlow is that T, is the adiabatic. Thus, Constant in the converging constant area duct because Foy choked flow f£(4,-%) D and from Fig-D.2 we can read values of Ma, t Toh Can be obfained with Tila (Sea oe (0.03) (10 4) 2.5 fF and the Mach number at the duct The maximum Howrale can be obtuied a constant threnghout the tntre How since Th Tye = 519%. Abo, p, is nesjle up decreases through the of friction B r Dus, = 7 pria- = 06 = 4424) D eae 7TH?) Ger Be 63 sthee. and = Fy Then & ins bat. Thus Caper O08 » tx" 7, Gnd v*=V, can be dekrmined with Ps 7, * 1716 £t lb /RT*% G me J ss (con't) We ¢oW853 €on‘t) * For £044). 0.6, from Fig. 2 we vead 2 Ma, = 0-57 z = IZ (2) y ire aaa @ g = 186 & (ee pe wo From Ey.2 we get = (013 (432%) = 48BR With E42 we obtain = 5 ff Y= @b jot): 62H With &%. 5 we have . Bh = Bt WIM . pam az 222. ie To determine p, we Cntr Fig, Ovi will Ma, = 0.57 and read B28 MUI psin) = 11-8 psia with &%.4 we obtan eS AAS LE AE Le ae 7 716: ie With &. 4 we have m= 2hy= 277 = UB psia Xn i er 654 font) ‘apie, RTF b 7716 Fbtb a . Ee C Fee) tere B+ 630 sie =p Re 432° = 7 ano Leowt Scale 5 ub]NS4 11.54 The upstream pressure of a Fanno flow venting to the at- mosphere is increased until the flow chokes. What will happen to the flowrate when the upstream pressure is further increased? Fanno Flow py = Zafar = constant one axial location rin the Hons, tom by. 1156 Fa a Also at any es To +t (Azt) ma Coonbining we get if (ep = conslonl ve L lrgee oi So for any one axial lecahm of He fiw where the Ma level i¢ the same Tis abo The sane but P Tus Vis abo Aigher and we conclude That thereasia The tykt pressure of a choked Fano Pion seta the whariylere vretulle sin an increase of Pianrahe alve, is higher. Following The proudun of Example Uhl! are couded plot a Series a Fanno tines te dithered whes of pheveased inlet preseure . M~62.U5S 411.55 The duct in Problem 11.53 is shortened by 50%. The duct discharge pressure is maintained atthe choked flow value determined in Problem 11.53. Determine the change in mass flowrate through the duct associated with the 50% reduction in length. The average friction factor remains constant at a value of 0.03. This is like Example k13, we guess that the shortened duct will still choke ana check eur assumption by comparing py with p* If psp*, the How is choked. If rot, another assumption must be made. For choked flow we calculate the wmass Howvate as we oid mm Example /1./2 or tn the solution of problem 1.51. For unchoked flow, we must devise another Strategy, For choked flow FGA S) , Comte? 4. # fet? D Cas#) D Fron Fig. 0.2 we read Ma, = 0.66 ui a a) =a vy, mh _ oF (2) P pe = 16 (3) With Ma, = 2.66, we enter Fig. D1 and read 0.75 CM 7psia) a il Poin (con't) rn 4 u- 3USS | (con't) and with &%-3 we obtain “1 Pia V6: Since : B68 prin > P= 634 prin the flow is choked a5 assumed. Tera = 6:56 psi ean be obbamed with &g.1.63 siice T is constent Thus, The st )t = (2. \(si9"e) = 922" =7 marry and V,=V" can be dekemmned wil V4Fl With €%./ we have x BY Ry = (/RT% = f176 lb \C432%) (1-4) / ES yao wy, 2) = lozo tt CA = BOR. G59 pny coy BE 2 lasting f1) E & Wii q Gin L iD sigte N12R) 0.268 sles F The change tin mass Kawrele Ls mo ~ m iat 2g) 2.268 uy _ g.2yy slag ; x 100 = (/00)= 9.%' te “a ott The mass flowrak thertased by 9.8 ty Shotened by 50). O21 tle ged when fe tube was U- 64U56 11.56 If the same mass flowrate of air obtained in Problem 11.53 is desired through the shortened duct of Problem 11.55, determine the back pressure, p2, required. Assume f remains constant at a value of 0.03, This is similar to EXample I-14. Since the same mass flowrate achieved im Problem 1.51 is desired with the shortened duct of Problem 1-53, we need to achieve the valve of Ma, Obtained tn Problem .5/. Thus, for the Same value of Ma, as Problem ins! we have rag 2 However, FRM) FLL) y-b) oD @ o FURL) «2 0.6 - @.03)EF) _ 2 os FF with FCL"-L) 20.3 we enter Fig. B2 ane read oa a8 = 46 Qa? The value of P* gttauned th Problem 11-53 Is shill valid, 50 ph = CFF pie Gand with