Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Howard begins by defining modern day authorship, saying that a true autonomous author
is unrealistic today, and is a modern day invention, quoting historian Giles Constable in saying
the concept of literary individualism and property [...] is distinctively modern (as quoted by
Howard, 789). Howard establishes this change as a result of the invention of the printing press
that allowed written work to be profitable, giving value to literary property. Prior to this shift in
the representation of authorship, authors would patch together fragments [from] multiple
texts, in a method called patchwriting, without crossing any academic or legal boundaries
(Howard 791, 794).
Howard presents plagiarism as an issue of both immorality and ignorance. She discusses
the view that plagiarism serves as either a synonym or a subset of academic dishonesty, in
which those who succumb to plagiarism have poor moral character, quoting Edith Skoms
AAHE Bulletin who says the plagiarist [is] less of a person (Howard, 789, 793). In contrast,
she also discusses how plagiarism is often unintentional, a result of an ignorance of citation
conventions and a lack of expertise on the subject students are to write about (Howard, 795).
Howards article argues that, We must redefine institutional policies... (Howard, 795).
She presents A Proposed Policy On Plagiarism, suggesting how institutions should decide
what is punishable and how, regarding plagiarism and its forms. Howard states that cheating and