Ef. we get » vow BaC6 06-26 psiay = Ut prio u-6S157) 11.57 Ifthe average friction factor of the duct of Example 11.12 is changed to (a) 0.01 or (b) 0.03, determine the maximum mass flowrate of air through the duct associated with each new friction factor and compare with the maximum mass flowrate value of Example 11.12. (@) for £20.01 we have F(AtL) @.01)(am) Do @im) on Fig. B.2 we redd Oz and Ma, = 07 a) Te @) M ve Fram Exampie 1112 7* =2¥0k and v = 0.73 eeees/on el 5 Thus, with Eg./ we get Tus Yr (073 To determine 0.72 SV] Thus, 720.72 To determine the mass Ps Be aalanes ma phys BU )(24¥0K) = 264K and with &q.2 we obtan 10 &) = 226 m P, ue enter Fig. Del with Ma,=07 and read C01 fa (abs)J = 72.7 &M (abs) flowrate we use v 2 (12.70 4) Cama 2) (28U7 | Con't? For f= 0.03 we bave £(AEL) _ 0.0312) «og 2 _ Coym) Ond on F/g. D.2 we vead Ma, = 9.57 = 113 >! = 06 Shs WS Thus, T = Garg )(2¥0e) = 271K Y= (06 2GI0 B) = 186 From Fig. 0.1 we read for Ma, = 057 og SI Thus, B= 08 )L 101 hfelaesy] = 8/8 Pa(abs) To deteymine m we use m= Bwoty . (1x10? Xm (1m) C862) 152 by RT, eae (286.9 tm VC 271K ye4) The maximum (choked duct) Hflovirates for different vales of £ ave ct] m = 4:70) 22 fz a01 + = 165 99 Ur oree 7? hn = 15g he fF 0.03 s Me 6FH.58 11.58_Air flows adiabatically between two sections in & constant ; sa pips At upateam section (1), pay 100 pi, Tas = 600", Casta i Cre Fite and Ma, = 0.5. At downstream section (2), the ‘hoked. cr rene ae eran unnae pata eieeeacal cra ee eo Ssssse esses = erted by the inside wall of the pipe on the fluid between sections (and Q). 1 Flow From (1) te (2) The control volume sketched absve is used. Applying the adel component of the linear momentum eguation CEq.5.22) to the contents of this conto! volume we get tor the torce. extrted by the Pive wall on the fluid, Ry, Ame Aare te PCY = or Sez R-rnt py (y-%) a Thus we need 2, p., p,v, and @) For air we enter Fig. D.1 with Ma,= 0.5 and get O95 Thus : 7, = (0.95 )(600'e) = 579%e and Pr agree a, RT es) | (116 one eae oss # ana slag, 2) De (x4 pia 44 Lopiersdens, ’ coe q (16 EB ) et ig, (con't ) (0.8¢ — ) (wopsin) ~ 84 psia » N-b8USB At section (2) the flow is choked. Thus we use the * state of the Fanno tlw, Fig. D-2 fer section (2). Entering Fig- 0-2 with Ma,=05 we read Ze2y = & be Az and Meas oa Vi, ve x Thus a ( (84-3 poi.) ; Ae rg 7 = OY psi. eo ae GH) Us and A usr 4% ~ (5H) . ng ost (os4 ) a New with Eq.) we have Rye in in in? Ra a(t Biel ) ~ Gt naa yin4 a?) aaa +(o0n4 si ) Gs #1 6 Ree 2930 bb A es wee ) # M-6FUSF 11.59 Cite an example of an actual subsonic flow of practical im- portance that may Be approrimated witha Rayleigh flow. The flow through the combustor of a gas turbine engine 15 Sometimes approximated with a Rayleigh flow. H-7O11.60 Standard atmospheric air [T, = 288 K, Po = 101 kPa (abs)] is drawn steadily through an isentropic converging nozzle into a frictionless and diabatic (g = 500 kI/kg) constant cross section area duct. For maximum flow determine the val- ues of static temperature, static pressure, stag- nation temperature, stagnation pressure, and flow velocity at the inlet [section (1)] and exit [section )] of the constant area duct. Sketch a temper- ature-entropy diagram for this flow. For maximum flow, the Rayleigh flow is choked. For the jsenpopic n033le T= 7 = 288k go © =e B= PB = lot kla (abs) To determine the static state at the nozzle exit, Rayleigh flow rket we need the value of Ma,. To dekrmmne Ma, we use hs by = BE GGG) or Nm $0000 =™ Z,2 b+ Ge (omee SF) + 298K = 76K : 2 (04 is) pk and reting that ty cheked flew, T= Tq we get ee By 3 2B. 037 faz oe 796K th Tat 2 037 we enter Fi9- D3 ano read Iya Ma, = 0-31 = ork a A Ze. 092 @ aU6 | €on't) @) 4) With &%.4 we obtam RB, * Bs = Wea . » FklaCabs) =p ue 119 ‘ With Ma, = 0.31 we read from Fig. 0.; R Fo. 094 z, () and L 2 = 0.98 6, Z, (6) With F955 and 6 we get P= (0.94 [101 ePalabs)] = 7S Kfalate) ) and 7, =O. #8014 ) (288K) BZ Thus ys Ma, (RER = (0.21) | (66.9 wm es (; z Combining Eps. Vomd 7 we ehtainy a) fa (aa, ee el IS EAC vd = 4S _#hlebs) 2p, 27 ar) a Combining Eqs. Rand & we have (293 &) Bx = SEE) Lorde ce «ote Coen ) 2 Combining Egs. Band | we have (sce Lf eee Se @ Oz = Ou = Ky 02 —— Cont) N-F2N69 \(con't ) To sketch a T-s diagram we abl 5,-5, frm j45 Gr k= Am k a z ~ 5-5, =(l00¥ Bee (ea 21) aes In [FE Ba(absy GE kn(aee and 4-5, = 090 Nm ek $00 2-45 pilates) Tk) sketch of ree Rayleigh line a2 od | Gut te seh) aa? . NFBM61 diameter duct with p, = 20 psia, T; = 80 °F, and V, = 200 f/s. What frictionless heat addition rate in Btu/s is necessary for an exit gas temperature T; = 1500 °F? Determine p>, V;. and Ma, also. To determine the heat transfer rate we use the energy equation (€q. 5.67) to get One 7 (hye hy) = HG Ch,- %,) aM For mess Florala we use a =a) MD" iy) @ m= AAV Rn wt! To determmne Tyr and 7, we use &%.1.56. Thus, ee ee % ~ (2) lo 1+) ma or tor air zs F (Ma) in Fig. D.1 (4) le To determne B we use 2 he & RABY SZ) 3) where with Ey. 11.123 ter Kayleigh How Pies tk R 14 hMa* ( or tr air Es Fima) tn Fig. 03 M Ra For exit velocity ,%y, we use Y= Ma \/Rrk @ We determine Ma, with Ma = Be @ VRT& (con't ) un F4M61 (con't ) and we determne Ma, with Bat Tt (F Ve ) a) and &. n.j2¢ for Aapleigh Plows, namely [0 tk) Ma” it hMg> ay or for air with 2 Tz F(ma) on Fig 23 (2) IY For ajy we determine Ma, with Eg. 4. Thus, (200 #) THOR . 5452 O9F With Ma, = 0.18 We read Wh Fig-B3 the valnes Lean Ta and i= 233 fe Thug with &4.10 we obtain a (2% Noan ) = 062 7a SHOR (eon't) WAS11.61 | (con't) For TZ = 0.62 we get from Fig. D3 Ma, = 0-49 and = NM svIp0 With Ma, = 040 we read On Fig. O-1 a eee ia eO2o ne Ther with &5 we have = Qopsi L r = va. zB opie jaw d sl7 ps With 6.9 we have Kye = (0.40) | (1716 FAL ) 0 2-4) K, / ig a eile es ft shy. ft With &%.2 Wwe get +f) . : fa? if (1 Ft 5p) OY) ie pomp) and with &y.) we aster 9 = (o.sa sh cos THU )(2020% - S45°R fee aa) (e 5 eee ED) tera He a - (77 pee) aaa ote Mn FEWZ 11.6 Air enters a length of constant cross section area pipe with p, = 200 kPa (abs), T, = 500 K, and V, = 400 m/s. If 500 ki/kg of energy is removed from the air by frictionless heat trans- fer between sections (1) and (2), determine T,, and V,. Sketch a temperature-entropy di gram for the flow between sections (1) and (2). To determine the state of the air at secton(2) we use the energy eguation (tg.5:69) 10 calculate the value of 7,,. Thus, har mhar = &Cy.-%,) Gner ~ hs 5: : in = - Sot, a) 2 a z 2, a 4 We obtan To, tm Te which we vend trom Fig. D1 with ’ 7, a value of Ms. We determine Ma, with “65 Tere ; @) With Ma we also enter FI9.D.3 and read values of Then we determine %2 with A Zk and To Pa gs Fae. aa Ge Be BYE) re) With This value of 1» we euler Fig. D3 and read la corresponding values of eS 2, and Z Then we determine 2,1, and yo wit a= ay" he (BE) I () and MV th) y é) oe 1. U- FF11.62 | @on't) We use &%.2% get Ma, Wipers ge ba Thus, Te (ok). ser a a(ere 4) and with 9.1 we have Ze eects) ewe ote ‘a2 (1004 5 ) wk ; With Ma = 0897 we enkr Fig. D.3 and reed een iry, & Te a = 102 as Va and 7 val 2097 Iho Now with lor = 0.99 and G3 we obfarnr Iga ve = 0.99) 2 on Tua (79kUNb2 | (con't) which has as ~corresponding values in F9.D.3 Of Ma, = 0-18 = 22 Mo Bb 2017 a R Va = 0.07 Mm With these vatios ana these ratos Corresgondig to Ma, = 0.8 we use Gs. 4,5 and6 to shaun Bas (i ) 200 katate] = 04 he (abs) = i = L=lr WS p) es 3) Le and y= (007. +) mR) 2 fis a a eaey is slighty ler than Note that according 2 car caleulatins, Z=832k AZ =k. This is not corect and js a result of the shaccuracy associated with using the graphs. For more precision we ascertary fhe valye of Ma, knowing Is > using &. 1.131 Firs) however, We determine Tas Saowng 2 ra ‘ga Ma, with & Mj3l. Thus, Tyr 20 RH) May” (1+ Sma) afnnrapesrshft(tYoon}] Si] Tan CF has Let asp] or Ta . 4.9908 Ta (con't) N-F9U.62) (con't) Now Wwe use &.U.56 dekwmme ZL Ze. Thus, Tae ee / ee ee = 28624 ae eae (404) (omy na a I 2 (OK) _ gra ry 0. 8624 08624 Now with Ex 1 we have - (500,00 T tye sams) + SMPK = BL7EK ors) With &.3 we ye Te umak ee 4,108) = 0. 5. | Fase a1 ) = OL With &n.131 and Ty 5 0.1398 we get St FS Ma, = 0.1776 Then with €. W12 and Ma,= 0.993 and Ma, = 0.17% we get a ial [teestenn 7 Bea Ta It RMa,> 1+ 0.410.993) 2 Fe _ [Or 04) (0178) Oe a 1 4071)” (con't ) u- BoMSZ (con't) Now with &%.5 we have qe (21866 eee BLIVK 1026 and R=8lik < Ge IK Gs it shontd be. For our 7-5 Skttl we use &. W7b te calculate 4-5, Thus, Oras Sioa 2 ~-Rn kh = 1045 ly BES) and i a wk 50K §-5 = ~ 2080 FZ — 296.9. In [404 RLa libs) 9K ts. (20 Rh tabs) = 200 kha (abs) ao > 7, > 500k ie a x j Rayleigh Ii Ta” artery aii1.63 11.63. Describe what happens to a Fanno flow when heat trans- fer is allowed to occur. Is this the same as a Rayleigh flow with friction considered? One way to respond +e this problen, statment js fo consider what the path of these flows would ook like on femperatere - entropy (T-5) corrdinates. Starking with the subseric portions of Fig, W-2S s we can show Fanne and Rayleigh flows. Another chssical case described in a- number of fluid mechanics fexts is isothermal pipe Flow (constant temperature pipe flow wilh fiction and heat transfer). This kind of flow appoximates what occurs th Jong undergrowa pipelines. As shaun in the sketch above by the broken line the isothermal How path is general above the Fanno flow path and below the Rayleigh Fri path. We conclude that the path fr Pipe tow with fiction and heating would be abo the Fanno tion path an the palh tor pipe How with Friction and Cooling world be below the Fanno ftow path with Fiction ard Flow vates tmstant. A Rayleigh Fn with Frichon would track below the Rayleigh flow pattr shew other things egual. Ray leigh Flows approximate Flows with heat tranche over short path lengths over which Fiction Can be ignored as an apporimaton of rabily. U-§Z11.65 ‘The Mach number and stagnation pressure of air are 2.0 and 200 kPa(abs) just upstream of a normal shock. Estimate the ‘stagnation pressure loss across the shock. want to determine the stagnation pressure loss across a S - Ay d bx fy ea _) z To determine the tagnahon pesure vats we use &. 11.186 We Qa normal shock, or Thus, ff A LT ‘het \nug2) * fy, (C8 yma J [1 emai] pee maa ae oie (2) eo fee er fr ae dl fs = £(Ma,) th Fig. DH. For air(Aets)we have frm Fig. 2.4 tor May = 20, 4. o72 Bx Thus, with &./ we obfain Bam fy = [eer bhaltey](1- 0.72 ) = 56 hte 2 M- PB11.66 ‘The stagnation pressure ratio across a normal shock in an air low is 0.6. Estimate the Mach number of the flow entering the shock, To determme the Mach number of the air How i entering & normal shock, May, given the stagnahon pressure ratio, fax we enter Fig. D.4 with fy Lone iyane fy ; avd yead on Fig. &4 May = 2.24 U-B4$1.67. 11.67 Just upstream of a normal shock in an air flow, Ma T= 600°R, and p = 30 psia. Estimate values of Ma, Ty, and V downstream of the shock. To determine May knowing Ma, we use Eg. 11.199 Thus, @) _ . ov fer air we use Fig. 0.4 far Ma, asa funchion of May. To determine Ty we use &. 156. Thus, = Ot FE 2 2. a es I = or for air we ure Fig. D1 for Te as a tinction of Me, To obtain T we use &IL/5). hy Thus, + roe 7 JE IL 2, Magi] (a Ee J ae Bis Denes or for air we use Fig. py for 2 as 4 furchan of Ma- For fh, we use £9.2 of aa aye te get eee for air we use Fig. DY for fay as 4 Funchon of Ma. for e we use Gise te obtam =A [G4 Just = (£1) | ) or 2 Gir we use Fae fv g as @ Funchon of M+ a For VY we use ) rie <1 = | Conte) M- BSHU. 67 | (con't) For aly we read fron Fig. BY fo Ma, = 3.0 and Ma, = Q475 " 8 w AML SY SKA Ble a N a 4 we obtain fom Fig. D.I fr Ma, = 0.475 = 095 Ms From &.8 we get me (2.7 )(600'R) = 1620°e and thus with &.10 Ca paca a IAS cca O96 06 can With &%.7 we obfam B= 00.3 (36psi0) = 30 psia and &%.9 yields E = (12 N34 psia) = y D Prin Then with E.6 we obtem G2); (@) @ (oe) U-9E1.68 11.68 A total pressure probe like the one shown in Video V3.8 is inserted into a supersonic air low. A shock wave forms just up- stream of the impact hole, The probe measures a total pressure of 00 kP2{abs). The stagnation temperature at the probe head is 500 K. ‘The static pressure upstream of the shock is measured with a wall {ap to be 100 kPa(abs). From these data, estimate the Mach num- ber and velocity of the flow. This is Sike Example 11./9- We enter Fig. D-4 with Ry _ S00 kfa(abs) = ¢ Pe 00k (abs) and vead Ma, = he ai We determme the Value of V, with Vy = Max [RRR For T, we vead tom £i9.D.1 te Ma= 109 a ceo 5e me and since Tox * Tay = $00 K ba a 7. (0.56 ) 500K = 20K f and with &g./ we ofan Mm v= 1-9 eae = 90K Le) x (i z= - () I EF11.69 The Pitot tube on a supersonic aircraft (see Video V3.8) cruising at an altitude of 30,000 ft senses a stagnation pressure of 12 psia. If the atmosphere is considered standard, determine the airspeed and Mach number of the aircraft. A shock wave is pre- sent just upstream of the probe impact hole. At 30000 ft, we vead from Table C.1 for slandarel atmoyhere T = -¥783F = 422 °R ana PP4EBTB psa Toy _ 12 pita <2 Re 433 pila and with this value of By Wwe vead from Fig. D4 & Thu; ib, Y= Ma, [JRE = 125 (174 Fee aa.te fre) [S sg. ee (2 #) y= 1240 ft and We 88UL.7D An aircraft cruises at a Mach number of 2.0 at an altitude of 15 km. Inlet air is decel- erated to a Mach number of 0.4 at the engine ‘compressor inlet. A normal shock occurs in the inlet diffuser upstream of the compressor inlet at a section where the Mach number is 1.2. For isentropic diffusion, except across the shock, and for standard atmosphere determine the stagna- tion temperature and pressure of the air entering the engine compressor. The deceleyaton process in the wmlet diffuser is assumed to be Qdiabatic since we ave considering isentrorie dittusion except across the shock. Thus T= Constant and To, comp intet ~ 5, difliusme puleb a) To determmne the diftuser inlet stagnation temperature we enter Fig. D.t with Ma=2.0 and read ie wee @ At 15 tm elevation in standard atmosphere we read tan Table C.2 i= 56:6 = 276.5 K Thus, with Egs. and 2 we obtain = Glé.sK) Z comp tntet = TC aiffaer inlet Gay Baek To determize the stagnation pressure at the compressor mlet We use. a Be E | comp satel S comp inlet Lothar dik . — Xz a) @) Gaittoser ints NGx AB, ji For B,aittaser intr WO UE diffuser salet fe i Phaser ralet di Fhasee taker @ di user inlet y = F142, x eA ae i lA at sO ge Hees (ae) from Table C2. (con't) u- 89[eer laconic) We obfaih — Fbiflser ket thon Fig. by te ty = 20 Gai fhusee tnkee diffuse salet Thus fom Fig, Qt we have Zz diffuser snlet = O38 @) Gutitharer sate Combining Eqs. 4 and § we obtain zB = 12nx10*X Cas) 4 diffuser tylef— ——__™ COrs\y For Ma, = 1.2, we vead for. Fig. D4 = 93,000 lacs) a flow is bserttrpic except acess the shock, Thus, with Ey 9 we oblam Ve coearae [A003 Keats [Oonestazio) = see Df) Jo delermine the static pressive at the compressr jile? we ently Fig. DI wilh a anit 0.4% and read Framy tateh Seth Searing, 9g 4 omp inlet Thus, = ©87 [42 &&(abs)] = 92 Wrlabs) Comp inlet u-9OWIL 11.71 Determine, for the air flow through the frictionless and adiabatic converging-I.76 we oblain = 0.62 Ma, Arad OY 2 = 0.83 P| From Fig. Dt we Find tor Ma, = 0.63 4 ii x For x<+0.2m, the ratio of duct exit? aren t loco! area, 3 , js 7 a Olen #COSm)™ _ 9 5 2.1m + (0.2m (con’t) UH AZr20st May Ay & 273 A* eee fr 22.9 we get from Fig. Dif ax The (oss th stagnation pressure it Biba * Gx By =, (> FY) elrarketeoinats = 17 bh 4 A. Zz (C) For a Standing norma/ shock gf X=0.4m we note from the table of Example 1.6 thar Ma, © 2.48 and fe 0.06 Gr From Fig. DH te Maz = 246 We obtain Ma, O51 and me. ee ols, Bx Frm Fl9.D.1 we find ey) =(2-5XIG ) = 2.7 Gon't ) M43U7] (con't) For X= t0.¢m, the ratio of duct exit area fo local avex, As is Az Ole C0.5m)* uae ae 4 Ot m™ + Co.4¢my* Ma, = 0.34 ard le 092 o> Gy Thus, Pe 2 ve) =(0.92 fos!) = 0.47 ee be = The (05s th steynabin pressure ts (eee = ae zB ge BB, bf po’) Cetkeia) (451 D-S0M ex hams: Tit11.72 A normal shock is positioned in the diverging portion of a frictionless, adiabatic, con- verging-diverging air flow duct where the cross section area is 0.1 ft? and the local Mach number is 2.0. Upstream of the shock, p, = 200 psia and = 1200°R. If the duct exit area is 0.15 ft determine the exit area temperature and pressure and the duct mass flowrate. To determme the duct exit temperature , Zand PReSsure, RB, we need 2B ang - . We Car obfayn these rakes tom 7a Zo Fig. D.1 knowing the value of Ma,. The value of Ma, we obtain From Fig.D.1 with a known value of 42 which we af get - 4] *) ) the value of (&) is obtained frm, Fi9.D.) wilh, the value of May obtared fron FI9.D.Y wile a Knbwn value oF Ma = 2.0. Thus fro, Fig. 0.4 for Ma,= 2:0 May = 0.52% and fron Fig-0.} we read for May = 0 SF Ay at From the problem stalement Aa. 2s fe 4s ou fe and thus with G1 We have HO5)G2 Dard ea 2 =e (con't ) 5W272) (con't) With Anve we get from Fig. Dot la, = 0-34 (2) n = 097 (3) ‘ae and & = 092 (4) he The value of Ty, is eblarned trom Gr Gx™ yt 7 = s200 G The value of B, is obtamed tom hen Sy GB) where Sr . 07 Ae From Fig.D! for Ma, = 2-0 Thus ae 200 psia (0.72) = 144 psia (e) With sige Bands we obfam (BE) = (200'R)(0.97 ) be Wirth a Gd) we have a" 4, (Z d= Ot pk yom) qa For mass Hlowrale we use = /32 pia ” "AN K Bk te, e, = AA, me, [R7e and a RT Tin ((32e8ia CMYM73 11.73 Supersonic air flow enters an adiabatic. Determine also the duct exit Mach number and constant cross section area (inside diameter = 1 sketch the temperature-entropy diagram for each ft) pipe 30 ft long with Ma, = 3.0. The pipe situation friction factor is estimated to be 0.02, What ratio of pipe exit pressure to pipe inlet stagnation pres- sure would result in a normal shock wave standing at (a) x = 5 ft, or (b) x = 10 ft, where x is the distance downstream from the pipe entrance? This is similar th Example 1-21. With Ma =3.0 we enter Fig.De2 and get FUEL) | o.52 od We note that FUL). Fe), Flt-4) a Oo Do D (a) With Eq.1 we get fr Lo bast? FALL) FEA) Fltcb) sos, ~casasstt) o 2 ob a or FULT be) = 0.42 2 With FER) 2042 we enter F902 and Find o Ma = 2-5 Wit Ma,= 2.5 e enter Fig. D4 ana read Ma, = 0.52 Now with Ma,= 052 we obtam tom Fig.0.2 F(0L) . 09 o’ rete). Fey) Feb) D> a 2 €on't) “FR“473 | Con't) we get FULL) - 04 (0.02) (25) = 04 D C7) and enkring Fig. B2 with FCC) = 04 we obtnir o Ma, = 0.62 (subsonic flow) Now we nate that ZR Ye" VERVE 2 Ole AE) @ With Ma, = 0.62 we dbtain frm Fig-D2d Be ta oe 17. @) With May = 0.52 we obtain frm Fig. D.2 & ariginicel w With Ma, = 2-5 we get tom Fig.D.4 P, tg @ and we cblain frm Fig. D2 ae 03 @ Fo Ma > 3.0 we get fram FIG. DD. Bo o20 D pe fi and fram Fig. D-} Pp @ + 5 0.03 hy (con't) Ur 99I-73 | (con't) Combining gs. 2 throug 8 we obyasn Re t t Z a: t oO Wee 7703 te Jees d= oz Since we do not have values of temperature or plessure anywhere wm the fw, we can only skekh gual: AAve ly What trappens on T-s coovdinales, fhe T-s diagram will be Similar to the one of big. Ell. 21(b) 4s indicated above. (6) With 9.1 we get fr f.-£, = s0ft FTL) 2 052 — (0.02,00F)) _ 0.32 OD 2 with CEL) 20.32 we enter Fig. B22 and find > we enter Fig.D4 ond vead With Ma, Ma, = 258 Now with Ma, = 0.58 we obten tom Fr. 0.2 (con't) Ne 4gAT3 (Gone) Fa) = 0.62 D Since U2) 2 FO) | F-%) Oo oe D we get” FEL) = 0g. (0.92) 20FH) . 9.22 o i a Lf) is nd entering FIG. Q2 with FOOL) 5 0.22. we obluin ore 89 Ma, With Ma, = 089 we obtain tom Fig. 0-2 R acta D With, Ma, > 0.57 we obtein from Fig. B27 8 aap teat Ge) With Ma,=2 we get tom Fig. Dy & z2*8 / oe and We obtain from FI9- D2 & oo Pa ae G2) Combining EQS. 2,759, 10, avd /2 we obfain 2 = HL 4% dot an ae 4-100bid 411.74 Supersonic air flow enters an adiabatic, constant area pipe (inside diameter ~ 0.1 m) with Ma, = 2.0. The pipe friction fac- tor is 0.02, Ifa standing normal shock is located right at the pipe exit, and the Mach number just upstream of the shock is 1.2, de- termine the length of the pipe. We note that Fit), EN). HED : D ? D Where according to Eg 198 SLEL) © Le Ce) ei (BE! a? PTE ABN uz) a en "Ma fa or for air, £(LEL) 5 graphed as a fancton of Ma tn D Fig. p2. : 7 + Thus, knowing Ma, ana ma, We can determine FAL) ang 2 F(L*G) and with by.1 we obtain Fb), With £ and D Tea y a also known we can determine 4. %. For air, we find in Fig. D2 coneesponding to Ma, = 2.0 and FULL) 2 0.93 o Thus, with &%1 we have ACL er aCe) a a a 2-6 2(027__)(o1m) = 135. ‘i OOL U- 101UTS 11.75 Air enters a frictionless, constant cross section area duct with Ma, = 2.0, Ty, = 59°F, and po, = 14.7 psia. The air is decelerated by heating until a normal shock wave occurs where the local Mach number is 1.5. Downstream of the normal shock, the subsonic flow is accelerated with heating until it chokes at the duct exit. De- termine the static temperature and pressure, the stagnation temperature and pressure, and the fluid velocity at the duct entrance, just upstream and downstream of the normal shock and at the duct exit. Sketch the temperature-entropy diagram for this flow. At the duct entrance , section(s), we have hy, = sur = 5/9°R and B= WL psia With Ma, = 2.0 we enkr Fig. di} and read i +s 056 1) iy, df and Ao. 03 @) Ay Thus with &. fand 2 we obfan T= (0.56 )(5t4'R) = 221% and = (O13 )(I psia) = UF Ipsia Then Y= MaYRTR = (2.0) (6 f )earees) low ee) rata = ee At section (x) just upstrtam of the shock Cig) lex = % fn = &) (con't ) MW 702Us) (con #) 3 ta (Be VE ) 2) For Ma =2.0 and Ma,=/5 we vead tom Fig. 0.3 r . 0,74 (6) Taa fn = oS (o) ie L 2s on ies froin fa With these Vatios and Eqs. 3and 4 we oblan ee jeer J= sie = vo (Tp Vora D = 1 pia With a 15 we enty Fig. D.l and read Te = 049 Thx anol & . 0.27 Bx Ths , R769 595%) = 4I'R and R= (0.27 Yu psia) = 3_psia re Ma, | RT, = (65) [ime Fite en eee wn t (con't ) Ca oi) u- 103U.75 | (Cont) At section ly) just downseam of the shack we oblain fom FI9- D4 for Ma, = 15 = 07 nee Ny Q 18 SUS Sal Ro = 5s & asd ” 2 2 wo x With these ratios and values of properhes at section (X) previausly detymmed we have R=(2.5 )(300psia) = DS psia T= (43 (410°R) = 533% = WE) 294 ats ww Bye (Se eae (0.2 psia Also, since the tow across the normal shack is adiabatic, Tay" hx * 51% At the duct exit, sechlon (2) we have the subscript a.” stake in Fg. D3 since the How js choked there. Thus fom &45.5 and 6 we conclude that pais ee NCSU) Se ose = 2.74 (0.77) aaa 2 and . B= A 2 C4IPIR) 48 pia 2 zB oa Ts) Ge) = (con't ) ee ee eee 104WS (cont ) With Ma,=2.0 we vead turfhey fom Fx9. BB f = 0:36 Fa, Z A 05. hk F ME y Thus, Re C4 psia ) ie ———_ = SF Psia = 0% ) = Tos (918) | sue - h (os3 — and y = eo F). ott _y a eS ey G45) To sketdh a T-S diagram we need values of S-5, and we caleulak these values with $-5,2 Gin T-Rin & ana 2, 50, for example, Sq-5, = (0006 file )m n'R) _ fing ttle _ ( sig te ) mit? ¢ slag. *R Similarly $1 6006|m $E5. 1016 n IE 55 4? He Rayleigh line sD a as = { Sheteh (not to 55: 6 006 iy S43 Bec Seale) TR) 5-55 2080 Fb a lag "R ’R 350 250 ° 7000 20¢0 5-5, (Hite) U- [05ty 76 11.76 Air enters a frictionless, constant area duct with Ma = 2.5, T, = 20°C, and po = 101 kPa(abs). The gas is decelerated by heating until a normal shock occurs where the local Mach num- ber is 1.3. Downstream of the shock, the subsonic flow is accel- erated with heating until it exits with a Mach number of 0.9. De- termine the static temperature and pressure, the stagnation temperature and pressure, and the fluid velocity at the duet en- ‘trance, just upstream and downstream of the normal shock, and at the duct exit. Sketch the temperature entropy diagram for this flow. (a) For air we have at the duct entrance, section(i) 14, 22-5 mM: Bie 206 = 293K OL == B, = 10rkhelobs) pre ee With Ma, = 2.5, we enter Fig. D.1 and read = O44 (7 IN and 0,06 (2) a, Thus we have with Ege. land 2 T= (044 (293K) = 130k and p= (006 )[ toikPa(abs)] = 6.0 eha(aes) then Y= Ma ATR =(2.5) [869 JeaeK in) = 50 5 At section 1) just ypsteam of the shock, (a ) Te Ty ( )( 2 ES 7a? Gnd 67 4 ( ft)(4 ) a oo 3A (con't) [eases eee nena SSRI iw idee Fi ft a 1 MU- 106The con't) For Ma,=2-5 and Ma, = 13 we read fam Fig D3 a = OW Ga fe aa ha Ue = 046 Tea fx = hoe 4 With these values and Es. Band 4 we obtain Gy = C9K)(L Jee J = 39K ak a7 er = [foikalats)] /-_ \(.0r 7 7 ka(abs) i ea With Ma, = 1-3 Wwe enty Fig-D-1 and read Es a75 Fe and 4 2 036 Be Thus T2075 W395k) = 26K ae =(0.% — )[ 474 Rhalabs)] = 17 &A(abs) Then = Mack = 0-3) [BT EE YAO «one m / ; lide Cares) (con't) L Ne OFU-76 | (con't) At section(y) just downsteam of the shock we oblar, ton Fig. D.% tor May = 13 May = 0.79 DAaTe, eld 2 lS Shs TS BL Foy = 0.48 x With these vahos ana Values of propertics at sechon(X) previtisly determined we have Re (8 D[ 17.1 kAelabs)] = 208 thlabs) B22 DOK) = 358k ss + + eee By (098) [42.4 halabe)) = 464 Ra lobs) Also, smce the flow across the poy shock is Adiabatic, eee ee At the duct exit, section(2), we have as Ss AB CRNE) - =" 4 CBB) (7) (8B) * ha = By (Ba Vor is 6 ENE) @) Ge) (con't ) o N-163ae con't ) Appropriak ratios to use th Gs. 5 Threngh 9 are tbtatned fam = 0.9 and M4, = 0,9. Fig. De for Ma, = 0.74 Thus, Fa t3 A ee 72 A % = 102 a & = 402 %& r et. 096 Toa. r 2. 099 qa ie 102 era Fux at Be Wn ous Va. Va. Ve With these ratios and es. 5 throgh 7 we objein B= 09 Wh Gabel] (+ Nee D = 266 the(ebe) Ze So ee aes P= ask tt aA ae yen ) wrk Can't ) a /09a C464 4A (ale))] (t— )Ga D = $559 th (abs) Ky = (2% Vea eu = 337 For sketching g Ts diagram ue need Valyes of 5-5 We use, S-5 = Gin ZT - Rilo L 7 ; Thus, for example, 5-5, = (lore lolz e eg Z, oft ta Khlabs) a 6.0 bla). -5,=5a7 TF me 5 hk Similarly S-s,= $762 fe yk and 5-5 = SIT ak 400 zon 300 "Rayleigh ine sheteh T(r) (not to stale ) 20 mM ioe 1 1 1 0 100 ‘Yoo 500MBO 11,80 See Fluids in the News article titled “Hilsch tube (Ranque vortex tube),” Section 11.1.] Explain why a Hilsch tube works and cite some high and low gas temperatures actually achieved, What is the most important limitation of a Hilsch tube and how can it be ‘overcome? A Hilsch tube works because fhe core flav of the associakal compressible swirling flow is tn selid bony refochen (forced vortex). AS shown by Eckert and Drake (Eckert, ERG. and Drake, Jr. RM. , Analysis of Heat and Mass Transkr, Me Graw- Hill, New York, 1972.) , the difference is total temperahere seress the radius of this Soce vortex can be appreciable, especially when the flow is turbulent. Ruvosaka (Kurosake,M., Acoustic Hreaming in Swirling Flow and the Rangue. Hi/seb Cortex Tube) Effect, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 124: 139-172, Concluded that poriedic unsteadiness of the swirling How is the primary cause of the formation of this forced vordex. According 4p messuvemerds (Aklborn, B. , keller, TU., Staudt. R, Triety, @. and Rebhan, E., Limits of Tempore ture Separation th a Vortex Tube, T. Phys. D: Appl. Pys. 27: ¥80- ¥88, 1994 Vhpical hot and cold stream tempevatures art 57°C and -19C. The most smportant limitahon of the Hilseh tube Is the mnetliciency of the processachallenge that remams to be resolved. -MUE1 11.81 [Sce Fluids in the News article tiled “Supersonic and com- pressible flows in gas turbines,” Section 11.3,] Using typical phys- ical dimensions and rotation speeds of manufactured gas turbine rotors, consider the possibility that supersonic Fluid velocities relative to blade surfaces are possible. How do designers use this knowledge? For the fan of a regional furbolan gas turbine engine tip reduis = 1/9 tr. relation speed= 8900 rpm So bladeTepeed, U; fe # we res ls eae (300 we er eye 1376 # ae (12 im oz) a AL nin For a typical fan inflow velocity tlangle (eee Fly. 22.3) the velocity relate te the tan blade, W, is much hrger than the blade velociy, U. At take off anol nomral ambyond temperatures we ste fn Table B.3 that the relahve velocity of the an Flos over tu fan blade near [ts Headling edse is mest likely supersonic. Fir the Cove Compressor of this same engine tip madiing = 10 tn. rotation Speed = 16250 rpm He vesultant Wade tip speed Je (47 Ft Ever at pigher temporntives within fre Core compressor the relahve velecity, W, is guite Vike ly to be Sepesmic, Designers Continue to tinprove the fan, Compressor and turbine components of gas tutbines. NUL